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NORTH  CAROLINA  STATE  UNIVERSITY  LIBRARIES 


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Jnd%^^nh!-Lf^^  °"  l^^  date  indicated  below 
day  ther  "aAer.  ''  ^  '"^  °*  ~  ^^NTS  a 


JERSEY    CATTLE 


AMERICA 


JOHN    S.     LINSLEY,    M.D. 


'  And  I,  contented  with  a  humble  theme. 
Have  poured  my  stream  of  panegyric  down 
The  vale  of  Nature,  where  it  creeps  and  winds 
Among  her  lovely  works,  with  a  secure 
And  unambitious  course,  reflecting  clear, 
If  not  the  virtues,  yet  the  worth  of  brutes." 


NEW   YORK: 
Burr   Printing   House, 

18   Jacob   Street. 

1S85. 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1885,  by 

F.   D.   HARMON, 
a  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress  at  Washington,  D.  C. 


TO 


AMERICAN   JERSEY    CATTLE    CLUB, 

:hrough    whose    discernment    and    enterprise     wise     provision    has    been 

MADE    TO     secure    TO    THE     AGRICULTURISTS     OF    AMERICA    THE    PERPETUITY 

AND    PURITY    OF    THE    UNRIVALLED    BREED    OF    JERSEY    CATTLE, 

THIS    VOLUME    IS    RESPECTFULLY    INSCRIBED. 


JOHN     S.    LINSLEY. 


EEEATA. 

Page  10,  SALT    UNDISSOLVED     IN     BUTTER 40S 

Page  270,  may. 

1st  line,  15  lbs.  Best  Mixed  Hay. 
Page  271,  .june. 

2d  line,  2(;>  lbs.  Green  Rye  or  Rye  Grass. 
Page  271,  September. 

3d  line,  30  lbs.  Green  Barley. 

■1th  line,  20  lbs.  Millet. 

5tb  line,  20  lbs.  Wheat. 
Page  272.  October. 

3d  line,  .50  lbs.  Green  Barley. 

•1th  line,  10  lbs.  Green  Wheat. 

DECEMBER. 

1st  line,  20  lbs.  Best  Early  Hay. 

JANUARY. 

1st  line,  10  lbs.  Green  Oat  Hay. 
Page  273,  February. 

2d  line,  15  lbs.  Green  Millet  Hay. 

MARCH. 

1st  line,  10  lbs.  Green  Clover  Ilaj'. 

APRIL. 

1st  line,  15  ll.)s.  Green  Millet  Hay  or  50  lbs.  Green  Rye. 

A    CHEAP    WINTER     RATION. 

1st  line,  20  lbs.  Green  Corn  Stover. 
Page  274,  standard  winter  ration. 

2d  line,  10  lbs.  Rowen  Hay. 
Page  275,  ration  one  month  before  calving. 

1st  line,  15  lbs.  Best  Timothy  Hay. 

OR  this. 

1st  line,  15  ll)s.  Rowen  Hay. 

BUTTER  TESTS. 
Page  653,  Fillpail  2d  24,388 ■ 26  lbs.  2  oz. 

JERSEY  FOUNTAINS. 
HOMER  H.  3683  omitted  from  page  565,  Page  742. 


PREFACE 


The  object  of  this  work  is  to  set  forth  fully  and  cleaiij  the  special  merits  and 
rare  qualities  of  the  beautiful  breed  of  Jersey  cattle ;  to  show  how  these  qualities 
have  been  developed,  their  mode  of  perpetuity,  and  their  still  further  possible 
improvement. 

It  is  intended  to  lie  thoroughly  practical  and  progressive,  as  well  as  suggestive 
of  a  higher  standard  in  all  that  pertains  to  agriculture,  cattle-bi-eeding,  and  the  arts  of 
dairying. 

In  a  work  treating  of  such  a  wide  variety  of  topics,  it  has  been  necessary  to 
consult  many  authors  and  make  numerous  studies  and  compilations. 

The  aixthor  has  drawn  from  the  writings  of  many  eminent  authorities,  includ- 
ing the  Encyclopaedia  Britannica ;  Morton's  Encyclopmdia  of  Agriculture^ 
Chamhers'  Encyclopcedia ;  Reports  of  Connecticiot  Experiment  Station  ;  Re2>orts 
of  New  Yorh  Experiment  Station  y  Reports  of  Agricultural  Bureau,  Washington, 
D.G.;  The  Marnage  of  Near  Kin,\,j  Mive^B.&n.rj  Huth  ;  The  Butter  Tests  of 
Jersey  Cows,  by  Campbell  Brown  j  Feeding  Animals,  by  E.  "W".  Stewart  ;  Gnenon 
on  Milch  Cows,  by  Thomas  J.  Hand ;  The  Atmospheric  System,  by  Thomas  B. 
Butler;  The  Country  Oentleman  ;  The  Jersey  Bulletin  ;  The  New  Yorh  Trihtine  ; 
the  wi'itings  of  J.  Le  Couteur,  John  Thornton,  and  George  E.  Waring,  Jr. ;  also  the 
sale  catalogues  and  herd  catalogues  of  breeders. 

Acknowledgment  is  made  of  the  kindness  of  Major  Henry  E.  Alvord, 
manager  of  Mr.  Yaleutiue's  Houghton  Farm  at  Mountainville,  N".  Y.,  for  re- 
ports and  chemical  tests.  Special  thanks  are  due  to  the  hearty  and  substantial 
support  of  all  those  who  have  contributed  portraits  of  cattle  to  illustrate  the  text, 
and  butter  records,  and  render  the  work  attractive  to  lovers  of  the  Jersey. 

The  medical  and  sanitary  treatment  herein  suggested,  the  author  hopes,  may  be 
the  means  of  saving  the  lives  of  many  valuable  animals. 

John  S.  Linsley,  M.D. 

New  Yoek,  April,  1S86. 


CONTENTS. 


INTRODUCTORY. 

PAGE 

Our  Domain— Influence  of  Cattle  upon  Literature — A  Pastoral  Anthology     .    .        11 


PART    FIRST. 

History  op  Jersey  Cattle — Principles  op  Breeding 39 

PART    SECOND. 

Dairy  Farming  and  Management  op  Cattle  :  The  Nine  Points  op  Good  Farming  :  97 

Feeding  Cattle 237 

Soiling  Cattle  :  The  Seven  Points  op  Soiling 346 

Soiling  Crops 2.51 

Meadows 2.56 

Pasturage 363 

The  Ration 267 

Management  op  Stock 277 

Casualties 287 

Health  and  its  Conditions 293 

Treatment  of  Accidents  and  Diseases 298 

PART    THIRD. 
The  Dairy. 

Milk 338 

Cream 366 

Cheese 376 

Jersey   Butter 398 

The  Thermometer  in  the  Dairy 417 

Construction  of  IceHouses 423 

Cleanliness  and  Filth 429 

.Help — Helpers  and  Hirelings — Rest  and  Recreation 430 

PART    FOURTH. 

Dairy  Farming  and  the  Weather 433 

The  Atmospheric  System 434 

Prognostication 459 

Annual  Rainfall  in  the  United  States — Wet- Weather  Talk 476 


6  COXT£XTS. 

PART    FIFTH. 

TAGE 

The  Jersey  in  Amekica 4S3  ■ 

Jersey  Fountains 491 

Table  of  Standard  Butter  Tests       587 

Officiai,  Tests  of  American  Jersey  Cattle  Club 5'JO 

Rules  for  Testing  Jersey  Cows (JIO 

Table  op  Tests  for  One  Year  or  Less  than  a  Tear 600 

Table  op  All  Tests  jVbove  14  Lbs.  in  7  Days 653 

Tables  of  Tests  Showing  Ratio  of  JIilk  to  Butter 683 

Table  Showing  Product  of  Inbreeding ...  687 

Pedigrees  op  Noted  Anlsials 687 

Study  of  the  Tables TOO 

Future  op  American  Jerseys 701*' 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


SILHOUETTES. 


Jersej'  Belle  of  Scituate  7828 

Little  Ruth  Puller  and  her  pet  heifer,  Easter  Joy 


Photogkapheb. 
Schreiber. 
ScJireiber. 


DRAWrNO. 

Linsley.   .     .     .     Cover. 
Linsley.    .     .  Title-page. 


PORTRAITS  OF  JERSEY  BULLS. 

Photographer.  Engraver. 

Albert  Rex  7734 Schreiber.  Sehreiber. 

Canada's  John  Bull  8388 Schreiber.  Schreiber. 

Dandy  Boy  7334  ;  drawing  by  Palmer Bierstadt. 

Domino  of  Darlington  34.59 Schreiber.  Schreiber. 

Duke  of  Darlington  3460 Schreiber.  Schreiber. 

Eddington  3350 Schreiber.  Cox.    .     . 

Eurotas'  Black  Prince  14884 Schreiber.  Schreiber. 

Footstep  5163 Sehreiber.  Schreiber. 

Gilderoy  3170 Dr.  Howe.  Schreiber. 

Gilderoy  3d  5043 Schreiber.  Foster.     . 

Hipparchus  11673 Schreiber.  Schreiber. 

Island  Valeur  5514 Schreiber.  Schreiber. 

King  Rioter  6075 Schreiber.  Schreiber. 

Lille  Bonne's  Son  4418 Sehreiber.  Schreiber. 

Matin's  Glory  9135 Schreiber.  Schreiber. 

Mercury  433 Schreiber.  Cox.    .     . 

Pogis  Chief  3998 Schreiber. 

Pride  of  Mountainside  7118 Schreiber. 

Prince  Pogis  10683 Schreiber. 

Rioter's  Combination  10363 Schreiber.  Schreiber. 

Romano  11806 Schreiber.  Schreiber. 

Sultan  of  St.  Saviour's  5338 Mcsscherl.  Schreiber. 

Thalma  4288 Sehreiber.  Schreiber. 

PORTRAITS    OF   JERSEY  COWS. 

Photographer.  Engraver. 

Alphea  171 Schreiber.  Troy. 

Belmeda  6339 Schreiber.  Schreiber. 

Boraba  10380 Schreiber.  Schreiber. 


513 

400 
Frontispiece. 
224 


8  ILL  USTEA  TIOXS. 

PHOTOGRArHEB. 

Bonsilene  9811 Schreiber. 

Careta  19092 Schreiber. 

Couch's  Lily  3237  ;  drawing  by  Kittredge 

Dandelion  2521  ;  drawing  by  Palmer 

Dandelion  3d  21889  ;  drawing  by  Palmer 

Dandelion  4th  27000 ;   drawing  by  Palmer 

Eudora  1863 Schreiber. 

Eurotas  2454 Schreiber. 

Evelina  of  Verna  10971 Schreiber. 

Fadette  of  Verna  3d  11123 Schreiber. 

Farmer's  3Iaid  13219  ;  drawing  by  Palmer 

Favorite  of  the  Elms  1656 Schreiber. 

Fillpail  2d  24388 Schreiber. 

Floralia  6230 Schreiber. 

Harmony  2d  17118 Kuhns. 

Hazen's  Nora  4791 Schreiber. 

Hilda  D.  6683 Schreiber. 

Jersey  Belle  of  Scituate  7828 Schreiber. 

Jersey  Lassie  15495  ;  drawing  by  Palmer 

Jewell  Beauty  2d  1701  ;  drawing  by  Palmer 

Lady  Buckingham  11670 Schreiber. 

Lady  Madeline  10526  ;  drawing  by  Palmer 

La  Financiere  11970 Schreiber. 

Landseer's  Fancy  2876 Schreiber. 

3[arjoram3239 Schreiber. 

Mary  Anne  of  St.  Laml>ert  9770 -.     .  Schreiber. 

Matin  7768 Schreiber. 

Mermaid  of  St.  Lambert  9771 Schreiber. 

Miss  Cooper  5869  ;  drawing  by  Palmer 

Mi.ss  Sharplcss  24353 Schreiber. 

Oakland  Girl  11103 Schreiber. 

Oxford  Kate  13646 Schreiber. 

Pedro  Alphea  13889 Schreiber. 

Pet  of  Rose  Lawn  11326 Schreiber. 

Proctor's  Regina  35665 Schreiber. 

Pyrrha  3d  11850  ;  drawing  by  Palmer Bierstadt. 

Rosebell  2d  11722;  drawing  by  Palmer 

Rose  of  Eden  13437 Schreiber. 

Sultaue  2d  11373 Schreiber. 

Surprise  of  M.  S.  10938  ;  drawing  by  Palmer 

Taoma7300 Schreiber. 

Ultissima  34633 Schreiber 

Westphalia  24384 Schreiber. 


EsORAVEn. 

To  Face 

Schreiber. 

...        368 

Schreiber. 

...      384 

Scfireibcr. 

...      513 

Bierstadt. 
Bierstadt. 
Bierstadt. 
Schreiber 

Frontispiece. 

Frontispiece. 

Frontispiece. 

320 

Schreiber. 

.     .     .        32 

Schreiber. 

.     .     .       128 

Schreiber. 

...      416 

Bierstadt. 
Schreiber. 

Frontispiece. 
...      432 

Schreiber. 

...        64 

Schreiber. 

...      496 

Schreiber. 

...      416 

Schreiber. 

...      272 

Schreiber. 

...       144 

Schreiber. 

...        16 

Schreiber. 

...      544 

Bierstadt. 
Schreiber. 

Frontispiece. 
...        48 

Bierstadt. 
Schreiber. 

Frontispiece. 
...      804 

Schreiber. 

...      560 

Schreiber. 

•.     .     .      160 

Schreiber. 

...         80 

Schreiber. 

...       176 

Schreiber. 

.     .     .       608 

Schreiber. 

.     .     .      224 

Schreiber. 

...      240 

Sdireiber. 

...      576 

Schreiber. 

...      240 

Schreiber. 

.     .     .      208 

Schreiber. 

...      640 

Schreiber. 

...      256 

Bierstadt. 
Bierstadt. 
Schreiber. 

Frontispiece. 
Frontispiece. 
.     .     .      352 

Schreiber. 

...      288 

Bierstadt. 

Schreiber. 

Frontispiece. 
...      113 

Schreiber. 

...        16 

Schreiber. 

...      336 

ILL  UHTRA  TIONS. 


CHARTS.  DRAWINGS,   DIAGRAMS,  PLANS  AND  IMPLEMENTS.          To  Face 

Page 

■  Attic  Floor  Calf  Stable 119 

Blcorn  Escutcheon       '^'^ 

Briarcliff  Farm,  James  Stillman,  Sing  Sing,  N.  Y 91' 

Brush  HaiTow  for  Grass  Seed 361 

Carresine  Escutcheon       68 

Carrot  Cleaner 276 

Champion  Drill        121 

Chart  of  Annual  Rainfall  Over  Part  of  U.  S 454 

Chart  Showing  Variations  During  a  Fair  Day .475 

Chart  of  "Winter  Rainfall  Over  Part  of  U.  S 447 

Clark's  Root  Cutter 122 

Curveline  Escutcheon 68 

Curveline  Escutcheon  of  Young  Mercurj'  7485 68 

Demijohn  Escutcheon 68 

Device  for  Changing  Feed  in  Champion  Drill 122 

Double  Selvedge  Escutcheon 68 

Escutcheon  Feathers SS 

Flandrine  Escutcheon 68 

Focal  Path  in  February,  1854 448 

Focal  Path  in  March,  1854 449 

Focal  Path  in  April,  1854 450 

Focal  Path  and  Area  of  Drouth  in  May,  1854 451 

Focal  Path  and  Area  of  Drouth  in  June,  1854 452 

Focal  Path  and  Area  of  Drouth  in  July  and  August,  1854 453 

Fore  Escutcheon  of  Mary  Anne  of  St.  Lambert  9770 67 

Pore  Veins  of  Jersey  Belle  of  Scituate  7828 67 

Fore  Veins  of  Value  2d  6844 68 

Front  of  Calf  Stall 118 

Funnel 125 

Ground  Plan  of  Ridge-and-Furrow  Water-Meadow 230 

Ground  Plan  of  Stable 113 

Left  Flandrine  Escutcheon 68 

Limousine  Escutcheon     .     .          68 

Map  of  Annual  Rainfall  of  United  States 480 

More's  Pyramidal  Strainer 124 

Plan  of  Dairy  for  Fifty  Cows 336 

Plan  of  Octagon  Barn 108 

Plan  of  Square  Barn HO 

Points  of  Dandelion  2521 56 

Points  of  Jersey  Belle  of  Scituate  7838 54- 

Points  of  Lady  Vertumnus  13317 56 

Points  of  Mary  Anne  of  St.  Lambert  9770 55 

Points  of  Princess  2d  8046 55 

Rest  for  Strainer 125 

Salt  Dissolved  in  Butter 407 


10  ILL  USTRA  TIONS. 

To  Face 
Page 

Salt  rndissolvcd  in  Butter 480 

Selvedge  Escutcheon 68 

Sewage  Irrigation 21(5 

Spring  Hoe  (Champion  Drill) 123 

Square  Escutcheon 68 

Stable 113 

Stoddard  Churn 137 

Stoddard  Creamery  and  Refrigerator 126 

System  of  Ventilation  for  Stables 114 

The  Southeaster 441 

The  Three  Stories  of  the  Atmosphere 439 


INTRODUCTORY. 


OUR    DOMAm. 


The  American  people  are  now  preparing  a  continent  to  be  the  chvelling-place, 
before  another  centnry  shall  have  passed,  of  more  than  five  Inmdred  millions  of 
people. 

To  ns  the  nations  of  the  earth  are  looking  for  the  sohition  of  many  of  the  prob- 
lems of  poUtical  and  social  economy  and  questions  that  relate  to  the  welfare  of  the 
human  race. 

One  of  the  most  important  elements  determining  our  material  prosperity  and 
oiir  permanent  progress  is  an  enlightened  system  of  agriculture. 

By  the  condition  of  a  nation's  agriculture  we  may  judge  of  its  advancement  in 
the  path  of  civilization. 

Not  yet  is  the  Golden  Age  of  American  Agriculture. 

Looking  backward  to  the  austere  and  gloomy  barbarism  of  our  Anglo-Saxon 
ancestry,  beyond  a  thousand  years  ago,  we  exclaim,  How  great  the  transition  !  Look- 
ing at  the  progress  of  a  centiiry,  or  a  generation,  we  are  filled  with  self-gratulation. 

But  when  we  consider  how  much  we  lack,  in  knowledge,  in  method,  in  pur- 
pose— when  we  try  to  picture  the  possibilities  of  the  future  of  American  agricult- 
ure, we  are  impressed  with  the  idea  that  we  are  only  at  the  threshold  of  the  way  of 
enlightenment  and  progress. 

In  the  contest  of  wresting  from  the  soil  an  abundant  supply  of  food,  clothing, 
and  all  the  necessaries  of  physical  existence,  and  at  the  same  time  means  of  leisure, 
cultivation,  refinement,  and  mental  growth  for  the  multitude,  Ave  are  required  to 
deal  with  a  problem  which  has  not  yet  been  solved.  At  the  very  beginning  of  study 
we  are  forcibly  convinced  of  the  wastes  that  are  continually  draining  the  resources 
of  a  nation — waste  of  vital  force  in  a  thousand  ways,  waste  of  material  from  neg- 
hgence  or  from  ignorance,  waste  through  unprofitable  labor  and  lack  of  system. 

In  our  agriculture  we  need  new  ideas  and  new  methods.  We  must  apply  the 
lessons  we  have  learned  from  history  and  from  experience.  We  must  also  learn  to 
anticipate  the  wants  of  the  near  future. 

There  must  be  an  economy  of  vital  force,  a  profitable  system  of  fertilizing,  more 
thorough  tillage,  improved  sanitary  buildings  for  the  farmer  and  his  cattle,  and  a 


12  IXTEOnUCTORY. 

])ractical  system  of  education  in  all  schools,  from  the  primary  to  the  imiversity. 
But,  at  last,  the  basis  of  our  agriculture  consists  in  the  races  of  cattle  we  cultivate. 
AVithout  cattle  it  would  be  impossible  to  have  any  civilization.  The  catfte  must 
fatten  the  ground  and  feed  the  race  of  men  that  live  u]>on  it.  Agriculture  is  the 
mother  of  all  arts,  and  the  cow  is  the  mother  of  agriculture.  Not  only  are  cattle 
the  essential  element  upon  which  agriculture  depends  for  existence,  but  a  progres- 
sive agriculture  requires  that  the  races  of  cattle  adopted  by  a  ]ieii])k'  must  be  of  the 
highest  excellence  to  insure  prosperity. 

In  the  promotion  of  this  most  im)K>rtant  Imt  luuft  ii (.•>;■] cc ted  of  all  human  in- 
dustries, it  is  the  ])atrii)tic  duty  of  every  successful  l)u.siness  man  to  devote  a  portion 
of  his  wealth. 

The  inventor,  poet,  physician,  artist,  merchant,  miner,  lawyer,  statesman,  sol- 
dier, editor,  banker,  manufacturer- — each  and  all  that  have  accumulated  a  competency, 
shoiild  hold  a  portion  of  the  soil  for  a  cidtivated  farm,  a  home  which  should  be 
made  as  productive  and  as  beautiful  as  possible,  a  veritable  Paradise,  With  fruitful 
fields,  orchards,  and  groves,  and  herds  of  the  choicest  cattle. 

As  Americans  we  rejoice  in  the  memory  of  our  famous  men,  and  that  many  of 
the  best  of  them  were  farinei-s.  Washington,  Jeifei-son,  the  inventor  of  the  first 
mould-board  plow  upon  mathematical  principles ;  Clay,  Webster,  Greeley,  the  great 
editor ;  Bryant,  the  poet ;  Gai-field,  the  beloved  President,  and  many  more  whom  we 
love,  revere,  and  honor,  have  left  us  a  wholesome  and  worthy  example  of  doing  what 
they  could  for  agriculture.  They  loved  the  country  home  and  its  pure  attractions. 
They  loved  the  art  which,  above  all  other  arts,  is  designed  to  make  home  happy. 

The  American  fanner  is  desirous  to  excel.  He  wants  to  have  the  best  of  every- 
tiiing  that  pertains  to  his  calling.  When  he  shall  ascertain  what  is  best  for  his 
present  or  prospective  need,  he  will  bend  his  energies  to  secure  it,  if  practicable. 

It  is  of  the  first  necessity  that  he  supply  himself  with  the  breed  of  cattle  best 
suited  to  his  needs — cattle  that  shall  help  to  make  farming  a  source  of  material  pros- 
perity, joyous  health,  and  perpetual  pleasure.  Let  the  cattle,  then,  be  worthy 
of  our  choice  and  have  a  large  place  in  our  esteem.  What  we  think  of  our  cattle, 
how  we  shall  use  them  and  make  them  serve  us  and  our  national  prosperity, 
how  we  shall  improve,  transform,  and  perfect  them  for  our  purpose,  how  kindly  we 
shall  treat  them  and  care  for  them,  how  they  shall  influence  our  life,  our  comfort, 
our  health,  our  hajipiness,  our  usefulness,  our  sentiments,  our  philanthropy,  will  be 
told  to  the  ages  that  come  after  us.  Let  the  historian,  the  painter,  and  the  poet 
have  a  share  in  this  record,  for  they  are  to  set  forth  in  a  new  era  of  enlightenment 
a  consummation  of  excellence  that  shall  far  exceed  in  l)eneficence  all  the  earlier  ages 
of  the  world's  effete  civilizations.  The  coming  ages  will  not  foster  so  much  a  pride 
of  war  and  barbaric  splendor.  The  patriot's  boast  in  the  new  era  shall  not  be  like 
that  of  Henry  V.  of  his  soldiers,  in  battle,  "  whose  blood  is  fet  from  fathers  of 


INTR  OD  UCTOR  Y.  1 3 

war  proof,"  but  a  proiider  exclamation  will  be  that  of  all  Americans — "  We  are  the 
sons  of  fathers  who  made  the  name  of  their  country  glorious  by  the  culture  of  the 
arts  of  *peace !" 

mFLUENCE   OF   CATTLE  UPON   LITEEATURE. 

All  the  lovers  of  choice  cattle  are  glad  to  read  about  them.  If  the  songs  and 
sayings  of  those  who  have  best  expressed  the  sentiment  of  mankind  in  all  that 
relates  to  cattle,  the  dairy,  and  the  charms  of  country  life  should  be  gathered,  tliey 
would  make  many  delightful  vohimes. 

Beginning  with  the  oldest  literature,  we  have  in  tlie  writings  of  Moses  the 
brief  but  sublime  account  of  the  creation  of  the  world,  with  its  plants,  its  cattle,  and 
man,  who  is  given  the  donunion  over  all  cattle  and  all  the  earth's  productions,  and  a 
lordly  self-control. 

There  we  have  sketches  of  the  patriarchs,  of  the  religious  sentiment  of  the 
world's  best  men  ;  the  history  of  sacrifice,  confession  of  a  moral  stain  that  needed 
forgiveness  and  a  divine  cleansing,  by  and  through  a  Substitute  who  was  typified  in 
the  -sactim. 

There  we  read  of  Abraham,  who  was  "  very  rich  in  cattle,  in  silver  and  gold ;" 
of  the  strife  between  his  herdsmen  and  his  nephew  Lot,  so  amicably  settled  as  ever 
to  show  himself  the  typical  peace-maker  among  neighbors ;  his  entertainment  of  the 
three  angels  with  a  calf  tender  and  good,  dressed  with  milk  and  butter. 

"We  read  of  Isaac,  his  son,  "  who  became  very  great,  and  had  possession  of  flocks 
and  herds ;"  of  Jacob,  the  most  famous  cattle-breeder  of  the  ancient  world,  who 
made  his  father-in-law  rich,  and  then  enriched  himself  out  of  his  wages  of  spotted 
cattle. 

What  a  perennial  charm  has  the  story  of  Joseph — his  wonderful  interpretation 
of  the  strange  dream  of  Pharaoh,  his  purchase  of  all  the  cattle  of  the  Egyptians  for 
his  brethren  while  he  ruled  in  Egypt  and  furnished  all  the  world  with  wheat !  Then 
the  deliverance,  the  laws  of  sacrifice,  the  promise  to  be  led  to  •"  a  goodly  land  that 
floweth  with  milk  and  honey."  The  songs  of  Moses,  and  his  great  poem,  the  Book 
of  Job,  contain  many  allusions  to  cattle. 

The  record  of  the  captm-e  of  the  Ark  of  Jehovah  in  the  Book  of  Samuel,  the 
miraculous  disasters  that  befell  its  captors,  and  their  device  for  returning  the  Ark  to 
the  Israelites,  by  a  new  cart  drawn  by  two  milch  cows,  that  left  their  calves  and  went 
lowing  all  the  way  straight  to  the  laud  of  the  Jews,  is  one  of  the  most  wonderful  of 
the  events  in  the  history  of  that  most  wonderful  of  nations. 

Asaph  the  Seer,*  in  his  sacred  psalms,  sings  of  the  majesty  of  Jehovah  and 
his  dominions : 


lible  Uuiou  Version,  by  T.  .J.  Couaiil,  D.D. 


IXTR  01)  UCTOR  Y. 


PSALM  L. — THE  CATTLE  BELONG  TO  GOD. 

'I  am  Goil,  tliy  God 
Not  for  tliy  sacrifices  will  I  reprove  thee  : 
And  thy  burnt-ofiferings  are  continually  before  me. 
I  will  not  take  a  bullock  from  thy  house, 
Nor  he-goats  from  thy  folds. 
For  mine  is  every  beast  of  the  forest. 
The  cattle  on  a  thousand  hills. 
I  know  every  bird  of  the  mountains, 
And  the  beasts  of  the  tield  are  before  me. 
If  I  were  hungry  I  would  not  say  it  to  thee  ; 
For  the  world  is  mine,  and  the  fuluess  thereof. 
Will  I  cat  the  flesh  of  bulls, 
And  drink  the  blood  of  goats  ? 
Sacrifice  to  God  thanksgiving, 
And  pay  to  the  Most  High  thy  vows, 
And  call  upon  me  in  the  day  of  fnnibic  ; 
I  will  deliver  thee,  :ind  thou  sbalt  luinor  me." 


rSALM    LXXIII. — OUT   OF   EGYPT. 

'  And  he  removed  as  a  flock  his  own  people. 
And  guided  them  as  a  lierd  in  the  wilderness  : 
And  he  led  them  on  safely,  and  they  feared  not. 
But  their  enemies  the  sea  overwhelmed." 


The  sacred  psalms  of  David  the  King  arc  full  <if  poetic  hcaiity  and  the  melody 
of  praise  to  Jehovah. 

PSALM    LXV. — GOI>   THE   GIVER   OF   PROSPERITY. 

"Thou  ha.st  visited  llie  ciirlh,  and  mu<ie  it  overllow  [with  plenty]  ; 
Thou  greatly  euriche.sl  il. 
The  river  of  God  is  full  of  water. 

Thou  preparest  their  grain,  for  so  dost  thou  jirejiare  tlie  earth  ; 
Drenching  its  furrows,  .settling  its  ridges  ; 
Thou  makest  it  soft  with  showers. 
Its  springing  up  thou  dost  bless. 
Thou  hast  crowned  the  year  with  thy  goodness  ; 
And  thy  footsteps  drip  with  fatness  ; 
The  pa.stures  of  the  wilderness  they  drip. 
And  the  hills  gird  themselves  with  gladness. 
The  pastures  are  clothed  with  flocks. 
And  the  valleys  are  robed  with  grain  ; 
They  shout  together,  yea,  they  sing." 


INTRODUCTORY. 


PSALM  CIV. — GOD  S  BENEFICENCE  IN   CREATION. 

"  He  sends  out  springs  among  the  valleys  ; 
They  run  among  the  mountains. 
They  give  drink  to  every  beast  of  the  field  ; 
The  wild  asses  quench  their  thirst. 
Above  them  dwell  the  fowls  of  heaven  ; 
From  among  the  branches  they  utter  a  voice. 
He  waters  the  mountains  from  his  chambers  ; 
The  earth  is  sated  with  the  fruit  of  thy  working. 
He  causes  grass  to  grow  for  the  cattle, 
And  herbs  for  the  service  of  man, 
Bringing  forth  food  out  of  the  earth. 

They  all  wait  for  thee, 

To  give  their  food  in  its  season. 

Thou  givest  to  them  ;  they  gather  ; 

Thou  openest  thy  hand,  they  are  sated  with  good  ; 

Thou  hidest  thy  face,  they  are  troubled  ; 

Thou  withdrawest  their  breath,  they  expire. 

And  return  to  their  du.st ; 

Thou  sendest  forth  thy  breath,  they  are  created  ; 

And  thou  renewest  the  face  of  the  ground." 

PSALM  cvri. — god's  care  for  his  people. 

' '  He  turns  the  wilderness  into  a  pool  of  water. 
And  a  dry  land  into  water-.springs. 
And  there  he  makes  the  hungry  dwell. 
And  they  fotmd  a  city  for  a  habitation. 
And  they  sow  fields,  and  plant  vineyards. 
And  produce  fruits  of  the  yearly  increase. 
.  And  he  blesses  them,  and  they  multiply  greatly. 
And  their  cattle  he  makes  not  few." 

PSALM   CXLIV. A  PRAYER   FOR   DIVINE   BLESSING   OP   PEACE   .\NI 

"  So  that  our  sons  may  be  as  plants. 
Full  grown  in  their  youth  ; 
Our  daughters  as  corner  pillars, 
Sculptured  after  the  structure  of  a  palace  ; 
Our  garners  full,  supplying  of  every  kind  ; 
Our  flocks  multiplying  by  thousands. 
By  tens  of  tliousands,  in  our  fields  ; 
Our  oxen  laden  ; 
Ko  breaking  in,  nor  going  forth. 
And  no  outcry  in  our  streets. 
Happy  the  people  to  whom  it  is  thus  ; 
Happy  the  people  whose  God  is  Jehovah  1" 


16  ixrn  OT)  rr  toe  v. 

PSALM   CXLVm.— SONG    OF  PRAISB. 

"  Praise  Jehovah  from  the  earth ; 
Ye  sea  monsters  and  all  deeps ; 
Fire  and  hail,  snow  and  vapor, 
Stormj-  wind  fulfilling  his  word ; 
Te  mountains  and  all  hills, 
Fruit-trees  and  all  cedars  ; 
Beasts,  and  all  cattle. 
Creeping  things  and  winged  birds  ; 
Kings  of  tlie  earth,  and  all  peoples. 
Princes  and  all  judges  of  the  earth  ; 
Young  men,  and  also  maidens, 
Old  men,  with  children  : 
Let  them  praise  the  name  of  Jehovah." 
Solomon  says : 

"  I  had  great  possessions  of  great  and  small  cattle  above  all  that  were  in  Jerusjilem  before  me." 
Among  bis  three  thonsand  proverbs  we  note  : 

"  Be  thou  diligent  to  know  the  state  of  thy  flocks,  and  look  well  to  thy  herds." 

"  A  righteous  man  regardeth  the  life  of  his  beast :  but  the  tender  mercies  of  the  wicked  are  cruel." 

"  Where  no  oxen  are,  the  crib  is  clean  ;  but  much  increase  is  by  the  strength  of  the  o.\." 

In  the  historic  temple  built  by  Solomon  to  the  worship  of  Jehovah  was  a 
great  brazen  laver,  or  sea,  resting  on  twelve  gigantic  brazen  statnes  <>f  oxen,  in 
groups  of  three,  looking  north,  south,  east,  and  west.  In  the  dedication  of  the 
temple  twenty-two  thousand  oxen  were  offered  among  the  sacriiices. 

Isaiah,  the  most  fervid  and  exalted  in  spirit  of  all  the  Hebrew  poets,  shows  us 
the  coming  of  the  Giver  of  grace  and  tnith,  and  a  restoration  of  spiritual  bless- 
ings, graphically  typified  by  milk  and  honeV,  pleasant  fields,  and  the  feet  of 
cattle.  Habakkuk,  too,  in  a  sublime  poem  upon  the  majesty  of  God  and  his  prov- 
idence, intersperses  like  figures  to  portray  the  blessings  of  the  day  of  prosperity  ; 
while  the  prophet  Joel,  by  the  desolate  garners,  by  broken-do\vn  bams  and  ■withered 
corn,  by  groaning  beasts  and  perplexed  herds,  by  dried-up  rivers  and  fire-devoured 
pastures,  describes  drouth  and  famine. 

A  PASTORAL  ANTHOLOGY. 

The  Egyptians  deified  and  worshipped  the  bull,  and  the  cow  was  their  symbol 
of  the  goddess  of  Love.  Homer,*  the  greatest  of  Greek  poets,  makes  f  retjuent  allu- 
sions to  cattle,  and  many  of  the  finest  portions  of  the  Iliad  are  thus  illustrated. 

Agamemnon,  at  the  head  of  his  armies  on  the  plains  before  the  city  of  Troy,  is 
described  as 


*  Translation  of  Alexander  Pope. 


JERSEY    BELLE    OF    SCITUATE    7828. 

AT  10  YEAKS  OLD. 

Victor  Type. 
The  Thorougiibked  Model. 


ROMANO    11,806. 

AT   30   MONTHS   OLD. 

Couch's  Lily— Jersey  Belle— Eurotaa  Type. 

GREEN    MOUNTAIN    HEED. 

MOULTON   BUOTIIEHS,    WeST   KaNDOLPII,    VERMONT. 


ULTISSIMA    24,633. 


./<■;•»//  n,ll,^K,ii;,t,is  Type. 
GKE?:x    MorXIAIX    HEED. 

Mori,TON  Brothers,   West  Randolph,  Vermont. 


INTRODUCTORY.  17 

"  majestically  tall, 
Towers  o'er  his  armies  and  outshines  them  all  ; 
Like  some  proud  bull  that  round  the  pasture  leads 
His  subject  herds,  the  monarch  of  the  meads." 

They  sacrifice  a  steer  to  Jove  in  honor  of  the  prowess  of  Ajax,  and  at  the  feast 
which  follows,  in  which  they  eat  the  roasted  tlesh, 

"  Before  great  Ajax  placed  the  mighty  chine." 

Agamemnon,  in   his  desire  to  appease  the  wrath  of  Achilles,  makes  a  list  of  the 
rich  presents  and  honors  he  will  bestow,  among  them  seven  cities,  and  all  the  rich 

lands  appertaining : 

"  Along  the  verdant  margin  of  the  main, 
There  heifers  graze  and  laboring  oxen  toil." 

When  Patroelus  is   killed   by  Hector,  the  Spartan  king  Menelans  guards  his 

body  from  capture : 

"  Thus  round  her  new-fallen  young  the  heifer  moves, 
Fruit  of  her  throes  and  first-born  of  her  loves. 
And  anxious  (helpless  as  he  lies  and  bare) 
Turns  and  re-turus  her  with  a  mother's  care." 

The  terrible  fighting  of  Ajax  Telemon,  the  Great,  and  Ajax  Oileus,  the  Swift, 
side  by  side,  in  the  fourth  battle,  is  likened  as  follows  :    ■ 

"  So  when  two  lordly  bulls,  with  equal  toil. 
Force  the  bright  plowshare  through  the  fallow  soil. 
Joined  to  one  yoke,  the  stubborn  earth  they  tear, 
And  trace  large  furrows  with  the  shining  share. 
O'er  their  huge  limbs  the  foam  descends  in  snow. 
And  streams  of  sweat  down  their  sour  foreheads  flow. " 

The  shield  of  Achilles,  as  wrought  by  the  god  Vulcan,  is  of  silver,  brass,  tin,  and 

solid  gold — 

"  There  shone  the  image  of  the  master  mind. 
There  earth,  there  heaven,  there  ocean  he  designed." 

The    sun,    the   moon,    the  stars,  two  cities,    two  armies,   golden  gods,    two   spies, 
flocks,  herds,  battles,  a  field  with  plowmen,  grain  fields,  vineyards  with  maids  and 

yoiiths. 

"  Here  herds  of  oxen  march  erect  and  bold, 
Rear  high  their  heads,  and  seem  to  low  in  gold. 
And  speed  to  meadows,  on  whose  sounding  shores 
A  rapid  torrent  through  the  rushes  roars  ; 
Four  golden  herdsmen  as  the  guardians  stand, 
And  nine  sour  dogs  complete  the  rustic  band. 
Two  lions  rushing  from  the  wood  appeared 
And  seized  a  bull,  the  master  of  the  herd  ; 


1 8  INTR  01)  UCTOR  Y. 

He  roared  ;  in  vain  the  tiogs,  the  men,  -witlistood  ; 

They  tore  his  flesli,  and  drank  tlie  sable  blood. 

The  dogs,  oft  cheered  in  vain,  desert  the  prey, 

Dread  the  grim  terrors,  and  at  distance  bay. 

Next  this,  the  eye  the  art  of  Vulcan  leads 

Deep  through  fair  forests  and  a  length  of  meads. 

And  stalls,  and  folds,  and  scattered  cots  between. 

And  fleecy  flocks  that  whiten  all  the  scene. 

A  figured  dance  succeeds.  .  .  . 

The  gazing  multitudes  admire  around. 

Thus  the  broad  shield  complete,  the  artist  crowned 

With  his  last  hand,  and  poured  the  ocean  round  ; 

In  living  silver  seemed  the  waves  to  roll. 

And  beat  the  buckler's  verge,  and  bound  the  whole." 

All   expression    favorite  witli  the  great    Homer,  and  sli(jwing  liis  appreciation   of 
the  beauties  of  the  bovine  race  of  Greece,  was, 

"  Ooddess  of  the  cow's  fair  eyes." 
Hesiod,  another  Greek  poet,  is  described  by  Elizabetli  Barrett  Browning  as 

"  lle.siod  old. 
Who,  somewhat  blind  and  deaf  and  cold, 
Cared  most  for  gods  and  bulls." 

In  the  Norse  mythology,  as  recorded  in  tlie  songs  and  legends  which  form  the 
Icelandic  Edda,  "  the  giant  Yinir  and  his  shapeless  progeny,  Whirlwinds  of  the 
North  and  Terrors  of  the  Deep,  the  enemies  of  the  Sun  and  of  Life,  are  succeeded 
by  Aedhumla  the  Cow,  who  is  fonned  of  melting  snow,  and  she,  licking  the  white 
frost  from  the  rocks,  brings  to  light  Burl,  a  Man  !  The  sons  of  Man  kill  the 
giant  Ymir,  and  from  his  flesh  is  formed  the  earth,  from  his  bones  the  hills,  from 
his  skull  the  sky,  from  his  blood  the  sea,  and  from  his  brains  the  clouds." 

In  the  twelfth  century  Bernard  of  Clugny  wrote  a  Latin  liymn  suggested  by 
the  ver.se  of  Moses,  "  a  land  flowing  witli  milk  and  honey."  In  1851  the  hymn  was 
translated  into  English  by  J.  M.  Neale.     It  is  one  of  tlie  most  joyous  and  inspiring 

lyrics  ever  written — 

"  Jerusalem  the  golden. 
With  milk  and  honey  blest," 

a  view  of  that  goodly  land  of  everlasting  peace  and  pleasure. 

Among  all  the  nations  of  antiquity,  the  Jews  were  the  greatest  lovers  of  cattle ; 
but  since  their  dispersion  they  seem  to  have  lost  that  instinct,  and  now  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  has  become  the  leading  race  of  cattle  fanciers,  and  English  literature  is  rich 
with  its  allusions  to  niral  felicity.  Shakespeare,  in  tlie  tliinl  part  of  King  Henry 
VI.,  Scene  V.,  makes  the  king  desire  a  fanner's  life : 


iNTR  on  iTCTOJi  r:  lo 

"  O  God  !  methiuks  it  were  a  happy  life 
To  be  no  better  than  a  homely  swain  ; 
To  sit  upon  a  hill,  as  I  do  now, 
To  carve  out  dials  quaintly,  point  by  point. 
Thereby  to  see  the  minutes  how  they  run, 
How  many  make  the  hour  full  complete  : 
How  many  hours  bring  about  the  day  ; 
How  many  days  will  finish  up  the  year  ; 
How  many  years  a  mortal  man  may  live. 
When  this  is  known,  then  to  divide  the  times  : 
So  many  hours  nnist  I  tend  my  flock  ; 

So  many  hours  nuist  I  take  my  rest  ;  * 

So  many  hours  must  I  contemplate  ; 
So  many  hours  must  I  sport  myself  ; 
So  many  days  my  ewes  have  been  with  yoiuig  ; 
So  manj'  weeks  ere  the  poor  fools  will  yean  ; 
So  many  years  ere  I  shall  shear  the  fleece  : 
So  minutes,  hours,  days,  weeks,  months,  and  years. 
Passed  over  to  the  end  they  were  created. 
Would  bring  white  hairs  into  a  quiet  gi-ave. 
Ah  !  what  a  life  were  this  !  how  sweet !  how  lovely  !" 

The  prince  of  Christiau  poets,  John  Milton,  invoking    Mirth,  invites  lier  to 
sliow  him  all  pleasant  sights  and  give  him  all  joyons  sounds  of  rural  life  : 

"  While  the  plowni:in  near  at  hand 
Whistles  o'er  the  furrowed  land, 
And  the  milkmaid  singeth  blithe, 
And  the  mower  whets  his  scythe, 
And  every  shepherd  tells  his  tale 
Under  the  hawthorn  in  the  dale." 

Again  Milton  pictures  rural  delights  to  the  unaccustomed  senses — "  Paradise   Lo,st," 

Book  IX. : 

"  As  one  who.  long  in  populous  city  pent. 
Where  houses  thick  and  sewers  annoy  the  air. 
Forth  issuing  on  a  summer's  morn  to  breathe 
Among  the  pleasant  villages  and  farms 
Adjoined,  from  each  thing  met  conceives  delight. 
The  smell  of  grain,  or  tedded  grass,  or  kiue. 
Or  dairy,  each  rural  sight,  each  rural  sound." 

A  plaintive  allusion  in  "  Paradise  l>ost  "  touches  us  with  a  strange  pathos  : 

••  Thus  with  the  year 
Seasons  return,  but  not  to  me  returns 
Day,  or  the  sweet  approach  of  even  or  moru. 


aO  INTRODUCTORY. 

Or  sight  of  vernal  bloom  or  summer's  rose, 
Or  flocks  or  herds,  or  human  face  divine ; 
But  cloud  instead,  and  ever-during  dark 
Surrounds  me." 

How  beautiful  is  his  description  of  tin;  Angel  Raphael  and  liis  visit  to  Pani- 
dise !     Radiant  with  the  splendor  of 

"  Downy  gold  and  colors  dipped  in  heaven," 

he  comes  to  the  garden,  and  is  entertained  as  a  guest  by  Adam  and  Eve  in  their 
bower.     Eve  prepares  a  feast — 

' '  fruit  of  all  kinds, 

Nect'rous  draughts  between  from  milky  stream. 

For  drink  the  grape 

She  crushes,  inoffensive  must,  and  meaths 

From  many  a  licrr}- ;  and  from  sweet  kernels  pressed 

She  tempers  dulcet  creams." 

Robert   Herrick    in  (juaint  ver-se,  thanking  God  for  his  little  house  and    tlie 
blessings  of  garden  and  field,  says  : 

"  The  while  the  conduits  of  my  kine 
Eun  cream  for  wiue.  ' 

Thomas  Tickell  pictures  in  fancy  a  country  home,  in  which  these  lines  occur : 

"  A  rill  shall  warble  'cross  the  gloomy  grove — 
A  little  rill  o'er  pebbly  beds  conveyed 
Gush  down  the  steep,  and  glitter  through  the  glade. 
What  cheering  scents  the.se  bordering  banks  exhale  ! 
How  loud  that  heifer  lows  from  yonder  vale  ! 
That  thrush,  how  shrill  !" 

Alexander  Pope,  at  twelve  year.s,  thus  de.scril)es  "  The  Quiet  Life  "  : 

' '  Happy  the  man  whose  wisli  and  care 
A  few  paternal  acres  found. 
Content  to  breathe  his  native  air 

In  his  own  grovuid. 
Whose  herds  with  milk,  whose  liekls  with  liri;id. 

Whose  flocks  supply  him  with  attire, 
Whose  trees  in  summer  yield  him  shade. 
In  winter,  fire." 

•Tames  Thomson,  in  his  "  Castle  of  Indolence,"  gives  many  plea.sing  pictures. 

I  select  one  : 

"  In  health  the  wiser  brutes  true  gladness  find. 
See  how  the  younglings  frisk  along  the  meads. 
As  May  comes  on,  and  wakes  the  balmy  wind  : 
Rampant  with  life,  their  joy  all  joy  exceeds  ; 
Yet  what  but  highstrung  health  this  dancing  pleasaunce  breeds  ?" 


INTR  01)  UCTOR  Y. 

In  his  "  Spring  "  he  loves  to 

"  wander  o'er  the  dewj'  fields  " 
and 

'*  Through  the  verdant  maze  of  sweet-brier  hedges 
Taste  the  smell  of  dairy." 

He  was  tender-hearted  to  all  animals — 

•  To  merit  death  ?    You  who  have  given  us  milk  in  luscious  s 
He  describes  well  the  restlessness  of  a  pastured  liuU,  and  the  contest  when  two  of 

them  meet : 

■ '  And  groaning  deep  the  impetuous  battle  mix  ; 
While  the  fair  heifer,  balmy  breathing  near, 
Stands  kindling  up  their  rage." 

In  his  "  Snmnier  "  (after  a  thunder  storm) : 

'"Tis  beauty  all,  and  grateful  song  around, 
Joined  to  the  low  of  kine  and  numerous  bleat 
Of  flocks  thick  nibbling  through  the  clovered  vale." 

Alexander  Hume  thus  pictures  the  "  Summer  Day  "  : 
'•  The  burning  beams  down  from  his  face 
So  fervently  can  beat. 
That  man  and  beast  now  seek  a  place 
To  save  them  from  the  heat. 
"  The  herds  beneath  some  leafy  tree. 
Amid  the  flowers  they  lie  ; 
The  stable  ships  upon  the  sea 
Send  up  their  sails  to  dry." 

Thomas  Gray,  in  his  "  Elegy,"  gives  many  a  perfect  verse  : 
■'  The  lowing  herd  winds  slowly  o'er  the  lea. 

And  drowsy  tiuklings  lull  the  distant  folds. 

*  *  »  *  * 

How  jocund  did  they  drive  their  team  afield  !" 

Oliver  Goldsmith,  in  the  "  Deserted  Village,"  thus  describes  sights  and  sounds 

at  Auburn : 

"  Sweet  was  the  sound  when  oft  at  evening's  close 
Up  yonder  hill  the  village  murmur  rose  ; 
There  as  I  passed,  with  careless  steps  and  slow. 
The  mingling  notes  came  softened  from  below  : 
The  swain  responsive  as  the  milkmaid  sung  ; 
The  sober  herd  that  lowed  to  meet  their  young  ; 
The  noisy  geese  that  gabbled  o'er  the  pool ; 
The  playful  children  just  let  loose  from  school  ; 
The  watch-dog's  voice  that  bayed  the  whispering  wind, 
And  the  loud  laugh  that  spoke  the  vacant  mind— 
These  all  in  sweet  confusion  sought  the  shade. 
And  filled  each  pause  the  nightingale  had  made." 


IXTRonrcTORY. 

William  Cowper,  the  jieiisivi-  I'liritmi  pui't,  expressed  a  strong  sympathy  for 
or  beast  sufferiiiiT  from  cruelty.  He  was  a  lover  of  animals.  How  fair  is  the 
;  of  Ouse— the  river  he  so  loved— and  the  tields  ahmjj  its  hanks: 

"  Slow  wiiidiiis;  throufili  a  level  plain 
Of  spacious  meads,  with  eatlle  sprinkled  o'er. 

A  breath  of  unadulterate  air. 

The  glimpse  of  a  green  pasture,  how  they  cheer 

The  citizen  and  brace  his  languid  frame  ! 

The  heart  is  hard  in  nature,  and  unlit 

For  human  fellowship,  as  being  void 

Of  sympathy,  and  therefore  dead  alike 

To  love  and  friendship  both,  that  is  not  pleased 

With  sight  of  animals  enjoying  life. 

Nor  feels  their  happiness  augment  his  own. 

The  very  kine  that  gambol  at  high  noon. 
The  total  herd  receiving  first  from  one. 
Thai  leads  the  dance,  a  summons  to  be  gay. 
Though  wild  their  strange  vagaries  and  uncouth 
Their  efforts,  yet  resolved  with  one  con.sent 
To  give  such  act  and  utterance  as  they  may 
To  ecstasy  too  big  to  be  suppressed — 
These  and  a  thousand  images  of  bliss 
With  which  kind  nature  graces  every  scene. 
Where  cruel  man  defeats  not  her  design. 
Impart  to  the  benevolent,  who  wish 
All  that  are  capable  of  pleasure,  plea.sed, 
A  far  superior  happiness  to  theirs — 
The  comfort  of  a  reasonable  joy." 

James  I'eattie,  in  "  The  Minstrel,"  gives  lis  this  pleasing  line  : 

■•  Crowned  with  her  pail,  the  Irippin-  niilkiiiaid  sings." 
Eohert    P.nrns,  in   his  matchle.ss   pieturi"  of  ••  Tlic   (fitter's  Saturday    Xight." 
;  describes  the  simple  meal,  when  Jennie's  lover  comes  in  to  spend  the  evening  : 

"  But  now  the  supper  crowns  their  simple  board. 

The  halesome  parrilch,  chief  o'  Scotia's  food  ; 

The  soupe*  their  only  hawkief  does  ivilord, 

Thai  'yont  the  hallanj  snugly  chows  her  cood  : 

Tlie  dame  brings  forth,  in  complimental  mood, 

To  grace  Ihc  lad,  her  weel-haincd  kebbuck,§  fell,] 

An'  aft  he's  prest  an'  aft  he  ca's  it  guid, 
The  frugal  wife,  garrulous,  will  tell 
How  'twas  a  lowmond  auld,  .siu'  lint  was  i'  the  bell." 

^  .Milk.  f  Cow.  X  Partition  wall.  g  Cheese.  |  Sharp  or  biting. 


INTR  OD  UCTOR  Y. 

The  foUowiTiii;  gem  is  from  "  The  Farmer's  Boy,"  by  Robert  Bloomfield : 
"  A  little  farm  his  generous  master  tilled, 
Who  with  peculiar  grace  his  station  filled, 
By  deeds  of  hospitality  endeared. 
Served  from  affection — for  his  worth  revered  ; 
A  happy  offspring  blest  his  plenteous  board. 
His  fields  were  fruitful  and  his  barns  well-stored, 
And  four-score  ewes  he  fed,  a  sturdy  team, 
And  lowing  kine,  that  grazed  beside  the  stream. 
Unceasing  industry  he  kept  in  view, 
And  never  lacked  a  job  for  Giles  to  do. 

The  clattering  dairymaid  immersed  in  steam. 
Singing  and  scrubbing  midst  her  milk  and  cream. 
Bawls  out,  '  Go  fetch  the  cows  ! ' 

Straight  to  the  meadows  then  he  whistling  goes  ; 
With  well-known  halloo  calls  his  lazy  cows  ; 
Down  the  rich  pastures  heedlessly  they  graze. 
Or  hear  the  summons  with  an  idle  gaze  ; 
For  well  they  know  the  cow-yard  yields  no  more 
Its  tempting  fragrance  nor  its  wintry  store. 
Reluctance  marks  their  steps,  sedate  and  slow. 
The  right  of  conquest  the  only  law  they  know  ; 
The  strong  press  on,  the  weak  by  turns  succeed. 
And  one  superior  always  takes  the  lead. 
Is  foremost  wheresoe'er  they  stray. 
Allowed  precedence,  undisputed  sway  ; 
With  jealous  pride  her  station  is  maintained. 
For  many  a  broil  that  post  of  honor  gained. 

Forth  comes  the  maid,  and  like  the  morning  smiles  ; 

The  mistress,  too,  and  followed  close  by  Giles. 

A  friendly  tripod  forms  their  humble  seat, 

With  pails  bright  scoured  and  delicately  sweet. 

Where  shadowing  elms  obstruct  the  morning  ray 

Begins  the  work,  begins  the  simple  lay  ; 

The  full-charged  udder  yields  its  willing  stream, 

While  Mary  sings  some  lover's  amorous  dream. 

And  crouching  Giles,  beneath  a  neighboring  tree, 

Tugs  o'er  his  pail,  and  chants  with  equal  glee  ; 

Whose  hat,  with  battered  brim,  of  nap  so  bare. 

From  the  cow's  side  purloins  a  coat  of  hair — 

A  mottled  ensign  of  his  harmless  trade, 

An  unambitious,  peaceable  cockade. 

As  unambitious,  too,  that  cheerful  maid  ; 

With  joy  she  views  her  plenteous  reeking  store. 

And  bears  a  brimmer  to  the  dairy-door, 


24  INTR  O  D I Y '  TOR  Y. 

Her  cows  dismissed,  tlie  luscious  meuds  to  roam 
Till  eve  again  recall  them  loaded  home." 

Here  is  "  Country  Life,"  from  the  pen  of  William  Wordsworth — "  March '' : 

"  The  cock  is  crowing. 

The  stream  is  flowing, 

The  small  birds  twitter, 

The  lake  doth  glitter. 
The  green  field  sleeps  in  the  sun 

The  oldest  and  youngest 

Are  at  work  with  the  strongest ; 

The  cattle  are  grazing. 

Their  heads  never  raising, 
There  are  forty  feeding  like  one. 

"  Like  an  army  defeated. 

The  snow  hath  retreated. 

And  now  doth  fare  ill 

On  the  top  of  the  bare  bill  ; 
The  plowboy  is  whooping— anon — anon  1 

There's  joy  on  the  mountain. 

There's  life  in  the  fountain. 

Small  clouds  are  sailing, 

Blue  sky  prevailing. 
The  rain  is  over  and  gone  I" 

A  contrast  to  the  sad  experience  of  the  homesick  farmer  m  the  city,  by  the 
same  author,  "  The  Farmer  of  Tilsbury  Vale  "  : 

"  To  London— a  sad  emigration,  I  ween — 
With  his  gray  hairs,  he  went  from  the  brook  and  tlie  green, 
And  there  with  small  wealth  but  his  legs  and  his  liiinds. 
As  lonely  he  stood  as  a  crow  on  the  sands. 

In  the  throng  of  the  town  like  a  stranger  is  lie. 
Like  one  whose  own  country's  far  over  the  sea 
And  nature,  while  through  the  city  he  hies, 
Full  ten  times  a  day  takes  his  heart  by  surprise. 

'Mid  coaches  and  chariots,  a  wagon  of  straw, 
Like  a  magnet,  the  heart  of  old  Adam  will  draw. 
With  a  thousand  soft  pictures  his  memory  will  teem. 
And  his  hearing  is  touched  with  the  sound  of  a  dream. 

Up  the  Hay-market  hill  he  oft  whistles  his  way. 
Thrusts  his  hands  in  a  wagon  and  smells  at  the  hay  ; 
He  thinks  of  the  fields  he  so  often  hath  mown. 
And  is  as  happy  as  if  the  ricli  freight  were  his  own. 


IJSTTR  OD  UVTOR  Y.  35 

But  chiefly  to  Smithfield  he  loves  to  repair  ; 
If  you  pass  by  at  morning  you'll  meet  with  him  there. 
The  breath  of  the  cows  you  may  see  him  inhale, 
And  his  heart  all  the  while  is  in  Tilsbury  Vale." 


James  Hogg  gives  us  this  pretty  song  : 


"  Come,  all  ye  jolly  shepherds 

That  whistle  through  the  glen  ; 
I'll  tell  ye  o'  a  secret 

That  courtiers  dinna  ken  :' 
What  is  the  greatest  bliss 

That  tongue  of  man  can  name  ? 
'Tis  to  woo  a  bonnie  lassie 
When  the  kye  come  hame. 

When  the  kye  come  hame, 
When  the  kye  come  hame, 
'Tween  the  gloamin'  an'  the  mirk, 
When  the  kye  come  hame. 

"  When  the  blackbird  bigs  his  nest 

For  the  mate  he  lo'es  to  see. 
And  on  the  tapmost  bough. 

Oh,  a  happy  bird  is  he  ! 
There  he  pours  his  melting  ditty. 

And  love  is  a'  the  theme  ; 
And  he'll  woo  his  bonnie  lassie 

When  the  kye  come  hame. 

"  When  the  blewart  bears  a  pearl. 

And  the  daisy  turns  a  pea. 
And  the  bonnie  lucken  gowan 

Has  fauldit  up  his  ee. 
Then  the  lavrock,  frae  the  blue  lift, 

Draps  down  and  thinks  nae  shame 
To  woo  his  bonnie  lassie 

When  the  kye  come  hame. 

"  When  the  little  wee  bit  heart 

Rises  high  in  the  breast. 
And  the  little  wee  bit  starn 

Rises  red  in  the  East, 
Oh,  there's  a  joy  sae  dear. 

That  the  heart  can  hardly  frame, 
Wi'  a  bonnie,  bonnie  lassie, 

When  the  kye  come  hame. " 

Felicia  Hemaus,  in  "  The  Switzer's  Wife,"  has  this  melodious  couplet : 

' '  And  when  the  herd's  returning  bells  are  sweet 

In  the  Swiss  valleys,  and  the  lakes  grow  still." 


IXTR  oi)  rcToii  y. 

Tlie  f(>ll(i\viii<r  lieaiitifnl  stanza  is  taken  from  Jolin  KeatsV  "  Ode  on  ;i  (ireci 
I "' : 

•■  Who  are  these  coming  to  the  sacrifice  ? 
To  what  green  altar,  O  mysterious  priest. 
Lead'st  thou  that  heifer  lowing  at  the  skies. 
And  all  her  silken  tlanks  in  garlands  drest  ? 
What  little  town  by  river  or  seashore. 
Or  mountain-built  with  peaceful  citadel. 
Is  emptied  of  its  folk  this  iiious  morn  ? 
And,  little  town,  thy  streets  foreverraore 
Will  silent  be.  and  not  a  soul  to  tell 
Wliy  thou  art  desolati^,  c-iii  cer  rcluni." 

Samuel  Ferguson,  in  "  The  I'retty  (iirl  of  Lodi  Dan,"  lia.«  this  stanza  : 

"  She  brought  us  in  a  bwclien  l)i)wl 

Sweet  milk  that  smacked  of  inouiitaiii  lliyme, 
Oat  cake,  and  such  a  yellow  mil 
Of  butter— it  gilds  iill  my  rhyme  I" 

From  Alfred  Tennyson's  "In  Memoriam"  tiu'  foll(.winjr  is  culled  : 

"  And  brushing  anklc-dccii  in  tlowcrs, 
We  heard  behind  the  woodbine  veil 
•   The  milk  that  bubbled  in  the  pail. 
And  buzzings  of  the  honeyed  hours." 

From  "  The  (4ardeniT's  Dauijlitcr  "  : 

"  The  fields  between 
Are  dewy  fresh,  l)row.sed  by  deep  uddered  kine. 
And  all  about  the  large  lime  feathers,  low. 
The  lime  a  summer  home  of  murmurous  wings. 

All  the  land  in  fiowery  sq\iares. 
Beneath  a  broad  and  equal  blowing  wind. 
Smelt  of  the  coming  summer.     .     .     . 

The  steer  forgot  to  graze. 
And.  where  the  hedgerow  cuts  the  pathway,  stood 
Leaning  his  horns  into  the  neighbor  field, 
And  lowing  to  his  fellows.     From  the  woods 
Came  voices  of  the  well-contented  doves. 
The  lark  could  scarce  get  out  his  notes  for  joy, 
But  .shook  his  song  together  as  he  neared 
His  happy  home,  the  ground.     To  left  and  right 
The  cuckoo  told  his  name  to  all  the  hills  ; 
The  mellow  ouzel  whistled  in  the  elm  ; 
The  redcap  whistled  ;  and  the  nightingale 
Sang  loud,  as  though  he  were  the  bird  of  day. " 


IISTTR  OB  UCTOR  Y.  27 

From  '-  The  Palace  of  Art "  : 

"  Or  sweet  Europa's  mantle  blew  unclasped 
From  off  her  shoulders  backward  borne  ; 
From  one  hand  drooped  a  crocus ;  one  hand  grasped 
The  mild  bull's  golden  horn." 

The  pathetic  ballad,  by  Charles  Kingsley,  "  O  Mary,  go  and  call  the  Cattle 
Home !"  is  very  popular : 

"  O  Mary,  go  and  call  the  cattle  home, 

And  call  the  cattle  home, 

And  call  the  cattle  home, 

Across  the  banks  o'  Dee  ! 
The  western  wind  was  wild  and  dank  wi'  foam, 

And  all  alone  went  she. 
"  The  creeping  tide  came  up  along  the  sand, 

And  o'er  and  o'er  the  sand, 

And  round  and  round  the  sand. 

As  far  as  eye  could  see  ; 
The  blinding  mist  came  down  and  hid  the  land. 

And  never  home  came  she. 
"  Oh,  is  it  weed,  or  fish,  or  floating  hair — 

A  tress  o'  golden  hair, 

O'  drowned  maiden's  hair — 

Above  the  nets  at  sea  ? 
Was  never  salmon  yet  that  shone  so  fair. 

Among  the  stakes  on  Dee. 
"  They  towed  her  in  across  the  rolling  foam — 

The  cruel,  crawling  foam, 

The  cruel,  hungry  foam — 

To  her  grave  beside  the  sea  ; 
But  still  the  boatmen  hear  her  call  the  cattle  home 

Across  the  sands  o'  Dee." 

The  following  is  a  part  of  "  The  Milkmaid's  Song,"  by  Sidney  Dobell : 

"  Wheugh  !  wheugh  !    He's  whistling  through — 
He's  whistling  '  The  Farmer's  Daughter.' 

Give  down,  give  down, 

My  crumpled  brown  ! 

He  shall  not  take  the  road  to  town, 
For  I'll  meet  him  beyond  the  water. 

Give  down,  give  down. 

My  crumpled  brown  ! 
And  send  me  to  my  Harry  I 

The  folks  o'  towns 

May  have  silken  gowns. 
But  I  can  milk  and  marry. 


28  TXTJi  on  rCTOR  Y. 

I'm  too  late  for  my  Harry  ! 
And  oh,  if  he  goes  a-soUliering, 
The  cows  they  may  low,  the  bells  they  may  ring. 

But  I'll  neither  milk  nor  marry. 
Fill  i>!iil. 

Neither  milk  nor  marry. 

They  may  talk  of  glory  over  the  sea, 
But  Harry's  alive,  and  Harry's  for  me. 

My  love,  my  lad,  my  Harry  ! 
Come  spring,  come  winter,  come  sun,  come  snow, 
What  cares  Dolly  whether  or  no. 

While  I  can  milk  and  marry  '! 
Right  or  wrong,  and  wrong  or  right. 
Quarrel  who  quarrel,  and  light  who  fight, 
But  I'll  bring  my  pail  home  every  night 

To  love,  and  home,  and  Harry  !" 

No  English  poet  lias  better  depicted  the  emotions  of  the  human  lieart  or  the 
vicissitudes  of  rural  life  than  Jean  Ingelow.  How  sweetly  is  the  "  old  storv"  told 
in  these  few  verses  selected  from  "  The  Maiden  -with  the  Milking-Pail "  : 

"  What  change  has  made  the  pastures  sweet. 
And  reached  the  daisies  at  my  feet, 

And  cloud  that  wears  a  golden  hem  ? 
This  lovely  world,  the  hills,  the  sward— 
They  all  look  fresh.  :i.«  if  our  Lord 

But  yesterday  had  tinislu-d  them. 

"  I  see  the  pool  more  clear  by  half 
Than  pools  where  other  waters  laugh 

Up  at  the  breasts  of  coot  and  rail. 
There,  as  she  pa.ssed  it  on  her  way, 
I  saw  reflected,  yesterday, 
A  maiden  with  a  milking-pail. 

"  There,  neither  slowly  nor  in  haste — 
One  hand  upon  her  slender  waist, 

The  other  lifted  to  her  pail — 
She,  rosy  in  the  morning  light. 
Among  the  water-daisies  white. 
Like  some  fair  sloop  appeared  to  sail. 

"  Against  her  ankles  as  she  trod 
The  lucky  buttercups  did  nod  ; 

I  leaned  upon  the  gate  to  see. 
The  sweet  thing  looked,  but  did  not  speak  ; 
A  dimple  came  in  cither  cheek, 

And  all  my  heart  was  cone  from  me. 


INTRODUCTORY.  29 

"  With  happy  youth  and  work  content, 
So  sweet  and  stately  on  she  went., 

Riglit  careless  of  the  untold  tale  ; 
Each  step  she  took  I  loved  her  more, 
And  followed  to  her  dairy  door 
The  maiden  with  the  milking-pail. 
•  *  *  «  * 

"  And  when  the  west  began  to  glow 
I  went — I  could  not  choose  but  go — 

To  that  same  dairy  on  the  hill ; 
And  while  sweet  Mary  moved  about 
Within,  I  came  to  her  without. 
And  leaned  upon  the  window-sill. 

"  The  garden  border  where  I  stood 
Was  sweet  with  pinks  and  southern  wood. 

I  spoke — her  answer  seemed  to  fail. 
I  smelt  the  pinks — I  could  not  see  ! 
The  dusk  came  down  and  sheltered  me. 

And  in  the  dusk  she  heard  my  tale. 

"  O  life,  how  dear  thou  hast  become  ! 
She  laughed  at  dawn,  and  I  was  dumb. 

But  evening  counsels  best  prevail. 
Fair  shine  the  blue  that  o'er  her  spreads. 
Green  be  the  pastures  where  she  treads, 

The  maiden  with  the  milking-pail  !" 

In  '■  The  High  Tide  on  the  Coast  of  Lincolnshire"  the  poet  makes  an  Englisli 
matron  who  lived  five  miles  from  old  Boston  tell  the  tragic  story,  in  the  quaint 
speech  of  the  time  (ISTl),  a  little  more  than  a  half  century  before  jJeople  of  the 
same  neighborhood  came  to  settle  Massachusetts  and  Connecticiit.  The  poet 
Spenser  was  then  a  youth  of  eighteen  and  Shakespeare  was  a  boy  of  seven  years. 

"  The  old  mayor  climbed  the  belfry  tower. 

The  ringers  ran  by  two,  by  three. 
'  Pull  if  ye  never  pulled  before — 

Good  ringers,  pull  your  best  ! '  quoth  he. 
'  Play  uppe,  play  uppe,  O  Boston  bells  ! 
Ply  all  your  changes,  all  your  swells — 

Play  uppe  the  Brides  of  Entierhy.' 

"  Men  say  it  was  a  stolen  tyde — 

The  Lord  that  sent  it,  He  knows  all  ; 
But  in  myne  ears  doth  still  abide 

The  message  that  the  bells  let  fall. 
And  there  was  nought  of  strange  beside 
The  flight  of  mews  and  peewits  pied 

By  millions  crouched  on  the  old  sea  wall. 


IXTRODrcTORY. 

'  I  sat  and  spun  within  the  doore  ; 

My  tliread  brake  off,  I  raised  myne  eyes ; 
Tlic  level  sun,  like  ruddy  ore, 

Lay  sinking  in  the  barren  skies  ; 
And  dark  against  day's  golden  death 
She  moved  where  Lindis  wandcreth. 
My  Sonne's  fair  wife,  Elizabeth. 
'  '  Cusha  !  Cusha  !  Cusha  ! '  callinj; 
Ere  the  early  dews  were  falling. 

Farre  away  I  heard  her  song, 

'  Cusha  !  Cusha  ! '  all  along  ; 
Where  the  reedy  Lindis  floweth. 

Plowelh,  floweth, 
From  the  meads  where  melick  groweth 

Faintly  came  her  milking  song. 

'  Cusha  !  Casha  !  Cusha  ! '  calling, 
'  For  the  dews  will  soon  be  falling  ; 
Leave  your  meadow  grasses  mellow. 

Mellow,  mellow. 
Quit  your  cowslips,  cowslips  yellow. 
Come  uppe,  Whitefoot,  come  nppc,  Lightfoot, 
Quit  the  stalks  of  parsley  liollow. 

Hollow,  hollow  : 
Come  uppe.  Jetty,  rise  and  follow, 

From  the  clovers  lift  your  head  ; 
Come  uppe,  Whitefoot,  come  upi)e.  Lightfoot, 
Come  uppe.  Jetty,  ri.se  and  follow. 

Jetty,  to  the  milking  shed.' 
If  it  be  long — aye,  long  ago. 

When  I  begin  to  think  howe  long. 
Again  I  hear  the  Lindis  flow. 

Swift  as  an  arrowe,  sharpe  and  strong  ; 
And  all  the  aire  it  seemeth  me 
Bin  full  of  floating  bells  (sayth  shee), 
That  ring  the  tune  of  Enderby. 

'  All  fresh  the  level  pasture  lay, 
And  not  a  shadow  mote  be  scene. 

Save  where  full  fyve  good  miles  away 
•  The  steeple  towered  from  out  the  greene  ; 

And  lo  !  the  great  bell,  farre  and  wide. 

Was  heard  in  all  the  coiuitry  side. 

That  Saturday  at  eventide. 

The  swannerds  where  their  sedges  are 
Moved  on  in  sunset's  golden  breath  ; 

The  shepherde  lads  I  heard  afarre. 
And  my  Sonne's  wife,  Elizabeth  ; 


IJSFTR  01)  UCTOR  Y. 

Till  floating  o'er  the  grassy  sea 
Came  down  that  kyndly  message  free, 
The  '  Brides  of  Mavis  Enderby.' 

Then  some  looked  uppe  into  the  sky. 
And  all  along  where  Lindis  flows. 

To  where  the  goodly  vessels  lie, 
And  where  the  lordly  steeple  shows. 

They  sayde,  '  And  why  should  this  thing  be. 

What  danger  lowers  by  land  or  sea  '? 

They  ring  the  tune  of  Enderby  ! 

'  '  For  evil  news  from  Mablethorpe, 

Of  pyrate  galleys  warping  down  ; 
For  shippes  ashore  beyond  the  scorpe, 

They  have  not  spared  to  wake  the  towne  ; 
But  while  the  west  bin  red  to  see, 
And  storms  be  none,  and  pyrates  flee. 
Why  ring  '  The  Brides  of  Enderby  '  ? 

I  looked  without,  and  lo  !  my  sonne 

Came  riding  downe  with  might  and  main  ; 

He  raised  a  shout  as  lie  drew  on. 

Till  all  the  welkin  rang  again — 
•  Elizabeth  !  Elizabeth  ! ' 

(A  sweeter  woman  ne'er  drew  breath 

Than  my  Sonne's  wife,  Elizabeth.) 

'  '  The  olde  sea  wall  (he  cried)  is  downe, 
The  rising  tide  comes  on  apace. 
And  boats  adrift  in  yonder  towne 

Go  sailing  up  the  market-place  ! ' 
He  shook  as  one  that  looks  on  death  : 

■  God  save  you,  mother  ! '  straight  he  saith  ; 
'  Where  is  my  wife.  Elizabeth  ?  ' 

■  Good  Sonne,  where  Lindis  winds  away 

With  her  two  bairns  I  marked  her  long  ; 
And  ere  yon  bells  beganne  to  play 

Afar  I  heard  her  milking  song. ' 
He  looked  across  the  grassy  sea, 
To  right,  to  left,  '  Ho,  Enderby  ! ' 
They  rang  '  The  Brides  of  Enderby  ! ' 

With  that  he  cried  and  beat  his  breast. 

For  lo  !  along  the  river's  bed 
A  mighty  eygre  reared  his  crest. 

And  uppe  the  Lindis  raging  sped. 
It  swept  with  thunderous  noises  loud. 
Shaped  like  a  curling,  snow-white  clo\id, 
Or  like  a  demon  in  a  shroud. 


INTR  01)  UCTOR  Y. 

'  And  rearing  Lindis  backward  pre&sed, 
Shook  all  her  trembling  banks  amainc  ; 

Then  madly  at  the  eygre's  breast 

Flung  uppe  her  weltering  walls  again. 

Then  banks  came  down  with  ruin  and  rout ; 

Then  beaten  foam  flew  round  about ; 

Then  all  the  mighty  floods  were  out. 

'  So  farre,  so  fast  the  eygre  drave. 

The  heart  had  hardly  time  to  beat. 
Before  a  shallow,  seething  wave 

Sobbed  in  the  grasses  at  oure  feet  ; 
The  feet  had  hardly  time  to  flee 
Before  it  brake  against  the  knee, 
And  all  the  world  was  in  the  sea. 

'  Upon  the  roofe  we  sate  that  night, 
The  noise  of  bells  went  sweeping  by  ; 

I  marked  the  lofty  beacon  light 

Stream  from  the  church  lower,  red  and  higl 

A  lurid  mark  and  dread  to  see  ; 

And  awsome  bells  they  were  to  me, 

That  in  the  dark  rang  '  Enderby.' 

'  They  rang  the  sailor  lads  to  guide 

From  roofe  to  roofe  who  fearless  rowed  : 

.And  1 — my  .sonne  was  at  my  side, 
And  yet  the  ruddy  beacon  glowed  : 

And  yet  he  moaned  beneath  his  breath, 

'  O  come  in  life,  or  come  in  death, 

O  lost  !  my  love,  Elizabeth.' 

'  And  didst  thou  visit  him  no  more  ? 

Thou  didst,  thou  didst,  my  daughter  dearo  ; 
The  waters  laid  thee  at  his  doore. 

Ere  yet  the  early  dawn  was  clear. 
Thy  pretty  bairns  in  fast  embrace, 
The  lifted  sun  shone  on  thy  face, 
Downe  drifted  to  thy  dwelling-place. 

'  That  flow  strewed  wrecks  about  the  grass, 
That  ebbe  swept  out  the  flocks  to  sea  ; 

A  fatal  ebbe  and  flow,  alas  ! 
To  manye  more  than  myne  and  me. 

But  each  will  mourn  his  own  (she  snytli). 

And  sweeter  woman  ne'er  drew  breath 

Than  my  Sonne's  wife,  Elizabeth. 

'  I  shall  never  hear  her  more 
By  the  reedy  Lindis  shore, 


EUROTAS    2454. 
Rioter-Alphea  Type. 
DARLIXGTON    HERD. 
Darling,  Ramsey's,  New  Jehsey. 


EUROTAS'    BLACK   PRINCE   14,384. 

AT  17  MONTHS  OLD. 

Eurotas  Type. 

FAIEVIEW    HEED. 

G.  AND  H.  B.  Cromwell,  New  Dorp,  P.  O.  Staten  Island,  N.  Y. 


PRIDE    OF    MOUNTAINSIDE    7118. 

AT  3  YEARS  OLD. 

Eu rotas— Belle  Dame  Type. 
FAIEVIEW  HERD. 

G.  AND  H.  B.  Cromwell,  New  Dorp,  P.  O.  Staten  Island,  N.  Y. 


INTRODUCTORY.  33 

'  Cuslia  !  Cusha  !  Cuslia  ! '  calling. 
Ere  the  early  dews  be  falling  ; 
I  shall  never  hear  her  song, 
'  C'lisha  !  Cusha  ! '  all  along 
Where  the  sunny  Lindis  floweth, 

Goeth,  floweth ; 
From  the  meads  where  melick  groweth. 
When  the  water  windeth  down. 
Onward  Howelli  to  the  town, 

"  I  shall  never  see  her  more 
Where  the  reeds  and  rushes  quiver. 

Shiver,  quiver. 
Stand  beside  the  sobbing  river. 
Sobbing,  throbbing,  in  its  falling. 
To  the  sandy,  lonesome  shore  ; 
I  shall  never  hear  her  calling, 
'  Leave  your  meadow  grasses  mellow, 

Mellow,  mellow. 
Quit  your  cowslips,  cowslips  yellow  ; 
Come  uppe,  Whitefoot,  come  uppe,  Lightfoot ; 
Quit  your  pipes  of  parsley  hollow. 

Hollow,  hollow. 
Come  uppe,  Lightfoot.  rise  and  follow  ; 

Lightfoot,  Whitefoot, 
From  your  clovers  lift  the  head. 
Come  uppe.  Jetty,  follow,  follow, 
Jetty,  to  the  milking  shed.' " 

American  poets,  too,  are  appreciative  of  the  beauties  of  rural   life.     William 
Culleii  Bryant,  in  his  "  Slimmer  Ramlile,"  hills  the  sonl  with  that 

' '  deep  quiet  that  awhile 
Lingers  the  lovely  landscape  o'er." 

"  The  quiet  August  noon  has  come, 
A  slumberous  silence  fills  the  sky  ; 
The  fields  are  still,  the  woods  are  dumb. 
In  glassy  sleep  the  waters  lie. 

'  And  mark  yon  soft  white  clouds  that  rest 
Above  our  vale,  a  moveless  throng  ; 
The  cattle  on  the  mountain's  breast 
Enjoy  the  grateful  shadow  long. 

"  The  village  trees  their  summits  rear 
Still  as  its  spire,  and  yonder  flock. 
At  rest  in  those  calm  fields,  appear 
As  chiselled  from  the  lifeless  rock." 


34  INTR  on  rC  TOR  y. 

Henry  Wadswortli   Loiiirft-llow.  in    liis    ••  Rain    in    Siimincr,"    thus 
"  Rest  in  the  Furrow  "  : 

"  In  the  furrowed  land 
Tile  toilsome  and  patient  oxen  stand  ; 
Lifting  the  yoke-enciiinbereii  head, 
With  their  dilated  nostrils  spread. 
They  silently  inhale 
The  clover-sccntt'd  gale 

And  the  vapors  that  arise 
Prom  the  well-watered  and  smoking  soil. 
For  this  rest  in  the  furrow  after  toil 

Their  large  and  lustrous  eyes 
Seem  to  thank  the  Lord, 
More  than  man"s  spoken  word." 

In  his  "  Evangeline"  he  thus  describes  an  "  Evening  in  Acadia"  : 

"  Now  recommenced  the  reign  of  rest  and  affection  and  stillness  ; 
Day,  with  its  burden  and  heat,  had  departed,  and  twilight  descending. 
Brought  back  the  evening  star  to  the  sky,  and  the  herds  to  the  homestead. 
Pawing  the  ground  they  came,  and  resting  their  necks  on  each  other. 
And  with  their  nostrils  distended  inhaling  the  freshness  of  evening. 
Foremost,  bearing  the  bell,  Evangeline's  beautiful  heifer, 
Proud  of  her  snow-white  hide  and  the  ribbon  that  waved  from  her  collar. 
Quietly  paced  and  slow,  as  if  conscious  of  human  affection. 

"  Patiently  stood  the  cows  meanwhile,  and  yielded  their  udders 
Unto  the  milkmaid's  hand  ;  while  loud  and  in  regular  cadence 
Into  the  sounding  pails  the  foaming  streamlets  descciidcil. 
Lowing  of  cattle  and  peals  of  laughter  were  heard  in  the  farniyiird. 
Echoed  back  by  the  barns. " 

The  following  is  a  description  of  John    Aldcn's  liuU,  from   rlic   ••  ('< 
Miles  Standish  "  : 

'■  Close  to  the  house  was  the  stall,  where,  safe  and  secure  from  annoyance, 
Riighorn,  the  snow-white  bull,  that  had  fallen  to  AUUn's  allolnienl 
In  the  division  of  cattle,  might  ruminate  in  the  night-time 
Over  the  pastures  he  cropped,  made  fragrant  with  sweet  iiennyroyal." 

After  the  wedding: 

■  Then  from  a  stall  near  at  hand,  amid  exclamations  of  wonder, 
Alden,  the  thoughtful,  the  careful,  so  happy,  so  proud  of  Priscilla, 
Brought  out  his  snow-white  bull,  obeying  the  hand  of  its  master, 
Led  by  a  cord  that  was  tied  to  an  iron  ring  in  its  nostrils. 
Covered  with  crimson  cloth,  and  a  cushion  placed  for  a  saddle. 

"  Onward  the  bridal  procession  now  moved  to  their  new  habitation, 
Happy  husband  and  wife,  and  friends  conversing  together. 


INTR  01)  rCTOR  Y. 

Pleasantly  murmured  the  brook,  as  they  crossed  the  ford  in  the  forest, 

Pleased  with  the  image  that  passed  like  a  dream  of  love  through  its  bosom. 

Tremulous,  floating  in  air,  o'er  the  depth  of  the  azure  abyss, 

Down  through  the  golden  leaves,  the  sun  was  pouring  his  splendors. 

Gleaming  on  purple  grapes,  that  from  branches  above  them  suspended, 

Mingled  their  odorous  breath  with  the  balm  of  the  pine  and  the  lir  tree, 

Wild  and  sweet  as  the  clusters  that  grew  in  the  valley  of  Eschol. 

Like  a  picture  it  seemed  of  the  primitive,  pastoral  ages. 

Fresh  with  the  youth  of  the  world,  and  recalling  Rebecca  and  Isaac. 

So  through  the  Plymouth  woods  passed  onward  the  bridal  procession." 

John  (Ti-eenleaf  Wliittier  embodies  a  sentiment  of  "  Peace  "  as  fnllows  ; 

"  The  grain  grew  green  on  battle  plains. 
O'er  swarded  war-mounds  grazed  the  cow  ; 
The  slave  stood  forging  from  his  chains 
The  spade  and  plow  ;  " 

and  "  Prosperity  ''  in  these  lines  from  "  The  Preacher"  : 

"  The  land  lies  open  and  warm  in  tlie  sun . 
Anvils  clamor  and  millwheels  run  ; 
Flocks  on  the  hillsides,  herds  on  the  plain. 
The  wilderness  gladdened  with  fruit  and  grain  !" 

From  "  Mountain  Pictures  "  : 

"  So  twilight  deepened  round  us.     Still  and  black 
The  great  woods  climbed  the  mountain  at  our  back  ; 
And  on  the  skirts  where  yet  the  lingering  day 
On  the  shorn  greenness  of  the  clearing  lay. 
The  brown  old  farmhouse  like  a  bird's  nest  hung. 
With  home-life  sounds  the  desert  air  was  stirred  : 
The  bleat  of  sheep  along  the  hill  we  heard. 
The  bucket  plashing  in  the  cool,  sweet  well, 
The  pasture  bars  that  clattered  as  they  fell ; 
Dogs  barked,  fowls  fluttered,  cattle  lowed  ;  the  gate 
Of  the  barnyard  creaked  beneath  the  merry  weight 
Of  sunbrown  children,  listening  while  they  swung. 
The  welcome  sound  of  supper  call  to  hear  ; 
And  down  the  shadowy  lane,  in  tinklings  clear. 
The  pastoral  curfew  of  the  cowbell  rung." 

"  The  Barefoot  Boy  "  sighs  as  fond  memory  calls  up  the  past : 

"  (J  for  festal  dainties  spread 
Like  my  bowl  of  milk  and  bread — 
Pewter  spoon  and  bowl  of  wood 
On  the  doorstone  gray  and  rude  !" 


36  IXTR 01) UCTOli  Y. 

How  sweetly  he  sings  of  "  The  Merriiuiic  River"  ! 

"  Sing  soft,  sing  low,  our  lowland  river. 
(Jnder  thy  banks  of  laurel  bloom  ; 
Softly  and  sweet,  as  the  liour  beseeineth. 
Sing  us  the  songs  of  peace  and  lionie. 

"  Bring  us  the  airs  of  hills  and  forests. 
The  sweet  aroma  of  liirih  and  pine  : 
Give  us  a  waft  of  llic  norlli  wind  laden 

With  sweetbrier  odors  and  breath  of  kine  ! 

"  And  well  may  we  own  thy  hint  and  token 
Of  fairer  valleys  and  streams  than  the.se, 
Where  the  rivers  of  God  are  full  of  water. 
And  full  of  .sap  are  his  healing  trees." 

From  "  The  Voice  of  the  Grass,"  hy  Sarali  Roberts,  the.se  happy  lines  are  taken  : 

"  Here  I  come  creeping,  creeping  everywhere  ; 
In  the  noisy  city  street 
My  pleasant  face  you'll  meet. 
Cheering  the  .sick  at  heart , 
Toiling  his  busy  part — 
Silently  creeping,  creeping  everywhere. 

"  Here  I  come  creeping,  creeping  everywhere, 
More  welcome  tlian  the  flowers 
In  summer's  pleasant  hours. 
The  gentle  cow  is  glad. 
And  the  merry  bird  not  sad. 
To  see  me  creeping,  creeping  everywhere. 

"  Here  I  come  creeping,  creei)ing  everywhere  ; 
My  humble  song  of  praise 
Most  joyfully  I  raise 
To  Him  at  whose  command 
I  beautify  the  land- 
Creeping,  silently  creeping  everywhere." 

What  child    in   the  land  does  not  love  this  pretty  "  Milkiiijr  Smiir,"  hy  Celia 

Thaxter  '. 

"  Little  dun  cow  to  the  apple  tree  tied. 
Chewing  the  cud  of  reflection, 
I  that  am  milking  you  sit  by  your  side. 
Lost  in  a  sad  retrospection. 

"  Far  o'er  the  fields  the  tall  daisies  lilusli  warm. 
For  rosy  the  stmset  is  dying  ; 
Across  the  still  valley,  o'er  meadow  and  I'aiin. 
The  flusli  of  its  beauty  is  lying. 


INTRO  DUVTORY. 

"  White  foams  the  milk  in  tlie  pail  at  my  feet, 
Clearly  the  robins  are  calling  ; 
Soft  blows  the  evening  wind  after  the  heat ; 
Cool  tlie  long  shadows  are  falling. 

"  Little  dun  cow,  'tis  so  tranquil  and  sweet ! 
Are  you  light-hearted,  I  wonder  ? 
What  do  you  think  about — something  to  eat  ? 
Q\\  clover  and  grass  do  you  ponder  ?" 

And  the  "  Farm-Yard  Song,"  by  J.  T.  Trowbridge : 

"  Over  the  hill  the  farm-boy  goes, 
His  shadow  lengthens  along  the  land, 
A  giant  staff  in  a  giant  hand  ; 
In  the  poplar  tree,  above  the  spring, 
The  katydid  begins  to  sing. 

The  early  dews  are  falling. 
Into  the  stone-heap  darts  the  mink, 
The  swallows  skim  the  river's  brink. 
And  home  to  the  woodland  fly  the  crows. 
When  over  the  hill  the  farm-lioy  goes, 
Cheerily  calling, 

'  Co',  boss  !  co',  boss  !  co'  !  co'  !  co'  ! ' 
Farther,  farther  over  the  hill. 
Faintly  calling,  calling  still, 

'  Co',  boss  !  co',  boss  !  co'  !  co'  !  co'  ! ' 

"  Into  the  yard  the  farmer  goes. 
With  grateful  heart,  at  the  clo.se  of  day  •■ 
Harness  and  chain  are  hung  away  ; 
In  the  wagon-shed  stand  yoke  and  plow. 
The  straw's  in  the  stack,  the  hay  in  the  mow. 

The  cooling  dews  are  falling. 
The  friendly  sheep  his  welcome  bleat. 
The  pigs  come  grunting  to  his  feet, 
The  whinnying  mare  her  master  knows. 
When  into  the  yard  the  farmer  goes. 
His  cattle  calling — 

■  Co',  boss  !  co',  bo.ss  !  co'  !  co'  !  co'. ! ' 
While  still  the  cow-boy,  far  away. 
Goes  seeking  those  who  have  gone  astray — 

'  Co',  boss  !  co',  boss  !  co'  !  co'  !  co' ! ' 

"  Now  to  her  task  the  milkmaid  goes. 
The  cattle  come  crowding  through  the  gate, 
Lowing,  pushing,  little  and  great ; 
About  the  trough,  by  the  farmyard  pump, 
The  frolicsome  yearlings  frisk  and  jump. 
While  the  pleasant  dews  are  falling. 


18  IXTR  ODl'C  TO  A'  ) '. 

The  new  milch  heifer  is  quick  and  shy. 
But  the  old  cow  waits  witli  tranquil  eye  ; 
And  the  white  stream  into  the  bright  pail  Hows, 
WIkmi  to  her  task  the  milkmaid  goes, 
Soothingly  oalling, 

'  So,  boss  I  so,  boss  !  so  !  so  1  so  I ' 
The  cheerful  milkmaid  takes  her  stool, 
And  sits  and  milks  in  the  twilight  cool, 

Saying,  '  So  !  so,  boss  !  .so  !  so  1 ' 

"  To  supper  at  last  the  farmer  goes. 
The  apples  are  pared,  the  paper  remi. 
The  stories  are  told,  then  all  to  bed. 
Without,  the  cricket's  ceaseless  song 
Makes  shrill  the  silence  all  night  long  ; 

The  heavy  dews  are  falling. 
The  housewife's  hand  has  turned  the  lock  ; 
Drowsily  ticks  the  kitchen  clock  ; 
The  household  sinks  to  deep  repose. 
But  .still  in  sleep  the  farm-boy  goes. 
Singing,  calling, 

'  Co',  boss  !  co',  boss '  !  co'  !  co'  !  co  !  ' 
And  oft  the  milkmaid  in  her  dreams, 
Drums  in  the  pail  with  the  flashing  si  reams. 

Murmuring,  '  So,  boss  !  so  ! '  " 

This  eollt'ctioii   Wdiild  liardly  be  coiiiiilcto  witliout   iiitfodiicini;  the  following 
Itentiuiscence  "  from  thu  Ilaroat'd  Atlvocnt.  : 

"  We  stood  at  the  bars  as  the  sun  uciil  dnwii 
Behind  the  hills,  on  a  sunmier  day  ; 
Her  eyes  were  tender  and  big  and  l)rowii. 
Her  breath  as  sweet  as  the  new-mown  hay. 

"  Far  from  the  west  the  faint  sunshine 
Glanced  sparkling  oil  her  golden  hair  : 
Those  calm  deep  eyes  were  turned  toward  mine, 
And  a  look  of  contentment  rested  llun' 

"I  see  her  bathed  in  the  sunlight  flooil. 
I  see  her  standing  peacefully  now  ; 
Peacefully  standing  and  chewing  her  cud. 
As  I  rubbed  her  ears— that  Jersey  cow  !" 


PART   FIRST. 


HISTORY  OF   JERSEY   CATTLE  —  PRINCIPLES   OF   BREEDING. 


The  island  of  Jersey,  the  native  lionie  of  the  breed  of  Jersey  cattle,  is  the 
chief  in  size  of  the  group  called  Channel  Islands,  lying  near  the  coast  of  France  in 
the  English  Channel. 

Jersey  lies  west  of  the  province  of  Normandy  about  sixteen  miles  and  about  the 
same  distance  south-west  from  the  island  of  Guernsey,  and  is  eleven  miles  in  length 
from  east  to  west  and  seven  and  a  half  miles  in  breadth. 

The  surface  of  the  land  has  a  general  slope  south-eastwardly,  being  high  and 
precipitous  on  the  north,  with  table-lands  in  the  central  portion  intersected  by  brt)oks 
and  runnels  which  flow  to  the  south  and  east. 

The  coast  is  pictiiresque  in  savage  ruggedness,  being  high  and  precipitous  on 
the  north,  and  indented  by  numerous  bays  on  the  east,  south,  and  west. 

The  climate  is  mild  and  equable,  and  the  air  moist,  and  rains  frequent.  The 
mean  temperature  is  50.8°,  August  being  the  warmest  and  February  the  coolest 
month,  while  from  mid  October  to  mid  December  the  weather  resembles  our  Indian 
siinnner,  and  is  called  St.  Martin's  Summer. 

The  soil  is  very  i-ich,  deep,  and  porous  from  centuries  of  tillage.  Means  of  fer- 
tility are  afforded  by  the  large  number  of  cattle,  green  herbage,  and  large  quantities 
of  sea- weeds  collected  under  strict  regulations  of  the  local  government. 

The  island  contains  39,680  acres,  25,000  of  which  are  cultivated.  The  popula- 
tion is  nearly  57,000,  about  15,000  being  English  denizens  and  2nOO  Parisians  and 
others,  who  resort  thither  for  health  or  the  pleasant  enjoyment  of  a  very  delightful 
climate  and  picturesque  scenery.  Jersey  is  divided  into  twelve  parishes,  and  the 
lands  are  held  in  small  farms  of  five  to  twenty  acres. 

The  productions  are  the  famous  Jersey  cattle,  enormous  crops  of  ])otatoes, 
wheat,  parsnips,  mangolds,  carrots,  turnips,  and  a  variety  of  cabbage  which  has  a 
long,  woody  stem  surmounted  by  a  tuft  of  broad  leaves  ;  these  last  grow  from  six  to 
twelve  feet  high,  and  are  used  for  cow  fodder.  There  are  numerous  orchards  and 
graperies,  which  produce  choice  fruit. 


40  JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 

The  flora  and  fniits  of  semi-tropical  regions  flourish  equally  well  as  those  of  the 
temperate  zone,  and  include  oranges,  lemons,  and  such  trees  as  azalea,  oleander,  and 
fuchsia,  tlie  last  being  used  for  hedges  and  decoration  of  buildings. 

The  grasses  are  short  and  luscious,  and  green  all  winter. 

The  Eomans  occupied  the  island  in  the  third  and  fourth  centuries,  and  were 
so  charmed  with  its  natural  beauties  and  climate  that  they  called  it  Caesarea,  or 
Caesar's  Isle.  Subsequently  a  mixed  population  of  Gauls,  Goths,  Danes,  and  Saxons 
occupied  Jersey  until  tlie  Nonnan  con(iuest  of  England.  Jersey  was  English  under 
William  the  Conqueror ;  English  under  Henry  I. ;  Nonnan  again  under  Stephen ; 
Englisli  again  under  Henry  II.,  since  which  time  it  has  been  steadfastly  loyal  to 
the  English  crown. 

During  the  last  century  the  people  of  Jersey  have  become  very  ])rosperous,  and 
now  derive  a  good  income  by  tlie  exportation  of  their  favorite  cattle,  which  are  sent 
to  all  parts  of  the  world,  but  chiefly  to  America,  where  they  are  best  appreciated 
and  most  successfully  bred. 

ORIGIN    OF    THK    KACE    OF    .TEKSKV    CATTLK. 

"  The  cattle  of  this  island  are  superior  to  the  French  cattle"  (Philip  Fallc,  a.u. 
1734).  This  is  the  first  historical  statement  I  have  found  regarding  the  quality  of  the 
Jersey  race  of  cattle.  The  history  of  their  origin  is  more  mythical  and  legendary  than 
that  of  the  people  of  Jersey.  The  cattle  are  commonly  supposed  to  be  a  composite 
race  derived  from  the  cattle  of  Brittany  and  Normandy,  but  neither  the  Brittany  nor 
Cotentin  breed  equals  the  Jersey  of  to-day  in  productive  capacity  or  beauty  of  fonn 
or  color.  The  Montafu  breed  of  cattle  in  the  mountainous  district  near  Lake  Con- 
stance is  said  to  resemble  much  the  modern  Jersey,  as  also  the  cattle  of  Lombardy ; 
and  in  the  Saguenay  region  of  Canada  there  are  specimens  closely  resembling  the 
Jersey,  the  descendants  of  cattle  brought  by  French  emigrants  from  Brittany. 

"We  know  little  of  the  races  of  cattle  of  Southern  Europe  at  tliis  day,  and  much 
less  of  their  history  of  one  or  two  thousand  years  ago.  The  remote  origin  of  the 
Jersey  is  still  more  problematical.  It  is  well  to  note  the  very  striking  resem- 
blance between  the  modern  Jersey  and  the  Ze])u  or  sacred  cattle  of  India.  Tlie 
beautifully  blended  silver  gray  and  slate  shadings,  the  delicacy  of  frame,  the 
fine  bone,  the  yellow  skin,  the  black  niuzzle,  black  tongue,  and  black  switch,  the 
almost  identical  facial  expression,  the  shape  and  setting  of  the  eve,  the  small  car, 
the  slender  horn,  are  wonderfully  alike  in  Jersey  and  Zebu. 

Is  it  too  much  to  conjecture  that  the  patriarch  Jacob,  in  hisexperiment.s  witli 
the  herds  and  flocks  of  Laban,  whereby  he  produced  and  fixed  fantastic  and 
grotesque  markings  of  white,  also  combined  the  blood  of  the  Zelni  bull  with  that  of 
his  historical  race  of  spotted  cattle  ? 


JERSEY   CATTLE  JiV  AMERICA.  41 

Most  writers  on  the  origin  of  the  Jersey  attribute  the  yellow  coats,  buff  points, 
and  white  patches  to  the  Normandy  or  Cotentin  race,  which  is  supposed  to  be  the 
source  of  the  present  breed  of  Guernsey  Island,  while  the  solid  colors  and  black 
points  are  attributed  to  the  Brittany  race,  although  some  assume  that  there  has  been 
an  admixture  of  Norway  cattle  with  the  Jersey. 

Mr.  James  P.  Swain  says  :  "  I  consider  the  cows  on  the  island  of  Jersey  Nor- 
man, mixed  -wath  another  distinct  breed,  the  main  characteristics  of  each  being  still 
plainly  visible,  though  growing  less  so  yearly.  The  original,  or  highest  type,  I  call 
the  wild  Jersey ;  the  other  type  I  consider  Norman  or  Guernsey. 

"  The  wild  Jersey  has  a  black  nose,  black  tongue,  and  mealy  muzzle  ;  the  otlier, 
a  buff  nose.  The  wild  Jersey's  horns  are  black,  pointed,  finn,  witli  single  curve, 
forming  nearly  a  semicircle,  deeply  fluted  inside  when  taken  off.  The  other  has 
weak  horns,  shelly,  yellow,  waxy  near  the  head,  inclined  downward,  with  double 
cui've,  compacted,  smooth  inside  when  taken  off.  The  color  of  the  female  wild 
Jersey  is  chocolate,  or  mink  color,  no  white  spots,  and  the  males  nearly  black.  The 
others  are  yellowish,  brown  and  white,  star  in  forehead.  The  wild  Jersey's  skin  is 
olive  brown  ;  the  other,  skin  very  yellow,  even  to  the  end  of  the  tail.  In  the  wild 
Jersey  the  tail  terminates  in  a  small  tuft  of  long  hairs,  the  skin  near  the  end  scaly 
with  the  accumulation  of  coloi-ing  matter.  The  other,  skin  on  tail  very  yellow,  even 
to  tlie  end,  where  there  is  an  accumulation  of  coloring  matter,  which  the  Guernsey 
men  call  '  a  lump  of  butter ; '    the  long  hair  on  the  tail  starts  higher  up." 

Professor  Low  and  Charles  W.  Elliott  support  the  statement  that  these  "  darker 
colored  or  wild  Jerseys  clearly  resemble  the  Norwegian  cattle  of  to-day,"  and  "  that 
these  old  sea-rovers  have  taken  their  cattle  to  these  islands." 

But  it  is  the  island  of  Jersey,  with  its  bland  climate  and  centuries  of  gentle 
care  and  management  by  the  women  of  Jersey,  that  has  produced  what  is  now 
known  as  the  best  butter  cow  in  the  world. 

One  hundred  and  fifty  years  ago  the  Rev.  Philip  Falle  wrote  of  the  Jerseys 
as  above  quoted,  and  it  may  have  required  centuries  of  selection  to  enable  a  faithful 
historian  to  make  this  statement. 

The  Jersey  cow  is  tethered  to  the  ground,  being  changed  five  or  six  times  a 
day  to  a  new  station.  AVhen  she  calves  she  is  regaled  with  toast  and  with  cider, 
the  nectar  of  the  island,  to  which  powdered  ginger  is  added. 

Thomas  Quayle,  who  in  1812  wrote  a  work  on  the  "  Agriculture  of  the  Channel 
Islands,"  is  quoted  as  saying  that  "  on  hearing  praises  bestowed  on  any  particular 
cows,  they  generally,  but  not  always,  were  found  to  have  a  black  tinge." 

He  also  states  that  "  the  general  purity  of  the  breed  is  guarded  by  the  rooted 
opinions  of  the  inhabitants  rather  than  by  the  sanction  of  law ;  but  hitherto  no 
persevering,  systematical  experimenter  has  attempted,  by  a  careful  selection  of  indi- 
viduals and  attention  to  their  crosses,  to  improve  this  breed.     When  a  cow  is  famed 


i2  JERSIjy    CATTLK  IX  AM  ERICA. 

as  a  good  milker,  her  male  progeny  i.s  pretserved  ;  but  this  is  for  a  short  period,  and 
it  is  not  known  whether  any  (ither  measure  whatever  has  been  persevered  in  to  keep 
up  the  breed  at  its  present  standard." 


IMriioVKJIKNl-    <1K     TEIK    .IKKSKV. 

Tile  Iiuyal  Jei-sey  Agricultural  Society  originated  in  the  year  1S83  from  a 
desire  on  the  part  of  some  intelligent  and  progressive  men  tu  improve  the  island 
cattle  and  advance  their  system  of  agriculture. 

Previous  to  that  time  laws  had  been  passed  by  the  local  legislature  prohibiting 
importation  of  any  cattle  from  France,  the  first  bearing  date  of  July  Irtth,  1763. 
This  continued  in  force  until  1789,  when  the  celebrated  "  Act  of  the  States  of  Jer- 
sey" was  passed  on  the  8th  of  August  of  that  year.  The  first  article  of  the  Act  of 
1789  provided  that  any  person  introducing  any  cattle  from  France  should  be  subject 
to  a  fine  of  £:2()0  sterling,  besides  the  confiscation  of  the  cattle  and  the  boat,  and 
obliged  every  sailor  to  be  an  infonner  against  his  nnister  within  twenty-four  lioui-s, 
under  a  penalty  of  £'50  sterling,  such  fines  to  go  one  third  to  the  crown  and  two 
thirds  to  the  poor  of  tlie  parish  ;  imd  if  tlii'  master  was  insolvent,  he  was  to  be 
imprisoned  six  months.  Article  II.  ruciiiiriMl  ;ill  beef  cattle  imported  to  be  landed 
at  St.  Helier  or  St.  Anbin,  under  the  same  penalties  for  violation. 

Article  III.  required  cattle  from  the  adjacent  islands  to  be  liindcd  at  the  same 
])orts,  under  the  same  penalties  for  violation. 

Article  IV.  confiscated  every  French  animal  landed  contrary  to  law,  and 
required  its  innuediate  slaughter  and  distribution  to  the  jioor  of  the  j^arish  where 
seized. 

Articles  '\'.,  VI.,  A'lL,  and  A'lII.  regulated  the  e.\i)ortation  of  Jei-sey  cattle. 

The  law  of  March  18th,  1826,  increased  the  fine  to  £1000  for  importing 
French  animals,  the  fine  imposed  being  repeated  for  each  and  every  animal. 
All  accomplices  were  subjected  to  the  same  fine.  All  cattle  found  on  ship  or  boat 
within  two  leagues  of  the  island  were  confiscated,  as  well  as  the  boat,  and  the  same 
fines  imposed  as  for  lauding  cattle. 

Three  ports  were  set  apart  for  the  introduction  of  beef  cattle. 

Still  another  act  was  passed  in  1S(;4.  in  liarniony  with  the  treaties  between 
France  and  England.  Article  III.  permitted  the  importation  of  French  cattle  for 
consumption  or  in  transit.  Article  IV.  prohibited  the  breeding  of  foreign  cattle  on 
the  island.  Article  VIII.  required  all  French  cattle  to  be  branded  with  the  letter  F, 
and  to  be  slaughtered  at  the  port  of  St.  Ilelier,  or  re-embarked  at  the  same  port. 
The  fine  was  reduced  to  ,£10  sterling  for  each  head  of  cattle,  one  third  to  be  paid 
to  the  informei-,  or  six  mouths'  imprisonment  of  the  principal,  if  unable  to  pay  the 
fine.     Several  attempts  have  been  made  to  cross  the  Jersey  with  the  Shorthorn  and 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IJV  AMERICA.  43 

Ayrshire  breeds,  but  tbey  w^ere  aliandoiifd,  and  the  jirogeny  shuightered  because  it 
was  inferior  to  the  Jersey. 

Guernsey  cattle  are  not  prohibited,  and  a  very  few  may  be  found  upon  the 
island.  Crosses  between  the  breeds  produce  buJi'  nose  and  eyes,  and  the  offspring 
retains  a  coarseness,  at  once  detected  and  rejected  by  the  judges  at  examination  for 
Herd  Book  or  for  prizes  at  fairs.  The  natiiral  pride  that  a  Jerseyman  has  in  his 
ct>w,  and  his  desire  to  mate  lier  with  a  ]n-ize  bull,  is  an  incentive  to  kee])  the  breed 
pure. 

On  the  18th  of  January,  1834,  over  fifty  years  ago,  the  society  drew  up  their 
first  scale  of  points.  The  Jersey  cow  as  she  then  existed  and  was  described  l)y  Col- 
onel Le  Coiiteur  and  by  the  judges  that  oflBciated  at  the  show  was  quite  a  different 
animal  from  the  Jersey  cow  of  to-day.  It  was  impossible  then  to  find  a  cow  on  the 
island  that  came  near  to  the  ideal  by  the  standard  of  that  time.  Two  of  the  best 
cows  were  selected  from  which  to  make  up  a  scale  of  points,  one  of  them  being 
considered  perfect  in  forequarters  and  barrel,  the  other  in  her  hindquarters.  The 
scale  consisted  of  seven  articles  and  twenty-five  counts  for  a  bull  and  tlie  same 
number  of  articles  and  twenty-seven  counts  for  a  cow. 

The  Jersey  cow  was  described  by  the  judges  in  the  year  183-4  as  follows : 

"  1.  That  the  cattle  were  very  much  out  of  condition. 

"  2.  Too  slightly  fomied  l)chind  and  cat-haniined. 

"  3.  Gait  unsightly. 

"  4.  The  udder  ill-formed. 

"  5.  The  tail  coarse  and  thick. 

"  6.  The  hoofs  large. 

"  7.  The  bead  coai-se  and  ill-shaped. 

"  8.  Many  were  without  that  golden  or  yellow  tinge  within  the  ears  which 
denotes  a  property  to  produce  yellow  and  rich  biitter. 

"  9.  Some  cows  and  heifers  had  short  bull  necks. 

"  10.  Some  had  too  much  flesh  or  dewlap  under  the  throat. 

"  11.  Some  were  too  heavy  in  the  shoulders. 

"  The  first  show  was  held  March  31st,  1834.  The  prizes  amounted  to  £24. 
Colonel  Le  Couteur  won  the  general  prize  of  £3  with  a  red  and  white  yearling 
bull.  .  .  .  The  cultivation  of  parsnips  was  advocated.  It  was  resolved  to  en- 
courage fine  bulls  with  points  up  to  perfection  by  giving  a  premium  of  £10  for 
])erfect  biills,  and  allowing  the  owners  2*.  a  head  for  each  cow  that  shall  have  been 
with  calf  by  siich  biiUs." 

'*  In  1835  the  show  furnished  not  only  a  larger  supply,  I)ut  the  animals  were  of 
a  mvich  finer  order  as  to  breed  and  condition." 

"Her  Majesty  became  a  patroness  in  1837. 

"  Two  shows  were  held — one  in  March  for  bnlls  and  the  other  in  May  for  cows 


^•^  JEJiSKY    CATTLE  IX  AM  Kill  (' A. 

and  heifei-R.  This  division  of  tlie  shows  has  continued  up  to  tlie  present  day. 
The  system  of  gi%nng  points  for  pedigree  conunenced  in  1838."  Tlie  scale  of 
points  was  modiiied,  increasing  the  number  of  counts  to  twenty-eight  for  bulls  and 
heifers,  and  thirty  for  cows.  Two  new  rules  recpiired  that  the  owner  of  a  prize  bull, 
by  wnthholding  his  services  from  the  ])ublic,  should  forfeit  his  prize-money,  and 
the  second  that  prize  heifei-s  must  remain  upon  the  island  until  they  liad  dropped 
their  first  calf.  The  annual  reports  indicate  that  improvement  in  the  cattle  exhil)ited 
was  very  rapid.  After  seven  yeare,  attention  to  ])reeding  had  almost  caused  the 
ancient  characteristic  defect,  the  drooping  hindtjuarter,  to  disappear ;  also  several 
minor  defects;  and  it  only  remained  to  give  squareness  to  the  hindcjuarter  and 
roundness  to  the  barrel  to  render  the  Jei-sey  a  mo.st  beautiful  animal." 

At  the  annual  dinner  Colonel  Le  Couteur  said  in  a  speech :  "  Let  me  say  to 
those  who  are  lukewarm  to  this  society  to  look  back  ten  yeai-s.  The  land  foul  with 
weeds,  crops  infei'ior,  ]i<jui(l  manure  wasted,  the  market  ill  su])i)iied.  What  had 
been  effected  ? 

"In  cattle,  beauty  of  form  and  fle.sh  had  been  added  to  milking  and  creaming 
qualities.  More  cattle  had  been  decorated  this  year  than  on  any  previous  occa- 
sion, and  the  breed  had  so  greatly  improved  that  many  of  the  animals  rejected  for 
having  less  than  nineteen  points  would  have  been  prize  cattle  when  the  society  was 
formed,  so  well  were  their  mei-its  understood.  The  price  of  cattle  had  fully 
doubled." 

The  scale  of  points  was  revised  again  in  the  years  184-9,  1851,  and  18.58. 
During  these  years  the  reputation  of  the  Jei-sey  had  greatly  increased  in  Eng- 
land and  America,  and  a  fraudulent  trade  had  sprung  up  by  the  French  dealers 
exporting  the  cattle  of  Brittany  to  England  as  Jerseys,  or  Alderneys,  as  they  were  then 
misnamed.  In  1850  and  subsequent  years  several  American  gentlemen  of  wealth 
and  influence  began  to  make  importations  of  Jei-seys  to  the  United  States ;  among 
these  were  Daniel  Buck,  Jr.,  John  A.  Taintor,  and  John  T.  Norton,  of  Connecticut, 
and  Thomas  Motley,  of  Massachusetts  ;  importations  have  been  almost  constant, 
except  during  the  civil  war,  since  that  time.  It  is  believed  that  the  average  quality 
of  those  early  importations  has  not  been  excelled  in  later  days,  as  the  Ameiicans 
tempted  the  Jerseymen  to  forfeit  their  prizes  by  offering  them  very  liberal  sums 
for  decorated  bulls  and  cows.  But  the  American  importiitions  gave  a  new  stimulus 
to  Jersey  breedere  on  the  island,  and  the  several  parishes  began  to  f(jrm  farmers' 
clubs,  which  resulted  in  a  great  increase  of  cattle  shows  and  a  larger  exhibition  for 
the  parent  society.  The  report  for  1858  M-as  i-etrospective  :  "  Thirty  years  ago  the 
cattle  were  ill-fed,  ill-shaped  beasts  that  knew  not  the  taste  of  mangolds,  carrots,  or 
swedes,  scarcely  that  of  hay ;  whose  stabling  was  wretched,  and  whose  winter  food 
consisted  chiefly  of  straw  and  a  few  watery  turnips. 

"  Now  they  were  well  fed,  improved  in  quality  and  synnnetry.  and  well  housed. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  45 

"  The  watery  turnip,  by  careful  husbandry,  has  become  as  rich  as  cheese.  New 
liuildings  dotted  the  island,  and  general  prosperity  dawned  on  the  farmer." 

The  Island  Herd  Book  was  started  in  the  year  1866.  "  The  Herd  Book  is  en- 
tirely due  to  the  forethought  and  untiring  efforts  of  Mr.  Charles  P.  Le  Cornu.  .  .  . 
lie  foresaw,  many  years  before  the  Herd  Book  was  started,  the  necessity  of  some 
fm-ther  classification  of  the  animals  in  a  show  where  upward  of  two  hundred  were 
exhibited,  so  he  determined  to  work  out  a  unique  system  of  his  own.  His  principle 
was  to  sift,  as  it  were,  these  large  gatherings  into  three  classes,  by  highly  commend- 
ing the  best  for  their  quality,  symmetry,  and  constitution,  and  their  butyraceous  or 
milk-flowing  properties  ;  commending  the  second  best  and  rejecting  the  i-emainder, 
or  third  class ;  and  by  examining  the  approved  offspring  he  hoped  in  time  to  root 
out  the  bad  animals,  so  that  with  six  or'  seven  registered  crosses  animals  might  be 
l)red  more  to  a  certainty." 

At  the  May  show,  1874,  Mr.  Charles  Nicolle  offered  a  cup  for  the  cow  with  the 
best  escutcheon  according  to  the  Guenon  system.  The  prize  is  still  continued  by 
voluntary  contributions.     Guenon  prizes  are  also  given  for  bulls. 

The  keeping  of  the  modern  Jersey  upon  the  island  from  calf  hood  is  as 
follows  :*  .  "  When  the  cow  has  dropped  her  calf,  there  is  sprinkled  upon  it  a 
liandful  of  powdered  salt,  and  the  cow  licks  it  off.  This  bit  of  salt  causes  the  cow 
to  drink.  While  she  is  licking  her  calf  she  is  milked,  and  drinks  the  first  milking. 
The  calf  being  dry,  it  is  placed  upon  a  bed  of  straw  in  a  small  stall.  After  some 
hours  the  cow  is  again  milked,  and  her  milk,  mixed  with  tepid  water,  is  given  to  the 
calf.  The  little  animal  is  fed  in  this  manner  three  times  a  day  for  the  first  three 
days.  Afterward,  for  the  next  three  days,  the  evening  milk  is  kept  till  morning, 
the  cream  taken  off,  and  the  remainder,  mixed  with  water  quite  warm,  is  served  to 
the  calf.  The  sixth  day  the  keeping  of  cream  for  butter-making  begins ;  the  milk 
is  skimmed  every  twenty-four  hours,  which  permits  it  to  become  thick  and  acid. 
This  milk  is  given  to  the  calf  twice  every  day,  not  forgetting  to  mix  warm  water 
therewith,  and  not  hesitating  to  add  at  the  end  cooked  flour,  or  even  a  slice  of 
broken  bread  taken  upon  a  plate  held  in  the  hand,  in  order  to  assist  the  calf  in  swal- 
lowing it.  From  time  to  time  salt  is  added  to  the  beverage,  and  a  little  hay.  At 
the  end  of  three  months,  if  the  weather  is  fine,  the  calf  is  able  to  go  out ;  it  then 
becomes  stronger,  and  when  the  milk  of  the  dam  begins  to  diminish,  the  calf  is 
given  twice  a  day  a  warm  beverage  composed  of  cornmeal  and  bran. 

"  When  the  animal,  always  submitted  to  this  regimen,  attains  the  age  of  ten  to 
thirteen  months,  and  it  is  exceptionally  fine,  there  is  no  hesitation  in  continuing  this 
alimentation  until  it  is  sold ;  if  the  animal  is  of  second  quality,  the  beverages  are 
.stopped,  in  order  to  habituate  it,  little  by  little,  to  the  food  of  the  fields.    A  heifer 


*  Jersey  Cattle,  by  Henri  .Jolianet,  translated  by  W.  E.  Simonds 


*6  JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

can  be  taken  to  tlie  bull  at  uine  mouths,  but  good  heifers  ought  to  wait  to  fifteen 
montlis.  The  cattle  are  iis  much  as  iiossiblc  left  in  the  opeu  air  from  the  mouth  of 
May  till  the  first  of  September.  They  are  tethered  in  the  open  field,  where  the 
anunal  takes  delight,  making  a  void  around  itself.  AVhen  in  the  stable  it  receives 
every  day  four  or  five  pounds  of  dry  food,  and  from  twenty-five  to  thirty  pounds  of 
roots,  the  feedings  taking  place  seven  or  eight  times  a  day.  The  principal  forage 
plants  are,  before  all,  Swedish  turnijjs  and  ]3arsnips ;  then  come  carrots,  radishes, 
field  turnips,  beets,  etc.  During  a  milking  period  of  about  three  hundred  days  a 
good  Jei-sey  cow  gives  daily,  at  the  maxinmm,  twenty-seven  litres ;  at  the  mininmm, 
eighteen  litres  of  milk.  The  result  in  butter  is  from  eight  to  ten  pounds  a  week ; 
it  may  be  three  to  five  kilogrannnes  of  butter.  The  Jereey  pound  is  four  hundred 
and  eighty-eight  grains."' 

Insuflicient  attention  is  paid  to  the  butter  (piality  of  island  aiunuils.  A  bull 
may  take  all  the  first  prizes — that  for  best  bull  on  the  island,  the  prize  for  best  Herd 
Book  bull,  and  the  silver  cup  for  best  escutcheon,  and  liis  dam  and  grand  dam  might 
be  very  poor  butter-makers ;  so  a  cow  may  take  the  silver  cup  for  best  cow  on  the 
island,  the  fii-st  Herd  Book  prize,  and  the  Guenon  prize  for  best  escutcheon  without 
having  a  record  for  butter-making  herself,  and  not  belonging  to  a  line  of  noted 
butter-makers ;  she  may  have  all  the  fine  and  fancy  points,  and  produce  a  large 
quantity  of  milk,  and  still  be  a  very  poor  butter  cow. 

It  is  in  America  that  the  breed  has  begun  to  be  riglitly  appreciated,  and  that 
only  recently,  because  of  the  practice  of  testing  cows  to  ascertain  their  butter-making 
capacity. 

THE    AMEKICAN   JERSEY    CATTLE   CLUB. 

In  the  year  1868  Colonel  George  E.  Waring,  Jr.,  Samuel  J.  Sharpless,  Charles  M. 
Beach,  Thomas  J.  Hand,  and  a  nimiber  of  Jersey  cattle-breeders  held  a  meeting  in 
Philadelphia,  which  resulted  in  the  organization  of  the  American  Jersey  Cattle 
Club,  with  about  forty  members.  The  number  has  since  increased  to  more  than 
three  hundred,  and  it  is  believed  to  represent  more  wealth  and  intelligence  than  any 
similar  body  of  men  in  the  world. 

The  object  of  the  club  from  its  incipiency  was  to  foster  al)solute  purity  of  breed- 
ing, and  all  the  interests  accruing  from  such  breeding. 

The  adoption  of  a  constitution  and  stringent  by-laws  and  the  formation  of  a 
"  Herd  Register"  prepared  the  way  for  the  success  which  has  followed.  Up  to  that 
time,  by  a  sort  of  "  Irish  bull,"  the  Jersey  was  called  an  "  Alderney,"  and  the 
Guernsey  cattle  also  went  by  the  same  appellation,  although  the  two  breeds  are  very 
imlike,  and  neither  of  them  was  associated  in  any  way  whatever  with  the  island  of 
Alderney,  except  that  Aldeniey  ha.s  a  mongrel  mixture  of  the  two  breeds  which  are 
not  imported  to  this  country.  No  animal  can  be  registered  as  unported  from  Jersey 
whicli  is  not  identified  by  certificates  from  the  agent  of  the  club  resident  in  the 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IK  AMERICA.  47 

island,  and  no  American  animal  can   be  registered  wliicli   is  nut  ])r()voii   to  be  tlie 
oflfspring  of  animals  already  registered. 

The  Herd  Register  is  now  the  standard  of  pedigree  in  the  United  States  and 
(vanada,  and  contains  a  record  of  all  transfers  of  cattle,  with  the  names  of  owners, 
thus  giving  a  complete  history  of  every  animal  recorded. 

CHARACTERISTICS    OF    THE     JIODERN    JERSEY. 

The  Jersey  l)ull  or  cow  of  the  year  1885  diifers  widely  in  form  and  color  from 
the  Jersey  bull  or  Jersey  cow  of  fifty  years  ago.  By  the  skill  of  numerous  breeders 
on  the  Island,  in  England,  and  America,  as  well  as  by  the  influences  of  climate  and 
feed,  and  also  by  various  hidden  causes,  very  marked  changes  have  been  eiiected  in 
perpetuating  features  and  peculiarities  that  were  once  very  rare,  or  by  fixing  the 
characteristics  of  sports  and  phenomenal  animals  so  as  to  form  distinct  families  and 
diverse  types. 

The  Jersey  of  to-day  is  the  most  beautiful  of  all  the  bovine  races,  mateliless  for 
symmetry,  variety  of  beautiful  colors  and  shadings,  and  for  that  delicacy  of  frame 
and  fineness  of  quality  which  makes  the  race  attractive  to  the  eye  and  taste  of  all 
lovers  of  bovine  beauty.  At  the  same  time,  the  Jersey  cow  excels  all  other  races  in 
the  amount  and  quality  of  butter.  Since  the  practice  of  testing  cows  for  butter  has 
become  pojDular,  which  is  only  in  recent  years,  upward  of  one  thousand  Jersey  cows 
have  produced  fourteen  pounds  of  butter  in  a  test  of  seven  days,  while  the  reports 
show  that  ninety  of  these  have  tested  twenty  pounds,  or  upward,  in  a  week ;  and 
twelve  cows  are  classed  in  the  list  that  have  produced  twenty -five  pounds,  or  upward, 
in  seven  days ;  one  cow  has  made,  by  official  test,  forty-six  pounds,  twelve  and  a  half 
ounces ;  another,  thirty-nine  pounds,  twelve  ounces ;  and  another,  thirty-six  pounds, 
twelve  and  a  quarter  ounces  of  butter  in  seven  days. 

The  Jerseys  have  been  bred  for  centuries  for  their  choice  quality  of  milk  and 
butter,  and  during  the  last  half  century,  in  their  native  island,  in  England,  and 
America,  much  attention  has  been  given  to  perfection  of  form  and  beautiful  tints  of 
color  and  fancy  markings. 

The  breed  is  classed  as  medium  to  small  in  size  ;  but  in  America  the  tendency  is 
to  select  those  of  larger  development,  and  to  cultivate  an  increase  of  the  size.  The 
Jersey  is  of  that  spare  habit  of  flesh  consistent  with  the  best  dairy  qualities,  and  the 
food  she  eats  so  assimilated  and  the  secretory  powers  so  highly  developed  as  to  till 
the  udder  with  all  the  fats  and  oils,  instead  of  excreting  them  or  accumulating  them 
about  the  vital  organs  or  upon  the  body,  as  in  beeves. 

The  Jersey  is  fine  in  bone,  of  rare  symmetry,  and  has  just  enough  muscxdar 
development  for  healthful  activity  and  full  digestive  force.  Some  individuals  indicate 
a  marvellous  capacity  for  changing  a  large  quantity  of  grain  and  forage  into  the  best 
of  dairy  productions. 


*8  JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMElilVA. 

JERSEY    COLORS. 

The  young  Jersey  is  colored  like  tlie  fawn.  <>r  young  deer.  This  ground  color 
is,  later  on,  so  nioditied  by  the  second  growth  of  hair  as  to  produce,  in  different 
animals,  an  endless  variety  of  soft,  pleasing  tints.  In  describing  Jersey  colors  they 
are  classed  as  fawns,  grays,  or  browns.  The  fawns  are  described  with  the  tint  and 
shading  as,  for  the 

mktai.i.r;  tints  : 

golden  fawn,  silver,  copper,  bntnze,  steel,  slate,  brick-dust,  granite,  and  peiirl  fawns  : 


yellow,  fawn,  red,  blue,  gray,  brown,   liay,  buff,    cinerous,  dral),  dun,  smoky,  tan, 
duskj'  and  blackish  fawns,  and  ivory  black  ; 

A^'IMAL   TINTS  : 

buckskin,  l)eaver,  bison,  dove,  otter,  oriole,  fox,  mink,  moose,  mouse,  seal,  salmon, 
seashell,  sable,  and  squirrel  fawns  ; 

VEGETABLE   TINTS : 

orange,  lemon,  ])anana,  apjile,  strawberry,  russet,  inaize,  Ijutternut.  mulberry,  cane, 
mahogany,  coffee-seed,  cinnamon,  and  chocolate  fawns; 

DAIRY    TINTS  : 

cream  fawn,  milky  fawn,  cheese  and  butter  fawns ; 


squirrel,  silver,  slate,   orange,   court,    Frencli,   blue,   steel,    iron,  cinerous   or   ash. 
russet,  and  lavender  grays. 

One  animal  may  have  several  of  these  tints  beautifully  blended  and  shaded,  as 
the  bull  St.  Helier  45,  bright  salmon  fawn  and  silver  gray,  or  the  cow  Mary  Anne  of 
St.  Lambert  9770,  a  light  smoky  bay  fawn.  Some  bulls  have  dark  markings  resem- 
bling the  spots  of  a  leopard.  Many  Jerseys  have  irregular  patches  of  white,  the 
white  being  soft  and  sometimes  margined  with  a  half-inch  border  of  deep  indigo. 
Jersey  Belle  of  Scituate  7828  was  a  dark  sti-awberry  fawn,  with  white  saddle  on 
withers,  and  white  on  hips,  sides,  belly,  and  legs.  A  rich  golden  waxy  dandruff  shone 
under  the  white  and  a  nankeen  color  on  the  udder  and  escutcheon.  Some  Jerseys 
of  dark  color  have  a  rich  cadmium  orange  tint  within  the  ears,  and  very  conspicuous 
also  on  the  dewlap  and  the  escutcheon.  Many  of  the  best  cows  have  the  broad 
white  saddle  upon  the  ^vithers.  A  Jersey  does  not  depend  upon  the  color  of  the 
coat  for  any  degree  of  the  richness  of  milk  or  creamy  qualities.     The  great  amount 


iZum^^^!^4-i^ 


BELMEDA   6229. 

AT    9   YEARS   OLD. 

Superb  Type. 
FAIEVIEW    HEED. 
Cromwell,  New  Dorp,   P.  O.  Staten  Island,  N.  Y. 


LADY    BUCKINGHAM    11,670. 

Pien-ot  Type. 
HIGHLAND  HERD. 

James  N.  Smith,  Litchfield,  Connecticut. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  JN  AMEJilCA.  49 

of  butter  fat  secreted  in  the  milk  is  a  special  trait,  highly  developed  in  the  whole 
Jersey  race  and  phenomenally  shown  in  certain  individuals  and  families.  Some 
animals  have  the  special  abihty  to  give  a  rich  golden  tint  to  their  butter.  This 
desirable  trait  is  generally  thought  to  be  positively  indicated  by  a  rich  golden-orange 
lining  of  the  ears. 

There  need  be  no  fashion  in  coloi-,  but  in  the  essential  dairy  qualities  the  highest 
perfection  should  be  sought.  One  can  breed  for  color  and  fancy  points  if  he  so 
desires.  Wonderful  results  can  be  achieved  by  selection  and  inbreeding.  An 
ancient  breeder  was  very  successful  in  fixing  spots,  ringstreak,  and  specks  not  only 
upon  bulls  and  cows,  but  upon  sheep,  goats,  camels,  and  asses ;  and  some  of  the 
modern  breeders  of  Jerseys  have  proved  that  they  can  breed  out  the  spots  without 
any  detriment  to  the  race. 

THE    SCALE    OF    POINTS. 

From  the  first  organized  effort  to  improve  the  Jersey  a  "  scale  of  points"  has 
been  deemed  a  necessity.  The  scale  is  supposed  to  embody  in  a  schedule  the 
descriptions  of  the  ideal  Jersey  bull  and  ideal  cow. 

The  first  scale  of  points  adopted  on  the  Island  of  Jersey,  January  IStli,  lS3-i,  is 
as  follows : 

SCALE    OF    POINTS    FOR    BULLS. 
Articles.  Points. 

1.  Purity  of  breed  on  male  and  female  sides  reputed  for  having  produced  rich 

and  yellow  butter 1 

'i.  Head  fine  and  tapering ;  cheek  small ;  muzzle  fine,  and  encircled  with 
white  ;  nostrils  high  and  open ;  horns  polished,  cnunpled,  not  too  thick 
at  the  base,  tapering,  and  tipped  with  black  ;  ears  small,  of  an  orange 
color  within  ;  eye  full  and  lively « 

3.  Neck  fine  and  highly  placed  on  shoulders;   chest   broad;  barrel  hooped 

and  deep,  well  ribbed  home  to  hips 3 

4.  Back  straight  from  the  withers  to  the  setting  on  of  tail,  at  right  angles  to 

the  tail ;  tail  fine,  hanging  two  inches  below  the  hock .         3 

.5.   Hide  thin  and  movable,  mellow,  well  covered  with  soft  and  fine  hair  of  a 

good  color 3 

t).   Forearm  large  and   powerful;  legs  short  and   straight,  swelling   and  full 

above  the  knee  and  fine  below  it - 

7.  llind-quarters  from  the  buckle  to  the  point  of  the  rumj)  long  and   well 

filled  up  ;  the  legs  not  to  cross  in  walking '2 

Perfection -5 

Ko  prize  to  be  awarded  to  a  Ijull  having  less  than  twenty  points. 


50  JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


SCALE    OF    POINTS    FOR  COWS. 
Articlbs. 


1.  Breed  on  male  and  female  sides  reputed  for  producing  rich  and  yellow 

buttei- i 

2.  Head   small,  line,  and  tapering ;  eye  full    and   lively ;    jnuzzle    tine   and 

encircled   with   white ;  horns  polislied   and  a  httle  crumpled,  tipped 
with  black  ;  ears  small,  of  an  orange  color  within s 

3.  Back  straight  from  the  Arithers  to  the  setting  on  of  the  tail ;  chest  deep  and 

nearly  on  a  line  ■nnth  the  belly -t 

4.  Hide  thin,  movable,  but  not  too  loose,  well  covered  with  tine  soft  hair  of 

good  color 2 

o.  Barrel  hooped  and  deeji,  well  ribbed  home,  having  but  little  space  between 

the  ribs  and  hips  ;  tail  tine,  hanging  two  inches  below  the  hock 3 

6.  Fore-legs  straight  and  tine  ;  thighs  full  and  long,  not  too  close  together  when 

viewed  from  behind  ;  hind-legs  short,  and  bones  rather  tine ;  hoofs  small ; 
hind-legs  not  to  cross  in  walking "2 

7.  Udder  full,  well  up  behind  ;  teats  large  and  squarely  placed,  being  wide 

apart ;  milk  veins  large  and  swelling \ 

Perfection  for  cows 27 

Two  points  shall  be  deducted  for  heifei-s. 

A  heifer  \vill  be  considered  perfect  at  twenty-tive  points. 

No  prize  shall  be  awarded  to  cows  and  heifers  having  less  than  twenty-four 

points. 
The  scale  of  points  had  several  clianges  at  various  times.     In  1858  bulls  stood 
at  thirty-one  and  cows  at  thirty-three  articles  and  thirty-three  points,  each   article 
counting  but  one  in  the  scale. 

In  April,  1875,  a  new  scale  was  adopted. 

KATIO  SCALE    OF   I'OINTS    KOU   BfLLS. 
Articles.  Points. 

1.  Registered  pedigree 5 

2.  Head  tine  and  tapering,  foreiiead  l)ri)ad 5 

3.  Cheek  small 2 

4.  Throat  clean 4 

5.  Muzzle  dark,  encircled  by  light  color,  with  nostrils  high  and  open 4 

(J.  Horns  small,  not  thick  at  base,  cnnni)led,  yellow,  tipi>ed  with  black 5 

7.  Ears  Bmall  and  thin,  and  of  a  deej)  orange  color  within 5 

8.  Eyes  full  and  lively 4 

i>.  Neck  arched,  powerful,  but  not  coarse  and  heavy .5 

10.  Withers  fine,  shoulders  flat  and  sloping,  chest  broad  and  deep 4 

11.  Barrel  hooped,  broad,  deep,  and  well  rilibed  up 5 


JERt<,EY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA.  51 

Articles.  Points. 

12.  Back  straight  from  the  withers  to  the  setting  on  of  tlie  tail 5 

13.  Back  broad  across  the  loins 3 

14.  Hips  wide  apart  and  fine  in  the  hone 3 

15.  Rump  long,  broad,  and  level 3 

Ifi.  Tail  fine,  reaching  the  hocks  and  hanging  at  right  angles  \\A\\\  the  Ijack ...  3 

17.  Hide  thin  and  mellow,  covered  with  fine  soft  hair -i 

18.  Hide  of  a  yellow  color 4 

19.  Legs  short,  straight  and  fine,  with  small  hoofs 4 

20.  Arms  full  and  swelling  above  the  knees 3 

21.  Hind-quarters  from  the  hock  to  tlie  point  of  riinip  long,  wide  apart,  and 

well  filled  up 3 

22.  Hind-legs  squarely  placed  wlien  viewed  from  l)eliiu(l,  and  not  to  cross  or 

sweep  in  walking 3 

23.  Nipples  to  be  squarely  jilaced  anil  wide  apart ."> 

24.  Growth 4 

25.  General  appearance 5 

Perfection lOi  I 

No  prize  to  be  awarded  to  bulls  having  less  than  eighty  points.     Bulls  having 
obtained  seventy-five  points  shall  be  allowed  to  be  branded. 

RATIO    SCALE    OF    POINTS    FOR    COWS    AND    HEIFERS. 
Articles.  Point*. 

1.  Registered  pedigree 5 

2.  Head  small,  fine,  and  tapering :', 

3.  Cheek  small,  throat  clean 4 

4.  Muzzle  dark  and  encircled  by  a  ligjit  color,  with  nostrils  lagli  and  open  .  .  4 

5.  Horns  small,  not  thick  at  base,  crumpled,  yellow,  tipjjed  witli  l)lack .> 

6.  Ears  small  and  thin,  and  of  a  deep  orange  color  within 5 

7.  Eye  full  and  placid 3 

8.  Neck  straight,  fine,  and  lightly  placed  on  tlie  shoulders 3 

H.  Withers  fine,  shoulders  flat  and  sloping,  chest  broad  and  deep 4 

10.  Barrel  hooped,  broad  and  deep,  being  well  ribbed  up 5 

11.  Back  straight  from  withers  to  tlie  setting  on  of  the  tail :> 

12.  Back  broad  across  the  loins 3 

13.  Hips  wide  apart,  and  fine  in  the  lionc  ;  rump  long,  l)road  and  level ;> 

14.  Tail  fine,  reaching  the  hocks,  and  hanging  at  right  angles  with  the  back  :! 

15.  Hide  thin  and  mellow,  covered  with  fine  soft  hair 4 

16.  Hide  of  a  yellow  color 4 

17.  Legs  short,  straight,  and  fine,  with  small  hoofs 3 


52  .jj:rs  /■:  y  <a  ttle  ix  a  merica. 

Articles.  Poikts. 

IS.  Arms  full  and  swdliiijj;  al.ovo  the  knees 3 

19.  Ilind-quarters  from  tlie  hock  U>  point  of  I'unij)  long,  wide  apart,  and  well 

filled  up 3 

20.  llind-legs  S(piarel_y  placed  wiieii   viewed  fi-oni  ])eliind,  and   not  to  cross  or 

sweep  in  walking 3 

21.  Udder  large,  not  tlesliy.  running  well  forward,  in  line  with  the  belly  and 

well  up  behind 5 

22.  Teats  moderately   large,  yellow,  of  eipial   size,   wide   apart,  and   squarely 

placed 5 

23.  Milk  veins  about  the  udder  and  abdomen  prominent 4 

24.  Growth 4 

25.  General  apjiearance 5 

Perfection 100 

No  prize  shall  be  awarded  to  cows  having  less  than  eighty  poiuts. 

No  prize  shall  be  awarded  to  heifers  having  less  than  seventy-one  points. 

Cows  having  obtained  sevcnty-tive  points  and  heifers  sixty -five  shall  be  allowed 
to  be  branded. 

The  articles  Nos.  21  and  23  shall  be  deducted  from  the  number  required  for 
perfection  in  heifers,  as  their  udders  and  milk  veins  cannot  be  fully  developed. 

SOALK    OF    POINTS    FOR    COWS.    ADoPrKl)    UV    THK    AMERK^AN    .lERSEV    CATTLE    CLUB, 

Al'KlI,  21,    IS 75. 
Points.  Counts. 

1.  Head  small,  lean,  and  ratiier  long 2 

2.  Face  dished,  broad  between  the  eyes  and  narrow  between  the  horns 1 

3.  Miizzle  dark,  and  encircled  by  light  color 1 

4.  Eyes  full  and  j.iacid 1 

5.  Horns  small,  crumpled,  and  amber-colored 3 

»;.   Ears  small  ami  thin 1 

7.  Neck  straight,  thin,  r;irlicr  long,  with  <'lean  throat,  and  not  heavy  at  the 

shoulders 4 

8.  Shoulders  sIo])ing  and   lean;    withers  thin;  breast  neither  deficient  nor 

l>eefy 3 

9.  Back  level  to  the  setting  on  of  tail,  and  broad  across  the  loin 4 

10.  Barrel  hooped,  broad,  and  deep  at  the  tlank 8 

1 1.  Hips  wide  apart,  and  fine  in  the  bone ;  rump  long  and  broad 4 

12.  Thighs  long,   thin,  and  wide  apart,  witli   legs  standing  square,  and   not 

to  cross  in  walking 4 

13.  Legs  short,  small  below  the  knee,  with  small   hoofs. 3 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IK  AMERICA.  53 

Points.  Counts. 

14.  Tail  fine,  reaching  the  hocks,  with  go<jd  switcli 3 

15.  Hide  thin  and  mellow,  with  fine  soft  hair 4 

16.  Color  of  hide  where  the  hair  is  white,  on    udder  and  inside   of   ears, 

yellow 5 

17.  Fore-ndder  full  in  form  and  running  well  forward 8 

18.  Hind-udder  full  in  form,  and  well  up  behind 8 

19.  Udder  free  from  long  hair  and  not  fleshy 5 

20.  Teats  rather  large,  wide  apart,  and  squarely  placed 6 

21.  Milk  veins  prominent 5 

22.  Escutcheon  high  and  broad,  and  full  on  thighs S 

23.  Disposition  quiet  and  good-natured 3 

24.  General  appearance  rather  bony  than  fleshy 0 

Perfection 1(10 

In  judging  heifers,  omit  Nos.  17,  18,  and  21. 

The  same  scale  of  points  shall  be  used  in  judging  bulls,  omitting  Nos.  17, 18, 19, 
and  21,  and  making  moderate  allowance  for  masculinity. 

The  American  Jersey  Cattle  Club  adopted,  February  11th,  1885,  a  new  scale  of 
points,  as  below : 

FOR    COWS. 
Points.  Counts. 

1.  Head  small  and  lean,  face  dished,  broad  between  the  eyes  and  narrow 

between  the  horns 2 

2.  Eyes  full  and  placid ;  horns  small,  crumpled,  and  amber-colored 1 

3.  Neck  thin,  rather  long,  with  clean  throat,  and  not  heavy  at  the  shoulders  8 

4.  Back  level  to  the  setting  on  of  tail 1 

5.  Broad  across  the  loin 6 

6.  Barrel  long,  hooped,  broad  and  deep  at  the  flank 10 

7.  Hips  wide  apart ;  rump  long  and  broad 10 

8.  Legs  short 2 

9.  Tail  fine,  reaching  the  hocks  with  good  switch 1 

10.  Color  and  mellowness  of  hide  ;  inside  of  ears  yellow 5 

11.  Fore-udder  full  in  form  and  not  fleshy 13 

12.  Hind-udder  full  in  form  and  well  up  behind 11 

13.  Teats  rather  large,  wide  apart,  and  s(piarely  placed 10 

14.  Milk  veins  prominent 5 

15.  Disposition  quiet 5 

16.  General  appearance  and  apparent  constitution 10 

Perfection 100 

In  judging  heifers,  omit  11,  12,  and  14. 


54  JJ-:i:sEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

KoK  mi.i.s. 
Tlie  same  snile.  omitting  Nos.  11,  12.  and    14.  and   making  Aw  aliowance  for 
masculinity  ;  but  when  bulls  are  uxhibited  with   tln-ir  ])rugen_v,  in  a  separate  class, 
add  thirty  counts  for  progeny. 

SCALE    OF    POINTS    FOR    COWS    IN    MILK.* 
Poorrs.  Counts. 

1.  Weight  of  milk  in  twenty-four  hour.-;,  one  count  for  each  pound  of  yield, 

32  lbs 32.00 

2.  Total  solids  by  cliemical  analysis,  one  count  for  each  percentum,  13.76 13.76 

3.  Butter  fat,  three  per  cent,  being  standard,  add  ten  per  cent,  for  every  one 

per  cent,  above,  or  deduct  ten  per  cent,  for  every  one  per  cent.  l)elo\v 

the  standard,  5.25 22.50 

4.  Time  since  calving,  add  one  count  for  every  ten  days — one  hundred  and 

twenty -three  days 12.30 

Total 80.56 

The  above  figures  are  tho.se  of  the  first  prize  cow  at  the  Edinburgh  Show. 
This  scale,  with  an  additional  point  for  a  butter  test  on  specified  rations,  would 
insure  a  fair  test  of  merit  at  exhibitions  in  contests  between  all  breeds  of  dairy  cows. 

DIAGRAMS    ILLLSTKATINU    SOMK    OK    TlIK    MOKK    IMI'oKTANT    I'OINTS. 


No.  1. — Outline  of  Uuuer,  Barbel,  Rump,  and  Thioh  of  Jerskv  Bki.lk  of 
SOITUATK   782S. 


Scale  devised  by  .lames  McQueen,  judge  of  Edinburgh  Dairy  Show,  1885. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IIST  AMERICA. 


JS'o.  2. — Outline  of  Uddee,  Barrel,  Eump,  and  Thigh  of  Princess  2d  8046. 


No.  3. — OiTLiNE  OF  Udder,  Barrel,  Edmp,  and  Thigh  of  Mary  Anne  of 
St.  Lambert  9770. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  JN^  AMERICA. 


No.  4. — Outline  of  Udder,  Bakkkl,  Rump,  and  Thigh  of  Dandelion  2521. 


No.  .5. — OiTLiNK  OF  TTddkr,  Bakkkl,  Rump,  and  TiuGU  OF  Lady  Yertumnus 
13,217. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  JW  A3IERIGA.  57 

THE    ESCUTCHEON. 

The  escutcheon  consists  of  that  portion  of  the  surface  of  an  animal  which  is 
covered  by  a  reversed  growtli  of  hair.  It  usually  includes  the  udder,  the  inner 
surface  of  the  thighs,  a  portion  of  the  space  above  the  twist,  and  a  part,  of  the 
surface  of  the  abdomen. 

Francis  Guenon,  the  discoverer  of  this  feature  in  the  animal  kingdom,  by  which 
lie  rendered  his  name  immortal,  was  a  native  of  Libourne,  France.  He  was  the  son 
of  a  nurseryman,  and  had  become  expert  in  the  art  of  propagating  and  grafting 
fruits.  While  yet  a  boy,  upon  hearing  his  grandfather  say  he  thought  cows  might 
be  judged  as  easily  as  fruit  trees,  if  we  only  knew  their  points,  he  was  ever  on  the 
alert  to  make  the  saying  good,  and  thereby  made  the  discovery,  which,  after  years  of 
observation,  he  ingeniously  systematized  and  demonstrated  to  his  own  complete 
satisfaction.  This  system  he  afterward  disclosed  by  jjroving  his  skill  as  an  expert 
upon  herds  of  cattle  before  agricultural  societies,  and  received  high  recognition,  many 
honors,  and  medals,  and  was  appointed  lecturer  on  his  system  in  the  agricultural 
schools  of  France,  and  also  received  a  pension  from  the  government  during  his 
hfetime. 

THE    (JUENON    SYSTEM. 

The  limits  of  the  escutcheon  as  described  by  Guenon  are  from  the  centre  of  the 
lower  surface  of  the  udder  upward,  the  inner  surface  of  the  thighs  and  a  portion  of 
the  perineal  region,  from  the  udder  to  the  setting  on  of  the  tail.  The  escutcheon 
has  several  regular  types,  which  Guenon  classified  according  to  their  shape.  There 
are  ten  of  these  regular  forms,  which  he  described  under  ten  different  names,  or 
classes,  besides  which  there  are  irregular  and  mixed  forms.  The  ten  classes  of 
escutcheon  are :  1,  flandrine  ;  2,  left  flandrine  ;  3,  selvedge ;  4,  curveline  ;  5,  bicorn  ; 
G,  double  selvedge  ;  7,  demijohn  ;  8,  square  ;  9,  limousine ;  10,  carresine.  The  first 
class  he  named  because  he  saw  many  of  them  in  the  province  of  Flanders,  and  the 
cows  were  great  milkers.  The  second  class  was  left-hand  and  one-sided  ;  the  third 
class  had  a  narrow  strip,  like  the  border  on  a  piece  of  cloth  ;  the  fourth  had  a 
curved  arch ;  the  fifth  had  a  doul)le  top,  or  two  horns ;  the  sixth  was  an  oddity,  with 
two  narrow  strips  ;  the  seventh  resembled  a  wine-jug  ;  the  eighth,  a  carpenter's 
square;  the  ninth  was  common  in  the  province  of  Liniugcs,  and  steeple-sliaped ; 
the  tenth  was  level  at  the  tojj,  or  horizontal. 

In  each  of  these  ten  classes  he  made  six  orders,  or  sixty  distinct  forms ;  also 
a  defective  escutcheon,  which  he  called  hatard,  or  counterfeit.  In  tlic  first  class 
there  are  twelve  of  these  counterfeit  escutcheons,  and  in  each  of  the  other  classes 
six  counterfeits,  thus  making  sixty-six  counterfeit  escutcheons. 


58  JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMEIiTCA. 

SYNOPSIS    OF   THE    SYSTKM    OF   GUENON. 

We  will  first  make  a  brief  analysis  of  the  system  according  to  Gnenon.  In 
describing  liis  system  he  used  the  tenn  "  escutcheon,"  from  the  shield-Hke  form  of 
the  upward  growth  covering  the  back  part  of  the  udder  and  thighs  ;  and  "  Epis"  or 
"  feather"  for  certain  peculiar  marks  on  escutcheons  by  which  he  designated  the 
various  orders.  He  describes  seven  different  "  feathers,"  five  on  the  surface  of  the 
escutcheon  and  two  outside  of  the  escutcheon. 

By  referring  to  the  diagrams  the  terms  "  escutcheon"  and  "  feather"  will  be 
fully  ex])lained  and  illustrated. 

Stand  behind  the  cow  which  produces  the  largest  quantity  of  milk,  and  you  will 
notice  a  peculiarity  of  liair  growth  which  is  upward  on  the  udder  and  above  in  a 
broad  band  to  the  tail,  and  outward  upon  the  thighs.  Brusli  the  hair  in  the  direc- 
tion of  its  growth  with  your  hand,  and  you  will  find  it  softer  than  satin  to  the  touch. 
You  will  notice  another  peculiar  growth,  a  small  oval  mark  of  white  hair  over  each 
hind  teat,  whei-e  the  direction  of  the  hair  is  downward.  This  "  escutcheon"  and  this 
oval,  or  '•  oval  feather,"  are  shown  in  Fig.  1.,  p.  59.  Fig.  II.  shows  the  location  of  the 
"  buttock  featlier ;"  Fig.  III.,  the  "  babine  feather ;"  Fig.  IV.,  the  "  vulvous  feather ;" 
Fig.  v.,  the  "  batard  feather ;"    Fig.  VI.,  the  '•  thigh  feather ;"  Fig.  VII.,  the  "  dart 

feather." 

Fi(^.  I. 

THE    OVAL    FEATHER. 

The  oval  feather  is  often  found  on  the  best  escutcheons.  If  these  feathers  are 
small,  regular  in  form,  and  composed  of  very  fine  liair,  they  are  usually  an  excellent 
sign ;  but  if  large,  of  irregular  shape,  and  of  long  coarse  hair,  they  are  a  mark  of 
inferior  quahty.     This  feather  should  be  about  two  inches  long  by  one  inch  wide. 

Fk;.  II. 

THE     BUTTOCK    FEATHER. 

The  buttock  feather  is  on  the  right  and  left  of  the  vulva,  outside  of  the 
escutcheon.  Its  hair  is  ascending,  and  it  is  usually  two  to  three  inches  in  length  by 
half  an  inch  in  width.  If  smaller  than  this  and  of  fine  hair  they  are  not  specially 
indicative  of  inferiority  ;  but  if  larger,  and  the  hair  is  coarse,  they  always  indicate 
an  earlier  cessation  of  the  milk-How,  according  to  size  and  coarseness. 

Fui.  in. 

THE    BABINE    FEATHER. 

The  babine  feather  is  a  narrow  streak  of  down-growing  hair  witliin  the 
escutcheon,  starting  from  the  side  of  the  ■vailva — usually  upon  the  left  side,  but  may 
be  upon  either  or  both  sides.  It  is  usually  two  inches  long  by  a  (|uarter  inch  in 
width,  but  may  be  six  inches  in  length. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


^ 


W 


? 


60  JERSEY  CA  TTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

Fi.;.    IV. 
THK    vri.VdlS    FEATHEK. 

The  vulvuus  feather  eonsit^ts  of  down-growing  hair  enclosing  the  lower  part 
of  tlie  vulva  in  a  \'-.-<liapu  or  forked  like  a  "W.  It  is  one  inch  deep  and  wide  to  six 
inches  in  de])tli. 

Ki.^  V. 

THE    HATAKI)    FEATHER. 

The  batard  feather,  or  counterfeit  oval,  is  of  doM-n-growing  white  hair  in  the 
centre  of  the  escutcheon  midway  between  the  udder  and  vulva,  and,  according  to 
size  and  degree  of  coarseness,  it  indicates  a  falling  off  in  milk  during  pregnancy. 
It  may  be  six  inches  by  two  inches  in  size,  or  much  smaller. 

Fi,;.  VI. 

THE   THKJII    FEATHER. 

The  thigh  feather  is  an  encroaeluuent  of  ingrowing  hair  upon  the  escutcheon 
of  the  thigh,  and  is  in  the  form  of  a  crescent  or  a  triangle,  and  indicates  inferiority, 
according  to  size  of  feather  and  coarseness  of  hair. 

Fk;.  YII. 
the  dart  feather. 

The  dart  feathei-,  also  called  epijondif^  is  the  result  of  crossing  or  compounding 
a  selvedge  escutcheon  with  any  of  the  short  escutcheons.  It  resembles  a  dart 
wnth  the  point  downward,  and  consists  of  fine  up-growing  hair.  It  is  situated 
beneath  the  vulva,  is  an  inch  wide  at  the  toji,  and  is  considered  an  improvement  to 
the  short  escutcheons. 

The  oval  feather  and  the  dart  feather  are  good  feathers  or  decorations ;  the 
buttock  feather,  babine  feather,  vulvous  feather,  batard  feather,  and  thigh  feather 
are  bad  feathers,  or  blots  upon  the  escutcheon. 

CLASSES    AND   ORDERS. 

The  first  class,  or  fiandrine  escutcheon,  extends  from  the  centre  of  the  four 
teats  u])ward  to  the  setting  on  of  the  tail. 

The  first  order  has  an  oval  feather  over  each  hind  teat,  is  full  out  on  the 
thighs,  and  has  a  clean  smooth  upgrowth  fully  three  inches  wide  to  the  root  of  the 
tail. 

Cow  a  perpetual  milker. 

The  second  order  has  one  oval  feather  and  a  babine  feather  about  two  inches 
long  on  the  left  or  right  of  vulva.     Goes  dry  two  months. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMEBIC  A.  61 

The  third  order  has  a  viilvous  feather  mie  inch  to  two  inches  deep,  and  goes 
dry  three  montlis. 

The  fourth  order  has  a  vulvons  feather  about  iive  inches  hing  and  crescent 
thigh  feather  on  right  thigh.     Goes  dry  four  niontlis. 

The  fifth  order  has  a  vulvous  feather  six  inches  deep  and  a  trianguhir  thigh 
feather  on  right  thigh.     Goes  dry  five  months. 

The  sixth  order  has  a  vulvous  feather  eight  inches  deep  and  a  very  small 
thigh  escutcheon  invaded  by  triangular  thigh  feathers.     Goes  dry  six  months. 

The  size  of  the  escutcheon  dwindles  in  all  its  parts  in  each  descending  order. 

THE    SECOND    CLASS,    OR    LEFT    FLANDKINE    ESCUTCHEON. 

The  first  order  resembles  that  of  the  flandrine,  exce^jt  that  it  runs  up  on  the 
left  fiank,  and  the  right  thigh  wing  is  apparently  wider  than  the  left  wing.  There 
are  two  oval  feathers,  and  the  cow  seldom  or  never  goes  dry. 

The  second  order  has  a  babine  feather  on  the  left,  and  goes  dry  two  months. 

The  third  order  has  a  babine  feather  six  inches  long  and  crescent  thigh 
feather  right  thigh.     Goes  dry  three  months. 

The  fourth  order  has  a  longer  babine  feather,  a  half-moon  thigh  feather  right 
side,  and  a  triangular  thigh  feather  left  side.     Goes  dry  four  months. 

The  fifth  order  has  a  coarse  flaring  escutcheon,  a  large  triangle  thigh  feather 
right  side.     Goes  dry  five  months. 

The  sixth  order  has  a  very  small  coarse  escutcheon,  and  goes  dry  six  months. 

The  batard,  or  counterfeit,  has  the  same  marks  in  all  the  orders,  with  the 
exception  of  enormous  coarse  buttock  feathers  five  inches  long  by  three  wide.  The 
milk  is  watery,  and  falls  off  rapidly  when  pregnant. 

THIRD    CLASS,    OK    SKI.VEDOE    ESCUTCHEON. 

The  first  order  runs  fully  one  incli  wide  up  to  the  vulva,  and  is  of  full  width 
(eighteen  inches)  on  the  thighs,  with  the  two  oval  feathers  on  tlie  udder.  Never 
goes  dry  unless  forced  to  do  so. 

The  second  order  has  a  left  oval  feather  and  a  left  liuttock  feather.  Goes  dry 
two  months. 

The  third  order  has  two  buttock  feathers,  the  left  about  tliree  inches  long. 
Goes  dry  three  months. 

The  fourth  order  has  two  buttock  feathers,  tlie  left  four  inches  long,  and  goes 
dry  four  months. 

The  fifth  order  has  a  broken  list,  the  buttock  feathers  five  inches  long,  and 
goes  dry  five  months. 


62  JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  A3IERICA. 

The  sixtli  order  has  a  ragged  escutcheon ;  the  buttock  featliers  are  six  inclies 
long,  and  she  is  dry  six  months. 

The  batard  orders  are  similarly  marked  to  the  six  free  orders,  but  have  enor- 
mous coarse  buttock  feathers  five  inches  long  by  three  wide,  and  produce  thin 
milk  and  are  soon  dry. 

THE    FOURTH    CI.ASS,    OR   CURVELINE    ESCUTCHEON. 

The  first  order  has  the  two  oval  feathers,  the  escutcheon  is  eighteen  inches 
wide  on  the  thighs,  and  ascends  in  a  round  arch  to  within  eight  inches  of  the  vulva. 
Never  dry  unless  forced  or  injured. 

The  second  order  has  a  left  oval  feather  and  one  small  left  buttock  feather. 
Dry  two  months. 

The  third  order  has  two  buttock  feathers,  the  left  three  inches  long,  and  goes 
dry  three  months.     There  is  sometimes  a  triangular  thigh  feather  right  side. 

The  fourth  order  has  buttock  feathers  six  inclies  long,  right  triangle  and  left 
crescent  thigh  feathers,  and  goes  dry  four  months. 

The  fifth  order  has  buttock  feathers  seven  inches  long  and  thigh  feathers  eight 
by  four  inches.     Goes  dry  five  months. 

The  sixth  order  has  a  very  diminutive  escutcheon,  and  goes  dry  six  months. 

The  batard  curveline  cows  have  very  large  and  coarse  l)uttock  feathers,  and 
give  thin  milk,  going  dry  soon. 

THK    FIFTH    CLASS,    OK    DIOORN    ESCUTCHEON. 

The  first  order  has  two  oval  featliers,  a  thigh  escutcheon  eighteen  inches  wide, 
and  the  upper  part  of  the  escutcheon  terminating  'u\  two  points,  the  left  higher  tlian 
the  right  and  within  four  to  eight  inches  of  the  vulva.  There  may  be  two  very 
small  buttock  feathers  of  equal  .size.     Dry  one  month. 

The  second  order  has  one  left  oval  feather,  and  the  left  buttock  featlier  is  two 
inches  long.     Goes  dry  two  months. 

The  third  order  has  buttock  feathers  three  inches  long,  a  triangular  tliigh 
feather  right  side,  and  goes  dry  three  months. 

The  fourth  order  has  buttock  feathers  four  inches  or  lougei-.  a  large  triangular 
right-side  thigh  feather,  and  goes  dry  four  months. 

The  fifth  order  has  larger  bristly  buttock  feathers,  a  larger  triangle,  and  goes 
dry  five  months. 

The  sixth  order  is  a  very  little  l.iconi,  and  there  are  bristling  hairs  all  over  tlie 
buttocks.     Dry  six  mouthg. 

The  bicorn  counterfeit  has  the  same  marks  in  each  order  and  two  large  coarse 
buttock  feathers. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  63 

THE    SIXTH    CLASS,  OK  DOUBLE    SELVEDGE    ESCUTCHEON. 

The  first  order  lias  two  slender  lists  running  from  the  bottom  of  the  udder  to  the 
tail,  with  a  broad  band  of  descending  hair  between,  reaching  to  the  base  of  the  udder. 
Thigh  wings  eighteen  inches  wide,  as  in  all  first-order  escutcheons.     Dry  one  month. 

The  second  order  has  the  descending  band  of  hair  terminating  four  inches  above 
hind  teats  and  the  thigh  escutcheon  narrower.     Dry  two  months. 

The  third  order  has  narrower  fillets,  descending  band  stops  six  inches  above 
teats  ;  thigh  wings  are  still  narrower.     Dry  three  months. 

The  fourth  order  has  coarser  hair,  descending  band  twelve  inches  below  vulva, 
a  crescent  thigh  feather  on  right  thigh.     Dry  four  months. 

The  fifth  order  has  still  coarser  hair,  the  two  fillets  are  ragged,  the  central  band 
descends  to  the  udder,  a  triangular  thigh  feather  in  both  wings.     Dry  five  mouths. 

The  sixth  order  has  very  small  ragged  fillets,  the  right  reaching  lialf  way  up,  the 
thigh  wings  not  discernible.     Dry  six  months. 

Tlie  batard  has  the  fillets  terminating  in  two  large  coarse  buttock  feathers. 

THE    SEVENTH    CLASS,    (IR    DEMLTOHN    ESCUTCHEOX. 

The  first  order  has  two  oval  featliers,  and  may  have  two  small  buttock  feathers. 
The  escutcheon  is  eighteen  inches  wide  on  thighs,  and  the  iipper  part  ri.ses  like  a 
flandrine,  but  terminates  in  a  level  top  four  to  eight  inches  below  the  vulva.  Dry 
one  month. 

The  second  order  has  one  left  oval  feather  and  buttock  featliers  two  to  three 
inches  long.     Goes  dry  two  months. 

The  third  order  has  the  left  buttock  feather  about  five  inches  long  and  a 
right  crescent  thigh  feather.     Goes  dry  three  months. 

The  fourth  order  has  longer  buttock  feathers  and  a  triangular  rigl  it  thigh  feather. 
Dry  four  months. 

The  fifth  order  has  larger  buttock  featliers  and  two  large  triangular  thigli 
feathers.     Di'y  five  montlis. 

The  sixth  order  has  a  very  small  (lemij(jlni  and  very  large  buttock  feathers. 
Dry  six  mouths. 

The  batard  has  enormous  liuttock  feathers. 

THE    EIGHTH    CLASS,    OK    SQUARE    ESCUTCHEON. 

The  top  of  this  escutcheon  is  a  narrow  Kst  joined  to  the  left  corner  of  the  top 
of  a  demijohn  escutcheon.  The  first  order  has  two  oval  feathers.  Goes  dry  one 
month. 

The  second  order  is  the  only  second  order  which  Guenon  gave  the  two  oval 


04  JERSEY    CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

featheiti.  There  is  a  Imttock  feather  on  tlie  riifht  of  the  vulva.  Goes  dry  one 
month. 

The  third  order  has  a  right  buttock  feather  three  inches  long,  a  right  trian- 
gular thigh  feather,  and  left  crescent  thigh  feather,  and  goes  dry  three  months. 

The  fourtii  order  has  the  list  ragged  in  the  upper  part,  the  right  buttock 
featJier  four  iiiciies  long,  the  wings  very  siiiail.  witli  a  triangular  right  side  thigh 
feather.     Dry  four  months. 

Tlie  fifth  order  has  the  tillet  still  more  ragged,  the  Vmttock  feather  five  inches 
long,  a  triangular  thigh  feather  on  each  side.     Dry  five  months. 

The  si.xth  order  is  scarcely  recognizable.  Dry  .six  months.  The  batard  is 
distingui-shed  by  a  very  large  coarse  buttock  feather  on  right  of  vulva,  ami  tlie  tillet 
on  the  left  of  the  vulva  has  bristling  hair. 

TUK    Nl.vrn    CLASS.    OK    LIMOUSINE    ESCUTCHEON. 

The  first  oixler  has  the  two  oval  feathers  and  wide  thigh  shield.  The  upper 
part  terminates  four  to  eight  inches  below  the  vulva  in  a  sharp  point  like  a  steeple. 
There  may  be  two  small  buttock  feathers.     Goes  dry  one  mouth. 

The  second  order  has  one  left  oval  feather  and  two  buttock  feathers  about 
three  inches  in  length,  the  left  being  the  longer,  as  in  all  the  escutcheons.  Goes  dry 
one  month. 

The  third  order  has  the  left  buttock  feather  still  more  elongated;  the  tliigli 
wings  are  more  contracted.     Goes  dry  three  montiis. 

The  fourth  order  has  larger  buttock  feathers  ;  the  whole  escutcheon  is  lower 
and  rounded.     Goes  dry  four  months. 

The  fifth  order  has  very  long  buttock  feathers.  The  wings  are  small,  and  each 
has  a  triangular  thigh  feather.     Goes  dry  five  months. 

The  sixtli  order  is  so  small  as  to  be  scarcely  distinguishable;  the  buttock 
feathers  are  very  long  and  ragged.     (>oes  dry  six  months. 

The  batard,  or  counterfeit  orders,  have  the  same  marks  in  each  order,  except 
that  the  buttock  fcatliens,  as  in  every  class,  are  larger,  coarser,  and  very  ln-istling. 


The  first  order  lias  an  escutcheon  of  full  width,  but  terminated  at  a  line  level 
with  the  top  of  the  udder.  There  are  two  oval  feathers  and  two  very  small  buttock 
feathers.     Goes  dry  one  month. 

The  second  order  has  one  oval  feather.  The  left  buttock  feather  is  elongatetl ; 
the  thigh  wings  are  contracted.     Goes  dry  two  months. 

The  third  order  is  still  more  contracted.  The  buttock  feathers  are  longer,  and 
there  is  a  triangular  thigh  feather  in  the  right  wing.     Goes  dry  three  months. 


m^^ 


HIPPARCHUS    11,672. 

AT    2    YEAIiS   Ol.n. 

Oraiif/e  Pccl-ICiiif/  Ti/pe. 
ISIUGIITSIDE     HEKD. 
K.  M.  IIoE.  504  Ghand   Street,  Ni 


FILLPAIL   2d    24,388. 

AT   4    TEARS   OLD. 

Imported  by  T.  S.  Cooper. 

Kliedwe—King—Mllpail  Type. 

A.  N.  Maktin,  Sum  MIT,  New  Jersey. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IK  AMEBIC'yl. 


65 


The  fourth  order  has  a  triangular  gore  in  each  wing.  The  l)uttoek  feathers 
are  long  and  bristling.     Goes  dry  four  months. 

The  fifth  order  has  vei'v  large  biittock  feathers  and  very  small  escutcheon. 
Goes  dry  five  months. 

The  sixth  order  does  not  rise  to  the  middle  of  the  very  small  udder.  The 
buttock  feathers  reach  almost  down  to  the  udder,  and  are  bristling.  Goes  dry  six 
months. 

The  carresine  counterfeits  have  all  the  marks  of  the  .six  orders  and  immense 
broad  buttock  feathers  in  every  order. 

Batard,  or  counterfeit  cows,  in  all  the  classes  and  orders,  only  differ  from 
free  cows  in  losing  their  milk  very  soon  after  impregnation. 

Guenon  arranged  cows,  according  to  amount  of  milk,  in  three  sizes — large, 
medium,  and  small.  As  the  Jersey  may  be  properly  called  a  medium-sized  cow, 
the  synoptic  tables  here  given  are  suitable  for  the  Jersey  breed. 


CHART  OF   THE  GUENON"    SYSTEM,  SHOWING   THE  DAILY  MILK 
YIELD   FOR  MEDIUM-SIZED   COWS,   IN   QUARTS. 


1.  Flaudrine. 

3.  Selvedge. . 

4.  Ciirveline. 
.5.  Bicorn  . . . 
7.  iDemijohn. 


Left  Flandrine  .  . 
Double  Selvedge. 
Square 


Limousine 
Carresine  . 


20  qts. 

20  " 

20  " 

20  " 

20  " 

18  " 

IS  " 

15  " 

16  " 
16  " 


16  qts. 
16    " 
16    " 
16    " 
16    " 

15  " 
15  « 
15    " 

12i" 
V2i- 


2iqts, 

n  " 

2i    " 

2i    " 


9iqts 
9i   « 

9i   " 


6  qts. 

6  " 

6  " 

6  '• 

6  " 

4  " 

i  " 

4  " 


3  qts 
3  " 
3  " 
3    '■ 


It  will  be  seen  that  the  escutcheons  are  arraai^ed  in  this  table  in  order  of  merit. 


66 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMElilCA. 


CHAKT  SHOWING  DUKATION  OF  MILKING  PERIOD  FOE  PREG- 
NANT COWS  BY  NUMBER  OF  MONTHS  EACH  ORDER  WILL 
PRODUCE  MILK. 


Classes. 

Orders. 

1st. 

2d. 

3d.       ,      4tli. 

5th. 

6th. 

1. 

2. 

Flandrine 

Left  Flandrine 

9 
9 
9 

8 
8 
8 
8 

8 
8 

7 

7 

7 
7 
7 

8 
7 

7 

6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 

5 
5 

5 

0 

5 
5 
5 
5 
5 

4 

3 
3 

3. 

3 

4. 
5. 
6. 

T. 

Curveline 

Bicorn 

Double  Selvedge 

3 
3 
3 
3 

8. 

3 

9. 

3 

10 

Oarresiiie                    .  .    . . 

3 

Flandrine 

Left  Flandrine .  . 

Selvedge 

Curveline 

Bicorn  

Double  Selvedge, 

Demijohn 

Square 

Limousine 

Carresine 


Number  ok  Months  Dry. 


2 

3 

5 

6 

2 

3 

5 

6 

2 

3 

^ 

6 

2 

3 

5 

6 

2 

3 

5 

6 

2 

3 

5 

c 

2 

3 

5 

6 

1 

3 

5 

6 

2 

3 

i 

5 

6 

2 

3 

1 

^ 

6 

THE    FORE-ESCUTCUEON    AHI)    Tlllon    < IVALS. 


Gnenon  did  not  think  it  necessary  to  observe  the  fore-escutcheon,  but  many  of 
our  best  breeders  of  Jersey  cattle  regard  the  fore  escutcheon  of  equal  importance 
with  the  posterior  escutcheon,  in  judging  of  the  jiroductive  and  breeding  qualities. 

The  fore-escutcheon  consists  in  the  forward  growth  of  hair  on  the  bellj'  of  the 
animal.  It  is  sometimes  very  large,  and  extends  nearly  to  the  fore-legs,  and  on  the 
sides  it  often  sweeps  over  the  margin  of  the  curtain,  and  forms  large  waves  or  curls 
on  the  sides  of  the  body. 

Many  great  butter  cows  have  a  large  fore-escutcheon,  notably  the  wondurftd 
cow  Mary  Anne  of  St.  Lambert  9770,  and  herewith  is  shown  a  diagram  of  her  fore- 
escutcheon,  drawn  by  the  author  from  memory. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


FoKE-EscuTuHEoN  uF  Makv  Annk  OK  St.  Lamukkt  !»770. 


Foee-Vkins  of  Jersey  Belle  of  Scituate  7828,  extending  to  the  Shouldei 


JERt>EY   CATTLK  JX  AMEi:i(A. 


Foke-\'eins  ok  Value  2i)  6844. 


Many  writers  upou  Jersey  cattle  have  mentioned  a  feature  that  seems  to  have 
escaped  the  uotiee  of  Gueuon,  and  tliat  is  a  feather  of  au  oval  shape  at  the  juncture 
of  the  thigli  ^ving  with  the  uprifflit  ixirtiou  of  tlie  escutcheon.  In  cows  this  feather 
appears  at  the  top  of  tlie  udder  on  each  side,  dii)ping  down  from  the  thigh  about 
two  inches.     (See  Fig.  VIII.,  p.  59,  and  the  escutcheon  plates.) 

The  tliigh  oval  feather  is  formed  of  down-growing  hair,  and  is  exceedingly  tine 
and  soft,  and  always  indicates  superior  quality  in  a  Jersey  of  either  sex.  In  the 
hull  it  is  smaller,  and  dips  down  ujjon  the  thigh  or  upon  the  scrotum.  A  good  thigh 
oval  feather  should  not  be  more  tliau  three  inches  in  length,  but  sometimes  they 
extend  so  far  as  to  coalesce  with  tlie  lower  oval  feathers,  thus  fonning  a  long  band 
of  down-growing  hair  on  each  hind-quarter  of  the  luldi'r. 

The  ten  plates  which  follow  show  an  ideal  escutcheon  of  each  class.  I  have 
added  the  thigh  ovals,  with  the  exception  of  the  double  selvedge,  of  which  I  have 
only  seen  one  specimen,  and  the  escutcheon  of  the  bull.  The  flandrine,  selvedge, 
curveline,  bicoru,  and  demijohn  escutcheons  are  the  best  classes,  and  for  the  Jersey 
there  is  no  better  escutcheon  than  a  perfect  curveline. 


Fi.ANnKiNK  Escutcheon. 


Left  Flandrine  Escutcheon. 


SkT.VEDGE    EsfTTC'IIKON. 


CuKVKi.iNK  Escutcheon. 


BiCOKN    ESCUTCHEOX. 


Double  Selvedge  Escuitcueon. 


SquAKE    EstTTC'irKON. 


Demijohn  Escutcheun. 


Limousine  Escutcheon. 


Carresixe  or  Level  Escitcheon. 


ClRVELINK    EsCrXCHEOX    OF    THE    BlT.L    YoUNG    MeRCCRY    7-iSo. 

Bred  axd  Owked  by  William  Simi-sox.  New  York. 

The  fun'  escutcheon  (,f  ihlx  hull  rorcv  more  than  half  the  helhj. 


JERSEY  CA  TTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


THE    ESCUTCHEON    OF    THE    BUI.I„ 


According  to  Cirueiion,  the  escutcheon  of  the  bull  starts  from  the  fore-part  of 
the  scrotum,  extends  within  and  above  the  hocks,  spreads  over  the  hinder  surface  of 
the  thighs,  and  in  the  higher  orders  of  some  classes  ascends  as  liigh  as  the  anus. 
Those  bulls  whose  escutcheons,  in  form  and  dimensions,  resemble  those  of  cows  of 
the  higher  orders,  are  well  adapted  to  the  procreation  of  offspring  of  good  milking 
qualities.  A  bull  is  well  marked  and  a  good  breeder  when  there  is  no  invasion  of 
descending  hair  into  the  ascending  hair  of  his  escutcheon  ;  and  the  escutcheon  is 
of  large  dimensions,  in  proportion  to  the  size  of  the  animal,  and  is  covered  with 
very  fine  hair. 

"  Bulls,  like  cows,  may  be  arranged  in  ten  classes,  of  which  each  class  comprises 
several  orders,  and  every  order  three  sizes.  I  shall  only  distinguish  three  orders  in 
each  class,  which  I  shall  designate  as  good,  fair,  and  bad.  The  same  distinctions 
could  be  observed  as  in  cows." 

The  defects  in  the  escutcheon  of  the  Imll  are  coarseness  of  hair,  diminutive 
size,  angular  invasions  of  hair  on  the  thighs,  or  an  oval  feather  of  descending  hair 
an  inch  wide  by  two  or  three  inches  in  length  on  the  inside  of  the  thigh  about  the 
middle  of  the  escutcheon  and  covered  with  long  thick  hair. 

The  fair  escutcheon  of  the  bull  may  1)0  compared  M'itli  the  tliinl  and  fonrtli 
order  in  cows. 

The  good  escutcheon  is  eipiivaleiit  to  tlie  lirst  oriler  in  cdws. 

SIONIFICANC^E    OF     THE    SCALE    OF    FOIXTS. 

The  scale  of  points,  including  the  fore  and  liind  escutcheon,  is  recommended  as 
a  guide  in  the  piirchase  of  animals  and  as  an  aid  in  breeding. 

The  milk  and  butter  quality,  when  demonstrated  by  churn  tests,  shows  what 
the  cow  can  do,  and  encourages  the  In-eeder  to  look  for  the  same  (piality  in  her 
male  and  female  progeny. 

The  escutcheon,  according  to  Guenon,  "is  the  only  incontestable  cliaracteristic 
sign  that  Can  enable  one  to  discern,  by  simple  inspection,  the  aptitude  for  milk  pro- 
duction of  each  animal."  Those  who  decry  the  escutcheon  always  like  to  show  a 
herd  of  well-escutcheoned  animals.  The  escutcheon  when  perfect  is  also  one  of  the 
chief  elements  of  beauty  in  a  Jersey. 

The  skin  color  is  an  indication  that  the  cow,  being  richly  colored  within  tlie 
ears  and  on  other  parts,  especially  if  she  retains  the  color  throughout  the  year  (she 
will  show  most  color  when  fed  on  green  food),  will  give  a  golden  tint  to  lier  l)Utter 
in  midwinter. 

The  ban-el,  if  large  and  capacious,  shows  that  the  animal  has  constitutional 
vigor  and  room  for  the  laboratory  of  digestion  and  assimilation  of  food. 


70  .JEllSKY   CA  TTLE  JX  AMERICA. 

Tlie  general  appearance  should  be  bony  and  lean,  showing  that  the  animal  nses 
the  ndder  and  all  the  lacteal  vessels  fur  the  s])ecial  pnqiose  of  ntilizing  all  the  food 
elements  for  the  jjroiluctioii  of  milk  and  cream. 

The  fore-nd<lcr  .-h.-uld  l.c  full  but  well  n.iinded  rather  than  square.  The 
angular  udder  must  give  i)laee  to  the  spheroid — free  from  tle.sliiness,  and  a  true 
milk-secreting  organ. 

Tlie  hind-u.ldcr  sli.mld  ].roject  far  out  fmm  the  tliighs  with  a  roiiml  outline, 
and  M-ell  tucked  up  in  the  twist.  Tlie  whole  udder  should  liave  a  spheroidal  form. 
and  its  su2)porting  ligaments  must  be  so  stnnig  as  to  ])revciit  it  fn.m  bectimiug 
l)endent,  even  in  advanced  age. 

The  udder  qualitv  should  be  soft,  sujjple,  and  elastics,  .so  as  t<»  milk  empty. 
There  need  be  only  sufficient  vascularity  to  make  healthful  milk-glands.  The  udder 
should  liave  a  silken  and  unctuous  tt^rnch  ;  the  hair  very  short  and  tine — a  butter 
udd..r. 

'i"he  veins  show  a  cai>:icity  for  free  circulation  accoixling  to  size.  The  bull 
.should  be  credited  with  a  "  milk"  vein,  when  marking  for  prizes. 

The  teats  should  be  ju>f  large  eiiougli  to  till  the  grasp  of  a  man's  hand,  and  yield 
tlie  milk  u|M,n  slight  pressure,  but  never  leak.  The  teats  nnist  be  kept  free  from 
warts  aii<l  s.,res  by  j.roper  treatment.  The  nii)]iles  of  the  bull,  if  eipial  in  size  an<l 
of  good  length,  an<l  st>t  wide  apart,  indicate  tlie  same  .piality  in  liis  lieifers. 

The  higli  rumji  is  an  im|iortant  jioint  to  cultivate;  it  indicates  vigor  and  less 
lialiility  to  abortii.n.      It  also  adds  much  to  the  symmetry  and    beauty  of  the  animal. 

The  thin  thigh  belongs  t.>  the  <-reamer,  the  round  thigh  to  the  beef  anhnal 
Acnrlon  each  ]i.K-k  is  a  goo,l  sign. 

'I'he  thin  mellow  liide  is  a  ]iart  of  that  general  make-up  which  denotes  tlie 
creamer.  1'he  very  large  pendent  navel  and  loose  .skin  on  the  belly  are  ass(.)ciated 
with  a  cai)acious  and  flexible  udder. 

Hair  as  unctuous  as  vaseline  is  a  ])rediction  of  butter  in  the  churn,  .\void  dry, 
wiry  hair  in  i-\i'vy  animal,  but  cultivate  the  soft,  tint'  coat. 

llil>s  of  great  breadth  indicate  great  abdominal  capacity  and  ro.,m  below  for  an 
inniiense  udder.  FineiU'ss  of  bone  is  indicative  of  tine  (piality  in  ev(ny  ti.ssue  of  the 
body. 

A  level  back  is  an  indication  of  strength,  and  gives  synunetry  to  the  form. 
An  old  cow  may  sway  a  little  bel..w  the  line. 

The  double  chine  is  associated  witli  fully  de\-elo])cd  lacteal  and  generative 
organs  and  first-order  escutcheons.  "When  you  can  lay  the  fingers  in  the  spaces 
between  the  s])ines,  you  have  a  cow  with  broad  liijis.  lai'ge  udder,  and  a  very  broad 
escutcheon. 

The  long,  thin  neck  of  the  cow  is  to  be  matched  with  the  long,  well-arched, 
higli-set  neck  of  the  bull.     A  .short  thick  neck  indicates  fat  on  the  ribs  and  kidneys. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  EY  AMERICA.  71 

Large  eyes,  which  for  gentleness  of  expression  rival  those  of  the  gazelle,  are  the 
special  featnve  of  loveliness  in  a  Jersey  cow.  The  bull  should  have  a  kind  but 
lively  eye.     The  one  indicates  docility,  the  other  vigor  and  power. 

The  lively  and  playful  Inill  indicates  a  condition  of  vigorous  health  and  potency. 
The  gentleness  of  the  cow  is  manifested  by  an  undisturbed  equaniuiity,  a  condition 
of  perfect  contentment,  indifferent  to  all  things  except  her  cud,  which  she  always 
enjoys  when  not  feeding  or  sleeping.  It  is  the  business  of  the  butter  cow  to  keep 
the  cud  in  motion. 

The  tail  should  be  as  long,  as  tapering,  and  as  fine  as  possible.  Such  a  tail,  if 
tipped  with  a  switch  like  the  tail  of   a  horse,  indicates  a  very  well-bred  animal. 

The  shoulders  cannot  be  too  oblique  or  too  sloping,  and  the  good  butter  cow 
never  lays  up  fat  on  her  shoulder-blades  while  she  is  giving  a  full  flow  of  milk. 

The  legs  should  be  fine,  having  flat,  hard  bones,  which  with  small  feet  are 
indicative  of  good  breeding  and  fine  quality. 

Thin  withers  also  indicate  fineness  of  breeding,  and  lielong  to  the  wedge-form. 
Thick  withers  indicate  more  lung  power  and  usually  a  greater  feeding  capacity ;  but 
such  animals  are  liable  to  become  fat,  while  the  thin  withers  indicate  the  milking 
form. 

A  widening  at  the  crops  indicates  constitutional  stamina  and  strong  vitality. 

The  deep  chest  without  great  breadth  indicates  a  suificient  power  of  respiration 
for  good  health  and  a  form  that  is  compatible  with  production  of  milk  and  cream 
rather  than  beef. 

The  small,  lean  head,  long  and  tapering,  indicates  nuieli  milk  ;  the  short,  square 
head,  beef.     The  arched  crown  is  a  beautiful  characteristic  of  the  finest  Jerseys. 

The  dished  face  is  attractive  and  not  incompatible  with  the  greatest  jirodnc- 
tiveness. 

Breadth  between  the  eyes  indicates  sagacity'  and  a  high  degree  of  Ijovine 
intelligence,  as  well  as  beauty. 

The  ash-colored  fillet  is  a  striking  feature  in  the  Jersey  race.  If  the  muzzle  is 
slightly  turned  uj),  nostrils  wide,  the  mouth  broad,  and  the  masticatory  muscles  stand 
out  roimdly  from  the  muzzle  and  cheek,  it  is  a  good  combination  of  features  for 
business  and  beauty.  A  black  nose  is  supposed  to  be  characteristic  of  the  Jersey 
breed,  though  not  any  more  essential  to  purity  than  a  black  tongue  or  a  lilack 
switch. 

The  small  ear  well  fringed  indicates  not  only  fine  l)reeding  liut  constitutional 
vigor.     The  fringe  is  also  a  protection  from  flies. 

Horns  of  translucent  amber  with  black  tips  are  very  ornamental,  especially  if 
small  in  size  and  slender,  and  if  they  have  a  natural  crumple,  or  have  been  trained 
to  droop  or  curl  about  the  face.  They  are  as  useless  as  they  are  ornamental,  and 
have  less  significance  than  any  otliei-  ]ioint. 


73  JERSEY  CATTLE  IJST  AMERICA. 

Besides  the  scale  of  points,  with  which  one  cannot  be  too  familiar,  there  are 
several  other  considerations  which  need  to  be  remembered  in  judging  of  cattle. 

1.  Tlie  race  peculiarities. 

2.  The  family  traits. 

3.  The  degree  of  inl)reeding. 

4.  The  age. 

5.  The  size. 

6.  The  system  of  management  and  care. 
T.  The  health. 

8.  The  variety,  quality,  and  amount  of  food. 

9.  The  special  power  to  assimilate  food. 

10.  The  quality  of  the  cow's  milk,  cream,  and  butter. 

11.  Tiie  season  of  the  year,  and  the  weather. 

12.  The  period  of  gestati(m. 

By  familiarity  witli  the  animals  and  witli  every  technicality  of  these  descrip- 
tions and  points,  any  one  with  an  eye  for  a  cow  can  become  expert  in  the  selection 
of  the  best  stock,  and  while  they  are  yet  young  calves  may  apprehend  their  future 
excellence. 

THE    PRINCIPLES    OF    BREEDING. 

Of  the  ancient  methods  of  cattle-breeding  we  have  Httle  knowledge.  The  oldest 
recoi-d  of  skill  in  the  art  is  found  in  the  Book  of  Genesis,  where  Jacob,  who  was 
the  superintendent  of  the  herd  of  his  fatlier-in-law  Laban,  the  Syrian,  after  fourteen 
years  of  familiarity  with  Laban's  cattle — he  had  bred  cattle,  however,  all  his  life,  and 
was  past  fifty  years  of  age — proposed  to  take,  as  his  wages,  only  the  spotted  cattle. 
From  this  it  would  appear  that  spotted  cattle  were  then  a  great  rarity,  a  strange 
freak  of  nature  not  only  among  sheep,  goats,  camels,  and  asses,  but  bovines.  Laban 
readily  assented  to  the  proposition,  and  Jacob,  by  consummate  skill  and  selection  of 
the  strongest  cattle,  soon  had  an  immense  herd  of  spotted  cattle,  notable  for  their 
strong  constitutions,  and,  as  a  sequel,  his  wages  were  "  changed  ten  times."  This 
record  of  breeding,  brief  as  it  is,  has  much  that  is  suggestive  to  the  modern  cattle- 
breeder.  Jacob  had  a  plan,  adhered  to  it,  and  was  successful  in  changing  the  colors 
of  cattle  y  in  improving  their  constitiitional  vigor,  and  in  overcoming  the  habit  of 
abort/ion  among  his  herds.  Some  might  add  that,  according  to  the  record,  there 
was  divine  interposition  in  his  behaK.  Well,  the  record  also  states  that  Jacob 
sought  for  divine  blessing.  All  modern  breeders  would  also  do  well  to  follow  Ids 
example,  and  also  make  confession  of  the  blessing. 

The  object  of  the  breeder  is  to  produce  at  will,  not  by  luck  or  chance,  perfect 
specimens  of  the  race,  that  shall  combine  all  the  quaUties  desired.  Most  of  the 
modern  breeds  of  cattle  have  been  develojied  by  a  slow,  hap-liazard  process.  Some 
of  the  breeds  in  England  have  been  formed  by  men  of  genius  after  a  well-considered 


JERSEY  CA  TTLE  IX  AMERICA.  73 

plan.  The  best  families  of  Jerseys  have  been  made  by  method.  The  results  of  the 
methods  practised  in  England  for  the  last  century  and  in  America  for  a  shorter 
period  show  conclusively  that  breeds  or  races  of  domestic  animals,  to  be  successful 
and  profitable,  must  combine  a  few  peculiar  excellencies  which  are  to  be  developed 
to  their  fullest  extent  regardless  of  all  other  qualities  that  are  incompatible  with  the 
object  sought. 

The  dairy  breed  must  have  the  wedge  form  and  lean  general  appearance,  com- 
patible \vith  a  long  life  devoted  to  formation  of  tons  of  cream  in  the  udder,  while 
the  beef  animal  must  have  the  square  form,  and  make  a  mountain  of  marbled  meat, 
rich  in  osraazome,  at  or  before  three  years  of  age.  The  two  types  are  wholly  distinct, 
and  cannot  be  blended  in  one  breed.  As  soon  think  of  winning  races  with  the 
heavy  muscles  of  the  cart  horse  as  to  win  at  the  churn  or  cheese  vat  with  a  beef 
breed. 

The  possibihties  of  achievement  in  bringing  the  Jersey  to  a  high  average 
standard  of  productiveness  have  been  at  least  partially  shown  by  the  efforts  of  a 
few  skilful  breeders — notably  by  E.  M.  Hoe,  of  New  York,  0.  S.  Hubbell,  of 
Connecticut,  and  Philip  Dauncey,  in  England.  Mr.  Daimcey  began  in  1826,  and 
for  forty  years  worked  with  three  distinct  objects  in  view :  first,  a  high  average 
butter  yield ;  second,  constitutional  vigor ;  third,  coats  of  uniform  style  of  color, 
entirely  free  from  patches  of  white.  All  these  objects  were  successfully  achieved. 
Mr.  Hubbell  has  accomplished  the  foiindation  of  a  family  noted  for  great  ;yields 
of  butter,  beautiful  color  and  symmetry,  and  remarkable  uniformity  of  excellence. 
Mr.  William  Simpson,  of  New  York,  is  also  pursuing  a  scientific  method  in 
breeding. 

The  great  problem  that  confronts  every  lireeder  is  tliat  of  dujjlicating  at  will 
the  animals  he  has  selected  as  his  models. 

A  thoroxigli  knowledge  of  the  history  of  breeding  and  the  special  methods  of 
successful  breeders,  a  taste  for  the  art,  and  a  love  for  the  animals,  if  combined  with 
a  genius  for  the  work,  are  auspices  of  great  results. 

I  believe  that  the  laws  of  breeding  may  be  formulated  in  such  a  manner  as  to 
insure  success  to  the  man  of  average  skill  and  the  requisite  education. 


"When  the  orchardist,  by  combining  the  qualities  of  two  excellent  fruits, 
produces,  out  of  many  thousand  seedKngs,  one  of  delicious  quality,  he  very  well 
knows  that  he  cannot  reproduce  the  same  or  an  equally  good  fruit  short  of  many 
very  tedious  experiments,  perhaps  not  in  a  lifetime,  by  the  process  of  breeding.  The 
union  of  two  animals  produces  always  a  new  seedhng  which  varies  from  the  parents 
more  or  less  widely. 


74  JERSEY    CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

Thi.s  variation  proceeds  from  tlie  law  of  heredity,  that  a  seedling  represents  the 
sum  of  the  combined  qualities  of  all  its  ancestors  operative  at  and  subsequent  to 
the  time  of  sexual  imion.  The  most  prepotent  force  in  ])rocreation  may  revert  to 
some  ancestor  five,  ten,  or  twenty  generations  distant,  so  as  to  reproduce  in  all  their 
force  of  individuality  the  features  of  one  noted  for  great  merit  or  marked  inferiority. 
This  peculiarity  of  tracing  to  a  remote  ancestor  is  called  atavism,  and  signifies 
likeness  to  "  an  old  grandfather." 

To  avoid  tlie  bad  influences  of  atavism,  and  utilize  the  good,  is  tlic  province  of 
the  skilful  breeder.  The  oi-chardist,  to  avoid  the  inconvenience  and  delay  resulting 
from  atavism,  continually  resorts  to  budding  and  grafting,  perpetuating  the  identical 
variety  by  offshoots.  The  l)reeder  must  assimilate  in  dealing  with  animal  life  as 
nearly  as  jjossible  to  the  ])roccss  of  the  orcliardist  witii  plant  life. 


A  thorowjhh'cd  or  jjurehred  animal  is  one  of  a  race  that  can  l)e  traced  back 
to  one  common  ancestry  in  both  the  male  and  female  lines,  with  close  in-and-in 
breeding  for  seven  or  more  generations. 

\fi(in>r,i/  animal  is  the  result  of  breeding  a  tlioronglibred  male' to  a  female  of 
another  breed,  and  successively  to  her  2;)rogeny  for  xix  generations.  Tims  the 
progeny  of  a  thoroughbred  bull  and  a  native  cow  gives  a  female  with  50  per  cent, 
of  thoroughltred  blood,  which  cow,  mated  with  the  same  or  anothei'  thoroughbred 
bull  of  tlie  same  breed,  gives  75  per  cent,  of  the  pure  blood.  The  next  generation 
gives  87i  per  cent,  of  pure  blood.  The  fourth  generation  gives  |^,  or  i)3J  per 
cent.,  of  tlioronglibred.  Tiie  sixth  generation  gives  ||,  or  98^^  per  cent.,  of  pure 
bl.Mxl,  ora/VWvrV,  very  nearly. 

A  cr(>st<hn',l  animal  is  tlic  progeny  of  two  thoronghl)red  animals  of  ditferrnt 
breeds. 

A  tjrail,'  luiimal  is  one  that  ])osscsses  any  degree  of  thoroughbred  blood 
below  a  fulll.rcd.  .\  low  grade  has  less,  and  a  high  grade  more  than  50  \^vy  cent,  of 
thoroughljred. 

A  scrub  animal  is  one  whose  ])edigree  has  no  quality  of  uniformity  or  (jf 
thorough  selection  in  either  the  male  or  female  Wna,  and  alvHnjs  y'rves  the  Jtiyliest 
risk  of  atavism  toward  inferiority  in  the  progeny. 


That  ])ecnliar  jiower  which  is  possessed  in  a  very  marked  degree  l)y  a  few 
animals  of  either  sex,  of  transmitting  to  their  ])rogeny  all  tin'  striking  individual 
characteristics  of  the  parent,  so  that  the  descendants  have  a  uniform  resemblance 
and  quality,  is  c-aA-q^  prepotency.     It  is  a  faculty  which  implies  a  special  aecmnula- 


JERSEY   CA  TTLE  IN  AMERICA.  75 

tioii  of  vital  force  in  the  generative  system,  in  common  with  all  the  other  depart- 
ments of  the  organism,  and  is  not  to  be  confounded  with  the  narrower  term, 
potency,  which  refers  to  the  physical  health  of  the  male  generative  faculty,  regardless 
of  powers  of  transmission  of  quality.  This  element  of  prepotency  may  consist 
in  the  ability  to  transmit  inferior  or  mediocre  qualities,  as  well  as  those  of  the 
superlative  degree  of  excellence.  The  breeder  wants  animals  that  overcome  atavism 
by  prepotency  of  the  highest  order. 

Atavism  is  usually  a  result  of  crossing  two  varieties  of  the  same  species,  or  if 
it  occurs  in  a  thoroughbred  family,  it  is  the  result  of  an  inharmonious  union. 

If  the  breeder  could  follow  the  example  of  the  orchardist  by  budding,  the 
imcertainties  of  breeding  would  be  neutralized.  A  seed  is  but  a  modified  bud  ;  the 
animal  is  analogous  to  the  same  process  of  development.  The  breeder  cannot  bud 
from  his  model,  but  by  a  certain  fonnula  he  can  in  time  produce  an  animal  that 
shall  be  nearly  identical  in  Ijlood  elements  \vith  the  selected  mudel. 

IX-AND-IN  BEEEDING. 

There  is  no  subject  upon  which  current  notions  are  so  wide  from  the  facts  as 
the  mating  of  near  kin.  A  jirevalent  notion  exists  that  in  some  mysterious 
manner  the  union  of  tlie  blood  of  near  relations  is  harmful.  All  sorts  of  disasters 
in  man  and  animals  have  been  attributed  to  the  union  of  kindred  blood.  The  history 
of  man,  and  the  records  relating  to  the  natural  history  of  animals  and  the  science  of 
breeding,  show  that  this  cni-rent  notion  is  fallacious  in  the  extreme. 

According  to  the  iiook  of  Genesis,  Eve  was  identical  with  Adaiu.  For  the 
first  twenty-five  hundred  years  of  human  history  mamage  between  full  brother  and 
sister  or  half  brother  and  half  sister  was  the  recognized  order  of  society.  Moses, 
the  greatest  man  of  antiq^uty — seer,  lawgiver,  poet,  historian,  judge,  ruler,  and 
leader  of  a  great  people  just  freed  from  bondage,  was  the  son  of  his  aunt ;  while  liis 
father  was  also  his  double  inicle.  His  mother  was  a  daughter  of  Levi,  and  his 
father  a  double  grandson  of  the  same  Levi.  His  ijrother  Aaron  and  sister  Miriam 
were  also  highly  distinguished  for  ability.  These  were  the  ages  of  longevity  for  the 
human  race.  From  Noah  to  Moses  the  average  age,  for  sixteen  generations,  was 
nearly  three  hundred  years.  To  show  how  close  was  the  consanguinity,  I  give  a 
chai-t  of  the  pedigree  of  Moses.  If  the  lines  were  all  complete,  the  closeness  would 
probably  be  still  more  marked. 

I  have  given  this  pedigree  to  illustrate  the  facts  of  history,  and  to  show  that  the 
closest  consanguinity  in  the  human  family  is  not  a  hindrance  to  the  highest  physical 
and  mental  perfection.  On  the  contrary,  was  not  this  mingling  of  kindred  blood  a 
cause  for  the  great  qualities  which  Moses  illustrated  ?  "Was  the  law  of  mamage  ■ 
which  lie  afterward  gave  based  upon  physiological  or  sanitary  necessity,  or  was  it 
simply  relative  to  a  system  of  social  ethics?     If  the  existence  of  organic  diseases 


jj:j:shy  cattlk  ix  amkrica. 


1  Nabor. 

Terah..  .. 

Abraham    — 

1  Sister. 

Sister. 

Isaac - 

Terah... 

Sarah — 

i  Sister. 

Nahor. 
i  Sister. 

Jacob - 

Rebekah..  - 

Nahor,  Jr 
Bethuel....— 1 

Milcah.... 

Terah. 
Sister. 
Haran. 

Levi - 

Laban - 

Relation. 

,  Nahor,  Jr 
BethueL...- 

Milcah. . . . 

Sister. 

Terah. 

~:  Sister. 

Ilaran. 

Levi's  Wife. 

Leah - 

Relation  (?i. 
Isaac — 

Relation  (?) 

Terah.... 
Abraham.. - 

Sister. 

Terah 

•sister. 

Nahor. 
'~   Sister. 

1  Nahor. 

Sarah - 

1  Sister. 

1  Sister. 

Terah. 

Nahor,  Jr 

Bethuel... - 

Haran. 

Rebekah..  - 

!  Milcah.  .. 

Relation  (•). 

Nahor,  Jr 
Bethuel.... - 

,  Sister. 
1  Terah. 

Sister. 

Haran. 

Daughterol 
Levi - 

Levi's  Wife. 
Jacob — 

Leah  - 

Isaac - 

Rebekah...— 

Laban - 

Relation  e). 
Abraham. - 

Sarah - 

Bethnel....- 
Relatlon  (?). 

Milcah.... 

Relation  (?). 

Nahor. . . . 

Terah - 

1  Sister  (♦). 

Nahor.  .. 

Terah - 

Sister  (?). 
Relation. 

1  Terah 

Nahor,  Jr..- 

1  Sister. 

1  Ilaran... 

Milcah - 

Sister.  ... 

{  Sister. 

1  Serng. 
1  Sister. 

Serug. 
:  Sister. 

1  Nahor. 
1  Sister. 

J  Terah. 
1  Sister  (f). 
1  Terah. 

Terah... 

Nahor,  Jr.. - 

Sister  (•). 

_,  Nahor. 
i  Sister  (?). 

t 

Bethuel....- 

1  Terah, 

Haran 

- 

l~ 

Laban - 

Milcah — 

1  Sister  (?). 

1  Terah. 

Wife  of  I^vl. 

Relation  (?). 

Kelatlon  {?). 

Sister 

1  Sister  (>). 

JERSEY   CATTLE  I^T  AMERICA.  77 

called  for  the  law,  the  same  organic  diseases  sliould  liave  called  for  a  prohibition  of 
marriage  without  and  beyond  the  prescribed  degrees  of  consanguinity.  It  is  certain 
that  there  is  no  evidence  to  show  that  consanguineous  union  in  man  or  the  lower 
animals  ever  did  or  ever  can  originate  disease.  On  the  contrary,  we  observe  that 
where  races  diverse  in  physique  and  character  are  bred  together  the  crosses  lead  to 
many  imperfections.  Huth  has  well  said  that  if  organisms  are  not  nearly  alUed 
they  can  rarely  be  made  to  interbreed  ;  and  that  the  result  of  such  crosses  is  an 
offspring  of  weedj'  growth,  ill-balanced  intellect,  often  as  susceptible  to  unfavorable 
circumstances  as  an  xmacclimatized  animal,  and  generally  sterile  ;  it  is  impossible  that 
crossing  can  be  considered  in  any  way  beneficial  except  inasmuch  as  it  may  relieve  a 
possible  hereditary  tendency  to  disease.  The  Jews,  since  the  Mosaic  law,  have  fre- 
quently married  cousins,  and  are  the  best  variety  of  the  hiimau  species  to  illustrate 
the  princii^le  of  thoroughbred  quality.  For  ages  they  have  been  maligned  and  perse- 
cuted in  Eastern  countries,  and  have  suffered  more  hardships  than  any  other  people  ; 
yet  they  are  possessed  of  greater  viability  than  any  other  known  race,  and  can  thrive 
in  every  variety  of  climate  on  the  earth,  while  subject  to  all  the  vicissitudes  of 
commercial  life.  "Where  other  European  races  would  perish,  the  Jew  flourishes  and 
grows  rich.  Consanguinity  is  the  law  among  most  races  of  animals  in  a  state  of 
nature,  especially  those  that  are  polygamoiis,  as  cattle,  sheep,  deer,  and  antelopes. 
In  herds  of  wild  horses,  and  also  of  the  wild  boar,  it  is  usual  to  find  but  one  adult 
male.  The  elephant,  the  gorilla,  the  lion,  the  ostrich,  and  many  sjiecies  of  birds 
are  polygamous,  which  always  indicates  the  closest  forms  of  in-and-in  breeding 
perpetuated  from  the  beginning  of  creation. 


IN-AND-IN    BREEDINi;    l)F    ANIMALS SHEEI'. 

Doctor  Iluth,  in  his  great  work  ''  The  Marriage  of  Near  Kin,"  in  the  preparation 
of  which  he  consulted  one  hundred  and  seventy-one  different  authors,  after  showing 
the  fallacious  character  of  the  meagre  statistics  purporting  to  show  ill  effects  attrib- 
utable to  consanguineous  marriages,  says :  "  No  census  could  determine  whether 
consanguinity  can  be  a  primary  cause  of  disease.  For  that  we  must  interrogate 
nature,  as  she  has  already  been  so  successfully  interrogated  on  other  physiological 
questions.  We  must  experiment  on  the  lower  animals,  since  we  may  not  experiment 
on  man.  Generation  varies  so  little  in  its  essential  characteristics  from  the  lowest 
organisms  to  the  highest,  that  observations  deduced  from  the  breeding  of  domestic 
animals  may  very  safely  be  applied  to  man.  An  animal  properly  bred  in-and-in, 
and  a  wild  animal,  is  each  perfect  according  to  its  circumstances.  Alter  tlie  circum- 
stances, and  the  animal  is  at  once  unfit  for  its  place. 

"  From  the  breeder's  point  of  view,  in-and-in  breeding  improves  the  breed, 
because  it  suppresses  those  qualities  which  are  useless,  and  develops  those  which  are 


78  JERSEY  CATTLE   I X  AMERICA. 

useful,  whether  it  be  for  racing,  for  wool,  for  the  hutcher,  or  for  any  other  purpose  ; 
and  without  in-and-in  breeding  he  cannot  alter  an  animal  to  suit  his  purpose. 

"  Naturally,  persons  with  that  preconceived  notion  which  every  one  is  bound  to 
have  on  this  subject  who  has  not  studied  it  are  apt  to  consider  any  evil  result 
observed  in  the  course  of  in-and-in  breeding  as  caused  by  that  kind  of  breeding 
in  animals,  without  any  prcNnous  examination  whether  there  may  not  be  other  causes 
to  account  for  it. 

"  In  the  study  of  these  cases,  therefore,  as  in  others,  we  must  remenil)er  that 
one  fact  showing  the  harmlessness  of  in-and-in  breeding  is  worth  a  hundred  tending 
to  show  their  harmfulness  ;  since  in  the  former  consanguinity  is  still  a  factor,  but  in 
the  latter  we  are  ignorant  what  other  factore  may  have  come  into  play.  Let  tis  now 
proceed  to  facts. 

"  'M.  Allie,'  says  M.  Boudiu,  'after  a  long  experience,  is  of  opinion  that  the 
system  of  in-and-iu  breeding  is  rain  to  sheep.  A  flock  at  Petit-Bourg,'  he  says, 
'  has  diminished  greatly  in  value  since  it  passed  into  other  hands,  and  this  system  has 
been  practised.'  The  ob.servations  of  Stephens  led  him  to  the  same  conclusion  :  the 
progeny,  he  says,  though  improved  in  iigure,  tirmness  of  bone,  etc.,  are  nevertheless 
delicate-skinned,  and  therefore  liable  to  the  attacks  of  insects  and  to  inflammation  ; 
bait  this  evil  is  only  the  result  of  long-continued  in-and-in  breeding,  and  by  no 
means  the  immediate  residt. 

"M.  Aube  asserts  that  sheep  will  produce  a  dark  kind  if  bred  in-and-in,  which  he 
explains  as  a  step  on  the  road  to  albinoishi.  While  Mr.  Giblett,  quoted  by  Walker, 
asserted  that  sheep  lired  in-and-in  on  Bakewell's  principle  are  fitter  for  the  tallow- 
chandler  than  for  the  kite-hen. 

"  On  the  other  hand,  M.  Beaudouin  gives  the  following  account  of  a  flock  of 
three  hundred  merinoes  bred  iu-and-in  for  a  period  of  twenty-two  years:  the 
animals  originally  came  from  Saxony,  were  renowned  for  the  purity  of  their  blood, 
and  had  only  been  a  few  years  in  the  Cote  d'Or,  when,  in  18-iO,  he  commenced  his 
observations.  At  that  time,  though  suffering  from  no  particular  disease,  the  sheep 
were  laboring  under  general  debility,  seemingly  attributable  more  to  a  want  of  accli- 
matization than  anything  else.  lie  began  by  a  little  judicious  selection,  eliminating 
about  15  per  cent,  yearly,  and  the  flock  soon  became  remarkably  strong  and  healthy. 
There  was  no  sign  of  sterility — altogether,  perhaps,  the  cases  of  cryptorchis  (non- 
appearance of  testicles)  and  monorchis  (single  testicle)  were  not  more  than  6  per  cent., 
while  in  the  females  there  were  even  fewer  cases  of  barrenness.  Ciises  of  duplic-atc 
organs  were  about  5  per  cent. ;  and  in  1859,  a  year  when  these  ciises  were  unusually 
frequent  in  all  the  flocks  about,  there  were  as  many  as  7  ])er  cent,  in  his.  The  sexes 
were  produced  in  nearly  equal  numbers,  and  cases  of  miscarriage  were  not  more 
numerous  than  among  the  neighboring  flocks.  Far  from  degenerating,  they 
became  finer  and  far  more  to  be  depended  upon  to  reproduce  their  jiro^ier  ty])e  than 


JER><EY   CATTLE  IN  A3IERICA.  79 

is  ordinary  in  flocks  when  crossed.  He  concludes  with  the  declaration  that,  in  his 
belief,  inbreeding,  combined  with  a  moderate  amount  of  selection,  has  no  evil  effect. 
Close  interbreeding,  says  Mr.  Darwin,  has  perhaps  been  continued  longer  with  sheep 
than  with  cattle ;  but  perhaps  the  nearest  relations  have  not  been  so  frequently 
matched.  Messrs.  Brown,  during  fifty  years,  have  not  crossed  their  excellent  flock 
of  Leicesters,  nor  since  the  year  1810  has  Mr.  Barfoi-d  crossed  the  Foscote  flock. 
This  gentleman  asserts  that  when  two  nearly  related  individuals  are  perfectly  sound 
no  degeneracy  is  produced  in  their  offspring  by  their  union  ;  or,  in  other  words, 
that  there  is  no  danger  by  in-and-in  breeding  unless  through  morbid  inheritance. 
But,  on  the  other  hand,  he  does  not  pride  himself  on  breeding  from  the  nearest 
relatives  ;  and  I  may  add  that  such  is  not  a  breeder's  object :  he  does  not  choose  a 
relative  for  its  relationship,  but  for  its  qualities.  In  France  the  Naz  flock  has  been  bred 
in-and-in  for  sixty  years,  without  the  introduction  of  any  strange  blood.  Ferdinand 
and  Louis  Fischer  started  a  flock  of  one  hundred  ewes  of  one  family  and  four  rams  of 
another ;  and  these  families  have  since  been  interbred  without  the  admixture  of  a 
drop  of  fresh  blood.  Mr.  Atwood's  entire  flock,  which  was  so  celebrated  that  it  is  now 
scattered  by  colonization  into  all  the  States  of  the  North  American  Union,  originated 
from  a  single  impregnated  ewe  ;  and  neither  she  nor  any  of  her  progeny  or  descend- 
ants while  in  his  hands  were  interbred  with  any  sheep  not  descended  exclusively 
from  Colonel  Humphrey's  flock,  from  which  she  herself  came.  Mr.  Hammond 
bought  a  small  number  of  Atwood's  flock  in  1844,  and  he  has  since  interbred  solely 
between  the  descendants  of  these  identical  sheep.  The  Spaniards  in  their  sheep- 
breeding  guard  against  any  admixture  between  the  different  cabanas,  and  they  have 
been  bred  in-and-in  for  ages.  Hallam  says  that  the  fineness  of  Spanish  wool  is  consid- 
ered to  be  owing  to  an  importation  of  English  sheep  about  the  year  1.348,  and  again 
about  1465,  in  return  for  which  the  Spaniards  exported  horses.  McCulloch  says  that 
the  Spaniards  themselves  ascribe  their  superior  breed  of  .sheep  to  the  introduction  of  a 
few  from  England  by  Catherine  of  Lancaster  in  1394 ;  while  elsewhere  he  says  the 
merino  breed  is  said  to  have  been  introduced  from  Barbary.  These  importations 
could  not  have  been  very  great,  and,  as  it  appears,  the  Spaniards  have  since  bred  them 
in  very  closely,  with  the  result  that  they  became  so  valuable  that  up  to  the  treaty  of 
Basle  their  exportation  was  forbidden.  By  that  treaty  the  French  were  allowed  to 
buy  five  thousand  merino  ewes  and  as  many  rams  ;  and  from  this  stock  the  English 
sheep,  which  had  also  been  carefully  bred,  were  improved,  while  those  of  France  and 
Germany  were  almost  replaced  by  them.  These  sheep,  says  Mr.  Huzard,  have  been 
ever  since  bred  in-and-in  at  Kambouillet,  and  have  never  been  crossed  except  by  a 
second  importation  under  the  First  Consulate.  The  nearest  relatives  are  generally 
put  together,  for  the  rams  are  usually  put  to  their  own  progeny  for  several  genera- 
tions, and  this  without  any  sign  of  degeneration.  The  flocks  of  Tessier,  de  Sylvestre, 
Perrault,  Girod,  and  others  testify  to  the  same  fact.     The  merino,  when  introduced 


80  JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

into  Germany,  was  so  immensely  superior  to  all  the  native  breeds,  that  it  was  every- 
wliere  accepted  with  enthusiasm.  In  Saxony  tlie  greatest  attention  was  paid  to 
them,  chiefly,  however,  as  regards  the  quality  of  their  wool,  not  as  regards  the 
quantity  and  quality  as  well  as  quality  of  the  meat,  as  in  England.  To  this  end  they 
were  kept  in  stal)les  and  fed  on  heating  food,  such  as  grain  ami  ]i;iy,  throughout 
the  winter.  The  result  was  an  imexampled  quality  of  wool ;  hut  the  uuiiiial.s  hecamu 
a  small  and  puny  race.  In  England  the  breed  of  sheep  was  already  so  good  that 
men  were  prejudiced  in  favor  of  their  own  breeds.  Many  merinos,  therefore,  fell 
into  tliL'  hands  of  men  who  had  no  experience  in  breeding,  and  they  were  misman- 
aged ;  but  in  tlie  liauds  of  at  least  one  practical  breeder  they  were  eminently 
successful.  Jle  reports  on  them:  'Soon  after  the  king's  flocks  were  imported  .  .  . 
I  purchased  a  consideraljle  number  of  sheep  from  them,  and  selected  from  those  of  the 
Negrette  blood,  as  being  the  largest  sheep  and  carrying  the  most  and  softest  wool. 
These  I  continued  to  keej)  strictly  pure,  having  no  other  sheep  whatever,  and  I  drew 
rams  from  the  royal  flock,  so  long  as  that  was  kept  up,  since  which  I  have  depended 
M-holly  on  my  own.  By  due  attention  in  breeding,  the  wool,  far  from  degenerating, 
has  annually  improved  in  softness  and  fineness,  and  these  (qualities  have  become 
much  more  uniformly  even  throughout  the  fleece;  so  that  I  now  obtain  for  the 
M'hole  a  price  beyond  what  any  foreign  wool  brings  in  bulk  in  an  unsorted  state, 
wliile  the  flee<'es  of  our  own  flock  are  full  double  the  weight  of  those  of  the  Saxon 
sheei).  ^'^  ^^  I'ight,  however,  to  state  that  the  staple  of  my  flocks  having  arrived  at  a 
length  beyond  that  of  utlier  merino  sheep,  has  rendered  it  fit  for  combing,  thus 
enhancing  the  value.  The  form  of  the  .sheep  is  also  liighly  improved,  while  the 
disposition  to  fatten  equals  that  of  the  Southdown.  The  mutton  is  of  the  first  quality, 
and  I  can  readily  have  for  fat  wethers  the  highest  ])rice  which  any  mutton  brings  in 
tlie  London  market.'  The  justly  celebrated  New  Leicester  breed  of  sheep  was 
entirely  created  as  a  distinct  breed  by  this  method.  '  Taking  the  native  sheep,'  says 
Macdonald,  talking  of  Bakewell, '  he  reduced  his  size,  gave  him  small  offals,  induced 
him  to  lay  on  flesh  and  fat  all  along  the  breech,  sides,  shoulders,  flank,  and  neck. 
He  opened  his  wool,  and  also  reduced  it  in  weight,  and  a  little  in  length.  He 
increased  the  tendency  to  lay  on  fat  in  proportion  to  the  food  consumed,  and  made 
the  animal  take  on  fat  at  lesist  a  year  or  two  earlier,  thus  enabling  two  or  three 
aninuds  to  be  fed  where  one  only  was  fed  before.  Nor  was  this  change  fitful  or  tem- 
porary ;  it  was  permanent  and  indelible  ;  and  for  nearly  a  century  the  same  breed  of 
sheep  has  not  only  maintained  its  j)osition,  but  has  been  used  with  more  or  less  of 
su(;cess  to  improve  nearly  every  breed  in  the  LTnited  Kingdom,  and  has,  moreover, 
more  or  less  displaced  almost  every  other  breed.'  A  correspondent  of  Walker  says  : 
'  I  iiave  l)red  from  rams  from  the  same  flock  in  Leicestershire  for  fourteen  years,  which 
flock  has  not  had  a  cross  since  the  year  1799.'  Some  of  the  new  Leicester  breed 
a|i))ear,  however,  to  deserve  the  remark  of  the  '  Bond  Street  Butcher ;'  for  Sir  John 


MARr   ANNE    OF    ST.    LAMBERT   9770. 

AT  5  YEARS  OLD. 

Stoke  Pofjh — Marjoram —  Yklor  Hugo  Type. 
OAKLANDS  HERD. 

Valancey  E.  Fuller,  Hamilton,  Ontario,  Canada. 


PRINCE    POGIS    10,682. 

AT  1  YEAR  OLD. 

Mary  Anne  of  St.  Lamberl^Rob  Roy— Splendid  Type. 

OAKLANDS    HERD. 

Valancey  E.  Fuller,  Hamilton,  Ontario,  Canada. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMEIilCA.  81 

Sebright  said  that  Bakewell's  principles  were  followed  up  too  far  ;  the  propensity  to 
get  fat  has  increased  so  much  that  their  stock  has  become  small  in  size,  delicate,  and 
produces  little  wool.  But  another  correspondent  of  Walker  points  out  that  a  pro- 
pensity for  fat-getting  and  the  production  of  the  finest  wool  are  incompatible  ;  and 
it  certainly  appears  from  the  fact  that  this  breed  has  supplanted  so  many  others  that 
it  cannot  have  degenerated.  Too  much  fat  is  always  a  danger  to  a  breed,  for  fat  is  a 
degeneration  of  tissue  and  a  cause  of  sterility  ;  and  although  by  in-and-in  breeding 
man  is  able  to  do  a  great  deal  in  the  way  of  alteration,  he  must  still  follow  nature — 
he  cannot  go  contrary  to  physiological  laws ;  he  can  increase  the  qualities  which  he 
wishes  to  get  chiefly  only  at  the  expense  of  qualities  which  he  is  content  to  do 
without ;  and  can  no  more  obtain  an  animal  all  fat  with  every  other  good  quahty  than 
he  can  teach  his  breed  to  live  without  food.  We  must  remember  that  ill-directed 
breeding  is  as  bad  when  there  are  frequent  crosses  as  when  there  are  none ;  that  it 
is  selection  which  is  the  great  improver,  when  properly  directed,  and  that  breeding- 
in-and-in  is  only  advantageous  because  it  fixes  the  breed  and  obviates  the  necessity 
of  crossing  from  an  unimproved  breed.  Indeed,  a  careless  cross  may  diminish  size, 
just  as  careless  in-and-in  breeding  may  do  so.  The  Eomney  Marsh  sheep  were  made 
smaller  in  this  way ;  so  were  the  Teeswater,  and  so  are  the  mongrels  of  the  merino 
and  Scotch,  or  the  Southdown  and  Scotch  breeds.  The  sheep  of  Scotland,  says  Dr. 
Copland,  are  very  small,  their  fleeces  fine  and  soft,  their  meat  delicate  and  finely 
flavored.  In  many  parts  they  have  much  deteriorated  since  the  introduction  of 
Southdown  breeds.  Indeed,  the  sheep  themselves  seem  sometimes  to  have  an  antip- 
athy to  crosses,  for  on  one  of  the  Faroe  isles  it  was  observed  that  the  half  wild 
native  black  sheep  would  not  readily  unite  with  the  imported  white  sheep.  The 
Shetlanders  also  tried  to  improve  their  native  breed  of  sheep  by  crosses,  and  failed 
signally.  So  bad  are  the  effects  of  crossing  an  improved  breed,  which  must  neces- 
sarily comprise  no  very  great  numbers  at  first,  that  some  persons  keep  their  animals 
in  different  families,  and  thus  while  they  retain  consanguinity,  any  tendency  to 
disease  peculiar  to  one  family  from  the  soil,  habit,  or  what  not,  is  obliterated.  On 
the  other  hand,  so  valuable  is  in-and-in  breeding  to  perpetuate  any  peculiarity  either 
caused  by  selection  or  by  what  is  known  as  a  '  sport,'  that  nearly  all  '  created " 
breeds  have  been  produced  in  this  way,  and  valuable  breeds,  such  as  the  Ancon  and 
Mauchamp,  would  have  been  entirely  lost  without  it." 


IN-AND-IN    BREEDING    OF   CATTLE. 

"  A  majority  of  the  most  celebrated  breeders  and  improvers  of  English  cattle, 
says  Mr.  Randall,  have  bred  closely  in-and-in ;  and  this  was  necessary,  since  an 
improvement  cannot  comprise  a  large  number  at  first.  Bakewell  was  one  of  these 
breeders,  and  his  Longhoms  were  for  a  considerable  time  closely  interbred,  though 


82  JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMKRIVA. 

Mr.  Youatt  says  that  they  became  delicate,  and  the  propagation  of  their  kind 
uncertain,  a  state  which  seems  to  have  been  due  to  bad  management,  for 
Bakewell  hin\self  was,  as  a  rule,  extremely  successful.  Knight  once  in  the  same 
season  reared  two  young  bulls  of  which  the  parents  were  nearly  related  ;  and  Ijoth 
proved  perfectly  impotent,  or  at  least  failed  to  get  a  single  calf ;  yet  the  females 
bred  well  enough  while  young.  But  another  correspondent  of  Walker  never  found 
the  generative  power  fail  in  consequence  of  in-and-in  breeding  of  cattle  ;  all  that  is 
necessary',  he  says,  is  to  select  carefully.  The  half-wild  cattle  kept  in  British  parks, 
at  Cadzow  Castle,  Chillingham,  and  Chertly  are  put  forward  as  long-continued  in- 
and-in  breeding  without  any  evil  results  by  Culley,  Dr.  Brown,  and  Mr.  Macdonald. 
These  cattle  were  parked  four  or  live  hundred  years  ago,  and  are  supposed  to  be 
the  only  remains  of  the  ancient  British  cattle.  Mr.  Darwin,  liowever,  asserts  that, 
compared  to  the  wild  cattle  of  South  America,  these  are  bad  breeders;  and 
Dr.  Smith  says  that  the  Cliillingham  cattle  now  produce  deviations  from  the  orig- 
inal Xy^Q  of  white,  with  black  muzzles  and  red  ears,  which  deviation  he  considers 
a  degeneration.  It  does  not  follow,  however,  that  this  is  a  degeneration  in  the 
ordinary  sense  of  the  word  ;  while  it  must  be  allowed  that  selection  has  not  been 
practised  witli  regard  to  tlieir  breeding,  wliich  would  prevent  any  selection  on 
their  own  part  sufficient  to  allow  of  the  intensification  of  any  particular  color,  since, 
though  the  keepers  may  shoot  these  deviations  from  the  original  type,  tliis  will 
not  prevent  it  in  tlie  first  instance.  The  various  colors  are  there,  and  it  would 
be  contrary  to  all  the  teachings  of  the  evolution  hypothesis  if  deviations  did  not 
occasionally  occur,  whether  by  sports,  which  would  be  rare  in  so  in-and-in  bred  a  herd, 
or  by  selection  among  themselves,  as  explained  by  Mr.  Darwin  in  his  '  Descent  of 
Man.'  The  fact  still  remains,  however,  that  these  animals  have  been  bred  in-and-in 
for  centuries,  and  still  continue  to  breed  without  the  help  of  crosses.  Tlie  South 
American  cattle  are  all  descended  from  a  few  brought  over  from  Spain  and  Portu- 
gal ;  the  first  by  Garay,  in  1580,  and  they  have  since  increased  to  such  astonishing 
numbers  that,  even  in  1587,  there  were  sixty-four  thousand  three  hundred  and  fifty 
skins  exported  from  New  Spain.  Vast  herds  of  wild  cattle  are  met  with  in  all  parts 
of  the  country,  particulai'ly  in  the  plains  of  the  southern  proAances,  where  they  exist 
in  troops  of  twenty  tliousand  to  forty  thousand ;  so  that  hides,  jerked  beef,  horns, 
and  bones  have  long  formed  leading  articles  of  export  from  Brazil.  On  the  Falk- 
land Isles  are  herds  of  magnificent  cattle,  all  descended  from  a  few  brouglit  over 
from  La  Plata  about  eighty  years  ago.  They  are  now  breaking  up  into  separate 
herds  of  different  colors,  the  white,  on  the  Higldands,  breeding  earher  than  the 
others.  I  wish  to  draw  particular  attention  to  this  natural  segregation,  wliich  is 
also  common  in  liorses  and  sheep,  and  must  be  taken  in  connection  with  the  tendency 
all  polygamous  animals  seem  to  ha\e  to  separate  into  families.  Is  this  nature's 
liorror  of   in-and-in   breeding  {     Is   this  her  deliglit  in  crosses  ?     Price,  the  most 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  83 

siTCcessfiil  breeder  of  Hereford  cattle  on  record,  until  twenty  years  ago,  was  a  staunch 
advocate  of  in-and-in  breeding ;  so  were  the  Collings,  Mason,  Maynard,  Wetherill, 
Bates,  the  Booths,  Sir  C.  Knightly,  BakeweU,  Culley,  Ellman,  and  others.  The  cow 
Restless,  almost  an  historical  animal,  was  the  result  of  in-and-in  breeding  to  a  degree 
which  woiild  not  have  been  possible  to  obtain  in  man,  owing  to  his  long  childhood. 
The  bull  Bohngbroke  was  put  to  his  half-sister  Phoenix,  and  produced  the  bull 
Favorite.  Favorite  was  matched  with  his  dam,  and  produced  the  cow  Phoenix,  a 
celebrated  animal.  Favorite  was  then  matched  with  his  daughter,  and  the  produce 
was  the  famous  bull  Comet ;  then  with  his  daughter's  daughter  ;  then  with  his  daugh- 
ter's daughter's  daughter,  he  being  the  father  in  each  case.  The  produce  of  this 
last  imion,  a  cow,  had  93.75  per  cent,  of  Favorite's  l)lood  in  her,  and  was  bred  to  the 
bull  Wellington,  himself  deeply  interbred  on  both  sides  in  the  blood  of  Favorite,  of 
which  he  had  62.5  per  cent,  in  him.  This  union  produced  the  cow  Clarissa,  an 
admirable  animal.  Clarissa  was  bred  to  the  bull  Lancaster,  who  had  fiS.75  per  cent,  of 
Favorite's  blood  ;  and  this  union  produced  the  celebrated  cow  Restless,  a  lireeding 
cow  of  Sir  Charles  Knightly's  herd.  The  rule  of  Mr.  Bates  was  always  to  put  the 
best  animals  together,  regardless  of  consanguinity.  His  '  Duchess '  family,  one  of 
many  families  thus  bred,  ceased  to  breed  ;  but  he  continued  his  former  course  of 
in-and-in  breeding  with  triimiphant  success.  Mr.  Darwin,  however,  points  oiit  that 
though  Bates  bred  in-and-in  for  thirteen  years,  yet  during  the  next  seventeen  years 
he  tlirice  crossed  his  herd,  not  to  improve  them,  but  to  increase  their  fertility  ;  while 
Nathusius,  after  a  careful  study  of  pedigrees,  finds  that  no  breeder  has  continued 
in-and-in  breeding  all  his  life.  But,  at  all  events,  many  have  bred  in-and-in  far  more 
closely  than  would  be  possible  in  man,  for  a  number  of  generations  longer  than  the 
average  of  human  famihes  exist.  Mr.  Price,  whose  Herefords  were  the  best  in  the 
world  in  his  day,  declared  he  had  not  gone  beyond  his  own  herd  for  a  bull  or  a  cow 
during  forty  years.  At  Earl  Ducie's  sale,  in  1853,  a  white  heifer,  only  five  months 
old,  sold  for  four  hundred  guineas ;  she  was  the  daughter  of  the  bull  Fourth  Duke  of 
York,  who  was  by  Second  Duke  of  York,  and  her  dam  was  Duchess  59,  also  by 
Second  Duke  of  York  ;  consequently  the  sire  and  dam  were  half-brother  and  sister. 
Many  others  which  reach  high  prices  are  bred  on  this  system.  Mr.  Gardner  gives  a 
most  successful  case  of  breeding  between  son  and  dam.  M.  Sanson  points  out  that 
the  Charolaise  race  of  cattle  has  been  greatly  improved  by  in-and-in  breeding.  At 
Rambouillet  in-and-in  breeding  was  practised  among  the  celebrated  cattle  of  that 
place — a  white  hornless  breed — with  great  success,  until  they  were  carried  off  by  the 
cattle  epidemic  of  1815.  M.  Huzard  also  saw  at  Hohenheim  and  the  royal  farm  of 
Holitzchen  herds  of  superior  animals,  which  were  always  bred  in-and-in.  In  this 
way,  says  Mr.  Darwin,  were  in  all  probability  bred  the  Niata  cattle,  from  one 
individual  sport." 


.JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


"  Breeders  are  more  neai'ly  luianiinous  on  the  evils  of  in-and-in  breeding  npon 
pigs,  says  Mr.  Darwin,  tliaii  perhaps  on  any  other  large  animal.  Mr.  Dnice  says 
their  constitution  cannot  be  preserved  without  a  cro.ss.  Lord  Weston,  the  fii-st 
importer  of  a  Neapolitan  boar  and  sow,  bred  in-and-in  till  the  breed  was  in  danger  of 
dying  out.  Mr.  J.  AV right  bred  with  the  same  boar  from  its  daughter,  grand- 
daughter, great-granddaughter,  and  so  on  for  seven  generations,  with  the  result  that 
the  offspring  in  many  Ciises  failed  to  breed ;  in  others  they  produced  few  that  lived, 
and  <jf  the  latter  many  were  without  instinct  to  suck,  and  unable  to  walk  straight. 
The  last  two  sows  were  put  to  other  l)oars,  and  produced  several  litters  of  healthy 
pigs.  The  best  in  external  ap])earance  produced  during  the  whole  seven  genera- 
tions was  one  of  the  last  births,  the  sole  one  of  the  litter.  She  would  not  breed 
with  her  sire,  and  yet  bred  from  the  first  trial  with  a  stranger  in  blood.  Nathusius 
imported  a  gravid  sow  from  England,  and  l)red  closely  in-and-in  from  the  progeny 
for  three  generations,  and  witii  bad  results  ;  vet  lie  esteeuicd  one  of  the  latest  sows 
a  good  animal,  and  she  lire<l  well  witli  a  hoar  of  different  blood.  On  the  whole, 
Mr.  Darwin  tliinks,  therefore,  that  in-and-in  breeding  does  not  affect  the  external 
form,  while  it  affects  the  general  constitution,  the  mental  powers,  and  especially  the 
reproductive  ])owers.  It  must  be  remembered,  however,  that  pigs  are  precisely 
those  animals  wliich  are  cultivated  most  for  their  fat,  and  that  fat  is  very  injurious  to 
the  health  of  any  animal,  and  especially  in  the  reproductive  powers.  Crossing,  on  the 
other  hand,  gives  a  tendency  to  reversion,  and  therefore  a  relief  from  fat.  Indeed, 
as  I  have  already  explained,  facts  against  the  harmlessness  of  in-and-in  breeding 
have  very  little  value  compared  with  those  in  its  favor,  and  this  is  too  generally 
overlooked.  These  pigs  with  but  little  hair  on  their  bodies  have  by  correlation  also 
very  bad  teeth,  and  tliis  may  be  prevented  by  crossing  with  hairy  breeds.  If  a 
breeder,  in  beginning  to  breed  in-and-in,  chose  an  animal  with  rather  less  hair  than 
usual,  the  progeny  would  have  a  tendency  to  bad  teeth,  bad  digestion,  and  heuce 
weakness  ;  and  he  would  natTU-ally  conclude,  on  finding  that  this  weakness  was 
<'ured  by  a  cross,  that  it  was  the  in-and-in  breeding  itself  which  caused  it,  and  not 
mere  iidieritance.  Mr.  Ilobbs  divided  his  st(jck  into  three  families,  and  by  this 
device,  though  he  kept  the  consanguinity,  he  avoided  any  chiince  inheritance  of  a 
morbid  tendency,  and  obtained  more  latitude  for  selection.  Mr.  Coate,  who  won 
the  prize  for  the  best  pen  of  pigs  at  Smithfield  Club  Show  five  times,  says :  '  Crosses 
answer  well  for  ]>r()fit  to  the  farmer,  as  you  get  more  constitution  and  quicker 
i:i-o\vtli  ;  but  for  me,  who  sell  a  greater  nmnber  of  pigs  for  breeding  purposes,  I 
liiid  it  will  n(jt  do,  as  it  j-eipiires  many  years  to  get  anj-thing  like  purity  of  blood 
again.'  So  Mr.  Youatt  says  :  '  A  useful  pig  in  these  days  may  easily  be  bred  ;  but 
if    you  want  fixity  of  type,  or,  as  it  is  well  called,  '  character,'  you  must  adopt 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  85 

pure  blood.'  Red  pigs  are  '  invaluable  for  giving  vigor  and  constitution  to  black 
breeds,  when  demoralized  by  over-coddling,  over-feeding,  and  injudicious  in-and-in 
breeding.'  " 

IN-AND-IN    BREEDING    OF    THE    HOKSE. 

"  In  Circassia  there  are  six  sub-breeds  of  horses,  three  of  which  are  asserted,  b}-  a 
native  proprietor  of  rank,  almost  always  to  refuse  to  mingle  and  cross  while  living 
a  free  life,  and  will  even  attack  each  other.  It  is  a  crime  punishable  by  death  to 
forge  the  mark  of  pedigree  on  an  animal.  The  Arabs  are  equally  particular  as  to 
their  breeds,  and  their  horses  are  better  able  to  stand  a  change  of  climate  tluui  are 
European  horses.  Mr.  N.  H.  Smith,  long  a  resident  among  the  Arabs,  is  of 
opinion  that  colts  bred  in-and-in  show  more  blood  in  their  heads,  are  of  better  fonn, 
and  are  more  fit  to  start  with  fewer  sweats  than  are  others ;  Itut  when  the  breed  is 
continued  incestiiously  for  three  or  four  generations,  the  animal  degenerates.  It  is 
difficult  to  know  what  is  meant  by  '  breeding  incestuously.'  Mr.  Meynell,  it 
appears,  did  not  think  breeding  from  sire  and  daughter  or  son  and  dam  was  close 
in-and-in  breeding ;  and  Mr.  Bowly  says  the  term  in-and-in  breeding  ought  to  be 
applied  only  to  animals  liavi;ig  precisely  the  same  blood,  as  own  brother  and  sister. 
Now,  breeding  from  such  relationship  as  this,  seeing  that  the  male  has  only  half  the 
blood  of  the  dam,  and  the  female  only  half  the  blood  of  the  sire,  can  scarcely  be 
called  jrare  in-and-in  breeding,  but  may,  on  the  contrary,  if  carried  out  with  caution, 
be  done  with  advantage.  Our  race-horses  are  derived  from  a  mixture  of  Persian, 
Barbary,  Arab,  and  native  horses ;  but  from  the  first  they  ha\e  lieen  bred  closely 
in-and-in.  Rachel,  the  dam  of  Highflyer,  was  the  daughter  of  Blank  and  grand- 
daughter of  Regulus;  yet  both  Blank  and  Regulus  were  sons  of  Godolphin.  Fox 
was  born  under  similar  conditions  of  relationship.  The  dam  of  Goldfinder  was  the 
daughter  of  Blank  and  granddaughter  of  Regulus.  The  granddam  of  Brick- 
Inmter  was  a  daughter  of  Bald-Galloway,  who  was  also  the  sire  of  Brick-hunter. 
The  great  granddam  of  Flying-Childers,  one  of  the  most  famous  race-hor-ses,  was  a 
daughter  of  Spanker,  while  his  dam  was  also  the  dam  of  the  last.  The  sire  of 
the  Knight  of  St.  George,  a  winner  of  the  St.  Leger,  was  also  his  grandsire  and 
great-grandsire.  Smith,  in  his  work  on  breeding  for  the  turf,  gives  '  once  in  and 
once  out '  as  the  rule  for  breeding  ;  but  '  twice  in  and  once  out,'  says  Mr.  Walsh, 
is  more  in  accordance  with  the  practice  of  our  most  successful  breeders.  The  breeder 
can  have  no  hesitation,  continues  Mr.  "Walsh,  in  coming  to  the  conclusion  that 
in-and-in  breeding  carried  out  once  or  twice  is  not  only  not  a  bad  practice,  l)ut  is 
likely  to  be  attended  with  good  results.  The  evidence  of  repeated  success  in  resort- 
ing to  the  practice  of  in-and-in  breeding  is  too  strong  to  be  gainsaid.  '  For  the 
race-course,'  says  Dr.  Elam,  'the  pure  south-eastern  l)recd  is  adhered  to;  l>ut 
different  stocks  of  the  same  breed,  and  those  brought  up  in  different  l(jcalities,  are 


86  JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

selected."  However,  by  '  crosses '  breeders  by  no  means  undei-stand  tlie  introduc- 
tion of  fresli  blood.  There  are  scarcely  two  tlioronglibred  liorses  in  the  stud-book, 
says  Mr.  Walsh,  that  cannot  be  traced  back  to  the  same  stock  in  one  or  more  lines. 
An  absolute  freedom  from  relationship  is  not  to  be  found,  or,  if  so,  very  rarely.  Yet 
continued  in-and-in  breeding  in  the  closest  relationship  he  does  not  think  advisable — 
it  is  apt  to  develop  weak  points  in  the  constitution.  '  The  cautious  breeder,  there- 
fore, will  do  well  to  avoid  mnning  this  risk,  and  will  strive  to  obtain  what  he  wants 
without  having  recourse  to  the  practice ;  though,  at  the  same  time,  he  will  make  up 
his  mind  that  it  is  xmwise  to  sacriiice  a  single  point  with  this  view.'  ]Mr.  Darwin 
says  that  statistics  show  that  nearly  one  third  of  our  race-horses  have  proved  barren, 
or  have  slipped  their  foals — a  fact  which  he  ascribes  to  their  high  nurture  and  close 
interlu-eeding.  This  is  very  probably  the  case,  since  a  racing-horse  or  mare,  how- 
ever delicate  it  may  be,  is  too  valuable  not  to  breed  from.  Indeed,  it  is  generally 
a  disiibled  animal — tuie  that  has  gone  lame,  and  is  therefore  deprived  of  exercise 
and,  with  this,  much  of  its  natural  health — which  is  set  apart  for  breeding.  Nor  are 
they  chosen  for  their  fertility,  but  solely  for  their  running  powers.  Tn-aiid-in 
breeding  in  horses  is  carried  on  at  any  rate  to  a  very  great  extent,  and  with 
decidedly  beneficial  effects  on  the  race. 

"'Nimrod'  concludes  a  comparisoa  between  the  thoroughbred  and  half-bred 
hunter  in  these  words :  '  As  for  his  powers  of  endurance  under  equal  sufferings, 
they  doubtless  would  exceed  those  of  the  "  cocktail ;"  and  being  by  his  nature  what  is 
termed  a  better  doer  in  the  stable,  he  is  sooner  at  his  work  again  than  the  other. 
Indeed,  there  is  scarcely  a  limit  to  the  work  of  full-bred  hunters  of  good  fonn, 
constitution,  and  temper.'  Najioleon's  celebrated  .state  horses  were  directly  derived, 
says  M.  Huzard,  from  the  Arab  blood  of  Count  Ilumiady,  who  had  bred  contin- 
ually from  the  same  two  stallions.  Indeed,  it  is  the  natural  state  of  horses  to  breed 
in-aud-in." 

IX-AND-IX    RKKEDINi;    OK    DKKK. 

In  many  of  tlie  J^)ritisli  deer-parks  the  deer  have  been  allowed  to  breed 
uncrossed  for  long  periixls,  without  any  degeneration  showing  it.self  or  k)ss  of  general 
health.  Tlie  dark  herds  of  deer  in  the  Forest  of  Dean,  in  High  !Meadow  Woods, 
and  in  the  New  Forest,  supposed  to  have  been  brought  by  James  I.  from  Norway, 
have  never  been  known  to  mingle  with  the  pale-colored  herds,  although  kept  together 
with  them — another  case  showing  the  rarity  of  crosses  when  animals  are  left  to 
themselves.  Dr.  Davy  mentions  the  case  of  a  pair  of  red  deer,  who,  about  the  year 
1 850,  were  taken  from  the  herd  and  put  into  a  paddock  of  twenty  or  thirty  acres 
adjoining  Stornoway  Castle,  Isle  of  Lewis ;  these  have  multiplied  yearly,  and 
numbered,  ten  yeai-s  after,  twenty-three,  not  including  several  which  were  killed,  all 
descendants  of  the  original  pair,  and  all  very  much  imjiroved  in  comparison  with  the 
deer  of  the  forest.     Nevertheless,  it  is  the  practice,  says  Mr.  Darwin,  to  infuse  new 


JERSEY   CATTLE  I.Y  A3IERICA.  87 

blood  into  the  fallow  deer  of  the  British  parks,  and  this,  he  says,  proves  of  the 
greatest  benefit  in  removing  the  taint  of  rickhach  and  improving  their  size  and 
appearance.  Kickbacked  deer  are  too  generally  found  in  many  parks,  says  Mr. 
Shirley,  supposed  to  be  due  to  weakness,  brought  on  both  by  breeding  in-and-in  too 
much,  and  also  by  insufficient  food.  In  other  words,  we  may  say  that  the  cause  is 
unknown.  The  Scotch  deer,  however,  breed  naturally  in-and-in,  and  the  red  deer 
generally  breed  between  brother  and  sister  for  generation  after  generation,  and  yet 
tliey  are,  us  a  rule,  perfectly  healthy. 

IN-AND-IN    BREEDING    OF    FOWLS. 

"  Sir  J.  Sebright  asserts  that  his  fowls  got  long  in  the  legs,  small  in  body,  and 
bad  breeders  from  too  close  in-and-in  breeding.  Mr.  Clark  continued  to  breed 
in-and-in  from  his  own  kind  of  fighting  cocks  till  they  became  under  the  weight 
required  for  the  best  prizes,  and  lost  their  pluck.  On  one  cross  from  Mr.  Leighton's 
they  again  resumed  their  former  courage  and  weight.  This  breeder  found  that 
breeding  from  father  and  daughter  produced  a  greater  loss  of  weight  in  the 
ofEspring  than  breeding  from  the  mother  and  son.  Mr.  Eyton,  of  that  ilk,  says  his 
Dorkings  became  smaller  and  less  prolific  if  not  occasionally  crossed.  Mr.  Hewitt 
says  the  same  of  Malays,  as  to  size  at  least.  But  the  fanciers  with  large  stocks  can 
breed  from  their  own  stock  withoiit  this  danger,  because  they  keep  various  families 
separate  for  crossing  purposes.  Mr.  Ballanee,  who  breeds  in  this  way,  says  that 
breeding  in-and-in  does  not  necessarily  cause  deterioration,  '  but  all  depends  Tipon 
how  this  is  managed.  My  plan  has  been  to  keep  five  or  six  distinct  runs,  .  .  . 
and  select  the  best  birds  from  each  run  for  crossing.  I  thus  secure  sufficient 
crossing  to  prevent  deterioration.'  " 

Mr.  J.  S.  Rogers,  of  Paterson,  New  Jersey,  had  some  Dorking  fowls  that  were 
inbred  for  many  generations,  until  they  became  very  diminutive  in  size.  He  at 
once  concluded  that  if  any  animal  could  be  diminished  in  size  by  in-and-in  breeding, 
the  converse  must  l)e  true — they  could  be  bred  up  in  size ;  and  selecting  some  eggs 
from  a  single  hen  of  the  large  white  Brahma  breed,  he  bred  in-and-in,  always 
selecting  the  largest  fowls  from  the  descendants  of  the  same  hen,  but  taking  care  to 
have  several  runs  of  them.  He  brought  them  to  an  exaggerated  size,  the  hens 
weighing  twelve  pounds  and  the  cocks  as  high  as  fifteen  pounds  each.  This  is  a 
good  illustration  of  inbreeding,  contrasting  neglect  and  haphazard  work  with  that 
of  careful  selection.  The  key-note  of  all  successful  breeding  is  intelligent  selection. 
This,  combined  with  a  knowledge  of  the  best  formulas  for  inbreeding,  enables  the 
true  breeder  to  accomplish  great  results  in  fixing  the  types  of  his  own  selection. 

THE    "  DOWNY    FOWLS." 

The  following  instructive  lesson  was  furnished  for  this  work  by  Mr.  J.  Y. 
Henry  Nott,  of  Kingston,  New  York  :    "  When  I  purchased  my  farm  there  were  a 


88  JERSEY  CATTLE  IN^  AMEBICA. 

number  of  coiniuon  fowls  upon  it  of  no  particular  breed.  We  got  a  number  uf 
Plymouth  Rock  cocks  to  improve  them.  After  the  second  year,  or  when  the  tiock 
were  two  thirds  Plymouth  liock  in  blood,  we  noticed  a  chicken  that  looked  like  a  liall 
of  down ;  and  while  the  rest  changed  to  feathers,  she  remained  downy,  and  so  grew 
up  to  lienhood,  when  she  proved  to  be  a  remarkable  mother  and  layer,  raising  three 
broods  of  chickens  in  the  season,  and  beginning  to  lay  before  the  chickens  were 
weaned.  So  we  concluded,  as  she  was  a  curiosity  in  appearance,  to  save  her  sons 
and  breed  them  to  lier,  though  none  of  them  were  downy.  After  three  broods  one 
of  the  chicks  turned  out  downy,  and  a  cock,  which  we  bred  to  his  mother,  and  tlieii- 
chickens  were  about  half  downy  and  shortwinged,  while  the  rest  were  common,  or 
feathered. 

"We  then  took  the  downys,  and  kept  a  pair  in  two  separate  yards,  and  when 
they  had  chickens  took  a  cock  from  one  yard  and  pullet  from  the  other,  which  was 
breeding  cousins  [full  brother  and  sister. — Ed.]  together,  and  that  is  what  we  are  still 
doing,  each  generation  being  a  degree  of  cousinship  apart.  We  are  now  down  to 
the  sixth  generation,  and  the  chickens  come  all  downy,  but  not  all  shortwinged,  or 
without  flight  feathers,  which  is,  of  course,  their  great  value,  though  their  down  is  as 
valuable  as  goose-down,  as  far  as  it  goes.  But  the  fact  of  not  being  able  to  fly  ovei-  a 
common  board  fence  three  feet  high  makes  them  the  fowl  for  village  people,  and  to 
fully  establish  that  improvement  we  put  each  new  generation  in  an  enclosui-c  with  a 
fence  but  three  feet  in  height,  and  keep  only  those  to  breed  from  that  cannot  get 
over,  without  regard  to  size  or  appearance. 

"  Their  color  is  a  dark  smoky  blue,  and  they  are  as  large  and  hardy  as  the 
Phnnouth  Rock.     Some  have  single  and  some  double  combs." 

IN-ANI>-IN    BREEDING    OK   .JKKSKY    CATTLE. 

The  Island  of  Jersey,  being  but  a  small  tract  and  isolated  from  tlie  rest  of  the 
world,  while  its  cattle  are  protected  from  all  foreign  contamination,  would  naturally 
become  a  field  for  the  practice  of  inbreeding  cattle.  Such  inbreeding  as  has  been 
practised,  however,  has  been  mostly  accidental  and  liaphazard  ;  yet  the  pedigrees  of 
imported  stock  for  the  past  five  years  show  that  nearly  all  meritorious  animals  trace 
in  several  lines  to  one  bull — "  Old  Noble."  Roimdus  bred  to  his  granddam  Miisique 
])r<)duced  the  bull  Cetewayo,  whose  progeny  are  remarkable  for  strong  constitutions. 

Gilderoy,  tracing  by  two  or  more  lines  to  "  Old  Noble,"  was  bred  to  Regina  2d, 
a  granddaughter  and  great-great-granddaughter  of  "  Old  Noble,"  producing  Chrome 
Skin,  a  cow  that  made  twenty  poimds,  thirteen  ounces  of  butter  in  seven  days. 
Gilderoy  bred  to  Chrome  Skin,  his  daughter,  produced  Gilderoy  3d,  a  bull  noted  for 
beauty  and  vigor.  Tliis  is  the  breeding  practised  by  Dr.  Howe,  of  Bristol,  R.  I. 
There  have  been  many  fine  illustrations  of  inbreeding  among  American  bred  Jerseys, 
some  by  the  design  of  skilful  breeders,  others  that  were  merely  circumstantial.     The 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  89 

best  model  of  a  Jersey  cow  ever  known — Jersey  Belle  of  Scituate  7828 — was  produced 
by  breeding  Victor  3550  to  bis  own  daughter.  Victor  3550  was  the  result  of  mating 
full  brother  and  sister.  Mr.  Simpson's  Alphea  family  has  a  number  of  very  choice 
animals,  prodiiced  by  mating  full  brother  and  sister,  and  breeding  the  progeny  to 
his  daughters,  granddaughters,  and  great-granddaughters  in  double  lines. 

Young  Merciiry,  whose  portrait  is  shown  in  this  work,  and  whose  escutcheon  is 
iised  for  the  illustration  on  that  subject,  is  the  grandson  of  his  sire  Mercury  and  the 
full  brother  in  blood  of  his  dam  Phaedra,  that  made  nineteen  pounds,  thirteen 
ounces  of  butter  in  seven  days.  Through  seven  lines  he  traces  to  Saturn  and  Ehea, 
the  sire  and  dam  of  the  famous  cow  Alphea.  His  formula  is :  Full  lirother  to  full 
sister  and  their  son  to  his  daughters  and  granddaughters  of  the  same  pure  Alphea 
blood.  Another  noted  family,  originated  by  Mr.  O.  S.  Hubbell,  of  Connecticut, 
is  descended  from  the  noted  inbred  bull  St.  Helier.  The  formula  of  this 
family  is :  sire  to  daughter,  also  to  granddaughter,  and  then  combine  brother  and 
sister  ;  or  the  grandson  of  his  sire  St.  Helier  is  bred  to  his  half  sister  by  St.  Helier, 
and  their  male  progeny  is  bred  to  a  daughter  or  granddaughter  of  St.  Helier 
with  most  successful  results  in  the  production  of  a  choice  type  of  butter  Jerseys,  that 
are  also  remarkable  for  their  uniformity  of  style  and  quality.  In  England  Philip 
Dauncey  bred  for  forty  years  by  coupling  half  brother  and  sister  and  using  an 
occasional  oiitcross  from  the  Island  of  Jersey.  "  Pope,"  Mr.  Dauncey's  first  hull, 
was  purchased  in  1826  from  Mr.  Michael  Fowler,  by  whom  another  Island  bull, 
"Fowler,"  was  obtained  thirty  years  later.  From  the  combined  blood  of  these  two 
bulls  descended  the  famous  bull  Kioter  2d  469,  imported  to  America  by  Col.  E.  M. 
Hoe,  and  also  "  Stoke  Pogis,"  a  bull  whose  descendants  in  America  have  made  a 
great  name,  the  most  noted  cow  being  "  Mary  Anne  of  St.  Lambert,"  that  in  her 
fifth  year  made  eight  hundred  and  sixty-seven  pounds,  eleven  and  three  quarter 
ounces  of  butter,  and  has  an  ofiicial  seven-day  test  of  thirty-six  pounds,  twelve  and 
one  quarter  ounces.  All  the  best  cows  illustrate  the  success  of  inbreeding  as  an 
essential  metliDil  of  improvement. 

IXBRKEDING    AND    FECUNDITY. 

"  Scraps  for  Breeders,"  in  the  Loudon  Live  Stack  Jonrnnl,  contains  the 
following : 

"  There  is  probably  no  opinion  more  generally  accepted  among  breeders,  and 
taken  for  granted  in  every  new  discussion,  than  that  in-and-in  breeding  must  induce 
barrenness.  That  there  are  grounds  for  this  opinion  is  certain,  for  no  conclusion 
obtains  wide  assent  unless  it  be  at  least  plausible — i.e.,  consistent  with  ordinary  obser- 
vation. Yet  the  first  thought,  to  one  reader  at  least,  on  turning  over  the  new  volmne 
of  the  '  Shorthorn  Herd  Book,'  was, '  What  a  lot  of  twins  there  are  by  Booth  bulls ! ' 
There  are  not  now  existing  in  the  kingdom  any  cattle  reared  from  closer  affinities 


90  JERSEY   CATTLE  TX  AMERICA. 

than  those  at  Warlaby  ;  yet  at  Warlaby  there  was  in  1883  one  pair  of  twins  and  a 
trii)le  birth:  at  Killerby  there  was  one  pair  of  twins;  at  Mr.  St.  John  Ackers'  two 
pairs;  at  Lord  Pol warth's  one  pair ;  anotlier  pair  at  Mr.  Talbot  Crosbie's  ;  another 
pair  at  Mr.  K.  "Welsted's;  while  at  the  Dnke  of  Northnniberland's,  Mr.  Willis's  of 
Carjierbv,  and  at  Mr.  T.  Pear's — whose  herds,  although  not  of  Booth  origin,  are  very 
closely  allied,  by  recent  sires,  to  that  strain  of  blood^tliere  were  in  each  case  no 
less  than  three  paii-s  of  twins  in  one  season. 

"  The.se  incidents  go  far  to  show  that,  under  jimper  superintendence.  Shorthorns 
may  yet  be  very  closely  bred  for  concentration  of  bloud,  and  still  remain  fecund  ;  and 
also  that  the  ordinary  allegation  against  Booth  cattle,  '  that  they  are  slow  breeders,' 
is  not  one  which  is  necessarily  trae.  For  in  the  lot  of  cows  and  heifers  of  which 
these  herds  are  composed,  and  which  probably  altogether  do  not  much  exceed  two 
hundred  and  fifty  animals,  no  less  than  seventeen,  or  nearly  seven  per  cent.,  produced 
more  than  one  at  a  birtli  in  lss;3.  Tliis  rate  of  increase  is  above  tliat  of  unpedigreed, 
loosely-bred  dairies." 

It  would  seem  very  plausible  that  the  quality  of  producing  twins  niiglit  be  made 
a  prepotent  and  permanent  trait  in  any  breed,  by  careful  and  persistent  selection, 
though  perhaps  it  would  not  be  so  desirable  in  a  dairy  race  as  in  beef  breeds.  The 
lack  of  fecundity  in  Shorthorns,  or  any  breed,  may  be  induced  by  allowing  indi- 
viduals of  either  sex  to  be  kept  in  a  state  of  obesity  that  induces  fatty  degeneration. 
It  is  stated  upon  good  authority  that  the  bull  Hubback,  from  whom  the  Shorthorn  race 
was  derived,  early  became  impotent,  because  he  was  allowed  to  become  very  fat, 
and  consequently  his  own  progeny  were  very  few  in  nmnher.  The  quahty  of  the 
Jersey  breed  is  such  that  very  little  difficulty  obtains  from  a  lack  of  fecundity 
through  fat. 

INFLUKNCKS    DETERMINING  SEX. 

"In  the  January  number  of  tlie  Pojmho'  Science  3fo7tt/tIy  {1SS5)  there  is  a 
review,  by  Prof.  AV.  K.  Brooks,  uf  an  article  on  the  laws  which  determine  sex, 
published  l)y  Carl  Diiring  in  the  Jenai^c/ie  Zeiischrift. 

"'Each  species  has  acquired,  through  natural  selection,  the  useful  jiroperty  in 
virtue  of  which  any  deviation  from  the  average  ratio  between  the  sexes  is  corrected 
by  an  increased  number  of  births  of  the  deficient  sex,  or  a  decreased  number  of  the 
sex  wliich  is  in  excess.' 

'•  Notice  the  increased  number  of  male  colts  as  the  number  of  mares  ])ut  tn  a 
stallion  increases! 

"Again,  notice  the  iiutreased  male  ])irt]is  following  a  war  that  takes  many  men 
friim  their  homes. 

"  '  A  favorable  environment  cau.ses  an  excess  of  female  births ;  an  unfavoraltle 
environment  an  excess  of  male  births.'  The  female  is  supposed  by  Prof.  Brooks 
to  be  the  conservative  element  in  reproduction,  and  the  male  the  element  througli 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IIST  AMERICA.  91 

which  new  varieties  are  introduced.  Hence,  when  circumstances  unfavorable  to  the 
race  occur,  an  inci'ease  of  males  takes  place,  in  order  that  the  race,  by  altering  its 
habits  or  structure  to  some  extent,  may  adapt  itself  more  readily  to  its  surroxmdings. 
Assuming  a  large  number  of  births  to  be  an  evidence  of  favorable  surroundings,  it 
has  been  shown  that,  in  prolific  races,  the  number  of  females  is  in  excess,  and  again, 
in  any  case,  as  the  number  of  births  increases  the  ratio  of  females  increases.  The 
birth  rate  of  females  is  higher  in  cities  than  in  the  country.  So  much  in  regard  to 
the  human  race  in  general.  As  regards  the  individual.  Prof.  C.  M.  Hollingsworth 
puts  forth  the  hypothesis  that  '  it  is  a  relative  preponderance  of  the  conditions  on 
which  cell  division  depends  which  causes  the  formation  of  the  female  or  male  gen- 
erative organs  and  determines  the  sex  of  the  individual.'  The  higher  plants,  he 
has  shown,  have  female  flowers  situated  in  places  most  favorable  for  cell  growth, 
and  male  on  places  for  cell  division.  The  relatively  larger  plants  are  female.  The 
sex  of  a  plant  can  be  influenced  by  placing  it  in  a  position  favorable  or  unfavorable 
for  cell  growth.  It  is  a  fact,  arrived  at  by  experiment,  that  in  the  higher  animals 
an  early  impregnation  of  the  oviim  results  in  the  birth  of  a  female  offspring.  It  is 
supposed  that  in  early  impregnation  an  interval  elapses  before  segmentation  takes 
place,  and  in  that  time  the  male  element  tends  to  become  '  assimilated,'  and  so,  '  by 
hypothesis,  to  have  its  specific  capacity  or  function  of  exciting  cell  division  to  some 
extent  weakened.'  In  a  late  impregnation  the  reverse  would  occur,  and  a  male 
offspring  be  the  result." 

Many  Jersey  breeders  have  made  more  or  less  persistent  efforts  to  reduce  to 
practice  the  theories  of  biologists  in  regard  to  control  of  sex  in  offspring.  Insuffi- 
cient data  are  obtainable  upon  which  to  suggest  any  plan  of  action  or  experiment 
with  any  reasonable  assurance  of  success. 

The  Stuyvesant  theory  of  alternating  sex  in  successive  j^eriods  of  heat  secured 
by  observing  the  sex  of  the  last  birth,  upon  the  hypothesis  that  the  female  gives  for 
each  period  an  ovum  of  alternating  sex,  has  received  some  practical  attention. 
Thus  far  the  sexes  have  been  about  equally  proportioned,  the  females  but  slightly 
preponderating  ;  and  this  is  doubtless  a  fixed  law  of  the  Creator  for  the  preservation 
of  both  sex  and  species.  If  the  law  has  been  discovered  or  is  discoverable,  the 
knowledge  of  its  application  will  be  of  immense  advantage  to  all  breeders  of  cattle. 

THE    EANKIN    THEOEY.* 

"  If  we  take  the  proper  advantage  of  the  fact  that  the  cow  has  two  ovaries,  one 
of  which  throws  off,  in  her  normal  condition,  an  ovum  every  twenty-one  days, 
which  may  be  impregnated  and  produce  another  of  her  kind,  male .  or  female,  as  is 
the  ovTun  impregnated.     Should  a  bull  calf  be  the  result  of  the  last  effort,  then  the 


G.  T.  Rankin,  Jerse}'  Bulletin.  Sept.  33,  1885. 


92  JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

first  ovum  passed  would  be  a  female,  if  impregnated,  which  is  the  '  Stuyvesant 
theory.'  But  what  I  wish  to  impress  upon  the  breeder  is  that  in  from  nine  to  twelve 
days  after  the  cow  calves  she  will,  through  her  ovarian  system,  deposit  in 
the  uterus  an  ovum  susceptible  of  impregnation,  although  she  will  show  none  of  the 
usual  symptoms  of  being  in  a  condition  to  be  served  ;  but  if  the  last  calf  should 
have  been  a  male,  then  a  ser%'ice  within  twelve  days,  if  impregnation  takes  place 
we  may  expect  a  female  as  the  product ;  but  should  she  not  prove  pregnant,  as 
the  next  oviun  would  be  a  male,  we  must  pass  the  heat,  if  we  want  a  heifer  calf,  and 
breed  at  what  would  be  called  the  second  observable  heat,  as  the  fii-st  will  not  be 
recognized  by  any  objective  signs  from  the  cow,  except  by  her  actual  exposure  to 
the  male.  This  is  my  improvement  of  the  '  Stuyvesant  theory '  of  breeding  for  sex  ; 
and  as  I  have  never  seen  the  suggestion  of  the  '  nine-day  theory,'  I  claim  it  as 
original,  and  only  ask  breeders  to  report  their  experience  if  they  think  it  worthy  of 
trial.  No  doubt  many  breeders  have  tried  the  '  alternate  heat  theory,'  and  been 
disgusted  as  well  as  myself ;  but  I  would  like  if  they  would  try  again,  ohserving  the 
nine-day  caution^ 

The  author  of  this  work  is  not  yet  satisfied  that  we  have  any  clew  to  the  law 
controlling  sex,  but  believes  the  subject  worthy  of  persistent  investigation  and 
thorough  systematic  experimentation.  Possibly  physiological  research  by  vivisection, 
by  spaying  one  ovary,  and  like  experiments,  may  some  time  lead  to  decisive  results, 
which  will  give  us  the  key  of  the  great  secret. 

THKORV  OF  AOK  OK  TUE  OVULE. 

Still  another  theory  relates  to  the  age  of  the  ovule  in  determining  sex.  It  lias 
been  promulgated  and  partially  investigated  by  practice,  that  vitalization  of  the 
ovule  by  the  male  in  the  early  stage  of  ovulation,  or  during  the  first  symptoms  of 
desire  on  the  part  of  the  female,  tliat  the  resulting  offspring  will  be  a  female,  and 
conversely  if  several  hours'  delay  before  union  of  the  sexes  the  ovule  undergoes 
such  changes  that  vitalization  by  the  male  then  results  in  a  male  offspring.  It 
would  ]>e  well  to  collect  iis  many  observations  as  possible  upon  the  above  theories, 
singly  and  in  combination.  To  that  end  it  is  commendable  in  breeders  to  keep  an 
extended  record  of  all  cases  in  their  herds  from  this  time  forward,  so  as  to  prove  or 
disprove  theories. 

INB-LUENCE    OF    SEX    UPON    OFFSPRING. 

That  the  male  transmits  his  peculiarities  to  the  female  progeny  and  tlie  dam 
yields  her  characteristics  to  the  male  progeny  is  continually  confirmed  in  nature. 

A  fine  illustration  of  this  axiomatic  proposition  is  given  by  a  correspondent  of 
the  h,n,h,u  Fh'ld : 

"  I   jnit  a  black-red  game  et)ckerel  witli  willow  legs  to  two  white  game  i)ullets 


JIJESEY   CATTLE  IN  AMEIilCA.  93 

with  yellow  legs  and  bills.  I  have  thirty  chickens  of  this  parentage.  Every  cockerel 
has  the  shape  and  yellow  legs  of  the  mother,  every  pullet  the  type  and  willow  legs 
of  the  father.  Knowledge  of  this  tendency  is  capable  of  rendering  good  service 
in  many  departments  thought  more  highly  of  than  chicken-breeding.  Indeed,  there 
is  hardly  any  limit  to  its  usefulness." 

SUMMARY    OF    FACTS    ON    BREEDING. 

1.  That  man  was  for  twenty-iive  hundred  years  under  a  social  system  of  the 
closest  consanguinity  in  marriage,  the  era  of  the  greatest  longevity  of  the  human 
race. 

2.  That  mongrels  of  the  human  races,  as  the  Mestizo  and  the  Mulatto,  are 
especially  inharmonious  mixtures  in  mind  and  body,  notorious  for  their  depravity 
and  savage-like  atavism. 

3.  "  That  the  effects  of  crosses  in  man,  animals,  and  plants  are,  first,  variahiUt/y, 
which  depends,  according  to  Darwin,  '  on  the  reproductive  organs  being  injuriously 
affected  by  changed  conditions  ; '  and,  secondly,  on  reversion,  which  is  generally  a 
change  for  the  worse,  as  the  organism  thus  reverts  to  its  former  unimproved  state, 
and  the  good  effects  of  natural  or  artificial  selection  are  thus  lost." 

4.  That  in  a  state  of  nature,  horses,  cattle,  sheep,  deer,  elephants,  bison,  wild  boar, 
and  many  other  animals  habitually  practise  in-and-in  breeding,  and  also  selection, 
the  strongest  male  leading  the  herd  by  right  of  conquest. 

5.  That  among  our  domesticated  animals  improvement  is  made  by  selection  and 
the  closest  in-and-in  breeding. 

6.  That  fixity  of  type  can  only  be  maintained  by  perpetual  in-and-in  breeding. 

7.  That  the  qualities  of  a  "  sport "  or  phenomenal  animal  can  only  be  preserved 
and  perpetuated  by  close  in-and-in  breeding. 

8.  That  perfect  specimens  of  any  species  or  breed  can  be  perpetually  inbred 
without  any  detriment. 

9.  That  no  physiologist  has  ever  shown  that  disease  or  deformity  can  be 
attributable  to  in-and-in  breeding  as  a  cause. 

10.  That  where  disastrous  results  follow  the  practice  of  in-and-in  breeding,  the 
animals  are  diseased,  and  those  diseases,  like  other  peculiarities,  may  be  intensified 
by  inbreeding. 

11.  That  a  common  difficulty  is  the  condition  of  obesity,  which  results  in 
sterility  and  fatty  degeneration  to  those  bulls  or  cows  thus  kept  and  overfed. 

12.  That  swine  and  fowls  and  all  other  animals  kept  for  their  fat  are  in  an 
abnormal  condition,  and  consequently  difficult  to  inbreed.  Hubback,  the  bull 
that  founded  the  Shorthorn  breed,  early  became  impotent  from  fat. 

13.  That  the  Jersey  race  of  cattle,  being  less  liable  to  fatty  degeneration  than 
most   other  races   of  domestic   animals,  bears  in-and-in   breeding  well,  and   such 


94  JA'JISKV   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

in-and-in  breeding  lias  been  the  means  of  developing  the  most  wonderful  specimens 
of  productive  dairy  cows  ever  known  in  tlie  world's  history. 

PLUS    INTO    PLUS,    OH    THE    TUUK    AKT    OF     UUEEDINQ. 

••  There  is  a  history  .   .   . 
The  which  ohscrveil.  ;i  ni:in  may  prophesy, 
With  a  near  aim,  of  the  main  chance  of  things 
As  yet  to  come  to  life  ;  which  in  their  seeds 
And  weak  beginnings  lie  intreasured." — Shnkespea/re. 

To  all  persons  will >  read  this  Ixiok  and  arc  desirous  of  excelling  as  Jersey 
breeders,  wliether  they  are  novices  or  liavc  had  many  years'  experience,  the 
following  directions  may  be  found  feasible  and  practical)ic  for  tiie  progressive 
improvement  of  their  herds. 

1.  As  the  bull  is  the  breed,  and  contributes  fully  fifty  per  cent,  of  the  bhtod 
value  to  each  of  liis  progeny,  lie  should  be  the  best  animal  obtainable. 

2.  Tlie  bull  should  be  as  largely  of  the  strain,  or  family,  as  practicable,  from 
which  (lue  wishes  to  breed. 

;-*..  Select  the  family  you  wish  ti)  breed,  and  from  that  family  the  best  bull  you 
can  ol)tain. 

4.  Select  your  bull  by  the  new  scale  of  points,  from  a  tested  cow. 

5.  If  you  cannot  find  the  bidl  that  meets  your  requirements,  have  one  bred  to 
order,  using  in  the  interim  of  his  development  the  best  one  that  you  can  obtain. 

Ci.  A  good  bull  is  one  of  a  thousand  ;  indeed,  you  might  examine  several 
thousand,  and  not  find  a  suitable  model  for  your  herd. 

7.  I  would  designate  the  ball  which  possesses  all  the  requirements  sought  as  a 
plus  animal ;  for  if  he  is  properly  bred  he  is  likely  to  be  very  prepotent,  and  will 
transmit  to  his  progeny  more  than  fifty  per  cent,  of  blood  value ;  and  in  estimating 
his  value  he  may  be  marked  in  the  pedigree  as  (.50-}-)  fifty  per  cant.,  plus. 

8.  Similars  with  similars  is  the  great  law  for  the  breeder.  St.  Ilelier  with 
St.  Heher  ;  Albert  with  Albert ;  plus  with  plus ;  yellow  skin  with  yellow  skin  ;  liutter 
breeder  with  butter  breeder;  first  order  escutcheon  with  first  order  escutcheon, 
leaving  no  element  of  perfection  out  of  the  plan. 

9.  The  bull  must  not  only  have  an  imbroken  line  of  good  ancestry  for  at  least 
six  generations  without  one  inferior  animal,  no  weak  link  in  the  long  chain,  but  his 
dam  should  be  extraordinary  in  all  i)oints  ;  the  bull  inherits  his  special  (pialities  from 
his  dam. 

10.  The  cow  that  fulfils  the  requirements  of  the  new  scale  of  points  may  be 
called  s^plus  cow,  and  is  expected,  if  she  be  in-and-in  bred,  to  transmit  fifty  per  cent, 
of  her  blood  value  to  her  progeny.  The^^^w.y  cow  inherits  her  special  qualities  from 
her  sire. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  LV  A3/EJiICA.  '         95 

11.  To  breed  nj^lus  bull,  he  should  be  the  product  of  a  formula  that  would 
make  him  the  grandson  or  great-grandson  of  his  dam,  and  she  a  twenty-five-pound 
cow,  that  he  may  inherit  and  intensify  her  form  and  character. 

12.  The  plus  bull  should  be  bred  to  plus  cows  of  the  same  family  as  himself. 
I  think  a  good  herd  should  be  so  uniform  in  blood  ratios  that  all  should  be  kept  up 
to  a  fifty  per  cent,  standard  of  the  family  blood.  In  some  cases  it  would  be  better 
to  make  the  animals  one  hundred  per  cent,  by  close  in-and-in  breeding,  for  it  has  been 
demonstrated  that  a  line  of  family  quality  cannot  be  maintained  without  purity  of 
blood.  If  the  blood  is  let  loose  by  crossing  it  ma}'  take  years  to  recover  it,  or  it  may 
be  irretrievably  lost  by  such  experiments. 

13.  All  animals  that  fall  below  the  breeder's  own  standard  should  be  eliminated 
from  the  herd. 

14.  A  plus  cow  should  be  the  product  of  a  formula  that  would  make  her  the 
granddaughter  or  great-granddaughter  of  her  sire,  and  he  the  son  of  a  twenty -five- 
pound  cow. 

15.  A  good  formula  for  the  breeder  and  worthy  of  adoption  as  a  motto  is  the 
algebraic  rule  of  multiplication. 

J'lus  into  plus  produces  j!;^(^-«. 

I^lus  into  ininus  produces  minus. 

Minus  into  plus  produces  minus. 

Minus  into  minus  produces  ^^ws. 

The  \a.st plus  is  a  bad  kind  for  the  Jersey  breeder  to  propagate. 

16.  One  cannot  be  too  particular  in  the  breeding  of  his  Irall.  He  must  be 
equally  particular  as  to  the  cows  he  breeds. 

lY.  Let  the  outcrosses,  if  you  make  any,  not  be  absolute,  but  rather  let  them 
have  at  least  fifty  per  cent,  of  the  best  blood  which  characterizes  your  herd,  and  the 
other  element  should  be  something  that  ]iromises  to  supply  a  deficiency. 

NEGLECTED    OPPOETUNITIES. 

How  many  neglected  opportunities  for  doing  grand  work  the  history  of  Jersey 
breeding  sets  forth  !  Look  at  the  portrait  of  Jersey  Belle  of  Seituate  7828,  and 
conjecture  what  such  a  cow  would  be  worth  to-day  in  the  hands  of  a  skilful  breeder. 
Study  her  by  the  scale  of  points,  her  history,  and  her  wonderful  record  upon  moderate 
feeding.  Where  shall  we  see  her  like  again  ?  Where,  oh,  where  were  our  geniuses— 
our  Ceilings  and  Bakewells,  our  Prices  or  our  Guenons — that  they  did  not  see  to  it 
that  such  a  wonder  of  perfection  should  have  been  so  bred  as  to  leave  her  form  and 
quality  a  rich  legacy  to  the  Jersey  breeders  of  America,  in  at  least  one  in-and-in  lu-ed 
jdus  bull  that  shoiild  more  than  replace  her  own  individuality  ?  Suppose  she  had 
l)een  bred  to  Albert  44  or  St.  Helier  45,  and  inbred  to  her  own  progeny  after  the 
following  formula : 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


HYPOTHETICAL  PEDIGREE. 


Jersey   Belle   of   Scituate 


Jersey  Belle's  Sc 
Great-£rrandson. . 
A  Plus  Bull. 


Jersey   Belle  of   Scituate 


'•'^. 


a   "nick"   in 
us  St.   Ilelic'i 


.sneli   a 
and  as 


Does  any  one  doubt  whether  there  would  iui\e  Ijeen 
formula '.  Let  him  try  the  experiment  ^\^th  as  good  a  Inil 
good  a  cow  as  Jersey  Belle  of  Scituate ! 

Other  Jersey  bulls  as  worthy  to  have  their  names  in  sneh  a  formula  were 
Albert  44,  Landseer  331,  Mercury  432,  Signal  1170,  Top  Sawyer  1404,  Gilderoy 
2107,  and  Stoke  Pogis  3d  2238.  Victor  3550,  the  sire  and  grandsire  of  Jci-sey 
Belle  of  Scituate,  was  certainly  worthy  of  filling  such  a  formula;  and  if  it  could 
have  been  accomplished,  what  Jerseys  we  would  now  ])ossess  for  founding  herds 
of  t^uiH-rlative  excellence! 


PART  SECOND. 


DAIRY  FARMING  AND  MANAGEMENT  OF  STOCK. 

• '  And  he  gave  it  for  his  opinion ,  '  That  whoever  could  make  two  ears  of  corn  or  two  blades  of  grass 
to  grow  upon  a  spot  of  ground  where  only  one  grew  before,  would  deserve  better  of  mankind  and  do 
more  essential  service  to  his  country  than  the  whole  race  of  politicians  put  together.'  " — Sinft. 

TnK  successful  Jersey  breeder  must  liave  a  theoretical  and  also  tliorouglily 
practical  knowledge  of  all  the  jirinciples  and  refjiiisites  of  dairy  fanning. 

THE    NINE     POINTS    OF    GOOD    FARMING. 

1.  The  right  selection  of  soil  and  location. 

2.  The  right  selection  of  animals,  seeds,  and  plants. 

3.  The  right  construction  of  buildings,  machinery,  and  tools. 

4.  The  right  underdrainage. 

5.  The  right  making  and  saving  of  manure. 

6.  The  right  modes  of  tillage. 

7.  The  suitable  rotation  of  crops. 

8.  The  timely  performance  of  work. 

9.  The  requisite  irrigation  of  all  crops. 

Volumes  have  been  written  upon  each  of  the  above-named  subjects,  and  still  they 
prove  to  be  inexhaustible  in  interest  and  their  importance  immeasurable.  "When  the 
Jersey  breeder  shall  have  mastered  them  all  he  will  have  lived  long  enough  to  become 
famous.  All  Jersey  breeders  who  have  good  farms  are  very  fortunate.  In  the 
selection  of  a  farm  for  dairy  purposes,  one  must  first  seek  for  fertility  ;  buy  a  farm  that 
is  of  the  richest  soil,  or  soil  that  can  be  made  rich  ;  secondly,  it  must  be  in  a  healthful 
region ;  tliirdly,  near  enough,  but  not  too  near,  to  the  best  of  neighbors ;  and 
fourthly,  contiguous  to  a  good  market. 

The  farm  should  be  stocked  with  the  best  strain  of  Jersey  cattle  and  have  build- 
ings constructed  suitable  to  their  use.  The  crops  grown  must  be  the  best  assortment 
for  the  comfort  and  health  of  the  occupants  of  the  fann,  and  afford  a  sufficient 
variety  of  economical  and  wholesome  food  for  aU  the  stock.  Every  slough,  swamp, 
or  unprofitable  acre  of  wet  land  must  be  thoroughly  underdrained  in  the  best  manner 


98  JERSEY  CATTLE  I.V  AMERICA. 

by  the  use  of  the  best  quality  of  glazed  ])i])e  and  collar  drain  tilo,  tlnis  inii)ruving  tho 
fertility  and  healthfnlness  of  the  farm. 

The  fann  should  continually  grow  richer  by  the  saving  and  properly  utilizing 
all  the  uianurial  elements,  and  by  turning  under  green  crops  to  make  vegetable 
mould.  The  tillage  should  be  done  with  the  most  effective  and  labor-saving  imple- 
ments and  always  thoroughly  and  appropriately  qualilied  according  to  the  needs  of 
each  crop  and  the  condition  of  the  soil.  Tillage  enables  plants  to  digest  and  as.sinii- 
late  manures,  as  a  thorough  mastication  prepares  food  for  the  animal  economy.  The 
crops  must  be  so  arranged  in  order  of  rotation  as  to  utilize  the  various  elements  of 
cumulative  fertility  and  allow  of  a  restoration  of  those  that  are  deficient  or  exhausted. 
If  work  is  always  done  at  the  right  day  and  hour  much  needless  expenditure  of 
vital  force  and  money  will  be  saved,  and  the  farm  will  1)ecome  like  a  well-regulated 
workshop,  where  every  employe  knows  his  place  and  fulfils  the  expectations  of  his 
employer. 

It  needs  a  good  deal  of  careful  planning  to  keep  the  machiuery  in  smooth 
running  order.  To  drain  at  the  right  time  ;  to  manure  at  the  right  time,  in  the  right 
way ;  to  jjIow  at  the  right  time  ;  to  pulverize  thoroughly  at  the  right  time ;  to  cultivate 
and  harrow  and  till  at  the  right  time  and  all  times  ;  to  plant  at  the  right  time  ;  to 
reap  at  the  right  time ;  to  turn  on  the  water  from  the  brook,  fountain,  or  reservoir  just 
at  the  right  time,  and  save  a  crop  from  the  drouth  or  a  pasture  from  scorching ;  to 
raise  big  crops  and  keep  down  weeds  at  the  right  time — to  do  everji;bing  in  the 
easiest  and  most  expeditious  manner  and  make  it  pay  in  money  returns,  is  tlie 
province  of  good  farming. 

The   Soil.* 
by  dr.  august  voelckek. 

"On  examining  the  various  soils  of  this  or  any  other  country,  they  will  be 
found  to  consist  generally  : 

"  1.  Of  larger  or  smaller  stones,  gravel  or  sand. 

"  2.  Of  a  more  friable,  lighter  mass,  crumbling  to  powder  when  squeezed 
between  the  fingers,  and  rendering  water  muddy. 

"  3.  Of  vegetable  and  animal  remains  (organic  matter). 

"  On  further  examination  of  the  several  portions  obtained  by  means  of  washings, 
we  find : 

"  1.  That  the  sand,  gravel,  and  fragments  of  stones  vary  according  to  the  nature 
of  the  rocks  from  which  they  are  derived.  Quartz-sand,  in  one  case,  will  be  observed 
as  the  predominating  constituent;  in  another  this  portion  of  the  soil  consists 
principally  of  a  calcareous  sand  ;  and,  in  a  third,  a  simple  inspection  will  enable  ua 
to  recognize  fragments  of  granite,  feldspar,  mica,  and  other  minerals. 


•  Morton's  Eneycloptedia  of  Agriculture. 


JIJESEY   CATTLE  IJST  AMERICA.  99 

"  2.  In  the  impaliDable  powder,  the  chemist  will  readily  distinguish  principally 
fine  clay,  free  silica,  free  alumina,  more  or  less  oxide  of  iron,  lime,  magnesia,  potash, 
soda,  traces  of  manganese,  and  phosphoric,  sulphuric,  and  carbonic  acids,  with  more 
or  less  organic  matter. 

"  3.  The  watery  solution  of  the  soil,  evaporated  to  dryness,  leaves  behind  an 
inconsiderable  residue,  generally  colored  brown  by  organic  matters,  which  may  be 
driven  off  by  heat.  In  the  combustible  or  organic  portion  of  this  residue  the  pres- 
ence of  ammonia,  of  humic,  ulmic,  crenic  and  apocrenic  acids  (substances  known 
under  the  more  familiar  names  of  soluble  humus),  and  frequently  traces  of  nitric 
acid,  will  be  readily  detected.  In  the  incombustible  portion,  potash,  soda,  lime, 
magnesia,  phosphoric,  sulphuric  and  silicic  acid,  chlorine,  and  occasionally  oxide  of 
iron  and  manganese,  are  present. 

"  All  cultivated  soils  present  a  great  similarity  in  composition :  they  all  contain 
the  above  chemical  constituents.  This  similarity  becomes  still  more  apparent  after 
burning,  when  nearly  all  soils  will  assume  a  red  color,  which  is  due  to  the  presence 
of  the  oxide  of  iron. 

"  At  first  sight  this  might  be  regai-ded  as  opposed  to  the  great  diversity  of  soils  ; 
but  if  we  examine  the  relative  proportions  in  which  the  several  constituents  are 
mixed  together,  the  state  of  combination  in  M'hich  they  occur,  and  the  manner  in 
which  the  different  soils  are  formed,  we  shall  find  that  diversity  is  compatible  with  a 
certain  similarity  in  elementary  composition. 

"  In  all  fertile  and  arable  soils  organic  matters,  more  or  less  decomposed,  varying 
in  quantity  from  one  half  of  one  per  cent,  to  twelve  per  cent.,  occur ;  and  as  in  good 
garden  mould  the  proportion  of  such  organic  matters  frequently  amoimts  to  twenty- 
four  per  cent,  of  its  own  weight,  and  seldom  is  less  than  ten  to  twelve  per 
cent.,  it  was  believed  that  the  amoimt  of  organic  matters  in  soils  determined  their 
relative  degree  of  fertility.  This,  however,  is  a  great  mistake,  for  there  are  soils 
containing  only  two  per  cent,  of  organic  substances  which  are,  notwithstanding, 
greatly  superior  to  others  containing  six  or  eight  per  cent. ;  and,  again,  in  peaty  or 
boggy  soils,  belonging  to  the  worst  description,  sixty  or  seventy  per  cent,  are  by  no 
means  uncommon.  In  soils  celebrated  as  good  wheat  soils  we  have  found  not  more 
than  three  to  three  and  one  half  per  cent,  of  organic  matter ;  while  in  far  less  produc- 
tive land  we  have  found  as  much  as  ten  to  twelve  per  cent.  That  no  reliance  can  be 
placed  on  the  amount  of  organic  matter  in  soils,  as  indicating  their  productive 
powers,  is  also  clearly  seen  in  the  following  determinations  made  by  Dr.  Anderson, 
in  some  of  the  best  wheat  soils  from  different  parts  of  Scotland. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IK  AMEJilCA. 


Locality. 

Organic  Matter 
in  Soil. 

Organic  Matter 
in  Subsoil. 

Mid  Lothian  Wlieat  Soil     

10.19 
6.32 
8.55 
4.54 
3.47 
6. 67 

4.83 

E'i<t  Lotliiiii  Wheat  Soil 

5.85 

Perthshire  Wlieat  Soil                                             

6.82 

Morayshire  Wheat  Soil                              

3.76 

3erwickaliire  Wheat  Soil 

"  The  organic  matter  in  the  soil  is  due,  for  the  greater  part,  to  tlie  vegetable 
remains  of  former  cro])s,  and  partly  to  animal  matters,  derived  from  the  decay  of 
insects  or  the  excrenientitions  substances  contained  in  manure.  The  vegetable 
and  animal  remains,  nnder  the  influence  of  water,  air,  and  heat,  gradually  decay, 
producing  a  brownish  or  black  powdery  substance,  or  rather  a  mixture  of  substances, 
which  is  known  to  practical  men  under  the  name  of  humns,  or  vegetable  mould. 
There  are  principally  two  kinds  of  humus — brown  and  black ;  the  former  is 
contained  in  large  cjuantities  in  the  brown  variety  of  peat ;  the  latter,  the  result  of 
further  decomposition  of  the  brown,  is  found  in  black  peat. 

"  Brown  and  black  humus  have  a  very  complex  composition,  which  is  changing 
every  day  as  the  decay  of  the  vegetable  remains  in  them  proceeds.  During  this 
decay  a  number  of  peculiar  organic  acids  are  formed,  as,  for  instance,  ulmic,  humie, 
crenic,  apocrenic,  and  geic  acids.  These  acids  resemble  each  other  very  much  in 
their  general  aspect,  as  well  as  in  their  composition.  Humus  plays  an  important 
part  in  the  process  of  the  nutrition  of  plants,  but  its  functions  cannot  be  explained 
by  one  action  only,  for  it  is  evidently  subservient  to  the  luxuriant  growth  of  plants 
in  more  than  one  way. 

"  Thus  it  exercises  a  beneficial  action  in  condensing  ammonia,  as  well  as  moisture, 
from  the  atmosphere,  and  likewise  by  furnishing  a  continual  source  of  carbonic  acid, 
arising  from  its  decomposition.  Again,  the  vegetable  remains  in  humus  always 
contain  a  certain  amount  of  inorganic  matters,  but  the  latter  are  not  soluble  in  the 
fresh  roots,  stems,  and  other  parts  of  plants,  and  only  become  available  to  vegetation 
during  their  gradual  decay  and  conversion  into  humus. 

"  Notwithstanding  a  general  similarity  in  the  composition  of  arable  soils,  the 
appearance  and  general  character  of  many  soils,  in  every  country,  present  striking 
differences,  which  cannot  fail  to  strike  the  attention  of  every  superflcial  observer. 

"  The  forms  and  proportions  in  wliich  the  chemical  elements  usually  constituting 
soils  are  mixed  together,  in  different  localities,  explain,  in  some  measure,  though  by 
no  means  fully,  the  various  appearances  and  agricultural  capabilities  which  they 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  101 

These  forms  and  proportions  themselves  depend  on  the  causes  and  circum- 
stances under  which  they  originated. 

"  The  manner  in  which  some  soils  are  formed  will  not  be  long  doubted  by  any 
one  who  has  observed  the  appearance  of  large  rocky  masses,  the  clefts  and  crevices 
they  present,  the  bare  surface  of  their  smoother  and  harder  parts,  the  growth  of 
mosses  and  smaller  plants  on  the  more  softened  portions,  the  accumulations  of 
gravel,  smaller  fragments  of  minerals,  and  fine  mud,  with  their  luxuriant  vegetation 
at  the  foot  of  these  rocks,  and  in  the  valleys  of  mountainous  districts. 

"  These  soils  evidently  have  originated  in  the  degradation  and  decomposition  of 
the  solid  rocks  in  their  immediate  neighborhood,  especially  of  those  which  occupy 
the  surrounding  eminences.  But  as  rocks  differ  much  in  composition,  the  soils 
which  are  formed  on  their  decomposition  must  necessarily  present,  in  many  cases, 
great  differences  equally  with  the  rocks  themselves  ;  and  the  study  of  the  latter  will 
therefore  be  of  considei-able  interest  to  the  cultivator  of  the  soil.  In  other  instances, 
however,  the  nature  of  the  soils,  in  a  given  locaUty,  partakes  nothing  of  the  characters 
of  the  rocks  in  the  immediate  neighborhood,  nor  even  of  those  on  which  they 
rest.  The  causes  which  are  instrumental  in  the  formation  of  soils  fully  exi^lain  this 
apparent  anomaly;  and  we  shall,  for  this  reason,  draw  attention  to  the  various 
causes  which  give  rise  to  the  f  onnation  of  arable  soils.  In  some  instances  we  can 
trace  the  changes  rocks  undergo  in  the  course  of  time,  step  by  step,  and  refer  them 
to  their  true  causes ;  in  others  only  the  ultimate  products  of  decomposition  are  well 
described,  and  their  primary  causes  less  clearly  understood.  This  much  is  sure,  that 
the  causes  which  operate  in  the  formation  of  soils  ai-e  various  and  often  complicated. 
Some  of  them  may  be  referred  to  chemical  forces  and  agencies ;  others,  which  are 
based  on  purely  mechanical  principles,  we  shall  distinguish  as  mechanical  causes  ;  and 
a  few  partake  of  the  nature  of  both — they  act  partly  chemically,  partly  mechanically. 

"  I.  Chemical  causes  of  the  degradation  and  disintegration  of  rocks. 

"1.  One  of  the  principal  agencies  in  effecting  a  gradual  disintegration  of  sohd 
rocks  is  the  atmospheric  oxygen.  In  the  course  of  the  formation  of  oxides  the 
compact  texture  of  the  rock  is  broken  up,  and  the  whole  mass  of  the  rock  gradually 
crumbles  down. 

"  2.  A  second  and  no  less  powerful  chemical  agency  in  the  formation  of  soils 
is  the  carbonic  acid  of  the  atmosphere,  carried  down  by  the  rain.  The  affinity  of 
carbonic  acid  for  different  mineral  compounds  varies  greatly.  Limestones  are  easily 
attacked  by  rain-water,  while  pure  quartz  and  sandstones  are  scarcely  acted  upon  by 
rain-water. 

"  Under  the  influence  of  carbonic  acid  and  water,  feldspar,  granite,  and  other 
minerals  consisting  of  sihcate  of  alumina  and  an  alkaline  sihcate  are  decomposed  into 
alkaline  silicates,  which  in  turn  give  rise  to  silica  and  carbonate  of  potash  or  soda, 
and  into  silicate  of  alumina  or  pure  clay. 


102  .UniSKY   (WTTLE  IX  AMERTCA. 

"  3.  Ill  the  foniiatioii  of  soils  from  solid  rocks  the  lower  ordere  of  plants  and 
animals  take  an  active  share.  The  seeds  of  lichens  and  mosses  floating  in  the  air 
attach  themselves  to  the  ronghened  and  partially  decomposed  surfaces  of  rocks,  and 
finding  here  sufticient  food,  germinate  and  throw  ont  roots,  which  penetrate  the  little 
crevices  in  the  rucks  like  wedges.  These  widening  and  multiplying  crevices  hasten 
the  final  disintegration  of  the  rock.  Mosses  and  lichens  likewise  retain  the  atmos- 
pheric water  and  keep  the  surface  of  the  rock  moist  for  a  longer  time,  giving  in 
this  manner  rain-water  a  lietter  c-liaiicf  of  exercising  its  dissolving  powers  on  the 
constituents  of  the  rocks.  Insects  and  other  animals  of  the  lower  orders  collect  and 
feed  on  the  lichens  and  mosses,  and  both  insects  and  plants  in  due  time  die,  decay, 
and  leave  all  the  mineral  matter  which  they  liave  originally  obtained  from  the  rock 
beliiud,  mixed  with  vegetable  and  animal  remains  or  humus.  A  thin  layer  of  a  more 
fertile  soil  is  thus  formed,  on  which  plants  of  a  higher  order  may  sjiring  up  ;  in  the 
coui-se  of  time  these  die,  and  enrich  and  increase  the  soil. 

"  II.  Mechanical  causes  acting  on  the  formation  of  soils. 

"  Generally  the  first  stage  in  the  disintegration  of  rocks  can  be  referred  to  a 
chemical  force.  The  described  chemical  agencies,  however,  are  often  associated  with 
mechanical  t>nes,  or  followed  by  purely  mechanical  causes,  which  produce  great 
changes  in  the  appearance  of  rocks,  and  contril)ute  much  to  the  rapid  fonnation  and 
the  pecidiarity  of  some  soils. 

"  1.  One  purely  mechanical  agency  is  the  force  of  gravitation.  When  the  force 
of  gravity  preponderates  over  cohesion,  the  rock  so  influenced  contributes  to  fill  up 
the  valley  below  with  disintegrated  fragments.  According  to  the  nature  of  the 
rock,  vegetaticju  springs  up  t)n  these  debris  more  or  less  luxuriantly,  often  very 
rapidly. 

"  2.  The  finer  portions  of  broken  rocks  are  easily  moved  by  the  winds. 

"  3.  Water  exercises  a  powerfid  influence  in  changing  rocks  in  a  mechanical 
way. 

"  By  frei'zing  it  e.\ii;ui(ls  and  Inirsts  tlie  rock.  The  rains  continually  wash  olf 
particles  and  carry  tlieiu  to  lower  levels. 

'•  The  tiller  deposits  t'onii  the  alluvial  soils  of  our  river-banks.  The  vast  mass  of 
materials  deposited  at  the  nioutlisof  large  rivers  alters  the  condition  of  the  soils  along 
the  banks  of  the  deltius  from  a  iiatiually  sterile  into  a  most  rich  and  fertile  one. 

"  4.  The  sea  likewise  ])lays  an  active  part  in  chaTiging  the  character  of  the  land 
near  the  shore  and  in  giving  rise  to  new  soils. 

"5.  A^'egetalde  remains,  and  especially  animal  remain.^  contribute  much  to  the 
formatioTi  of  some  soils.  Vast  numbei\s  of  infusorise,  near  the  mouths  of  rivei-s 
whei'c  salt  aiul  fresh  waters  mingle,  die  daily,  mix  with  the  mud,  and  are  deposited 
along  the  banks,  and  thus  alluvial  soils  of  the  utmost  degree  of  fertility  are 
formed. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IJST  AMERICA.  103 

CLASSES     OF     SOILS. 

"Soils  in  general  consist  of  a  mechanical  mixtm-e  of  the  following  four 
ingredients : 

"  1.  SiUca,  silicious  sand,  and  gravel. 

"2.  Clay. 

"3.  Lime. 

"  4.  Animal  and  vegetable  remains  (humus). 

"  There  are  few  soils  which  consist  of  only  one  oi-  two  of  these  four  substances ; 
most  contain  them  all,  but  the  relative  proportion  of  each  in  different  soils  varies 
considerably. 

"  A  simple  classification  of  soils,  accordingly,  may  be  founded  on  the  prepon- 
derance of  one  of  these  four  chief  constituents : 

"  Soils  may  be  conveniently  classified  as  follows  : 

"  1.  Swndy  soils,  containing  above  eighty  per  cent,  of  silicious  sand. 

"  2.   Calcareous  soils,  containing  above  twenty  per  cent,  of  lime. 

"  3.   Olay  soils,  containing  above  fifty  per  cent,  of  clay. 

"  4.  Vegetable  moulds  (humus  soils),  containing  more  than  six  per  cent,  of 
organic  matters  or  humus. 

"  5.  Marly  soils,  or  soils  in  which  the  projjortiou  of  lime  is  more  than  five, 
but  does  not  exceed  twenty  per  cent,  of  the  whole  weight  of  the  dry  soil,  and  that  of 
clay  is  more  than  twenty,  but  less  than  fifty  per  cent. 

"  6.  Loamy  soils,  or  soils  in  which  the  proportion  of  clay  hkewise  varies  from 
twenty  to  fifty  per  cent.,  but  which  at  the  same  time  contain  less  than  five  per  cent, 
of  lime. 

CHAEACTEEISTICS    OF    SOILS. 

"  1.  Sandy  Soils. — They  are  generally  of  a  loose,  friable,  open,  dry  character, 
and  for  that  reason  are  more  easily  and  less  expensively  cultivated  than  any  other 
description  of  soils. 

"  Many  consist  almost  entirely  of  silicious  sand  and  gravel,  with  but  little  alumina 
and  calcareous  matters.  Such  soils  are  almost  absolutely  barren,  and  in  general 
termed  hungry  soils,  from  their  tendency  to  absorb  manures  without  any  correspond- 
ing benefit  to  the  land.  Others  contain  a  large  proportion  of  alumina  and  hme, 
which  render  them  more  compact  and  always  more  fertile. 

"  On  these  richer  kinds  of  sandy  soils,  beans,  peas,  and  spring  wheat  succeed 
well ;  and  as  turnips  are  frequently  grown  with  advantage  on  them,  they  are  called 
also  turnip  soils. 

"  Sandy  soils  are  capable  of  improvement. 
•  "  Clay,  marl,  chalk,  and  many  other  substances  counteract  the  loose  texture  and 
porosity,  and  may  with  advantage  be  applied  to  them. 


104  JSItSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

"  2.  Calcareous  Soils. — As  the  physical  characters  of  calcareous  soils  depend 
cliiefly  on  the  relative  proportions  of  lime  and  the  other  constituents  which  enter 
into  the  composition  of  this  class  of  soils,  it  is  impossible  to  give  a  short  general 
cliaracteristic.  While  some  are  deep,  dry,  loose,  and  friable  in  their  natiire,  and 
as  productive  as  some  soils  resting  on  the  lower  chalk  formation,  others  are  stony, 
poor  thin  soils,  producing  but  a  scanty  vegetation.  Beans,  peas,  and  clover  are 
grown  witli  advantage  on  tliis  class  of  soils. 

"  They  are  subdivided  into  calcareous  clays,  loams,  and  sands,  according  to  tlie 
proportion  of  clay  and  silica. 

"  3.  Clay  Soils. — The  properties  of  clay  soils  are  diametrically  ()]>posed  to  those 
of  sandy  soils.  Stiffness,  impenetrability,  great  power  of  absorbing  and  retaining 
moisture,  and  great  adhesiveness  characterize  this  class  of  soils.  They  are 
consequently  cold,  stiff  soils,  which  are  expensive  and  difficult  to  cultivate.  "When 
properly  cultivated  some  are  turned  into  highly  fertile  soils.  Their  mechanical 
stnicture  may  be  corrected  T)y  drainage,  burning,  bulky  manures,  and  the  addition  of 
lime,  ashes,  and  sand. 

"  4.  Vfifjetahle  Moulds. — Any  soil  containing  more  than  six  per  cent,  of  organic 
matter,  whatever  else  its  composition  may  be,  is  called  a  vegetable  mould.  Soils  of 
the  most  opposite  physical  characters  may  be  thus  grouped  in  this  class.  They  are 
clayey,  loamy,  or  sandy.  Many  are  highly  fertile  ;  others  are  more  or  less  unproduc- 
tive, but  capable  of  improvement ;  and  others  again  contain  so  large  a  preponderance 
of  organic  matter  that  they  are  called  2>eaty  or  hoggy. 

"  5.  Marly  Soils. — Marly  soils  resemble  more  or  less  in  their  characters  calca- 
reous and  clay  soils. 

"  They  are  always  less  retentive,  less  impervious  than  clay  soils,  but  generally 
not  so  open  and  porous  as  many  calcareous  soils.  On  the  whole,  marly  soils  belong  to 
the  better,  more  productive,  and  generous  soils. 

"  A  sandy  marl  is  a  marly  soil  in  which  a  large  proportion  of  clay  is  replaced 
by  silicious  sand.  Clay  marl,  on  the  contrary,  is  a  marly  soil  in  which  clay 
preponderates. 

"  6.  Loamy  Soils. — The  term  loam  is  reserved  to  all  soils  which  contain  the  four 
chief  constituents — silicious  sand,  clay,  lime,  and  vegetable  and  animal  remains — in  a 
tine  sbite  of  subdivision,  intimate  mixture,  and  in  such  relative  proportions  that 
the  quantity  of  lime  does  not  exceed  five  per  cent,  nor  that  of  clay  fifty  per 
cent. 

"  Loamy  soils,  next  to  the  richer  garden  moulds,  belong  to  the  very  best  soils. 
They  are  ea.sily  cultivated,  and  yield  abundant  crops  of  almost  any  kind,  ilany 
alluvial  deposits  tliat  are  celebrated  for  fertility  belong  to  this  class. 

"  Sandy  loam,  clay  loam,  marly  loam,  are  tenns  applied  to  soils  wherein  sand, 
clay,  or  marl  appear  more  prominently  than  in  others." 


JERSEY   CA  TTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


Analysis  of   Loamy  Soils. 
by  dr.  anderson. 


Constituents. 

Silica 

Alumina 

Organic  Matter 

Peroxide  of   Iron 

Potash 

Water 

Soda 

Lime 

Phosphoric  Acid 

Sulphuric  Acid 

Carbonic  Acid 

Chlorine 


63.19+ 

61.63+ 

14.04+ 

14.24+ 

8.55+ 

6.82+ 

4.87+ 

6.23+ 

2.80+ 

2.17+ 

2.70 

4.57 

1.43 

1.04 

0.83 

1.27 

0.24 

0 .  26 

0.09 

0.03 

0.05 

0 .  009 

0.02 

100.00 


100.00 


"  It  is  a  natural  inference  to  expect  in  unproductive  or  barren  soils  a  deliciency 
or  total  absence  of  one  or  more  of  those  constituents  which  are  highly  conducive  to 
the  luxuriant  growth  of  plants.  A  chemical  examination  in  such  cases  must  prove 
of  utility  to  the  practical  man,  inasmuch  as  it  not  only  is  calculated  to  point  out  the 
cause  of  infertility,  but  also  to  suggest  an  efficient  means  to  raise  its  productive 
powers.  In  many  other  cases,  in  the  majority  of  instances,  the  barrenness  cannot  be 
traced  to  the  deficiency  or  total  absence  of  an  important  soil-constituent  nor  to  the 
existence  in  the  soil  of  a  substance  injurious  to  vegetation.  The  fault  may  be  one, 
not  of  the  existence,  but  of  the  accessibility  of  the  requisite  ingredients  for  tlie  crop. 
All  the  substances  needed  by  the  plant  may  be  present,  and  in  sufficient  quantity ; 
the  soil,  considered  as  a  storehouse,  may  be  full ;  and  the  infertility  comj^lained  of 
may  simply  be  the  want  of  the  ke^'. 

"  This  is  the  case  of  a  soil  locked  up  in  stagnant  water,  which  only  needs  drainage 
to  prove  the  fertility  which  one  would  expect  from  its  analysis.  But  independently 
of  this,  as  a  general  rule,  even  a  minute  chemical  analysis,  in  which  only  the  propor- 
tions of  the  several  constituents  are  indicated,  is  of  comparatively  little,  and  often  of 
no  practical  utility  to  the  individual  who  has  had  a  reproductive  soil  analyzed, 
with  the  view  to  have  a  remedy  suggested  by  the  analytical  data  for  bringing  it  into 
a  better  state  of  cultivation.  .  .  . 

"  A  point  of  great  practical  importance  is  the  state  of  division  in  which  the 
constituent  parts  of  soils  are  mixed  together ;  and  as  a  chemical  analysis  gives  no 


106  JERSEY  CATTLE  IN^  A3IERICA. 

inforuiatioii  in  this  respect,  the  necessity  for  sulmiitting  the  soil  to  a  uu'chanical 
exaniinatiou  becomes  apparent. 

''  Such  an  examination  enables  ns  to  ascertain  whether  its  mechanical  condition 
is  such  as  to  render  its  cultivation  economical  or  expensive,  and  at  the  same  time 
Hows  us  to  recognize  the  nature  of  the  stones  which  are  found  in  the  soil.  An 
acfjuaintance  with  the  composition  of  the  stones  affords  a  good  criterion  as  to  its 
prol)able  state  of  ])roductiveness,  and  in  many  cases  suggests  the  i>ropriety  of 
lea%-ing  the  stones  on  the  laud  or  of  removhig  them. 

"  The  pro]wrty  of  absorbing  water,  either  in  the  form  of  vajjor  or  in  the  state  of 
dew  from  the  atmosphere,  has  a  material  influence  upon  the  productive  charactei-s  of 
soils,  and  contributes  to  explain  the  superiority  of  one  soil  over  another.  Intimately 
connected  with  the  jjreccdiug  pi'0])erty  is  the  power  of  soils  absorl)ing  fertilizing 
ga.ses  from  the  atmosphere.  Generally  speaking,  those  soils  which  absorb  a  larger 
amount  of  moistm-e  from  the  air  than  others  are  als(j  the  Ijetter  absorbers  for 
carbonic  acid  and  annnonia. 

"  This  property,  though  dependent  in  a  great  measure  on  the  porosity  or  the 
state  of  division  of  the  various  constituent  parts  of  the  soil,  is  still  more  intimately 
connected  with  its  chemical  constitution." 

EIGHT    SEEDS,    PLANTS,    AND    ANIMALS. 

Under  tliis  second  point  of  good  farming  might  be  arranged  the  discussion  of 
tlie  raising  and  imjirovement  in  quality  of  all  kinds  of  seeds  and  all  the  grasses  and 
clovers  and  the  root  crops  used  upon  dairy  farms.  But  the  scope  of  this  work  will 
hardly  admit  of  such  an  extended  discussion.  It  is  well,  however,  to  advise  that,  as 
far  as  practicable,  farmers  raise  their  own,  and  patronize  those  dealers  only  who 
have  a  reputation  for  careful  selection  as  to  purity  and  quality  of  all  kinds  of  seed. 

In  regard  to  the  selection  of  stock  for  the  dairy  farm,  no  one  who  has  taken 
pains  to  inform  himself  in  regard  to  the  merits  of  the  various  races  could  hesitate 
to  give  his  choice  to  the  Jersey  as  pre-eminently  the  best  of  all  breeds  of  dairy 
cattle. 

l^l  AXTrrV    OF    SEKI)    KKtiUIKED    TO    I'l.ANT    AN    AOUK. 

Barley,  in  drills 1  bushel. 

Barley,  broadcast 2^  bushels. 

Beet,  in  drills  2i  feet it  pounds. 

Cabbage,  sown  in  frames -i  ounces. 

Carrot,  in  drills  2^  feet 4  pounds. 

(Jlover,  Lucerne  (Alfalfa) 10         « 

Clover,  Alsike G         " 

Clover,  Large  Red 16         " 

Clover,  Large  Red,  with  Timothy 10         " 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  A3IE1UCA.  107 

Corn,  Sweet 10    quarts. 

Coru,  Field • 8         " 

Grass,  Timothy,  with  Large  Ked  Clover 8         " 

Grass,  Orchard 64         " 

Grass,  Italian  Eye 20         " 

Grass,  Mixed  (twenty  \-arieties  with  Clover) 40         " 

Mangold,  in  drills  2^  feet 9    pounds. 

Millet,  broadcast 50         " 

Oats,  in  drills f  bushel. 

Oats,  broadcast 1^  bushels. 

Parsnip,  in  drills  2|  feet 5    pounds. 

Peas,  in  drills 2    busjiels. 

Rye,  in  drills 1    bushel. 

Rye,  broadcast 1^  bushels. 

Turnips,  in  drills  2  feet 3     pounds. 

"Wheat,  in  drills  (best  conditions) f  bushel. 

"Wheat,  broadcast 1^  bushels. 

THE    BAEN. 

The  barn  is  a  storehouse  for  fodder,  and  should  never  be  used  for  a  stable.  The 
contamination  of  sweet  hay,  grain,  and  roots  by  the  putrescible  exhalations  and 
vapors  of  a  stable  is  neither  conducive  to  the  health  of  the  animals  nor  compatible 
with  the  highest  excellence  of  quality  for  the  butter  and  cream. 

In  a  barn  that  costs  $1000  a  man  can  keep  $50,000  worth  of  Jerseys ;  but  if 
from  any  cause  the  building  takes  fire,  he  is  sure  to  lose  his  herd.  The  risk  is  too 
great. 

The  most  economical  form  of  barn  is  the  octagon.  A  fifty-foot  octagon,  suit- 
able for  a  fifty-acre  farm  and  a  storage  of  fodder  sufficient  for  fifty  head  of  Jerseys, 
can  be  built  at  a  cost  of  about  $700.  The  barn  may  be  of  lumber,  but  jireferably  a 
concrete  wall,  with  a  lumber  framed  roof  covered  with  slate.  The  walls  may  be 
twelve  to  eighteen  inches  thick  and  twenty-four  to  twenty-eight  feet  high ;  the 
rafters  thirty-four  feet  long  ;  the  roof  lighted  by  a  cupola.  If  the  bam  can  be  located 
in  a  side-hill  of  sufficient  height,  a  bridge  or  an  earth  driveway  can  be  constructed 
so  as  to  drive  in  at  a  gable  door  and  dump  all  loads  from  a  floor  resting  on  the  top 
of  the  walls,  thus  saving  a  vast  amount  of  labor  in  unloading  hay,  grain,  and  roots. 
"Where  this  plan  is  impracticable,  the  next  best  thing  for  hay  is  the  horse-fork,  which 
has  a  free  swing  in  such  a  barn,  there  lieing  no  cross-ties  or  beams  to  obstruct  its 
working. 

The  walls  should  be  made  of  water-Ume  cement,  sand,  gravel,  and  small 
fragments  of  broken  stone. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


Elkvation  for  Octagon  Barn,  with  Sidk-IIill  Driveway  and  Gable  Entrance. 


Ground  Plan  of  Octagon  Barn. 

A,  Driveway.  7?,  Root  Cellar.  C,  C,  C.  Compartments  for  Hay  and  Com  Stover. 

Upper  story  may  be  used  for  storing  grain  crops. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IJV  A3IERIGA.  109 

FORMULA    FOR   CONCRETE. 

Shmy  sand,  4  parts  ;  water-lime,  1  part.  Mix  thorotcghly  he/ore  %oetting.  Mix 
VERY  WET ;  add  gravel,  4  parts ;  mix  very  wet,  and  work  over  thoroughly  four 
times.     Add  small  broken  stone,  4  parts. 

Put  into  the  box  or  form  a  layer  of  an  inch  of  the  mortar  and  then  a  layer  of 
stone,  always  taking  care  to  have  the  stone  in  the  centre  and  a  layer  of  mortar  making 
fully  two  inches  of  the  outer  portion  of  the  wall.  The  mortar  should  be  tamped 
in,  so  as  to  make  it  solid.  Let  it  dry  forty-eight  hours  for  each  tier  of  one  foot  in 
height.  If  care  is  observed  the  building  will  be  better  in  quality  than  stone  or  brick, 
as  it  makes  a  very  dry  wall.  Sills  jjlaced  on  the  top  of  such  a  concrete  wall  are 
liable  to  rot  from  being  coated  with  lime.  This  can  be  prevented  by  spreading  a 
layer  of  gas-tar  or  asphalt  on  the  top  of  the  wall.  No  moisture  should  be  allowed  to 
come  in  contact  with  a  concrete  wall  until  it  has  become  hard  ;  then  it  will  be  water- 
tight. There  should  be  a  drain  cut  lower  than  the  foundation  wall  to  caiTy  off  any 
water  that  might  come  against  it  from  the  Iiill-side.  Fill  in  the  space  above  the 
drain,  which  should  be  of  good  ])ipe,  with  small  stone  as  high  as  the  bank  in  which 
the  excavation  is  made. 

The  boxes  or  fonns  for  a  wall  one  foot  thick  should  be  made  of  plank  fourteen 
inches  wide,  one  and  a  half  inches  thick,  and  of  the  right  length.  The  standards  or 
posts  may  be  three  by  four  scantling  a  little  exceeding  the  height  of  the  wall.  These 
posts  are  set  fifteen  inches  apart,  with  the  planks  on  the  inside.  The  standards  are 
held  in  place  by  nailing  thin  pieces  of  board  across.  These  remain  in  the  wall.  The 
planks  on  the  outer  side  of  the  octagon  must  of  course  be  longer  than  the  inner  by 
the  thickness  of  the  wall.  The  boxes  need  a  clamp  to  prevent  their  springing 
between  the  standards,  and  it  is  well  to  have  the  plank  lined  with  tin  or  zinc  to  prevent 
their  becoming  flexible  from  the  excess  of  moisture  while  the  wall  is  drying.  The 
clamps  may  be  made  of  hard  wood  two  feet  long,  with  a  two-inch  hole  at  each  end, 
and  fifteen  inches  apart.  A  strong  pin  two  feet  long  is  set  in  each  hole  so  as  to 
protrude  ten  inches,  and  these  pins  will  just  fit  over  the  outside  of  the  plank  box,  and 
a  brace  driven  between  the  upper  ends  will  make  them  clasp  the  box.  Two  or  more 
of  these  are  needed  for  each  form.  Door  and  window  frames  have  jambs  the  width 
of  the  wall's  thickness,  and  must  be  put  in  place  at  the  proper  time  and  plumbed  the 
same  as  the  standards.  The  usual  cost  of  the  concrete  wall  is  about  ten  cents  a  cubic 
foot.  It  will  be  a  little  more  when  tiie  walls  are  high.  "Walls  twenty-four  feet  high 
give  a  capacity  of  hay  storage  eighty  per  cent,  greater  than  when  but  sixteen  feet, 
because  of  the  closer  packing  of  the  deeper  mow.  The  floor  of  such  a  barn  may  be 
of  concrete  and  laid  directly  upon  the  earth.  The  root  bins  should  be  walled  in  with 
concrete  partitions  on  the  hill-side  of  the  basement.  The  grain  bins  are  to  be  placed 
in  the  attic.  From  these  the  grain  is  drawn  down  through  a  clutli  spout  into  bags 
or  barrels,  as  needed. 


JER&EY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


Elevation  foe  Side-Hill  Barn,  with   Driveway  Entering  at  Gable. 


Ground  Plan  of  Barn. 


A,  Driveway. 


B,  Root  Cellar.  C,  C,  C,  Compartments  for  Hay  and  Corn  Stover. 

Upper  story  used  for  grain  crops. 


JER^iEY  CATTLE  IN  AIIERICA.  Ill 

The  corn  crib,  for  storing  maize  in  the  ear,  is  best  made  of  slats  witli  spreading 
top,  and  set  upon  posts  capped  with  flaring  tin  pans  as  a  guard  against  rats. 

THE    STABLE. 

The  STABLE  is  the  most  important  of  farm  buildings,  and  needs  as  much  care  and 
forethought  in  planning  as  the  dwelling-house  of  the  owner.  The  stable  is  the  home 
of  the  Jerseys,  and  should  be  devoted  solely  to  their  comfort  and  health.  Neither 
horses,  sheep,  swine,  fowls,  nor  dogs  should  be  allowed  to  occupy  the  same  building 
with  Jerseys.  The  reasons  for  such  exclusiveness  should  be  obvious  to  every  butter- 
maker,  as  the  object  of  the  true  breeder  is  not  only  to  develop  the  Jerseys  to  the 
highest  perfection,  but  to  produce  the  best  quality  of  dairy  products. 

The  requisites  for  a  Jersey  stable  are :  (1)  a  fire-proof  building  of  the  parallel 
form,  built  of  material  that  shall  render  it  cool  in  summer  and  warm  in  winter,  and 
free  from  dampness  or  frost  on  the  floor  and  wall ;  (2)  to  afford  a  full .  supply  of 
sunlight ;  (3)  perfect  ventilation ;  (4)  convenient  facilities  for  feeding  and  watering ; 
(5)  comfortable  stalls  and  fastenings;  (6)  the  best  means  of  cleanHness;  (7)  the 
manure  storage  to  be  conducted  in  a  separate  structure. 

THE    BUILDING. 

As  far  as  walls  are  needed  for  a  stable,  water-lime  concrete,  made  according  to  the 
formula  for  the  barn,  is  the  best  material.  Such  a  wall  has  a  pecuHar  porosity  of  an 
infinite  number  of  very  minute  air  cells,  which  render  it  almost  the  equivalent  of  a 
double  wall  of  brick  or  stone  as  a  non-conductor  of  heat  and  moisture.  The  wall 
must  be  so  built  as  to  have  a  stratmn  of  the  concrete  mortar  on  the  external  and 
internal  surfaces  of  about  two  inches  thickness,  and  the  centre  of  the  wall  a  stratum 
of  broken  stone  mixed  with  the  water-lime  cement  and  mortar,  the  whole  to  be 
thoroughly  tamped  and  well  dried  in  each  successive  tier  of  building.  The  roof 
should  be  of  slate.  The  stable  needs  a  dry  floor.  This  should  be  made  of  concrete. 
First,  a  film  of  coal-tar  upon  the  levelled  hard  earth  ;  second,  a  layer  of  soft  mortar  and 
gravel,  which,  after  drying  forty-eight  hours,  may  be  topped  with  a  layer  of  several 
inches  (four  to  six)  of  small  fragments  of  broken  stone  ;  third,  a  layer  of  gravel  or 
sand  which  must  be  thoroughly  rolled  and  worked  into  the  stones  ;  fom-th,  a  layer 
of  concrete  mortar  three  inches  deep,  weU  tamped  and  left  forty-eight  hours  to  dry. 
The  groimd  must  first  be  marked  out  according  to  the  plan  of  the  stable,  making 
excavations  for  the  water  troughs  in  front  of  the  cattle  and  the  manure  gutters 
behind  the  platforms. 

As  the  cattle  may  be  allowed  to  drink  frequently,  the  gutter  beneath  the  manger 
need  be  but  shallow — five  or  six  inches  deep — with  f  aU  suflacient  to  empty  when  plug 
is  removed  at  the  lower  end.     The  manure  gutters  are  to  be  cleaned  three  times 


112  JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 

daily,  and  may  be  thirty  inches  wide  by  six  inches  deep,  with  sutScieiit  f; 
discharge  the  urhie.     This  will  be  treated  of  under  "  Cleanliness." 


SLN  LIGHT. 

The  direction  of  the  building,  if  from  iioi-th  to  south,  is  best,  as  the  windows 
then  receive  the  early  rays  of  the  sun  ;  those  who  ])refer  the  noonday  sun  can  have  an 
east  and  west  plan  ;  but  any  arrangement  whereby  a  large  amount  of  sunshine  may 
fall  upon  the  cattle  is  desirable,  and  that  which  pro\ades  most  is  best.  One  large 
window  for  each  animal,  or  at  the  least  for  every  two  animals,  is  a  plan  to  be  com- 
mended— %vindows  that  come  within  a  foot  of  the  floor  and  the  same  distance  from 
the  top  of  a  ten-foot  wall.  The  windows  should  also  be  double,  with  an  air-space  of 
six  to  eiglit  inches  between,  thus  saving  warmth  in  winter  and  rendering  the  stable 
cool  in  summer.  But  the  smilight  is  as  needful  to  the  thrift  of  animals  as  it  is  to 
plant  life,  and  the  breeder  who  gives  his  cattle  sun  baths  in  winter  will  soon  learn  its 
vitalizing  effects. 

VENTILATION. 

As  in  the  human  dwelling,  so  the  stable  should  have  a  perfect  system  of  venti- 
lation ;  for  cattle  have  the  same  lung  diseases  or  a  similar  loss  of  vitality  when 
deprived  of  oxygen  as  the  human  race.  The  air  should  not  only  be  kept  as  near  a  state 
of  purity  as  jjossible,  but  as  far  as  practicable  at  a  healthful  temperature.  Cattle 
thrive  well  and  make  their  best  growth  at  a  temperature  of  about  60°  Fahrenheit.  "  A 
fight  with  flies  and  poverty"  at  90°  or  with  foul  air  and  poverty  at  10°  below  zero 
may  suit  the  fancy  of  some  theorists  who  hold  that  "  roughing  it "  is  the  correct 
system  of  disciplining  cattle  into  enduraiicf ;  Imt  humane  treatment  only  will  be 
found  profitable  with  Jerseys  or  any  other  breed  of  cattle. 


^  \Z\V\V\\Z\V\^V\V\V\^ 


Stahle. 


b,  Vfiitilator. 


THALMA    4288. 

St.  Helier  Type. 

OAKLANDS  HEED. 

Valancey  E.  Fuller,  Hamilton,  Ontario,  Canada. 


TAOMA    7200. 

St.  Ilelkr  Type. 

briarcliff  herd. 

James  Stillman,  Sing  Sing,  N.  Y. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


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Ground  Plan  of   Stable. 
r,  Tempering  Room.  W,  Wasli  Room.  0,  Office. 

D,  Bull  Stalls.  8,  Cow  Stalls.  k.   Grating  over  Gutters. 

A,  Feeding-way  between  cattle  which  ma)'  have  railway-track  for  feeding-car. 
in.  Mangers.  r.  Ventilating  Flues.  r,  "Windows. 


lU 


JEIi;SEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


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k//y/y^yy/yyyyy/y. 


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System  ok  Ventilation. 


7777V71---V///y/A 


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a.  Supply  Funnel  facing  the  wind. 

c.  Supply  Pipe  for  Summer. 

rf,  Air  Box  perforated  at  the  bottom. 

e,  Winter  Supply  Pipe  to  Tempering  Koom. 


g.  Warm  Air  from  Tempering  Room. 

«,  Foul-air  Exhaust  Flues. 

6>,  Dampers. 

.V,  Channel  for  Drinking- Water. 


k,  Cliannel  for  JIanure  Gutter. 

Buildings  need  niean.s  of  ventilation  other  tlian  windows  or  doors.  Least  of  all 
can  we  count  upon  the  natural  ventilation  resulting  from  the  porosity  of  building 
materials.  There  should  be  ample  pro\'ision  made  to  furnish  a  supply  of  fresh  cool 
air  sufficient  for  comfort  in  the  heat  of  August,  or  to  keep  up  a  constant  and  pure 
flow  at  55°  to  ()(>°  when  the  outside  temperature  is  far  belctwthe  freezing-point.  AVe 
must  provide  for  the  removal  of  the  exhalations  of  lungs  and  skin  and  the  evaporated 
]iarticles  from  dung  and  urine ;  for  all  putrescible  matters  that  are  dangerous  sources 
of  tubercular  lung  disease,  or  that  in  any  way  tend  to  lower  animal  vitality. 

The  fresh  air  is  best  introduced  from  above  and  in  the  faces  of  the  animals. 
The  exhaust  or  outward  flow  should  always  be  from  the  base  of  the  wall  behind  the 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  115 

cattle.  One  large  flue,  with  an  opening  a  foot  square,  between  each  pair  of  windows 
will  conduct  the  foul  air  into  a  ventilating  loft  in  the  attic.  Large  ventilators  on  the 
ridge  disperse  the  current  outwardly.  The  outflow  may  be  enforced  by  heat  or  regu- 
lated by  an  air-tight  blower.  The  thermometer  is  essential  to  show  the  temperature 
of  the  stable,  and  the  plan  should  be  to  pass  a  river  of  pure  air  perpetually  through 
the  stable  as  near  the  temperature  of  65°  as  it  is  practicable  to  produce.  The  pure 
air  must  not  be  sliut  out  because  of  pinching  cold,  but  some  artiflcial  means  of  heat 
must  temper  the  air  before  it  is  introduced.  During  the  severe  winter  weather  the 
most  convenient  method  of  tempering  would  be  the  "ventilating  stove,"  which 
combines  all  the  elements  of  stove,  furnace,  and  open  fireplace.  Where  a  steam- 
engine  is  used  the  heat  may  be  utilized.  The  subterranean  system  of  the  deep 
earth  duct  may  be  found  of  great  advantage  in  some  large  herds.  By  referring  to 
plate  the  elements  of  ventilation  are  illustrated.  The  air  is  best  introduced  by  a 
long  duct  at  the  top  of  the  stable  between  the  two  rows  of  cattle.  This  duct  may 
be  of  pine  smoothly  planed  within  or  of  galvanized  iron,  the  bottom  of  the  duct  to 
be  closely  perforated  with  half-inch  holes.  Such  a  system  will  not  only  prevent 
tubercular  disease,  but  insure  normal  health  and  full  constitutional  vigor. 

THE     WATER     SUPPLY. 

Very  fortunate  is  the  farmer  who  can  turn  the  water  of  a  pure  spring  from  the 
hillside  into  his  dwelling  and  stable.  Cows  require  more  water  than  any  other  stock. 
They  drink  enormous  quantities  when  in  a  full  flow  of  milk.  The  experiments  of 
Prof.  Horsfall  and  of  M.  Cancel  illustrate  the  necessity  of  an  abundant  supply.  The 
former  "  found  that  cows,  when  giving  only  twenty  pounds  of  milk  per  day,  drank 
forty  pounds  of  water  more  than  fattening  cattle  of  the  same  weight."  The  latter 
says  that "  by  inducing  cows  to  drink  more  water,  the  quantity  of  milk  yielded  by  them 
can  be  increased  many  quarts,  without  injuring  the  quality."  By  moistening  their 
fodder  and  adding  a  little  salt  the  milk  was  increased  from  nine  and  twelve  quarts 
on  dry  fodder  to  twelve  and  fourteen  quarts  daily.  The  amount  a  cow  drinks  is  a 
criterion  of  her  milking  powers,  a  cow  that  drinks  fifty  quarts  of  water  daily  giving 
eighteen  to  twenty-three  quarts  of  milk.  The  water  should  be  pure  and  about  6.5° 
in  winter  and  summer.  It  should  run  through  a  gutter  in  front  of  the  stalls.  Tlie 
gutter  is  to  be  covered  by  a  hinged  lid,  which  forms  the  floor  of  the  manger,  when 
closed.  Some  breeders  prefer  a  trough  which  is  raised  or  lowered  like  a  dumb- 
waiter. Water  should  Always  be  piire  and  perpetually  supplied  in  the  manger 
gutter,  winter  and  summer. 

CAPACITY    OF   TANKS    AND    CISTERNS. 

Two  feet  in  diameter  and  ten  inches  deep  holds 19  gallons. 

Three  feet  in  diameter  and  ten  inches  deep  holds 44       " 


116  ji:i!sj:y  vatti.e  iN^  America. 

Four  feet  in  diameter  and  ten  inches  deep  holds 78  gallons. 

Five  feet  in  diameter  and  ten  inches  deep  holds 122 

Six  feet  in  diameter  and  ten  inches  deep  holds ITti 

Seven  feet  in  diameter  and  ten  inches  deep  holds 239 

Eight  feet  in  diameter  and  ten  inches  deep  holds 813        " 

Kine  feet  in  diameter  and  ten  inches  deep  holds 396        " 

Ten  feet  in  diameter  and  ten  inches  deep  holds 489        " 

Eleven  feet  in  diameter  and  ten  inches  deep  holds 592        " 

Twelve  feet  in  diameter  and  ten  inches  deep  holds 705        " 

Thirteen  feet  in  diameter  and  ten  inches  deep  holds 827        " 

Fourteen  feet  in  diameter  and  ten  inches  deep  holds 959        " 

Fifteen  feet  in  diameter  and  ten  inches  deep  holds 11 01         " 

Twenty  feet  in  diameter  and  ten  inches  deep  holds 1958        " 

Repeat  the  (quantity  for  each  ten  inches  in  depth. 

A  good  cow  reqiiires  from  twelve  to  fifteen  gallons  of  water  daily. 

A  herd  of  fifty  good  Jerseys  require  seven  hundred  and  fifty  gallons  daily. 

A  tank  six  feet  in  diameter  and  five  feet  deep  holds  ten  hundred  and  fifty-si.x 
gallons — an  ample  supply  for  fifty  cows,  if  it  is  kept  filled  or  replenished  each  day. 

THE    STALLS. 

It  is  desirable  to  have  as  little  wood  in  the  stable  fittings  as  possible,  and  no 
faint  on  any  ■part  of  the  interior  of  the  stable.  The  cattle  stand  in  two  rows,  facing 
inward.  The  concrete  floor,  covered  with  suitable  bedding,  makes  a  good  arrangement 
for  a  stable  bottom.  This  floor  nmst  be  level,  from  front  to  rear,  and  have  the  same 
slope  and  incline  as  the  gutter.  The  gutter  ought  to  be  covered  with  an  iron  grating 
(Stewart's).  The  part  of  the  stalls  between  the  manger  and  gutter  may  be  three 
feet  six  inches  wide.  The  gutter  may  be  from  thirty  to  thirty-six  inches  wide.  The 
grating  consists  of  flat  wrought-iron  bars  three  eighths  by  one  and  one  half  inches, 
riveted  to  an  iron  frame,  and  hinged  so  as  to  be  turned  up  when  cleaning  the  stable. 
The  cattle  stand  with  the  fore-feet  on  the  bedding,  and  the  hind-feet  reach  the  first 
and  second  or  third  and  fourth  bars,  so  that  all  the  dung  and  urine  fall  into  the 
gutter.  The  space  allowed  for  each  cow  should  be  about  three  feet  six  inches  in 
width.  A  pavement  of  brick  saturated  with  boiling  asphalt  is  an  excellent  stable 
tlooring.  , 

CLEANLINESS    IN    THE    STAHLE. 

A  first-class  breeding  establishment  should  always  be  in  a  condition  for  -v-isitors 
to  .see,  especially  in  regard  to  cleanliness,  which  is  essential  to  the  health  of  the 
animals,  the  purity  of  dairy  products,  and  the  morality  of  the  workmen.  The  stable 
should   be  cleaned  regularly  three  or  more  times  a  day.     The  attempts  to   store 


JElif>EY   (WTTLE  IX  AMERICA.  117 

manure  in  a  cellar  beneath  the  stable  or  to  deodorize  it  in  a  deep  gutter  are  not 
commendable.  The  receptacle  for  the  manure  should  be  a  separate  building  devoted 
to  the  collection  of  all  the  excrement  from  all  the  stables,  cattle,  horses,  sheep,  swine, 
and  fowl  houses  ;  to  the  drainage  of  the  dwelling,  including  the  contents  of  the  water- 
closets,  washtubs,  sinks,  and  the  kitchen  garbage.  This  manure  factory  may  be  a 
large  concrete  water-tight  reservoir,  roofed  over  to  keep  out  rain  and  flies.  This 
vat  will  require  a  great  quantity  of  water  from  the  roofs  of  buildings  or  a  reservoir, 
and  in  winter  if  there  is  not  rain  enough  snow  must  be  apj^lied,  so  that  the  contents 
may  be  kept  in  a  condition  of  moderate  fermentation,  and  it  can  be  applied  as 
needed  to  fields  and  crops  by  the  manure-spreader.  Some  might  make  a  step  in 
advance  and  liquefy  the  whole  mass,  to  be  applied  to  the  soil  by  a  sprinkling  cart  or 
by  irrigating  pipes. 


All  bedding  should  be  short.  Marsli  grass,  salt  hay,  straw,  the  refuse  hay  aiid 
com  stover  from  the  mangers  should  be  run  through  the  cutter  to  a  length  of  one 
or  two  inches.  This  may  be  used  alone  or  mixed  with  "  peat  moss,"  and  being  kept 
clean  by  the  Stewart  grating,  will  last  a  long  time,  and  make  a  comfortable  bed. 
Cocoa  matting  has  been  used  for  bedding  cows.  The  peat  moss  of  commerce  is 
excellent  bedding. 

THE    FASTENINGS. 

Some  form  of  stanchion  may  be  used  if  one  wishes  the  advantage  of  cleanliness 
to  be  secured.  There  is  a  rotary  stanchion,  which  promises  to  be  just  what  is  needed. 
Whether  the  best  contrivance  for  fastening  has  yet  been  devised  remains  to  be 
proven. 


The  hinged  lid  over  the  water  gutter  forms,  when  closed,  the  floor  of  the 
manger.  All  the  mangers  require  side  partitions  to  keep  each  cow's  mess  isolated, 
but  the  front  may  be  open.  This  renders  feeding  from  a  car  convenient  as  it  is 
moved  through  the  stable,  and  the  manger  is  conveniently  kept  clean  by  being  brushed 
out  daily. 

CHEAP    STABLING    FOB    COWS. 

"  Lay  out,  for  twenty-five'  cows,  a  space  one  hundred  feet  long  by  fourteen  feet 
wide.  Set  cedar  or  chestnut  posts,  six  feet  apart,  nine  feet  high  for  the  front,  and 
seven  feet  high  for  the  rear.  Set  a  row  of  posts  four  feet  high,  four  feet  apart,  and 
four  feet  from  the  rear  row.  Board  up  with  twelve-foot  hemlock  boards  laid 
horizontally  all  these  three  rows.  Close  in  the  ends.  Put  on  rafters  spiked  to  the 
posts,  so  that  the  roof  boards  will  fit  (juite  close  to  the  plates.     A  2x-t  scantling 


118  .JER.SKY    CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

nailed  to  the  top  boai-d  and  sjjiked  to  the  posts  will  make  a  sufficient  plate.  Lay  the 
roof  boards  of  sixteen-foot  hemlock  from  front  to  rear ;  the  roof  will  have  two  feet 
sloijc.     Cover  the  roof  joints  with  three-inch  strips  well  nailed. 

•'  The  roof  boards  rest  upon  three  boards  nailed  to  the  rafters  three  and  one  lialf 
feet  apart.     If  strong  boards  are  selected  the  roof  will  be  firm. 

"  Make  a  feed  trough  along  the  inside  of  the  inner  partition  two  and  one  half 
feet  from  the  ground  ;  leave  out  one  board — the  third  ;  hinge  this  to  the  lower  boaixl 
and  witli  cords,  so  as  to  make  a  falling  door  at  an  angle  of  forty-five  degrees  for  a 
'  shoot '  to  the  feed  trough.  Fasten  the  cow  to  the  post  by  a  strap,  or  use  a 
stanchion.  Give  each  cow  five  feet  of  space,  and  make  a  plank  gutter  fourteen 
inches  wide,  leaving  three  feet  space  behind.  Make  a  concrete  floor  at  a  cost  of 
fifty  cents  per  cow.     Cost  of  stable,  $125." — N.  J.  //.,  New  York  TnJntne. 

THE    CAI.F    STALLS. 

In  the  plan  for  stable  shown  herewith  the  attic  or  second  story  is  appro- 
priated as  the  most  suitable  place  for  the  keeping  and  rearing  of  calves. 

A  convenient  arrangement  is  to  have  two  rows  of  bo.x  stalls  or  pens,  each  stall 
four  by  eight  feet,  to  be  occupied  by  a  single  calf,  as  this  prevents  annoyance  of 
sucking  each  other. 

A  passage-way  between  the  rows  of  stalls  serves  for  a  cart  to  carry  the  milk  for 
feeding.  The  stalls  must  be  well  lighted  ;  indeed,  a  glass  house  would  be  the  l)est 
for  calves  in  this  respect. 

Upon  tlie  front  of  each  stall,  beneath  a  feeding  door,  fix  a  band  of  hoop  iron 
of  size  and  sliape  to  hold  the  pail  securely  while  the  calf  is  drinking,  or,  better  still, 
place  the  sucking  feeder  within  the  stall.  "When  the  milk  has  been  warmed  to  the 
temperature  of  102°  by  the  thermometer,  add  the  requisite  quantity  of  prepared 
rennet,  and  set  the  pails  into  the  receptacles  in  front  of  the  stalls,  and  open  the 
feeding  doors.  These  doors  may  be  nine  by  thirteen  inches  in  size,  and  should 
swing  so  as  to  clear  the  top  of  the  feeding  pail.  The  calves  readily  learn  to  drink 
from  a  feeding  pail  thus  placed,  but  one  can  use  tlie  sucking  :ip})aratus  instead  of 
the  pail  if  he  prefers  that  method. 


Front  of  Calk   Stall. 

(/,  Foc-ilinij  Door.  i.  Uinjj  f..r  PmII. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


TTrrrrrrrrrrrrrr 

A 

Attic-Flour  Calf   Stable. 
A,  Passiige-wiiy.  .r.  Stiills.  z,  Elevator. 

SELECTION     OF    IMPLEMENTS. 

An  important  element  in  the  education  of  every  farmer  is  the  cultivation  of  the 
faculty  for  judging  and  selecting  labor-saving  tools  and  machines.  Probably  there 
is  no  department  of  agriculture  upon  which  so  much  of  the  final  success  depends  as 
the  right  selection  and  use  of  implements.  When  one  instrument  will  do  double 
the  work  of  another  of  the  same  cost  it  is  a  matter  of  economy  to  know  it  and  make 
it  available.  The  farmer  needs  the  best  of  everything,  and  always  the  peculiar 
implement  suited  to  his  own  special  circmnstances. 

The  plow  should  have  all  the  qualities  of  the  best  invention,  the  lightest  draught, 
the  best  material,  and  also  be  specially  suited  to  the  quality  of  soil  and  the  situation 
of  the  land. 

The  harrow  should  combine  the  quaUties  of  pulverizer,  smoother,  and  cultivator. 

The  drill  should  be  adapted  to  all  kinds  of  seed,  and  perfect  in  its  mechanism. 

Cultivators  should  be  adjustable  for  smooth,  shallow,  surface  pulverization,  or 
for  the  needs  of  special  crops. 


LIST    OF    APPARATUS    FOR    A    DAIRY    FARM    OF    ONE    HUNDRED 

One  sulky  plow. 

One  swivel  plow. 

One  iron  frame  steel-tooth  harrow ;  pulverizer,  smoother,  and  cultivator. 

One  two-horse  drill,  with  force-feed  grass  seeder. 

One  two-wheel  cultivator,  for  root  crops. 

Six  steel-prong  hoes. 

One  twelve-foot  poly-section  roller. 

One  mowing  machine. 

One  wheel  horse  rake. 

One  reaper  and  binder. 


120  J£JiSEy   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

One  hay  tedder. 
One  thresher. 
One  fan  mill. 
One  corn  sheller. 
One  improved  grinding  mill. 
One  hay  cutter. 

One  cutter  and  crusher  for  corn  stover. 
One  root  cutter  (Clark's). 
One  bone  mill. 

One  motor — two  to  four  horse-power,  with  attachments  suitable  for  all  machines 
to  be  used. 

One  hay  loader. 

One  power  hay  fork. 

One  dumping  hay  cart. 

One  hundred  hay  caps. 

One  root  cart. 

Three  steel  hay  forks. 

Three  manure  forks. 

Three  shovels. 

One  post-hole  digger. 

One  power  maimre  lifter. 

One  manure  cart  or  spreader. 

( )ne  sprinkling  cart  for  liquid  mainire. 

LIST    OF    APPARATUS    FOE    BUTTER    DAIRY    USING    THE    CREAM    OF    FIFTY  COWS. 

One  three-can  Stoddard  creamery  for  testing  cows. 

One  largest  size  dairy  creamery,  Stoddard. 

Six  Perfect  Milk  Pails. 

One  No.  1  Stoddard  churn  for  testing  cows. 

One  No.  6  Stoddard  chum. 

One  centrifugal  butter  worker. 

One  lever  butter  worker. 

Two  fifty-gallon  cream  tempering  vats. 

One  weighing  scale. 

One  butter  salting  scale. 

Two  dairy  pails. 

One  half-gallon  dipper. 

Two  butter  ladles. 

Two  dairy  thennometers — eight-inch  nickel. 

One  cream  strainer. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMEJilCA. 


One  buttermilk  strainer. 

One  self-gauging  butter  printer. 

One  butter  tray 


IST    OF    APPARATUS    FOB    CHEESE    BAIRY    USINft    THE  WHOLE    MILK    OF    FIFTY    COWS. 

Six  Perfect  Milk  Pails. 

One  two-hundred-gallon  self-heating  vat. 

One  eight-blade  metallic-head  curd  knife,  perpendicular. 

One  six-inch  by  twenty-inch  curd  knife,  horizontal. 

One  curd  scoop. 

One  curd  pail. 

One  weighing  scale. 

One  dairy  thermometer. 

One  whey  strainer. 

One  syphon. 

One  gallon  dipper. 

One  curd  mill,  rotary  disk  with  cuttinj^  blades. 

Two  moulding  presses  for  ten  three-])ouiid  cheeses. 

Tin-foil  for  cheese  wrappers. 


FARM   IMPLEMENTS   OF   SPEfUAL  MEEIT. 

As  an  illustration  of  the  points  of  excellence  in  farm  implements,  the  author  lias 
deemed  it  expedient  to  show  several  inventions  of  special  merit  by  the  folk>^\■ing 
series  of  cuts  and  a  mention  of  tlieir  saHent  points  of  superiority  and  utility. 


ZEi;  Drill.* 


*  Gere,  Truman,  PliUt  &  Co.,  Owego,  N.  Y. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  JX  AMERICA. 


Dkvick  loK  OiiAXoiNG  F?;kd. 


Spring  Hoe. 


Pobifs  (if  E.cvelU'uee. 

l.   It  lias  forci'-feed  grain  distributtTs. 

•1.  Tt  has  force-feed  grass-seed  distributers. 

?,.  It  has  force-feed  fertilizer  distributers. 

4.  You  can  sow  grass  seed  equally  "well  in  fmut  or  behind  the  hoes. 

5.  It  has  a  special  device  for  dropping  and  fertilizing  corn. 

t>.  It  has  a  cold-rolled  steel  axle,  which  has  three  times  the  strength  of  the  iron  axle. 

7.  It  is  well  balanced  and  of  light  draught. 

8.  Its  frame  is  braced  with  heavy  castings  at  tlie  four  corners. 

!*.  By  a  very  simple  device,  change   of  feed    is   made  by  changing  .speed  of 
distributers,  but  no  loose  or  detached  pinions  are  used. 


Clark's  Root  Cuttkk. 


JERSEY    CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


10.  It  is  easily  handled  by  the  team  and  operator. 

11.  It  can  easily  be  set  to  sow  accurately  any  desired  ({iiantitv  tif  grain,  grass 
and  fertilizei-s. 

12.  It  is  made  of  the  best  materials  and  the  liest  workmanship. 


clakk  s  root  cutter.'' 
(three  sizes.) 

Descriptum. 

This  cutter  is  built  with  a  heavy  oak  frame,  well  bolted  together ;  is  stanch 
and  strong,  neatly  finished  and  handsomely  ornamented. 

The  cutting  apparatus  consists  of  a  cylinder  of  steel  knives,  shaped  like  a 
chisel  gouge,  so  arranged  on  a  wrought-iron  shaft  that  they  are  perfectly  secure  ;  no 
chance  of  becoming  loose  or  breaking. 


Operation. 

It  works  with  rapidity  and  ease,  cutting  the  roots  into  thin,  narrow  pieces,  which 
are  thoroughly  crushed  and  fitted  for  easy  mastication  by  the  animal.  Nos.  1  and 
2  are  for  hand  use  ;  No.  3  for  power. 


Points  of  Excellence. 

It  is  compact  and  portable. 

It  is  strong  and  durable. 

It  is  effective  and  uniform  in  its  work. 

It  is  worked  with  ease,  a  boy  cutting  forty  liushels,  and  the  power  cutter  one 
hundred  bushels  an  hour. 

It  facilitates  mastication  and  digestion,  and  promotes  health. 

It  precludes  all  danger  from  choking. 

It  will  reduce  apples,  beets,  carrots,  mangolds,  pumpkins,  parsnips,  and  turnips 
to  the  proper  condition  for  use. 

It  is  an  indispensable  apparatus  in  every  stable  for  economy  of  labor  and  the 
safety  and  health  of  the  animals. 


*  Manufactured  for  R.  H.  Allen  Company.  189  and  191  Water  Street,  New  York. 


.7/:i:sj:y  cattlj-:  ix  amihika. 


DAIRY   IMPLEMEXTS   OF    SI'ECIAI.    MKltlT. 


The  Pekfkct  Mii.k    rAii,.* 

The  pail  is  made  of  the  best  tin  phite,  and  will  bear  a  weight  of  three  luiiulred 
pounds;  holds  fourteen  quarts;  has  a  (■(Uicave  lid;  a  bruad  fiinuel  upon  tlie  s])()iit; 
a  rubber  tube  renders  the  sjiout  Hexible,  and  there  is  a  strainer  at  the  lower  end  of 
the  spout. 

J'ou.ts    nf    Kxn'lhn,;: 

It  prevents  the  entrance  of  dirt  or  dandniff,  and  excludes  foul  air. 

It  forms  an  easy  seat  for  the  milker. 

It  enables  the  milker  to  do  rajiid  work. 

It  strains  the  milk. 

Its  funnel  is  adjustal)le  to  low  or  higli  cows. 

It  can  be  used  witliout  tln'  rubber  tube. 

It  is  very  durable. 

It  secures  clean  milk,  sweet  cream,  and  better  butter  and  cheese  than  can  be 
obtained  without  it. 

.      It  is  indispensable  for  < ifort,  cleanliness,  and  consummate  (pialitv  of  ]>roduct 

in  every  dairy. 


Mom's     l^l\MI|i\l      SiKAINKR. 


•  R.  H.  Allen  Company,  1H9  ami  lill  Wiilcr  Sired.  N.w  York,  Oencial   Afre 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IJST  AMERICA. 


Eest. 


Funnel. 


MORE'S    PYEAMIDAL    8TEAINEE.'' 

Points  of  Excellence. 

It  is  durable,  being  stamped  from  heavy  tin  and  retinned. 

It  cleans  milk  rapidly,  and  will  not  clog  when  regularly  cleaned  at  using. 

It  gives  a  large  straining  surface. 

It  uses  finer  cloth  than  a  flat  strainer. 

Its  form  allows  the  milk  to  fall  on  its  apex,  and  the  sediment  settles  at  the 
base. 

It  is  a  perfect  milk  strainer,  and  can  be  used  with  the  rest  and  funnel  upon  any 
sized  pan  or  can. 

THE    STODDARD    CREAMERY   AND  REFRIGERATOR, f  WITH    PATENT   SKIMMING    ATTACHMENT. 

(eleven    SIZES.) 


Poin,t»  of  Excellence. 

The  cream  is  drawn  oil  the  milk  through  an  adjustable  tube  passing  down 
through  the  milk  and  bottom  of  the  can  through  the  faucet.  The  milk  is  afterward 
drawn  through  the  faucet. 

No  watching  for  cream  line  or  cream  flakes.     No  cream  wasted. 

There  is  no  sediment  drawn  with  the  cream,  as  is  the  case  when  the  milk  is 
drawn  from  under  the  cream  and  the  .cream  afterward  drawn  out  or  poured  from 
the  can.  When  the  milk  is  drawn  from  under  the  cream  the  sediment  is  not  drawn 
out  with  the  milk,  or  but  a  small  part  of  it,  but  runs  out  when  the  last  of  the  contents 
of  the  can  is  discharged,  which  is  the  cream. 

The  skimming  is  done  quicker  than  by  any  other  method,  which  is  a  great 
advantage  in  the  cream-gathering  system. 

Milk  or  cream  can  be  drawn  out  at  any  time. 


*  Moseley  &  Stoddard  Manufacturing  Co.,  Poultney,  Vt. 

f  Moseley  &  Stoddard  Manufacturing  Co.,  Poultney,  Vt.,  or  their  agents. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


TnK  Stoddaki)  f 'rkamerv  Axn  Hefrkjkrator,  winr  Patent  Skimminc  Aitachment. 


Ventilation  of  milk,  removing  aniirial  odors,  and  saving  nf  ice. 

All  faucets  are  brass,  nickel-plated,  with  gronnd  joints. 

Cans   are   easily  n^niDVcd  if  ncccssarv    for  any  ])iirp(i.se,   ;ind  are   intercliange- 


ible 


The  construction  of  tank  affords  s])ace  for  large  ])ieces  of  ice. 

It  has  a  perfect  refrigerator. 

The  walls  of  the  creamery  are  thick  and  built  refrigerator  style  ;  lias  lining  of 
two  thicknesses  of  heavy  pajier  and  (Irnihle  air  space,  tlms  effecting  a  great  saving 
of  ice. 

No  other  creamery  si»  tlioroughly  constructed  in  this  respect. 

It  is  made  in  two  styles,  with  and  without  the  separate  refrigerator  coni2)art- 
inent.  The  refrigerator  is  built  in  one  end  of  the  creamery,  is  lined  witli  /inc.  and 
has  slate  shelves.  It  has  no  connection  witli  the  milk  rece])tacle.  The  door  to 
refrigerator  is  in  the  end  of  crcamerv.  It  is  ilnj  and  I'l'nj  cotil  when  ice  is  used  for 
coolintr  the  milk. 


JERl^iEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA.  137 

Can  be  used  with  running  water  at  a  temperature  of  55°  F. 
It  is  an  indispensable  convenience  for  the  purpose  of  testing  butter  cows. 
It  is  the  most  economical    in  price,  considering  material,  workmanshij),  con- 
venience, and  utility. 

It  is  fully  protected  by  letters  patent. 


TuE  IStoduaui)  (.'iukn. 


Points  (if  Excellence. 

Its  form  gives  thorough  mixture  of  cream,  with  degree  of  concussion  desired. 
There  are  no  dashers  or  floats  to  injure  grain  of  butter. 
Simple  in  construction  and  very  durable. 

It  is  especially  adapted    to    the   granular    system    of    making    butter;    gli 
indicator  shows  when  to  stop  the  churn. 
Being  air-tight,  it  never  leaks. 
It  is  readily  ventilated,  allowing  gas  to  escape. 
Butter  can  be  rinsed  in  the  churn  and  thoroughly  drained. 
It  can  be  used  with  any  regulated  motor. 
It  makes  the  best  quality  of  butter. 

It  is  an  indispensable  convenience  in  making  butter  tests  of  cows. 
It  is  fully  protected  by  letters  patent. 


Moseley  &  Stoddard  Manufacturing  Co.,  Poultney,  Vt.,  or  their  agents. 


128  JERSEY   CA  TTLK  IX  AMERICA. 

DKAINAGE    OF    LAND.* 

''  There  is  no  subject  wliich  of  late  years  has  attracted  more  attention  or  excited 
more  discussion  among  those  interested  in  the  cultivation  of  the  soil  than  the  drainage 
of  land.  It  requires  no  great  research  to  discover  the  reasons  for  the  interest  which 
this  subject  has  attracted  to  itself.  Whether  we  look  at  the  vast  amount  of  capital 
annually  exjjended  on  it  or  at  the  great  improvement  in  the  agriculture  of  the 
country  which  it  is  gradually  effecting,  we  cannot  fail  to  perceive  it  to  be  a  subject  of 
the  greatest  importance.  Were  any  extraneous  evidence  of  its  importance  required, 
it  might  be  found  in  the  recent  vote  of  Parliament,  by  which  the  enormous  sum 
of  two  millions  sterling  was  set  apart  to  be  loaned  out  for  its  encouragement  and 
extension  ;  \\w\  in  thi' avidity  witii  which  the  whole  of  that  large  sum  was  applied  for 
and  absorbed  in  the  (•..ursc  of  a  few  months. 

"  Notwithstanding  that  the  benefits  to  be  derived  from  draining  are  now  so  well 
known  and  ap])reciated — so  much  so,  indeed,  that  most  agriculturists,  if  asked  what 
they  considered  the  first  requisite  toward  good  farming,  would,  without  hesitation, 
answer,  thorougli  drainage  of  the  laud — still,  the  careful  observer,  casting  his  eye 
over  the  surface  of  the  United  Kingdom,  cannot  fail  to  be  struck  with  surprise  at 
the  vast  extent  of  available  surface  which  is  rendered  partially  or  absolutely  valueless 
tt)  the  comnninity  by  the  presence  of  an  excess  of  water. 

"  The  great  extent  of  land  which  is  still  undrained  excites  the  more  surprise 
when  we  reflect  that  experience  has  shown  that  even  very  unpromising  portions 
yield  large  and  remunerating  returns  for  the  outlay. 

"  The  beneficial  effects  which  result  from  complete  drainage  of  land  may  be 
classed  under  two  heads  —  mechanical  and  chemical.  The  mechanical  division 
includes  the  improved  etticiency  of  all  those  laborious  operations  carried  on  for 
the  purpose  of  pulverizing  and  cleaning  the  soil,  such  as  plowing,  harrowing,  and 
weeding.  It  also  includes  the  saving  in  time  and  labor  in  carrying  out  the  general 
business  of  the  agriculturist,  as  well  as  the  saving  of  that  portion  of  seed  which  is 
destroyed  in  wet  soil  from  mechanical  causes. 

"  The  chemical  division  is  a  copious  one,  and  embraces  more  than  our  philosophy 
even  dreamed  of  twenty  years  ago.  It  includes  all  that  great  class  of  phenomena 
relating  to  the  improved  fertilizing  powers  of  manures  and  alteratives,  as  we  may, 
in  certain  Ciises,  denominate  lime,  marl,  clay,  etc.;  the  improvement  of  climate  ;  the 
raising  of  the  temperature  of  the  soil ;  the  acceleration  of  the  period  of  the  harvest ; 
the  decomposition  of  substances  in  the  soil  injurious  to  vegetation ;  the  improve- 
ment in  the  nutritive  value  of  herbage,  and  other  crops;  and,  inconsequence  of  all 
these,  improved  races  of  animals,  including  even  num  himself. 

*  Encyclopa'diii  of  Airriciillurc,  by  J.  C.  Morton.  EdiubiiiKli.     Kxlnict  from  article   by  Jolin 
Girdwood. 


^'> 


FOOTSTEP    5163. 

VKKN-A    IIKUI). 
Frederic  Bronson,  Southpoht,  C( 


EVELINA    OF    VERNA  10,971. 

AT   6   YEARS   OLD. 

Signal  Type. 
VERNA    HERD. 

Fkederic  Bronson,  Southport,  Connecticut. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IJV  AMERICA.  139 

MECHANICAL  ADVANTAGES. 

"  Let  US  first,  then,  consider  the  mechanical  advantages.  Every  one  at  all 
acquainted  with  the  conduct  of  agricultural  operations  must  be  aware  of  the  great 
difficulties  which  a  wet  state  of  the  soil  throws  in  the  way  of  performing  these 
operations  with  propriety,  despatch,  or  economy  of  labor.  The  great  object  of  all 
the  operations  of  tillage  is,  along  with  the  removal  of  weeds,  to  reduce  the  soil  to  a 
finely  divided  state,  through  every  part  of  which  the  fine  filamentary  roots  of  plants 
may  spread  themselves,  in  order  to  obtain  supplies  not  only  of  moisture  and  air,  but 
of  those  substances  of  which  they  are  partly  composed,  and  the  due  preparation  of 
which  is  one  of  the  most  important  functions  of  all  mechanical  operations  of  the 
soil. 

"■  The  tempering  of  mortar  or  clay  affords  a  very  apt  simile  for  any  operations 
undertaken  on  land  in  a  wet  state,  and  furnishes  a  very  true  analogy  as  to  the  results. 
It  will,  therefore,  be  evident  that,  so  far  from  furthering  the  object  in  view, 
plowing,  or  other  working  of  laud  when  wet,  will  have  the  directly  contrary  effect 
of  rendering  it  more  stiff  and  close ;  and  instead  of  producing  a  finely  divided  and 
porous  state  of  the  soil,  so  indispensable  to  the  healthy  and  vigorous  growth  of 
crops,  will  leave  it,  when  dry,  a  hardened  mass,  in  which  \iseful  plants  will  find  it 
difficult  to  obtain  even  the  most  scanty  subsistence. 

"  In  such  a  climate  as  that  of  Britain,  where  there  is  generally  a  great  deal  of 
rain  and  very  little  evaporation  during  the  greater  portion  of  the  period  in  which 
the  preparation  of  the  soil  must  go  on,  and  where  wet,  undrained  land,  once  thor- 
oughly moistened,  hardly  dries  until  the  searching  breezes  of  spring  begin  to  act 
upon  it,  it  is  a  matter  of  no  small  difficulty  to  find  a  season  when  operations  may 
be  carried  on  with  propriety  iipon  the  land. 

"  In  order  to  meet  this  difficulty,  it  is  the  custom  on  wet  land  farms  to  maintain 
an  extra  force,  both  of  men  and  horses,  in  order  to  seize  such  favorable  opportunities 
for  working  the  land  as  may  present  themselves ;  to  take  advantage  of  a  good 
'  tid,'  as  such  an  opportunity  is  sometimes  called ;  and  to  complete,  within  a  few 
weeks  of  early  autumn  and  late  spring,  those  operations  which  the  cultivator  of  dry 
or' drained  land  may  carry  on  at  his  convenience  during  the  greater  part  of  winter. 
The  latter  is  enabled  to  effect  the  tillage  of  his  land  in  a  careful  manner  at  absolutel}' 
less  cost  than  that  for  which  it  can  be  slurred  over  in  the  most  imperfect  way  by 
his  less  fortunate  or  less  improving  neighbor,  who,  notwithstanding  all  the  haste  he 
can  make,  is  frequently  '  caught  out,'  and  compelled  to  leave  unsown,  fields  which 
have  been  prepared  and  manured,  and  to  substitute,  at  a  more  propitious  season,  some 
less  valuable  crop  for  that  which  he  intended. 

"  It  is  not  in  the  operations  of  tillage  alone  that  extra  labor  is  demanded  from 
men  and  horses  on  wet  land  ;  the  carting  on  of  manure,  the  carting  off  of  produce — 
in  fact,  all  operations  whatever  carried  on  upon  its  surface  are  alike  impeded. 


130  JEliSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

"  The  saving  effected  by  drainage  in  the  number  of  horses  required  on  a  farm 
has  been  variously  computed  by  different  authorities ;  but  it  seems  to  be  a  very 
reasonable  calculation  to  estimate  at  one  in  four,  or  twenty-five  per  cent. ;  while  even 
with  the  smaller  number  the  preparation  of  the  soil  is  effected  in  a  more  complete 
manner. 

"  The  power  of  layiui,'  land  flat  with  safety  is  one  of  the  important  advantages 
which  draining  confers. 

"The  narrow,  high-backed  ridge,  wiiich  wet,  undrained  land  requires,  is  but  too 
often  accompanied  by  a  bare  and  sterile  furrow,  hardly  replacing  the  seed  bestowed 
upon  it ;  whereas,  after  thorough  drainage,  by  gradually  levelling  down  the  ridges, 
every  part  may  be  made  to  peld  alike,  and  to  ])resent  the  appearance  of  a  garden 
clothed  with  equal  and  miiform  luxuriance. 

"  There  are,  perhaps,  few  occasions  on  which  the  value  of  efficient  drainage 
addresses  itself  more  powerfully  to  the  mind  of  the  farmer  than  at  the  season  of  the 
year  when  the  preparation  for  the  root  crops  goes  on.  Upon  farms  where  large 
breadths  of  potatoes  or  turnips  are  grown,  with  what  anxiety  does  the  cultivator  of 
undrained  land  watch  every  cloud !  well  knowing  that  a  few  days  of  rain  may 
destroy  the  resiilts  of  weeks  of  laborious  exertion  ;  and  that  on  the  very  eve  of 
commencing  to  ridge  his  fields  the  effects  of  the  various  plowings,  harrowings,  and 
rollings,  which  have  cost  him  so  much  care  and  expense,  may  be  anniliilated.  The 
turnip  has  Mdtli  truth  been  called  '  the  root  of  good  husbandry.'  It  may  be  likened 
to  a  miner  ;  for  it  explores  the  soil,  and  brings  up  from  it  nmch  valuable  material,  in 
a  state  fit  to  be  converted  into  beef  and  mutton,  while  the  refuse  of  that  conversion 
forms  food  for  new  tribes  of  plants.  Like  a  miner,  however,  it  cannot  work  unless 
the  mine  be  kept  '  water-free.'  It  cannot  be  called  '  the  root  of  good  husbandry ' 
when  it  barely  replaces  the  manure  which  may  have  been  supplied  to  it.  It  is  only 
when  it  yields  fair  crops  that  it  is  so  ;  and  in  order  to  obtain  these,  the  first  requisite 
is  to  have  the  land  freed  from  stagnant  water. 

"  It  is  found  that,  coincident  with  drainage,  an  important  alteration  takes  place 
in  the  texture  of  tenacious  soils,  by  which  their  nature  is  so  modified  as  to  permit  of 
the  most  perfect  pulverization,  without  any  very  great  expenditure  of  labor. 

"  If  tlie  extension  and  improvement  of  the  cultivation  of  the  manure-making 
crops  were  the  only  advantages  of  thorough  draining,  it  might  with  truth  be  asserted 
that  these  would  amply  repay  the  country  and  individuals  for  the  outlay ;  for 
without  an  abundance  of  root-crops  there  can  be  no  very  large  manure  heaps  ;  and 
without  the  latter  well-filled  barnyards  caimot  be  obtained. 

"  It  is  found,  however,  that  all  the  cultivated  crops  are  benefited  by  the  drainage 
of  the  soil,  in  some  cases  to  such  an  extent  as  to  repay  the  outlay  in  a  single  crop. 

"  The  advantages  resulting  to  the  grain  crops  are  not  confined  to  increased 
luxuriance  and  bulk.     The  ear  is  found  to  be  better  filled,  and  that  with  a  weightier 


JEKSIJY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  131 

and  more  valuable  grain  ;  the  harvest,  too,  is  generally  found  to  be  hastened,  which 
is  no  unimportant  consideration,  especially  in  the  later  districts  of  the  country. 

"  There  are  few  cases  in  which  the  value  of  drainage  is  more  strikingly  illustrated 
than  in  the  case  of  wet  grass  lands.  The  first  effect  of  a  judicious  and  thorough 
system  of  drainage  on  such  lands  is  the  speedy  disappearance  of  rushes  and  the 
coarse  subaquatic  grasses,  and  the  siibstitution  of  a  rich  sward  of  sweeter  and  more 
nutritious  herbage,  which  not  only  maintains  a  larger  number  of  animals,  but 
maintains  them  in  superior  health  and  condition.  There  are  no  more  effectual 
means  for  the  extirpation  of  that  most  destructive  disease,  the  rot  in  sheep,  than 
removing  the  superfluous  water  in  the  soil.  So  efficient,  indeed,  has  this  been  found, 
that  on  farms  where  rot  anniially  destroyed  large  numbers  of  them  not  a  single 
instance  of  the  disease  has  occuiTcd  since  the  land  has  been  drained. 

"  Paradoxical  as  it  may  appear  to  the  inexperienced,  the  drainage  of  watered 
meadows,  where  the  soil  is  retentive,  is  a  most  valuable  and  profitable  improvement, 
and  has,  in  many  cases,  at  once  doubled  the  crop  both  of  hay  and  aftermath. 

"  Drainage  has  a  most  important  effect  in  preventing  land  from  burning  in  dry 
seasons  and  in  preserving  a  certain  degree  of  moisture  in  the  soil.  This  arises  wholly 
from  the  more  perfect  division  of  the  soil  which  takes  place  after  land  is  drained, 
and  not  from  drains  forming  reservoirs  of  moisture,  as  some  have  asserted.  Soil  has 
the  power  of  absorbing  much  moisture  from  the  air ;  and  this  power,  as  might  be 
expected,  is  increased  in  proportion  to  the  surface  exposed.  This  peculiar  property 
of  soils  did  not  escape  the  notice  of  the  illustrious  Davy,  who,  in  speaking  of  this 
subject,  says :  '  The  power  of  the  soil  to  absorb  water,  by  cohesive  attraction,  depends 
in  a  great  measure  upon  the  state  of  division  of  its  parts  ;  the  more  divided  they  are 
the  greater  is  their  absorbing  power.'  And  again  :  '  The  power  of  the  soils  to  absorl) 
water  from  the  air  is  much  connected  with  fertility.  When  this  power  is  great,  the 
plant  is  supplied  with  moisture  in  dry  seasons ;  and  the  effect  of  evaporation  in  the 
day  is  counteracted  by  the  absorption  of  aqueous  vapor  from  the  atmosphere  by  the 
interior  parts  of  the  soil  during  the  day,  and  by  both  the  exterior  and  interior  during 
the  night.  The  stiff  clays,  approaching  to  pipe  clays  in  their  nature,  which  take  up 
the  greatest  quantity  of  water,  when  it  is  poured  upon  tliem  in  a  fluid  form,  are  not 
the  soils  which  absorb  most  moisture  from  the  atmosphere  in  dry  weather.  They 
cake,  and  present  only  a  small  surface  to  the  air  ;  and  the  vegetation  upon  them  is 
generally  bm-nt  up  as  readily  as  upon  sands.'  * 

"  There  needs  no  apology  for  transcribing  this  passage  from  the  great  pioneer 
of  scientific  agriculture.  It  explains,  in  a  clear  and  forcible  manner,  one  of  the 
most  important  advantages  of  the  thorough  comminution  of  the  soil,  which  draining 
so  greatly  tends  to  promote.     It  will,  no  doubt,  be  eminently  suggestive  to  the 


*  Elements  of  Agricultural  Chemistry,  by  Sir  Humphry  Davy. 


132  JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

tliouglitful  agriculturist,  and  it  will  explain  some  apparent  anomalies  ;  among  othere. 
the  reason  that  horse-hoe  work  among  turnips,  in  a  dry  season,  has  very  nmch  the 
same  effect  as  successive  showers  of  rain. 

"Liebig  and  others  liave  shown  that  rain  and  snow  generally  contain  sulistances 
in  the  highest  degree  useful  to  plants,  and  that  soils  have  tlie  power  of  abstracting 
these  substances  from  the  rain  which  passes  through  them.  It  has  been  further 
shown  by  chemists  that  various  injurious  substances  are  wiushed  out  of  the  soil  where 
a  perfect  system  of  drainage  is  in  operation,  or  are  so  changed  in  their  nature  as  to 
become  innocuous. 

"  Various  experinients  have  sliown  tluit  rain,  when  percolating  through  the  soil, 
has  a  strong  influence  in  raising  the  temperature  of  the  latter.  The  causes  of  this 
will  be  readily  understood  when  we  reflect  that  rain,  at  those  periods  of  the  year 
when  vegetation  is  in  progress,  generally  possesses  a  temperature  consideral)ly  above 
that  of  the  soil.  In  passing  through  the  soil  each  successive  portion  of  the  rain  gives 
ofi^  part  of  its  excess  of  heat,  mitil  a  mean  temperature  is  established.  This  may  be 
termed  a  positive  cause  of  inerea.sed  temperature;  but  there  is  also  a  negative  cause, 
tending  to  the  same  end,  in  the  great  decrease  of  evaporation  from  drained  soils.  A 
great  amount  of  evaporation  is  constantly  taking  place  from  the  surface  of  soil 
saturated  with  water,  and  tlie  temperature  of  the  soil  is  con8e(iuently  lowered ; 
whereas,  when  the  amount  of  moisture  does  not  greatly  exceed  that  for  which  the 
soil  has  a  natural  affinity,  but  little  evaporation  takes  place,  and  that  portion  of  the 
solar  heat  which  would  be  dissipated  in  evaporating  this  water  is  a])j)lied  to  raising 
the  temperature  of  the  soil  itself. 

"  Mr.  Parkes  has  detailed  a  set  of  very  valuable  experiments  in  this  important 
branch  of  the  philosophy  of  drainage,  in  which  he  compared  the  temperatures  of 
drained  and  undrained  portions  of  bog.  He  found  the  temperature  of  the 
undrained  portion  to  remain  steadily  at  40°,  at  all  depths,  from  one  to  thirty  feet ; 
and  at  seven  inches  from  the  surface  the  temperature  remained  at  47°  during  the 
experiments.  During  the  same  period  the  temperature  of  the  drained  portion  was 
4SJ°  at  two  feet  seven  inches  below  the  surface  ;  and  at  seven  inches  reached  as  liigh 
as  00°  during  a  thunder-storm ;  while  on  a  mean  of  thirty-flve  observations  the 
temperature  at  the  latter  depth  was  1(»°  higher  than  at  the  same  depth  in  the 
undrained  portion  of  bog.* 

"  The  sources  from  which  excessive  moisture  in  the  soil  is  derived  may  be 
classified  under  two  general  heads :  (1)  Springs  rising  to  the  surface,  and  pouring 
out  their  waters  over  the  adjacent  land,  or  saturating  the  soil  and  subsoil  at  those 
points  which  they  ajiproach,  without  directly  discharging  on  the  surface.  (2)  Rain 
stagnating  in  the  soil  and  subsoil.     To  these  might  be  added  such  occasional  and 


Parkes'  Philosophy  and  Art  of  Land  Drainage. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  133 

accidental  sources  as  the  overflowing  of  rivers  and  streams  presents ;  but,  as  in  sucli 
cases  the  water  is  generally  earned  off  on  the  subsiding  of  the  flood  by  open  ditches 
and  water-courses,  that  portion  remaining  in  the  soil  may  be  considered  in  the  same 
light  as  if  derived  from  a  heavy  fall  of  rain. 


These  owe  their  formation  to  certain  peculiarities  in  the  crust  of  the  earth,  by 
of  which  rain  falling  on  more  elevated  ground  is  collected  and  poured  forth 
in  a  perennial  discharge  at  a  lower  level,  and  frequently  at  very  distant  places. 

"  The  crust  of  the  earth  is  composed  of  numerous  strata,  or  layers,  lying  one 
over  the  other,  sometimes  in  a  nearly  horizontal  position,  but  more  frequently  in  one 
more  or  less  inclined,  or  dipping,  as  it  is  termed,  to  the  horizon.  Some  of  these 
strata,  such  as  gravel  and  sand,  are  highly  porous  and  absorbent,  and  readily  permit 
the  passage  of  water ;  while  others,  such  as  clay  and  some  rocks,  are  nearly  or 
altogether  impervious. 

"  When  rain  falls  upon  a  tract  of  country  part  of  it  flows  over  the  surface,  and 
makes  its  escape  by  the  nimaerous  natural  and  artiticial  courses  which  may  exist, 
while  another  portion  is  absorbed  by  the  soil  and  the  porous  strata  which  lie  imder  it. 
Again,  rocks  lying  imder  the  surface  are  sometimes  so  full  of  fissures  that  although 
they  themselves  are  impervious  to  water,  yet  so  completely  do  these  fissures  carry  off 
the  rain,  that  in  some  parts  of  the  county  of  Durham  they  render  the  sinking  of 
wells  iiseless,  and  make  it  necessary  for  the  farmers  to  drive  their  cattle  many  miles 
to  water. 

"  It  sometimes  happens  that  these  fissures  penetrate  to  enormous  depths,  and  are 
of  great  width,  and  filled  with  sand  or  clay. 

"  These  are  termed /awZfe  by  miners,  and  some  which  we  examined,  at  a  distance 
of  four  hundred  yards  from  the  surface,  were  from  five  to  fifteen  yards  in  width. 

"  These  faults,  when  of  clay,  are  generally  the  cause  of  springs  appearing  at  the 
surface  ;  they  arrest  the  progress  of  the  water  in  some  porous  strata,  and  compel  it  to 
find  an  exit  by  passing  to  the  surface  between  the  clay  and  the  faces  of  the  ruptured 
strata.  When  the  fault  is  of  sand  or  gravel  the  opposite  effect  takes  place,  if  it 
commimicates  with  any  porous  stratum ;  and  water  which  may  have  been  flowing 
over  the  siu^ace  on  reaching  it  is  at  once  absorbed. 


"  This,  as  it  is  the  most  universal,  so  it  is  the  most  important  source  of  an  injurious 
excess  of  moisture  in  land.  Before  the  introduction  of  thorough  draining  rain-water 
in  excess  was  hardly  looked  upon  as  an  evil  with  which  the  drainer  could  deal.  Land 
was  divided  into  two  classes — wet  and  dry.     No  one  contemplated  the  possibility  of 


134  JKRsi:)'   CATTLK  IX  AMKliKA. 

converting  all  the  wet  lands  into  dry  lands  by  artiticial  means ;  the  attention  of 
drainers  was,  therefore,  attracted  merely  to  the  removal  of  springs.  These  rendered 
certain  parts  of  most  districts  of  counti-y  useless  for  agricultural  purposes.  They 
arrested  the  course  of  the  plow,  and  thus  demanded  attention  and  remedy.  We 
accordingly  iind  that  the  early  metliodical  applications  of  draining  were  mainly 
directed  to  the  removal  of  8])ring  water,  to  rendering  the  '  springy '  and  boggy  ground 
equal  to  that  among  which  it  lay,  and  not  to  the  aiiu'lioration  of  the  whole  body  of 
the  soil,  as  is  now  the  case. 

"  The  quantity  of  rain  which  falls  varies  most  materially  in  the  different  latitudes 
of  the  world ;  thus,  according  to  Humboldt,  one  hundred  and  forty-one  inches 
annually  fall  in  Cuba,  while  only  twenty  inches  fall  in  ParLs.  The  (luautity  of  rain 
varies,  too,  very  much  in  different  localities  of  the  same  country. 

"  But  in  estimating  the  quantity  of  rain  which  re<[uires  to  l)e  provided  for  in 
draining  operations,  it  is  not  merely  necessary  to  take  the  average  annual  fall  into 
account ;  provision  must  be  made  to  meet  the  greatest  fall  which  is  likely  to  take 
place  in  a  limited  period.  To  carry  the  system  which  was  required  to  accommodate  a 
fall  of  fifty  inches  of  rain  annually  to  a  part  of  the  country  where  the  fall  was  only 
twenty  inches  might  fairly  lay  the  drainer  open  to  a  charge  of  wastefulness. 

"  Pipes  of  an  inch  bore,  and  laid  at  wide  intervals,  have  been  highly  recommended 
by  several  drainers  of  great  experience,  without  any  caution  as  to  their  application  in 
wet  localities ;  and  yet  our  own  experience  convinces  us  that  larger  pipes,  laid  at 
little  more  than  one  half  the  distance  recommended,  are  barely  adequate  to  perform 
the  work  required  of  them  in  some  districts  of  country. 

"  The  whole  of  the  rain  which  falls  is  not  carried  off  by  drainage,  but  a  large 
proportion  of  it  is  carried  into  the  atmosphere  by  evajioration.  The  experiments  of 
Mr.  Dickinson  show  that  of  the  rain  wliicli  fell  rather  more  than  one  half  was 
evaporated,  leaving  rather  less  than  one  half  to  be  carried  off  by  drainage. 


"  The  drains  used  may  l)e  divided  into  two  classes — open,  and  covered.  These 
again  may  eacli  l)e  subdivided  into  drains  intended  merely  to  act  as  water-courses, 
and  drains  which,  in  addition  to  acting  as  water-courses,  are  also  intended  to  carry  off 
the  surplus  water  from  the  land  through  which  they  pass. 


"  The  rudest  forms  of  ojien  drains  are  tlie  deep  furrows,  lying  between  narrow, 
high-backed  ridges,  which  are  still  to  be  found  in  some  parts  of  the  country,  with 
their  accompanying  water-furrows  for  discharging  their  streams. 

"  These  are  oidy  meant  to  carry  off  the  surplus  water  after  the  soil  is  completely 


JEESEY  CATTLE  IJV  AlIEHICA.  135 

saturated  ;  and  this  they  effect  by  carrying  along  with  it  all  the  best  portions  of  the 
soil  and  of  the  manure  which  may  have  been  spread  ui^on  its  surface,  as  the  turbid 
waters  discharged  from  fields  so  treated  abimdantly  testify.  These  require  no  other 
remark  here  than  a  recommendation  to  substitute  for  them  some  of  the  more  perfect 
forms  of  drain  to  which  we  shall  have  to  advert. 


OPEN    DRAIN   WATER-COUESES. 

"  The  ordinary  ditch  is  the  common  form  of  this  kind  of  drain,  and  though  rude, 
it  is  one  which  cannot  altogether  be  dispensed  with,  although  where  a  perfect  and 
complete  system  of  drainage  has  been  effected  few  indeed  of  them  ought  to  be 
found.  They  are  constant  sources  of  annoyance,  from  their  sides  crmnbling  in ; 
and  they  are  constant  sources  of  expense,  not  only  by  occupying  much  valuable 
space,  but  also  by  requiring  a  thorough  annual  scouring,  wherever  any  pretensions 
to  good  farming  are  made.  They  are  also  fruitful  nurseries  of  weeds.  Open  ditches 
occupy  an  important  place  in  the  early  stages  of  draining  bogs  ;  but  after  the  bog 
has  become  consolidated,  the  greater  portion  of  them  may  be  dispensed  with,  and 
their  places  supplied  by  large  covered  drains. 

"  In  forming  open  drains  in  loose  soil  the  sides  should  generally  slope  at  an 
angle  of  45°,  which  is  the  smallest  angle  at  which  earth,  if  it  be  at  all  crumbly,  will 
retain  its  position ;  indeed,  in  deep  cuttings,  such  as  railways  present,  a  fall  of  one 
in  two,  or  a  slope  of  27|-°,  is  that  which  is  generally  preferred.  Where  the  soil  is 
excessively  stiff,  as  strong  clay,  or  where  the  sides  of  the  drain  are  to  be  lined 
with  masonry,  or  where  the  channel  is  cut  in  rock  or  marl,  the  slope  Ta&y  be  less 
than  4.5°. 

"  The  depth,  dimensions,  and  direction  of  open  water-courses  nnist  be  determined 
by  the  purposes  they  are  to  serve.  Sharp  turns  are  to  be  avoided,  more  especially 
where  the  fall  is  rapid  or  the  quantity  of  water  is  great ;  for  the  banks  are  generally 
hollowed  out  by  the  force  of  the  current  where  such  turns  occur ;  and  thus  it  may 
happen  that  at  the  very  time  when  a  free  channel  is  of  the  utmost  consequence  in 
discharging  some  flood  of  rain,  a  stoppage  or  impediment  may  be  created  by  the 
fall  of  a  portion  of  the  undermined  bank.  Where  sudden  and  steep  descents  are 
required  in  the  course  of  open  drains,  it  is  a  good  practice  to  line  the  sides  with 
rough  masonry,  and  to  pave  the  bottom,  so  as  to  prevent  that  hollowing  out  which 
sometimes  converts  a  moderate-sized  ditch  in  a  few  years  into  a  gully  or  ravine  of 
formidable  dimensions. 

"  Sometimes  in  large  drainage  works,  where  outfalls  require  to  be  formed  for 
extensive  districts,  calculations  of  a  complicated  nature  have  to  be  made,  to  show  the 
size  of  main  drains  which  will  be  required  to  void  the  waters  which  may  be  expected 
to  flow  into  them.     Sir  John  Leslie  has  given  the  following  rule  for  ascertaining 


136  JERSEY   CA  TTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

the  velocity  due  to  declivity  and  depth  of  current  in  streams :  '  Multiply  the 
mean  hydraulic  depth*  of  the  river  by  the  declivity  per  mile,  both  in  feet,  and 
extract  the  square  root  of  the  product ;  the  result,  diminished  by  one-sixteenth  part, 
will  be  the  mean  velocity  of  the  river  in  miles  per  hour.' 

"  Having  thus  found  the  velocity  due  to  any  proposed  channel,  the  quantity  of 
water  which  it  can  discharge  will  be  found,  in  cubic  feet,  per  minute,  by  multiply- 
ing the  area  of  the  transvei-se  section  of  the  stream  by  its  mean  velocity  in  feet  per 
minute. 

"  Thus,  a  channel  or  water-course  six  feet  wide  and  two  feet  deep,  and  having  a 
fall  of  only  five  feet  per  mile,  will  discharge  2-i64  cubic  feet,  or  15,400  gallons  per 
minute ;  and  would,  therefore,  be  capable  of  discharging  a  fall  of  two  inches  of 
rain  in  twenty-four  hours  from  488  acres  of  land,  supposing  the  whole  quantity  to 
be  carried  off  by  it. 

COVEKED  DRAINS. 

"  We  now  come  to  the  consideration  of  the  more  im]iortant  description  of 
drainage — the  removal  of  water  by  means  of  covered  drains. 

"  For  hand-made  drains  the  tools  consist  of  a  set  of  spades — generally  three  of 
different  sizes — gradually  diminishing  in  width  to  suit  the  different  parts  of  the 
drain. 

"  For  soils  free  from  stones  these  si)ades  work  better  when  curved ;  but  for 
stony  lands  the  flat  fonn  is  preferable.  For  taking  out  the  last  narrow  spit,  to  fonn 
the  seat  for  the  draining  pipe,  long  narrow  spades  are  used,  called  bottoming  tools. 
There  are  also  scoops  of  various  widths,  furnished  with  long  handles,  and  rounded 
or  flattened  in  the  soles,  according  as  they  are  required  to  finish  the  bottom  of  tlie 
drain,  for  the  reception  of  stones,  a  horse-shoe  tile  and  sole,  or  a  draining  pipe.  In 
the  formation  of  large  and  deep  drains  a  shovel,  very  much  bent  at  the  neck,  or 
having  a  great  '  lift,'  as  it  is  termed,  is  very  useful  for  finishing  the  bottom. 
"Where  the  subsoil  is  stony  or  hard,  a  haiul  jiick  or  foot  ])ick  is  i-equired  to  loosen 
it  before  it  can  be  shovelled  out. 

"  For  the  purpose  of  laying  pipes  in  narrow  deep  drains,  an  instrument  called  a 
pipe-layer  has  been  invented,  and  is  indispensable ;  for  the  narrowness  of  the  drains 
prevents  a  man  from  standing  in  them,  nor  is  he  able  to  reach  the  bottom  \vith  his 
hand,  without  much  trouble ;  while,  with  the  assistance  of  the  pipe-layer,  he  does 
not  require  to  go  into  the  drain  at  all,  and  can  proceed  with  great  expedition. 

"  In   addition   to   the   tools   named,  a  drain-gauge  is  a  necessary  instrument. 


*  The  mean  hytliaulic  (kpth  is  the  deptli  which  would  obtain  if  a  stream  were  made  to  tiow 
in  a  new  channel,  the  breadth  of  which  was  equal  to  the  stim  of  its  present  mean  breadth  and  twice 
its  mean  depth.  Thus  a  stream  having  a  mean  breadth  of  six  feet  and  a  mean  depth  of  two  feet 
would  give  a  mean  hydraulic  depth  of  \\  feet. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IK  AMERICA.  137 

Different  sizes  of  these  are  required  for  the  different  widths  and  depths  of  drains. 
AVhere  the  fall  of  the  ground  to  be  drained  is  very  slight,  the  workmen  should  be 
provided  with  a  level.  The  best  form  of  this  instrument,  because  that  which  they 
most  readily  understand,  is  the  ordinary  mason's  level,  but  made  of  large  dimensions, 
and  having  a  stem  of  such  height  as  to  show  the  '  bob '  above  the  drain,  when 
the  level  is  applied  at  the  bottom. 

TILE  DRAINS. 

"  Of  all  the  materials  which  have  yet  been  brought  forward  for  forming  the 
conduits  of  drains,  none  are  so  well  fitted  for  the  purpose  as  tiles  or  pipes  of  burnt 
clay.  Draining  tiles,  especially  those  in  the  form  of  pipes,  possess  all  the  qualities 
which  are  required  in  the  formation  of  drains.  They  are  cheap,  durable,  and  portable. 
They  afford  a  free  ingress  to  water,  while  they  effectually  exclude  vermin,  or  earth, 
and  other  materials,  which  often  destr6y  the  less  perfect  forms  of  drains.  They 
afford  a  ready  passage  to  the  water  which  enters  them,  and  a  moderate  amount  of 
superintendence  will  insure  their  being  properly  laid  in  the  drains,  while  the  expedition 
with  which  a  great  extent  of  draining  operations  can  be  executed  where  they  are  used 
permits  an  extension  of  this  improvement,  which  could  not  be  even  thought  of  if 
stones  or  other  weighty  materials  had  to  be  employed. 

DtJEABILIXy. 

"  There  seems  to  be  hardly  any  limit  to  the  durability  of  a  well-burned  pipe  in 
itself  ;  and  if  they  are  carefully  laid  the  drains  formed  of  them  should  be  equally 
durable  with  themselves. 

"  Their  structure  prevents  the  entrance  of  gross  matters,  by  which  they  might 
become  choked,  while  no  amount  of  violence  to  which  they  are  likely  to  be  subjected 
can  injure  them.  Cases  have,  no  doubt,  been  discovered  in  which  tile  drains  have 
become  choked  by  a  ferruginous  deposit  of  peroxide  of  iron,  which,  having  entered 
in  the  form  of  a  solution  of  the  protoxide,  becomes  deposited  on  contact  with  the 
air  in  the  drain.  It  is  of  very  rare  occurrence,  and  is  equally  or  even  more  injurious 
to  stone  drains. 

"  The  entrance  of  roots  into  pipes  is  almost  the  only  other  accident  they  are  liable 
to ;  but  it  is  believed  that  a  complete  remedy  for  this,  so  far  as  cultivated  plants  are 
concerned,  can  be  pointed  out,  and  will  be  considered  imder  the  '  Depth  of  Drains.' 
No  drain  should  pass  near  to  water-loving  trees,  as  no  crevice,  however  small,  is  proof 
against  the  entrance  of  their  roots.  An  instance  of  stoppage  came  under  our  notice 
where  the  roots  of  the  common  willow  had  so  completely  filled  the  pipe  of  a  drain 
for  thirty  feet  that  not  the  smallest  quantity  of  water  could  pass  through  it.  The 
ash  tree  is  also  very  destructive  to  drains. 


138  JERHJ-jy   rATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

"  A  ton  of  two-inch  pipes  will  furnish  forty-eight  mils  of  ilrain,  while  a  ton  of 
broken  stone  will  only  form  two  roils. 

"  Pipe  Tiles  have  been  made  of  a  great  variety  of  shapes,  but  experience  has 
convinced  us  that  there  is  no  form  so  good  as  the  cylinder.  The  cylinder  can 
hardly  be  placed  imjiroperly.  if  the  trench  be  finished  with  a  semi-cylindrical  scooj), 
ius  it  at  once  finds  its  ])la<!e  in  the  centre  of  the  cavity. 

"  In  clay  soils  the  trench  should  be  cut  of  a  convenient  width  for  the  operations 
of  the  workman,  to  within  nine  inches  or  a  foot  of  the  total  depth ;  the  bottoming 
tool  is  then  employed  to  take  out  the  remaining  portion,  in  the  form  of  a  narrow 
spit,  of  just  sufficient  size  to  admit  the  pipe.  By  this  means  no  more  work  is  done 
in  cutting  than  is  required,  while  the  fitting  of  the  pipes  to  each  other  is  secured. 

"  Where  a  sudden  or  steep  descent  occurs  in  the  course  of  a  drain,  or  where  there 
is  a  running  sand  or  boggy  place,  pipes  of  one  size  should  eitlier  be  entirely  sheathed 
in  lai'ger  ones,  breaking  bond  with  them,  or  they  should  be  furnished  with  collars. 
These  collars  ai-e  short  sections  of  pipe  of  such  size  as  to  fit  upon  smaller  ones. 

"  The  ijuestioii  of  tlie  size  of  pipes  proper  for  drains  is  not  entirely  depoidciit 
upon  the  (piuntity  of  rain  to  be  discharged.  An  important  consideration  is  the 
probable  effect  of  a  slight  displacement  iipon  the  drain.  Some  liave  advocated  the 
use  of  one-inch  pipes  ;  but  in  some  situations  these  woidd  ])rove  (juite  insufficient  to 
discharge  the  quantity  required  of  them,  lint,  apart  from  the  question  of  capacity, 
it  must  be  obvious  that  a  very  slight  sinking  of  an  inch  pipe  or  a  slight  inaccuracy 
in  placing  it  would  entirely  destroy  the  drain.  It  is  true  tliat  this  objection  is 
of  no  force  wliere  collars  are  used  ;  but  the  cost  of  collars  and  trouble  and  loss  of 
time  in  fitting  them  are  so  great  that  a  larger  size  of  pipe  is  a  cheaper  alternative. 
The  smallest  size  of  pipe  that  can  be  employed  with  safety  seems  to  be  that  of  one 
and  a  half  inch  diameter  in  the  bore.  In  wet  districts  the  two-inch  size  is  to  be 
preferred,  although  the  one  ami  a  half  inch  size  may,  with  propriety  and  economy, 
be  used  in  the  first  one  hundred  yards  of  each  drain,  or  throughout,  when  the  drains 
are  under  that  length,  as  in  such  cases  the  accumulated  cpiantity  of  water  is  not 
great. 

"  The  same  rule  which  governs  the  ffow  of  water  in  streams  also  governs  the 
flow  in  covered  drains,  theoretically  speaking  ;  ])ut  the  great  inecpialities  and  asperi- 
ties in  ])ipes  occasioned  by  imperfect  joinings  and  otherwise  reduce  the  results  in 
practice  in  some  cases  nearly  fifty  ])er  cent. 

DKAINING    OF    SPRINGS. 

"  The  drawing  off  of  the  pent-up  waters,  which  are  the  sources  of  springs,  is  a 
department  of  draining  which  i-equires,  for  its  successful  practice,  a  considerable 
knowledge  of  the  difli'erent  varieties  of  stratification  which  occur,  and  is,  probably, 
for  that  reason  too  little  practised.     When  the  theory  of  springs  is  understood,  and 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IJST  AMERICA.  139 

a  knowledge  of  the  strata  obtained,  the  judicious  application  of  a  few  simple  drains, 
made  to  communicate  with  the  watery  layers,  will  often  dry  swamps  of  great  extent, 
where  large  smns  of  money,  expended  in  forming  furrow  drains  in  the  swamp 
itself,  would  leave  it  hut  little  improved.  It  is  to  the  application  of  both  kinds  of 
drainage  where  required  that  we  are  to  look  for  the  best  results  ;  and  the  judicious 
drainer  will  well  consider  and  avail  himself  of  those  means  which  are  capable  of 
producing  the  maximum  effect  required,  without  staying  to  consider  whose  or  what 
system  it  is  which  he  employs. 

"  In  endeavoring  to  drain  springs,  the  point  to  be  sought  for  is  to  furnish  outlets 
sufficiently  niunerous  to  discharge  all  the  water  from  the  ]5orous  bed,  at  the  lowest 
point  to  which  it  reaches  in  the  land  to  be  drained. 

"  Elkington  had  the  merit  of  reducing  the  draining  of  springs  to  a  system,  and 
the  mles  which  he  laid  down  were  so  simple  and  complete  that  their  authority 
has  remained  undiminished.  Johnstone  thus  describes  the  method :  '  Draining, 
according  to  his  (Elkington)  principles,  depends  upon  three  points  :  (1)  Upon  finding 
out  the  madn  sjn'ing,  or  cause  of  the  mischief,  without  which  nothing  effectual 
can  be  done.  (2)  Upon  taking  the  level  of  that  spring,  and  ascertaining  its  suhter- 
ranea/ri  hearings,  a  measure  never  practised  by  any  till  Elkington  discovered  the 
advantage  to  be  derived  from  it ;  for  if  the  drain  is  cut  a  yard  below  the  line  of  the 
spring,  you  can  never  reach  the  water  which  issues  from  it,  and  by  ascertaining  that 
line  by  means  of  levelling,  you  can  cut  off  springs  effectually,  and,  consequently, 
drain  the  land  in  the  cheapest  and  most  eligible  manner.  (3)  By  making  use  of  the 
auger  to  reach  or  tap  the  spring  where  the  depth  of  the  drain  is  iK)t  sulficient  for  the 
purpose.' 

"  The  term  '  main  spring  '  in  the  passage  just  quoted  refers  to  what  is  sometimes 
called  the  true  spring,  in  contradistinction  to  those  termed  false  springs.  The  time 
springs  seldom  cease  to  flow,  whereas,  in  dry  seasons,  the  false  springs  sometimes 
intermit  for  considerable  periods  of  time.  The  true  spring  is  the  natural  outlet  of 
the  enclosed  water  which  gives  rise  to  it,  whereas  the  false  springs  are  occasioned 
by  the  backing  up  of  a  large  quantity  of  water  from  the  insufficiency  of  the  outlet, 
till  it  flows  forth  at  some  higher  level,  in  which  case  they  appear  above  the  true 
springs  ;  or  they  owe  their  existence  to  water  which,  after  having  issued  from  the 
true  spring,  has  soaked  into  the  soil,  and  has  again  appeared  where  some  obstruction 
forces  it  to  the  surface.     In  the  latter  case  the  false  are  below  the  true  springs. 

"  Having  ascertained  the  line  of  the  true  springs,  the  next  step  is  to  cut  a  drain 
sufficiently  deep  to  reach  the  watery  stratum  at  a  short  distance  below  the  line  of  the 
springs. 

"  If,  upon  experiment,  it  turns  out  that  the  superincumbent  impervious  layer  is 
considerably  more  than  five  or  six  feet  in  thickness,  it  will  be  proper,  instead  of 
incurring  the  great  exjiense  of  foi-ming  an  enormously  deep  drain,  to  cut  a  drain  four 


140  JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

feet  in  depth  only,  and  then  to  sink  small  wells  down  to  the  watery  Ijed  at  intervals 
along  the  course  and  a  little  to  one  side. 

"  These  wells  are  to  be  filled  with  small  stones,  so  as  to  afford  a  ready  passage  for 
the  water  to  rise  up  through  them  to  the  drain.  The  conduit  may  be  formed  of 
draining  pipes  or  bricks  or  stones,  as  may  be  most  convenient,  taking  care,  however, 
that  the  culvert  is  securely  formed,  and  that  the  floor  of  the  drain  is  protected  by 
tile  soles  or  slate  or  some  other  material,  to  prevent  the  hollowing  action  of  the  great 
flow  of  water  which  may  be  expected  to  proceed  along  it.  The  small  stones  should 
be  continued  to  the  height  of  ten  or  twelve  inches  above  the  culvert,  so  as  to  furnish 
a  free  passage  for  the  water  into  the  chinks  and  joinings  of  the  culvert.  When  the 
watery  stratum  hes  at  a  depth  exceeding  eight  feet,  it  is  usual,  instead  of  sinking  the 
small  wells  just  described,  to  make  use  of  an  auger,  or  boring  rod,  in  order  to  reach 
the  reservoir  of  water.  The  auger-hole,  like  the  well,  ought  also  to  be  sunk  a  little 
to  one  side  of  the  drain,  so  that  the  discharge  from  them  may  not  interrupt  the 
course  of  the  drain,  by  rising  at  riglit  angles  ^nth  the  flow  of  water  in  it,  and  so  as  to 
guard  as  much  as  possible  against  the  choking  of  the  culvert  by  any  bodies  which 
may  ascend  through  the  well  or  auger-holes,  such  as  sand,  which  is  sometimes 
discharged  in  large  quantity  on  the  first  tapping  of  the  spring. 

"  In  the  plan  the  feeder  is  carried  liorizontally  along  the  line  of  springs,  so  as  to 
communicate  -with  the  tail  of  the  watery  stratum  along  the  whole  of  its  course^ 
From  the  horizontal  drain  or  feeder  there  must  be  carried  a  main  drain,  to  convey 
the  water  to  the  nearest  brook  or  water-course ;  or  where  there  is  a  large  extent  of 
horizontal  drain  or  a  great  quantity  of  water,  it  may  be  necessary  to  make  several 
mains.  These  shoidd  always  be  laid  out  in  the  line  of  the  fall  of  the  land,  so  as  to 
discharge  the  water  as  quickly  as  possible  ;  for  it  must  always  be  borne  in  mind  that 
a  drain,  with  a  depth  of  water  constantly  flowing  therein,  in  a  direction  transverse  to 
the  slope,  cannot  fail  to  supply  spongy  soils  with  more  water  than  is  consistent  with 
a  healthy  state. 

"  It  often  happens  that  instead  of  a  line  of  springs  there  is  but  one,  arising 
from  some  chink  or  fissure  communicating  with  a  watery  stratiun  at  a  considerable 
depth.  Such  are  the  '  well  eyes,'  '  piping  springs,'  and  '  quags,'  as  they  are 
called,  which  one  meets  witli  so  often  in  moorland  tracts.  The  proper  co^irse  to 
pursue  with  these  is  to  cut  a  drain  of  three  or  four  feet  in  depth  from  the  point 
of  discharge  toward  them  in  a  direct  line  up  the  ascent,  deepening  the  drain 
considerably  as  it  approaches  the  spring.  In  such  cases  it  is  always  necessary  to 
reach  the  orifice  of  the  spring,  if  the  watery  stratum  itself  is  out  of  reach  ;  for  the 
constant  flow  of  water  keeps  up  a  rank  growth  of  peat  and  subaquatic  plants,  which 
act  like  saturated  sponges,  and  retain  the  water  even  although  the  drains  be  within 
a  few  feet  of  them. 

"  When  the  main  oriflce  of  the  spring  has  been  reached,  and  its  waters  are 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  141 

confined  to  tlie  channel  of  the  drain,  any  subsidiaiy  outlets  will  be  more  readily 
discovered,  if  such  exist. 

•'  These  must  be  reached  by  short  drains,  l:)ranching  off  the  main  one  described. 

"  Valleys  between  rising  grounds  or  hollows  in.  an  undulating  country  are  some- 
times kept  in  a  marshy  state  by  springs,  which  are  fed  from  the  higher  ground  in 
the  vicinity.  In  this  case  a  deep  drain,  carried  along  the  lowest  ground,  and  either 
reaching  the  watery  stratum  directly,  or  by  means  of  wells  or  auger-holes,  will 
generally  dry  a  very  large  extent,  if  not  the  whole,  of  the  swamp. 

"  It  frequently  happens  that  although  the  surface  of  a  district  is  wet  there  exists 
below  it,  at  some  distance,  a  layer  so  dry  and  porous  as  to  be  capable  of  absorbing 
any  quantity  of  water  which  may  gain  access  to  it.  Well-sinkers  sometimes  meet 
with  such  strata,  which  at  once  absorb  all  the  water  they  may  have  met  with  in  the 
upper  strata.  This  peculiarity  has  been  taken  advantage  of  in  draining,  and  copious 
springs  may  be  made  to  disappear  by  simply  boring  an  auger-hole  into  such  a 
stratum,  where  it  is  known  to  exist,  and  turning  the  water  of  the  spring  into  it. 

ABSORPTION    AND    EETENTION    IN    SOILS. 

"  All  porous  bodies  have  the  power  of  attracting  or  absorbing  liquids  in  a  greater 
or  less  degree,  by  virtue  of  a  particular  property  which  they  possess,  which  has  been 
denominated  capillary  attraction,  from  the  minute  tubes  in  which  its  influence  is 
exhibited.  Capillary  attraction  acts  more  rapidly  in  some  soils  than  in  others ;  thus 
we  find  that  in  pure  clays  it  exhibits  its  influence  but  slowly ;  in  agricultural  clays, 
into  the  composition  of  which  some  of  the  more  porous  earths  enter,  its  action  is 
more  rapid  ;  while  gravel,  sand,  or  peat — which  latter  may  be  likened  to  a  vegetable 
sponge — speedily  absorb  as  much  water  as  they  can  hold  on  being  brought  in  contact 
with  it.  This  power  of  attraction  also  manifests  itself  on  the  surface  of  bodies,  and 
may  then  be  called  the  attraction  of  adhesion.  Soils,  in  common  with  all  other 
bodies,  possess  this  property,  and  in  a  greater  or  less  degree,  according  to  the  aggregate 
surface  which  the  particles  of  a  given  bulk  present. 

"  Thus  clay  may,  by  means  of  kneading,  be  made  to  contain  so  large  a  quantity 
of  water  as  that  at  last  it  may  almost  be  supposed  to  be  divided  into  infinitesimally 
thin  layers,  having  each  a  film  of  water  adhering  to  it  on  either  side. 

"  Such  soils,  again,  as  sand  or  chalk,  the  particles  of  which  are  coarser,  exert  a 
less  degree  of  adhesive  attraction  for  water.  Professor  Schiibler,  of  Tubingen,  found 
that  sand  was  capable  of  holding  twenty-five  per  cent.,  loamy  soil  forty  per  cent.,  clay 
loam  fifty  per  cent.,  and  pure  clay  seventy  per  cent,  of  their  own  weights  of  water, 
when  the  water  was  merely  poured  upon  them  in  a  dry  state,  till  it  began  to  drop. 
Sir  Hmnphry  Davy  found  that  the  power  of  attraction  for  water  generally  proved 
an  index  to  the  agricultural  value  of  soils.  This  sort  of  attraction,  however,  depends 
upon  other  causes  besides  the  adhesion  to  which  we  have  been  alluding.     The  power 


142  JERSEY   CA  TTLE  IX  AJfEEICA. 

of  attraction  which  certain  substances  exhibit  for  the  vapo?'  of  water  is  more  akin  to 
the  force  which  enables  certain  porous  bodies  to  absorb  and  retain  many  times  their 
volume  of  the  different  gases,  as  charcoal  or  ammonia,  of  which  it  is  said  to  absorb 
ninety  times  its  own  bulk.  And  as  finely-divided  mineral  matter,  as  well  as  vege- 
table matter  in  a  state  of  decay,  at  the  same  time  that  they  possess  this  power  in  a 
high  degree,  are  also  indications  of  fertility,  according  to  tlie  proportion  in  which  a 
soil  contains  them,  so  the  relationship  observed  by  Davy  between  fertility  in  soils 
and  their  affinity  for  aqueous  vapor  admits  of  easy  and  satisfactory  explanation. 
Clay  soils  are  called  impervious  soils,  because  in  their  natural  state  they  resist  the 
passage  of  water  through  them.  They  are  also  called  retentive  soils,  because  if 
water  does  gain  access  to  them  their  power  of  adhesion  enal)les  them  to  retain  a  large 
quantity  of  it  for  a  great  length  of  time.  These  are  properties  which  have  a  very 
injurious  effect  on  all  agricultural  operations,  and  their  removal  is  one  of  the  results 
which  the  scientific  drainer  seeks  to  effect. 

"  "We  have  it  in  our  power  to  increase  for  a  time  the  ]ieniieal)ility  of  clay  soil.* 
by  mechanical  means. 

"By  pulverizing  theiu  when  dry.  we  so  separate  their  jiarts  a.s  U<  afford  a  ready 
passage  to  water. 

"  Natural  causes  also  have  a  like  tendency.  The  summer  drouth  causes  nmnerous 
cracks  and  fissures,  which  admit  the  rains  to  all  parts  of  the  soil.  This  temporary 
permeability  on  undrained  clay  lands  is,  however,  found  to  be  an  evil ;  for  by  means 
of  it  the  rain  is  enabled  to  penetrate  and  saturate  the  soil,  in  autiuun,  to  a  consider- 
able depth  ;  while  their  great  adhesive  power  retains  it  to  an  extent  which  reduces 
the  soil  to  a  state  of  quagmire  during  the  winter  months.  Accordingly,  we  find  that 
the  clay-land  farmer  is  by  no  means  ambitious  to  pulverize  his  soil  very  finely  when 
it  is  undrained.  He  prefers  a  rough  clod  on  his  wheat  land,  which  has  to  contend 
with  the  watery  influences  of  the  winter  months ;  and  he  very  properly  eschews 
all  attempts  at  subsoiling  in  the  wet  months  of  the  year,  or  anything  which  may 
bring  into  play  the  water-retaining  powers  of  his  soil.  When  clay  is  properly 
and  thoroughly  drained,  however,  a  new  element  is  brought  into  operation  by  the 
constant  supply  of  air  to  the  soil.  By  its  means  the  permeability  is  increased,  while 
the  adhesiveness,  if  not  removed,  is  at  least  prevented  from  exercising  any  other  tliati 
a  beneficial  influence. 

"  The  water-resi.sting  power  of  soil  which  has  become  slightly  dry  is  familiar 
to  every  farmer,  althougli  many  may  not  be  aware  of  the  cause. 

"  "When  a  piece  of  damp  land  is  plowed  it  is  very  apt  to  get  '  soured  '  if  rain 
falls  immediately  after  it  is  turned  over ;  whereas,  if  it  gets  somewhat  dry  befoiv 
the  rain  falls  it  is  but  little  injured.  Tiiis  effect  is  entirely  owing  to  the  air,  which 
takes  the  place  of  the  evaporated  moisture,  and  acts  like  a  waterproof  gannent  in 
warding  off  the  rain. 


JERSEY   CA  TTLE  I.V  A31ERICA.  143 

"  "When  rain  falls  upon  the  surface  of  soils  which  rest  upon  an  impervious  or 
very  slightly  pervious  substratum  it  is  gradually  diffused  through  all  the  porous 
and  absorbent  portions  by  capillary  attraction,  assisted  in  clays  by  the  cracks  and 
fissures  they  may  contain. 

"  If  the  fall  continues  the  soil  liecomes  saturated,  and  the  excess  then  forms 
pools,  or  makes  its  escajie  by  flowing  over  the  surface  to  any  neighboring  water- 
course which  may  exist. 

"  When  the  rain  ceases  to  fall  those  parts  of  the  surface  which  are  higher  than 
the  rest  gradually  become  drier,  because  the  water  being  no  longer  poured  upon 
them,  the  law  of  gravitation  produces  its  natural  results.  Now,  we  cannot  raise  the 
soil,  but  we  can  lower  the  impervious  or  saturated  bed  on  which  it  rests,  and  so 
increase  the  depth  of  poroiis  soil. 

"If  we  cut  a  trench  or  drain  into  the  subsoil,  we  immediately  disarrange  the 
hydrostatic  relations  which  exist  iu  its  neighborhood  in  a  greater  or  less  degree, 
according  to  its  depth.  The  capillary  force  which  retained  the  water  in  the  soil  to  a 
height  of  a  few  inches  is  no  longer  able  to  sustain  it  when  the  height  is  increased  to 
feet,  and  a  portion  descends  into  the  drain,  leaving  the  upper  part  of  the  surface 
comparatively  dry.  Now,  the  unequal  pressure  of  different  heights  of  water  in  the 
land  immediately  compels  the  portion  of  soil  next  to  that  from  which  the  water  has 
been  drawn  to  yield  up  a  portion  of  its  excess  to  it,  obtaining,  in  its  turn,  a  portion 
from  that  farther  off,  and  so  on  through  the  whole  mass  of  the  surface  soil ;  but 
as  fast  as  it  is  supplied  the  drain  draws  it  off,  so  that  in  a  short  time  the  level  of 
the  water  in  the  whole  mass  is  lowered.  This  is  the  action  which  is  indicated  by 
the  term  drawing,  which  is  so  often  applied  to  drains,  probably  iu  many  cases 
without  any  very  definite  idea  of  its  meaning. 

"  All  soils,  too,  but  especially  those  containing  clay,  possess  the  property  of 
expanding  when  wetted,  and  contracting  when  dried ;  so  that  after  the  drain  has 
removed  a  portion  of  the  water  a  considerable  contraction  takes  place,  especially  in 
a  dry  season ;  but  as  the  ends  of  the  field  cannot  approach  each  other  to  suit  the 
contraction,  both  soil  and  subsoil  are  torn  asimder,  and  divided  into  small  portions 
by  a  network  of  cracks  and  fissures,  the  sum  of  which  represents  the  amount  of 
lateral  contraction  throughout  the  field.  This  circumstance  is  familiar  to  every  one, 
and  most  persons  who  are  conversant  with  strung  land  are  aware  that  in  some 
seasons  the  fissures  extend  to  a  great  depth. 

"  These  phenomena  are  of  the  utmost  consequence  in  draining  land  ;  indeed,  it 
may  well  be  doubted  whether  without  such  properties  ia  the  soil  or  subsoil  we 
could  drain  our  clay  lands  at  all.  It  is  woi'thy  of  remark  here  that  as  on  stiff  soils 
the  cracking  action  is  strongest,  nature  seems  to  second  the  efforts  of  man,  and 
compensates  the  want  of  porosity  in  clays  by  the  more  powerful  development  of  a 
property  which,  under  skilfid  treatment,  renders  them  almost  as  easy  to  drain  as  the 


lU  JEItHEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

more  porous  soils.  The  teudency  of  draining  is  to  increase  and  guide  the  course  of 
this  cracking  action. 

"  The  main  fissures  all  commence  at  tlie  drain,  and  spread  from  it  in  almost 
straight  lines  into  the  subsoil,  forming  so  manj'  minor  drains  or  feeders,  all  leading 
to  the  conduit. 

"  These  main  fissures  have  numerous  small  ones  diverging  from  tliem,  .'io  that 
the  whole  mass  of  earth  is  divided  and  subdivided  into  the  most  minute  portions. 
The  main  fissures  are  at  first  small,  but  gradually  enlarge  as  the  dryness  increases, 
and  at  the  same  time  lengthen  out,  so  that  when  a  very  dry  season  happens  they 
may  be  traced  the  whole  way  between  the  drains. 

"  When  the  fissures  are  once  formed  the  falling  of  loose  earth  into  them  and  the 
growing  action  of  the  water  which  passes  through  them  prevent  them  from  ever 
closing  so  ])erfectly  as  to  hinder  the  passage  of  water,  while  each  successive  summer 
produces  new  fissures,  till  the  whole  body  of  the  subsoil  is  pervaded  by  a  perfect 
network  of  them,  which  gradually  alters  the  very  nature  of  both  soil  and  subsoil, 
and  in  connection  with  judicious  and  liberal  manuring  has  the  effect  of  converting 
poor  cold  clays  into  something  not  very  different  from  a  good  clay  loam. 

DEPTH    OF   COVERED    DRAINS. 

"  Sucli  drains  have  a  twofold  office  to  perform.  They  have  to  collect  the  super- 
fluous water  from  the  soil,  and  then  to  carry  it  oflf  in  a  certain  fixed  course.  They 
must,  therefore,  afford  free  access  to  water  at  all  points,  and,  at  the  same  time, 
prevent  that  which  they  have  collected  from  leaving  them  by  any  other  way  but  by 
their  own  channels.  They  must  also  be  covered  to  such  a  depth  as  not  to  interfere 
with  the  working  of  the  land.  Let  us  fix  the  mininmm  depth  of  this  covering  of 
soil. 

"  Modern  agriculture,  practical  as  well  as  theoretical,  has  shown  that  '  to  have 
large  crops  we  must  have  a  deep  soil.'  The  soil  is  a  great  storehouse  of  materials  of 
which  plants  are  composed  ;  but  these  require  a  certain  amount  of  preparation  before 
they  become  fitting  food  for  our  crops.  That  preparation  is  effected  by  exposing 
them  to  the  action  of  the  elements,  through  the  operation  of  tillage.  Plants  have 
the  peculiar  property  of  being  able  to  adapt  themselves  to  almost  any  amount  of 
food  which  may  be  presented  to  them.  Take  turnips,  for  example  ;  these  will  be 
found  varying  from  the  size  of  a  pigeon's  egg  to  that  of  a  man's  head,  or  larger 
according  to  the  amount  of  food  with  which  they  have  been  supplied.  It  is,  there- 
fore, an  object  of  first  imjjortance  that  a  large  quantity  of  what  chemists  call  the 
inorgmiic  constituents  of  plants  be  constantly  in  course  of  preparation  in  a  soil  deeply 
stirred  by  the  subsoiler  or  trench  plow.  If,  then,  it  is  considered  probable,  or  even 
possible,  that  subsoiling  and  trench  plowing  may  become  general,  it  is  imperative 
that  drains  be  so  put  in  as  not  to  interfere  with  or  be  injured  b}'  such  operations. 


HILDA    D.    6683. 

AT   9    YEARS   OLD. 
A'EKNA     HERD. 

FuEnERic  Bronsox.  Soi'tiiport,  Connecticut. 


JERSEY   ('A TTLE  IN  AMERICA.  145 

"  Subsoiling  as  hitherto  practised  has  reached  a  depth  of  eighteen  inches,  but 
it  is  highly  probable  that  future  experience  may  demand  a  still  greater  depth.  If, 
however,  we  take  the  depth  at  eighteen  inches,  we  cannot  with  safety  place  the 
upper  part  of  the  drain  nearer  to  the  surface  than  this  depth  at  least. 

"  But,  further,  if  such  an  instrument  as  a  subsoiler  was  to  pass  close  to  the  top  of 
a  drain,  it  could  not  fail  to  injure  or  destroy  it ;  and  even  although  an  inch  or  two  of 
soil  were  to  intervene  between  the  instrument  and  the  top  of  the  drain,  still  the  shaking 
and  crushing  which  take  place  would,  in  all  probability,  materially  injure  it.  It 
must,  therefore,  be  concluded  tluit  from  four  to  si.x  inches  of  soil  must  be  left 
undisturbed  between  the  top  of  the  drain  and  the  subsoiler,  so  as  to  insure  the 
safety  of  the  former.  If  to  this  we  add  the  depth  of  the  siibsoiling  operations,  we 
obtain  data  showing  that  the  top  of  a  drain  should  never  be  nearer  the  surface  than 
twenty-two  to  twenty-four  inches. 

"  "Where  a  precise  rule  cannot  be  laid  down,  it  is  best  to  keep  on  the  safe  side  ; 
we  must  therefore  assume  that  there  should  be  at  least  twenty-four  inches  of  soil 
above  every  drain. 

RESULTS    EEQUIRED    BY    DEPTH    OF    DRAINS. 

"  There  is  hardly  any  subject  connected  with  agriculture  which  has  excited  such 
an  amount  of  controversy  as  the  proper  depth  for  drains. 

"A  careful  consideration  of  the  very  numerous  recorded  opinions  published 
during  the  last  few  years  only  leaves  the  conviction  that  there  is  no  settled  rule  as 
to  the  depth  of  drains  hest  adapted  to  all  soils  and  all  circumstances. 

"  We  say  hest  adapted,  for  we  believe  that  there  is  a  depth  and  distance  of  drain 
which  will  effectually  remove  the  surface  water  from  all  soils ;  but  whether  that 
might  be  the  most  economical  and  most  judicious  mode  of  proceeding  in  particular 
cases  can  only  be  settled  by  a  thorough  investigation  of  the  particular  case  to  which 
it  is  to  be  applied. 

"  Cases  are  sometimes  adduced  as  successful  examples  of  deep  thoroiigh  draining 
where  the  drains  are  placed  at  great  intervals,  and  in  some  cases  ten  feet  in  depth. 
These  have  no  claim  to  be  considered  as  examples  of  thorough  draining  at  all. 
They  are  merely  successful  examples  of  Elkington's  principles  to  the  removal  of 
springs,  by  furnishing  outlets  to  the  water  in  the  stratum  from  which  they  arise. 
The  proper  function  of  thorough  draining  is  the  removal  of  rain-water,  which  would 
otherwise  lodge  and  stagnate  in  retentive  soils. 

"  Gravitation  is  not  the  only  agent  to  be  considered  in  thorough  draining. 

"  The  first  consideration  to  which  we  must  address  ourselves,  in  fixing  the  depth 
of  drains,  is  the  depth  of  soil  which  is  required  to  be  laid  dry.  There  is  a  limit  to 
the  depth  of  drained  soil  required  for  the  purposes  of  cultivation  ;  and  any  extra 
exjjenditure  in  drying  soil  at  greater  depths  than  will  yield  a  retui-n  must  be 
regarded  as  waste. 


140  JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

"  It  is  probable  tliat,  as  a  general  rule,  the  roots  of  our  cultivated  plants  do  not 
penetrate  to  a  greater  depth  than  two  feet,  or  two  feet  six  inches,  even  in  soil  fitted 
for  their  reception.  That  they  descend  to  the  former,  at  least,  of  these  depths,  has 
been  put  beyond  dispute,  by  the  roots  of  mangold  having  been  found  in  a  drain,  the 
t()]i  of  which  was  two  feet  from  the  surface ;  but  there  is  no  case  recorded  in  whicrh 
tlie  roots  of  cultivated  plants  have  been  found  in  three-feet  drains.  This  is,  no 
doubt,  only  negative  testimony ;  still,  the  spirit  of  inquiry  in  regard  to  draining 
would  probably  have  discovered  such  a  case  if  it  had  (jccurred.  It  will  not  be  a 
verj^  forced  conclusion  if  we  take  it  for  granted  that  thirty  inches  represents  the 
ordinary  depth  to  which  the  plants  of  agriculture  are  likely  to  penetrate. 

"  It  is  further  necessary  that  water  should  not  ])e  allowed  so  near  the  surface  as 
to  create  any  chilling  effect  on  the  vegetation.  It  is  also  desirable  that  it  should 
not  be  so  near  as  to  be  capable  of  injuring  the  surface,  by  ascending  in  too  great 
quantities,  by  means  of  capillary  attraction.  A  depth  of  from  three  to  four  feet 
seems  to  be  as  great  a  dejith  of  drained  soil  as  can  be  required. 

"  But  there  are  still  other  considerations  which  must  influence  us  in  ii.xing  the 
proper  depth  for  drains  in  particuhir  cases.  In  the  case  of  a  porous  soil  and  subsoil 
saturated  with  water,  in  consequence  of  resting  upon  an  impervious  stratum,  it  will 
be  proper,  if  practicable,  to  sink  entirely  through  the  porous  stratmn,  and  to  form 
the  conduit  of  the  drain  in  the  impervious  layer.  By  this  plan  of  proceeding  a  very 
limited  number  of  drains  may  be  made  to  dry  a  great  extent  of  surface  ;  for  it  niay 
be  laid  down  as  a  general  rule  in  regard  to  very  porous  soils,  that  the  deeper  the 
drain  the  further  it  will  draw. 

"  It  sometimes  happens  in  clayey  soil  that  at  no  great  distance  from  the  surface 
there  is  a  watery  stratum  composed  of  porous  materials. 

"  If  this  stratum  is  not  more  than  six  or  seven  feet  from  the  surface,  it  may  be 
turned  to  excellent  account  in  draining  ;  for  by  cutting  a  smaller  number  of  drains 
down  to  it  than  would  have  been  required  in  ordinary  cases,  it  will  not  only  be 
emptied  of  its  own  water,  but  will  be  converted  into  one  extensive  natural  drain 
imder  the  whole  surface,  of  which  the  drains  which  are  cut  will  form  the  outlets. 
In  the  drainage  of  shallow  peat  bogs  it  is  always  desirable  to  cut  through  the  peat 
to  the  solid  stratmn  on  which  it  rests,  for  the  very  unstable  nature  of  the  ]jeat 
renders  it  a  very  bad  foundation  on  which  to  form  a  drain. 

"  It  appears,  then,  that  drains  ought  to  vary  in  depth  according  to  each 
particular  case  to  which  they  are  to  be  applied. 

"  Drains  in  porotis  soils  maybe  deep  and  widc^  ajjurt,  because  the  water  will 
readily  flow  to  them  from  all  parts,  and  the  greater  the  depth,  thi^  more  jxiwerfully 
will  the  capillary  attraction  of  the  soil  be  neutralized. 

"  In  clay  soils,  again,  the  drain  has  not  only  to  carry  away  the  water,  but  to  aid 
in  maintaining  the  artificial  porosity  of  the  soil,  by  means  of  which  the  water  is  to 


JEliSEY   CATTLE  IN  A3fEJ{ICA.  147 

gain  admission  to  it.  This  it  cannot  eiiect  if  placed  at  a  deptli  to  which  the 
shrinkage  of  the  soil  does  not  extend  ;  and  it  must  not  be  forgotten  that  this 
shrinking  action  is  much  greater  in  certain  parts  of  the  country  than  in  others,  and 
in  some  seasons  than  in  others. 

"  The  comparatively  slight  benefit  derived  in  many  cases  from  drains  in  clay 
during  the  first  season  after  their  formation,  more  especially  if  that  has  been  a  wet 
one,  is  suiiieient  confirmation  of  this  view  of  the  matter. 

"  Our  own  experience  and  observation,  combined  with  the  experience  of  others, 
have  convinced  us  that  no  drain  should  be  put  in  at  a  less  depth  than  three  feet,  where 
this  is  practicable. 

"  That  clay-land  farmers  will  be  found  to  advocate  the  use  of  nuich  shallower 
drains,  and  will  point  to  the  water  standing  above  such  deejj  drains  (as  they  style 
them)  as  a  conclusive  proof  of  their  inefficiency,  is  no  doubt  true ;  but  an  examina- 
tion of  the  shallowest  drains,  where  the  land  has  been  stirred  or  trod  upon  when  wet, 
wUl  exhibit  the  same  appearance.  One  inch  of  wet  and  worked  clay  will  prevent 
water  from  passing  through,  so  long  as  it  is  kept  wet,  as  effectually  as  a  y;ird 
will  do. 

"The  true  remedy  is  to  refram  from  working  siu-li  land  wlieu  it  is  too  moist; 
any  stirring  of  it  in  that  state  is  only  undoing  all  that  the  summer  drouth  has 
effected  in  rendering  it  porous. 

"  Taking  three  feet  as  a  minimum  (k'j)tli  for  drains,  three  and  a  half  and  four 
feet  will  be  found  safe  and  efficient  depths  at  which  to  place  them,  where  there  are 
no  peculiar  circumstances  demanding  special  depths  to  suit  them.  What  the 
nature  of  these  circumstances  is  has  been  stated  in  a  general  way ;  the  limits  to 
which  we  are  necessarily  circumscribed  in  such  a  work  as  this  prevent  our  referring 
to  them  more  in  detail.  Neither  our  nomenclature  of  soils  nor  our  knowledge  of 
the  laws  which  govern  the  flow  of  water  through  them  is  at  this  time  sufficiently 
exact  to  permit  us  to  frame  rules  to  be  implicitly  followed. 

FREQUENCY     OF     DKAIXS. 

"  The  distances  apart  at  which  drains  ought  to  be  placed  is  a  subject  of  great 
importance,  and  one  on  which  much  difference  of  opinion  exists. 

"  Smith  contends  that  drains  should  be  placed  at  very  short  intervals.  He 
says :  '  In  laying  off  the  drains,  the  first  object  for  consideration  is  the  nature  of  the 
subsoil.  If  it  consists  of  a  strong  stiffy  '  till '  or  a  dead  sandy  clay,  then  the  distance 
from  drain  to  drain  should  not  exceed  from  ten  to  fifteen  feet ;  if  a  lighter  and 
more  porous  subsoil,  a  distance  of  from  eighteen  to  twenty-four  feet  will  be  close 
enough ;  and  in  very  open  subsoils  forty  feet  distance  niay  l)e  sufficient.' 

•'  On  the  other  hand,  Parkes,  who  represents  the  deep  and  distant  di-ain  system, 
says  :   '  It  consists  with  my  own  ]iractice,  at  the  present  time,  that  drains  are  being 


148  JEIISEY   (ArrLE  IX  AMEllIVA. 

executed  at  deptlis  of  from  four  to  six  feet,  according  to  soil  and  outfall,  and  at 
distances  varying  from  twenty -four  to  sixty-six  feet,  complete  efficiency  being  the 
end  studied,  and  the  proof  of  such  efficiency  being  that,  after  a  due  period  given  for 
bringing  about  drainage  action  in  soils  unused  to  it,  the  Avater  should  not  stand 
higher,  or  nnu-h  higher,  in  a  hole  dug  in  tlie  middle  l)et\veen  a  pair  of  drains  than 
rht,'  level  of  those  draint;.' 

"  The  distance,  like  the  depth  of  drains,  must  be  governed  by  a  variety  of  cir- 
cumstances, all  of  which  demand  strict  and  carefid  investigation  before  proceeding 
to  set  oif  any  system  of  drainage.  The  most  important  of  these  considerations  is 
the  nature  of  the  subsoil,  and  the  effects  which  the  removal  of  stagnant  wat«r  will 
produce  upon  it.  If  the  subsoil  be  very  porous,  or,  although  not  porous  in  itself,  if 
it  rests  upon  a  porous  substratum,  from  which  the  drains  are  calculated  to  remove 
the  water,  tlio  parallel  drains  maybe  deep  and  placed  at  considerable  intervals.  On 
the  other  liand,  wlicre  tlie  subsoil  is  impervious  tlie  drains  iniist  be  ]>lacc(l  at  uiucli 
.shorter  intervals.  * 

"  In  estimating  the  im])erviousnes8  of  subsoils,  it  is  not  only  necessary  to  have  a 
due  consideration  of  their  nature  before  drainage  ;  the  effects  which  drainage  will 
produce  upon  them  must  also  be  taken  into  account.  In  some  soils,  as  we  have  seen, 
a  great  degree  of  artificial  porosity  -will  be  produced  by  draining ;  on  these  the 
drains  may,  with  propriety,  be  at  wader  intervals  than  on  soils  in  which  this  cracking 
action  is  less  powerfully  developed. 

"  The  subsoils  ujion  M-hich  draining  acts  to  a  shorter  distance  perhaps  than  any 
others  arc  those  clay  sub.soils,  containing  a  large  quantity  of  imbedded  stones,  which 
characterize  a  large  portion  of  the  surface  of  the  carboniferous  and  Cambrian  f onna- 
tions.  They  are  often  so  completely  indurated  as  to  be  almost  impervious  to  water, 
and  wlu'ii  cut  into  are  almost  dry,  even  although  the  surface  soil  which  rests  upon 
them  may  be  at  the  same  time  of  the  consistence  of  soft  soaj^.  The  great  portion  of 
their  ma.ss,  which  consists  of  inexpansible  materials,  prevents  the  production  of  that 
artificial  porosity  which  plays  such  an  important  part  in  the  draining  of  the  jniri'r 
clays.  Subsoiliiig  as  an  adjunct  to  drainage  on  such  soils  proves  of  the  greatest 
value. 

"  III  planning  tlie  draining  of  elay  soils,  climate  must  also  be  allowed  its  due 
effect. 

"  We  have  seen  that  a  drain  may  ])ass  very  near  a  spring  without  drawing  off  its 
waters,  because  the  ])erennial  su])ply  of  water  i)revents  the  formation  of  fissures  by 
shrinkage. 

"  Our  own  experience  over  a  considerable  range  of  soils  and  climate,  collated 
with  the  experience  of  a  very  large  number  of  careful  and  unprejudiced  observers, 
has  convinced  us  that  the  extreme  distances  named  both  by  Smith  and  Parkes  arc 
to  be  avoidcil. 


JERSEY   CA  TTLE  IN  AMERICA.  149 

"  There  can  hardly  occur  any  instance  in  which  drains  require  to  be  placed  at 
such  close  intervals  as  ten  feet.  There  may  be  isolated  spots  in  a  field  into  M'hich 
it  may  be  necessary  to  extend  a  branch,  to  draw  off  some  minor  spring;  but,  as  a 
general  rale,  it  may  be  held  that  draining  at  ten  feet  apart  is  a  waste  of  lal)ur  and 
materials.  On  the  other  hand,  we  think  sixty-six  feet  au  extreme  and  unsafe 
distance  for  thorough  draining. 

"  A  scale  of  distances  ranging  from  eighteen  to  forty  feet  will  l)e  found  to  suit 
almost  any  case  which  may  occur,  while  it  will  not  incur  the  charge  of  waste  of 
means  on  the  one  hand,  or  inefficiency  on  the  other.  We  have  found  a  distance  of 
twenty-four  feet,  with  a  depth  of  from  three  and  a  half  to  four  feet,  produce  very 
perfect  results  on  soils  of  considerable  tenacity,  in  districts  subject  to  more  than  the 
average  fall  of  rain  in  the  British  Islands.  These  will  l)e  found  safe  examples  to 
follow  under  similar  circumstances  ;  and  where  there  is  nothing  in  the  formation  of 
the  subsoil  calling  for  a  particular  arrangement  to  meet  it,  these  intervals  and  depths 
will  generally  be  fouiui  perfectly  successful. 

DIRECTION    AND    DK^LIVITV    OF    DRAINS. 

"  As  the  law  of  gravitation,  when  permitted  to  act  by  either  natural  or  artificial 
porosity,  is  that  which  governs  the  descent  of  water  into  drains,  the  chief  object  to 
be  considered  in  laying  out  drains  is  the  placing  of  them  in  such  a  position  as  will 
bring  this  principle  to  bear  most  fully  upon  them,  in  reference  to  the  land  on  whicli 
they  are  intended  to  act. 

""Where  land  is  altogether  level,  all  i)arts  of  tlie  surface  will  l>e  in  tlie  same 
relative  position  as  to  height  above  any  drain  whicli  may  l)e  cut  into  it.  In  such  a 
case,  therefore,  as  in  the  fiat  alluvial  tracts  which  border  some  rivers,  and  are  to  lie 
met  with  in  various  districts,  the  choice  of  direction  for  the  drains  ought  to  depend, 
in  a  great  measure,  on  the  convenience  of  outfall.  It  is  a  matter  of  no  consequence 
whether  the  drains  run  in  the  line  of  the  ridges,  at  right  angles  Avith  or  diagonally 
to  them.  The  main  consideration  necessary  to  be  attended  to  is  how  they  may  be 
most  conveniently  disposed  in  reference  to  the  main  drain  or  place  of  discharge. 

"  Where,  however,  the  land  is  ])ossessed  of  any  degree  of  slope,  other  consitl- 
erations  must  guide  the  drainer. 

"  Where  the  slope  is  very  slight,  the  necessity  for  selecting  the  line  in  which  it 
is  greatest  for  the  direction  of  the  drains,  in  order  to  obtain  a  fiow  in  them,  will  be 
admitted  by  all.  This  rule  ought  also  to  obtain  in  all  casen  of  slojiing  land,  thougli 
for  different  reasons. 

"  There  are  reasons  for  selecting  the  line  of  the  greatest  fall  for  the  direction 
of  the  drains,  which  are  applicable  to  all  lands  alike. 

"  The  most  important  of  these  is,  that  the  line  of  the  greatest  fall  is  the  unh/ 
Une  in  which  a  drain  is  relatively  lower  than  the  la/nd  on  either  side  of  it. 


JERSEY    (ATTLK  IX  AMi:niC 


I.AVINCJ    Of 


"  Before  proceeding  to  lay  out  drains,  the  dei)tli,  frequency,  and  kind  of  drain 
to  be  used  must  be  fixed  ujion.  In  deciding  ujwm  these  jjoints  an  exjjeriniental 
examination  of  the  subsoil  should  take  place,  where  its  luiture  is  not  already  known. 

''  Pits  of  three,  foin\  five,  or  six  feet  should  be  dug,  and  these  questions  decided 
upon  the  principles  already  explained,  according  to  the  indications  which  the  ■|>its 
uH'onl.  In  deciding  on  the  frequency  of  tlie  drains,  it  is  worthy  of  reiteration  tliat 
extreme  distances  ought  in  every  case  to  be  avoided.  A  due  regard  should  lie  ])aid 
to  economy  of  lal)()r  and  materials,  but  tlie  olijoct  of  the  drainer  ought  rather  to  be 
to  effect  a  perfect  drainage  than  to  convert  extensive  works  into  an  experimental 
trial  of  the  effect  produced  by  drains  at  wide  intervals. 

"The  same  remarks  apply  to  the  size  of  pijies  to  be  used.  One-incli  j)ipes 
ought  /(./•-/■  to  be  used  without  collars,  and  the  locality  must  dctcniiinc  wlictliei' 
they  n\\\\  lie  used  at  ;ill.  In  some  districts,  if  placed  at  twenty-four  feet  apart, 
tliev  would  not  void  one-third  i)art  of  tlie  watc-r  reiiuired  of  them. 


••This  should  always  art'onl  a  free  and  clear  outlet  to  the  drains,  and  must  of 
necessity  be  at  the  lowest  jioint  of  the  land  to  be  <lrained.  It  will  often  be  found 
necessary  to  cut  across  otluT  land,  in  order  to  obtain  a  pi-oper  outfall  ;  but  this  is  an 
expense  which  should  readily  be  gone  to,  where  drains  recpiireit;  for  draining 
without  a  proper  and  clear  outfall  is  only  a  waste  of  money.  Tlie  position  of  the 
])roper  ])oints  of  outfall  should  be  determined  by  means  of  levelling  instrunu^nts ; 
and  wherevei-  there  is  a  considerable  extent  of  work  to  be  done  a  conijietent 
surveyor  should  bi'  employed  to  fix  these,  as  well  as  some  otlier  points  which  we 
shall  have  to  advert  to,  if  not  to  lay  ont  the  wh..le  works;  f.,r  it  cannot  be  too 
sti-ongly  enforced  that  there  is  no  more  worthless  economy  tiian  that  which  entrusts 
t!ie  ])lanning  of  operations  involving  an  outlay  of  hundreds  or  thousands  to  the  rule 
<if  tlnnnb  proceedings  of  some  laborei'  whose  sole  qualification  is  derived  from  the 
fa<-t  of  his  having  helped  to  r^i  som.'  hundre.ls  of  rods  .,f  drains. 

posrrioNS  of  thk  minoh  drains. 
"There  is  a  very  simple  mode  of  laying  out  the  minor  drains,  which  will  apply 
to  most  cases,  or,  indeed,  to  all,  although  in  some  its  api)lication  may  be  more  diffi- 
cult. The  surface  of  each  field  must  be  regarded  as  being  made  up  of  one  or  more 
))lanes,  as  the  case  may  be,  for  each  of  which  the  drains  should  l)e  laid  out  separately. 
Level  lines  are  to  be  set  out  a  little  below  the  upper  edge  of  each  of  these  planes ; 
and  the  drains  nnist  then  be  made  to  cross  these  lines  at  right  angles.  By  this  means 
the  drains  M'ill  run  in  the  line  of  the  greatest  slope,  no  matter  how  distorted  the 
surface  of  the  fieM  mav  be. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  151 

"  When  the  furrows  happen  to  coincide  with  the  line  of  drains,  it  may  some- 
times be  proper  to  take  advantage  of  them,  in  order  to  lessen  the  cost  of  cutting  ; 
bnt  where  either  their  distances  or  direction  do  not  coincide  with  those  which  are 
ascertained  to  be  the  proper  ones,  they  should  without  hesitation  be  disregarded. 

THE    POSITION    AND    SIZE    OF    THE    MAIN    DRAINS. 

"  All  the  minor  drains  should  be  made  to  discharge  into  mains  or  submains,  and 
not  directly  into  an  open  ditch  or  water-course.     There  are  many  reasons  for  this. 

"  Grass  and  weeds,  and  debris  of  various  kinds,  collect  in  open  ditches,  and  are 
apt  to  choke  up  the  mouths  of  drains,  and  thus  greatly  injure  them,  especially  if 
the  fall  is  slight ;  but  when  many  drains  are  collected  into  one  main,  the  mn  of 
water  at  its  mouth  becomes  so  strong  as  to  clear  away  and  overcome  these  obstacles, 
if  through  negligence  they  are  allowed  to  accumulate.  It  is  also  much  more  easy 
for  the  farmer  to  look  after  the  working  of  a  few  main  drain  mouths  than  to  have 
a  large  number  of  small  drains  requiring  examination  from  time  to  time. 

"  There  is  also  the  further  advantage  of  there  being  less  risk  of  damage  from 
roots  in  the  fences  entering  the  drains,  and  the  entrance  of  vermin  can  more 
readily  be  guarded  against. 

"  The  mains  should  intercept  all  the  minor  drains,  at  eighteen  or  twenty  feet 
distance  from  the  fences  to  which  they  tend,  and  conduct  the  accumulated  waters 
toward  the  place  of  outfall.  There  must  also  be  submains  in  all  the  hollows.  As 
a  general  rule,  there  should  be  a  main  to  receive  the  waters  from  every  live  acres, 
as  a  great  current  is  apt  to  injure  them. 

"  The  rule  of  Leslie  which  has  been  given  will  serve  to  determine  the  necessary 
sizes  of  mains  required,  by  deducting  in  round  numbers  twenty-iive  per  cent,  of  the 
gross  discharging  power,  on  account  of  friction,  and  some  other  phenomena 
connected  with  the  discharge  of  water  from  pipes.  Main  drains  may  be  conveniently 
formed  of  one  or  more  large  pij^e  tiles.  Main  drains  should  be  three  inches  deejier 
than  the  minor  drains,  so  as  to  give  the  latter  a  drip,  and  prevent  any  damming  up 
from  sand.  The  minor  drains  should  enter  the  mains  with  a  curve,  in  the  direction 
of  the  current  of  the  mains ;  and  when  they  enter  on  both  sides  of  the  mains  they 
should  not  be  exactly  opposite  to  each  other,  as  such  an  arrangement  is  apt  to 
produce  stoppage  of  the  full  flow  in  the  mains. 

EXCAVATIONS. 

"  In  excavating  the  trenches  for  drains,  the  first  operation  should  be  to  cut  the 
main,  beginning  at  the  place  of  outlet.  The  width  must  be  carefully  and  neatly  set 
out  with  a  line,  as  indeed  that  of  the  whole  of  the  drains  should  be.  The  earth 
should  be  tiirown  on  the  lower  side  of  the  main.     The  minor  drains  are  next  to  be 


152  JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

cut,  commencing  with  those  farthest  from  tlie  outlet.  Tlie  object  of  this  is  that  as 
fast  as  each  drain  is  cut  it  may  be  laid  with  pipes,  or  other  material,  and  covered  in, 
as  well  as  the  pieces  of  main  between  it  and  the  next  mouth  or  joining ;  for  nothing 
is  more  improper  than  having  a  great  extent  of  drains  open  at  one  time,  as  a 
moderate  degree  of  frost  will  cause  much  expense  and  trouble  from  the  crumbling 
in  of  the  sides.  Two  workmen  generally  work  together  in  each  trench,  commencing 
at  the  lower  end,  that  they  may  not  Ije  incommoded  with  water.  As  soon  as  they 
have  completed  it,  it  should  be  carefully  inspected  by  the  overseer  of  the  work, 
after  which  the  laying  of  materials  should  be  immediately  proceeded  \vith.  Where 
pipes  or  tiles  are  used,  these  should  previously  be  laid  ready  along  the  sides  of  the 
trenches,  taking  care,  however,  iu  laying  horseshoe  tiles  down  from  the  carts,  to 
place  them  on  their  backs  ;  for  if  their  edges  are  placed  in  contact  with  the  earth,  a 
very  slight  degree  of  frost  causes  it  to  adhere  to  them  with  such  tenacity  that  they 
cannot  be  used  until  a  thaw  sets  in. 

"  The  laying  of  materials  should  commence  at  the  upper  end  of  the  drains,  so 
that  all  mud  nuiy  be  cleared  away  without  the  risk  of  its  entering  the  conduits. 

'■  As  a  general  rule,  the  laying  of  materials  should  be  performed  by  a  trustworthy 
person  paid  by  the  day,  for  on  the  perfection  of  this  operation  the  value  of  the 
drain  in  a  great  measure  depends.  The  joinings  at  the  mains  should  be  made  either 
by  means  of  tiles  made  for  the  purpose,  by  having  a  hole  cut  in  the  side  before 
being  burned,  or  by  neatly  chipping  out  a  small  piece  by  a  smart  blow  in  the  projjcr 
direction.  All  faulty  tiles  should  be  rejected,  as  holes  in  drains  are  fniitful  sources 
of  injury. 

"When  the  materials  for  the  conduit  have  been  placed  in  the  trench,  tlie  CMrth 
may  either  be  returned  upon  them  by  manual  labor  or  by  the  ])low. 

"Where  the  plow  is  to  be  used,  the  earth  must  be  placed  on  the  right  and  left 
of  eacli  alternate  trench,  so  that  the  plow  may  make  a  full  bout  Ijy  passing  up  one 
drain  and  down  another.  The  horses  walk  on  either  side  of  the  trench,  and  a  wide 
swingle-tree  must  be  used.  Each  drain  will  retpiire  from  four  to  six  furrows  to 
complete  the  turning  in.  Where  labor  is  not  too  high,  the  spade  or  drag  hoe  will 
generally  be  found  nearly  as  cheap  methods  of  filling  in  as  the  ])low  ;  and  with  the 
latter  there  is  a  great  risk  of  accident  to  the  horses." 

The  Theory  of  Drainaoe.* 


"  The  theory  of  drainage,  an  operation  in  agriculture  of  almost  equal  importance 
to  that  of  plowing,  is,  in  reality,  very  simple,  although  it  depends  upon  several 
physical   and   chemical  conditions  in  themselves  very  distinct.      The   mechanical 


Morton's  EncjTlopwdia  of  Agriculture. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IJST  AMERICA.  153 

conditions  effected  in  thoroxigh  drainage  require :  (1)  That  all  the  rain  which  falls 
on  the  siu-face  should  quickly  sink  to  the  level  of  the  drain,  and  be  carried  off ; 
(2)  that,  iu  thus  sinking,  the  finely  dixdded  ^^ortions  of  the  soil  should  not  be  carried 
away,  but  that  the  water  should  be  filtered  before  entering  the  drain  ;  (3)  that  the 
depth  of  the  drain  should  be  sufiicieut  to  carry  off  underground  water,  and  produce 
amelioration  in  the  soil  to  sufficient  depth.  Keeping  these  mechanical  conditions  in 
view,  the  two  principal  effects  produced,  and  which  require  explanation,  are  the 
following :  (1)  The  increased  temperature  of  the  soil,  by  which  crops  mature 
upon  it  with  greater  rapidity  ;  (2)  its  increased  fertility  and  better  adaptation  for 
all  kinds  of  cultivated  crops. 

"  These  two  main  improvements  require  separate  consideration. 

"  When  water  stagnates  in  a  soil,  air  is  at  the  same  time  excluded,  and  the 
necessary  amelioration  of  the  organic  and  inorganic  ingredients  cannot  be  effected. 
In  all  cultivated  soils  decaying  matter  has  a  positively  injurious  action,  even  on  its 
mineral  ingredients,  by  reducing  the  higher  state  of  the  oxidation  of  the  iron  gener- 
ally present  into  the  lower  and  injurious  condition.  In  soils  permeable  to  air,  this 
evil  is  at  once  counteracted  by  a  fresh  absorption  of  oxygen  from  the  atmosphere  ; 
but  in  soils  in  which  water  stagnates  this  remedial  process  does  not  exist. 

"  The  heat  of  the  sun  falling  upon  wet  land  does  not  exercise  its  genial  influence 
in  promoting  the  growth  of  plants,  but  expends  it  in  evaporation  of  the  stagnant 
water.  In  doing  this  much  of  the  sensible  heat  is  rendered  latent,  or,  in  other 
words,  is  deprived  of  its  warming  properties.  Water,  in  being  converted  into  steam, 
absorbs  or  renders  latent  an  enormous  amount  of  heat,  which  is  of  course  robbed 
from  the  soil ;  for  it  otherwise  would  be  used  in  the  more  profitable  manner  of 
maturing  the  crops  growing  upon  it.  Some  idea  may  be  entertained  of  the  amount 
of  heat  absorbed  and  rendered  useless  to  the  plants  growing  on  the  soil,  if  a  special 
case  be  taken  for  illustration.  It  is  found  that  porous  chalk  soils  evaporate  only 
one  half  the  fall  of  rain,  the  rest  infiltrating  and  running  off  as  springs  and  streams, 
or  being  afterward  found  as  wells. 

"  This,  therefore,  is  a  case  very  favoral)le  to  a  wet  soil,  which  would  iu  reality 
allow  a  very  much  smaller  quantity  of  rain  to  pass  it ;  nevertheless,  the  porous  land 
would  require  an  expenditure  of  nearly  twelve  hundred  weight  of  coal  per  day  to 
evaporate  artificially  one  half  the  rain  which  falls  on  an  acre  during  the  year.  In 
other  words,  more  than  two  hundred  and  nineteen  tons  of  coal  annually  would  be 
required  for  every  acre  of  undrained  land,  so  as  to  allow  the  free  use  of  the  sun's 
rays  for  the  legitimate  purpose  of  growing  and  maturing  the  crops  cultivated  upon  it. 

"  It  will  not,  therefore,  be  surprising  that  undrained  soils  are,  in  the  language 
of  the  fanner,  '  cold.'' 

"  But  in  addition  to  the  heat  abstracted  by  the  evaporation  of  water  in  imdrained 
soils,  other  physical  properties  combine  in  reducing  their  temperature. 


154  JFliSEY   (ATTl.F.    IX  AMERICA. 

■' Oni>  of  tliesp  is  tlie  1(jw  conducting  power  of  water.  When  the  sun's  raj's 
infringe  upon  tiie  surface  of  a  watery  soil,  it  raises  the  temperature  of  the  water; 
l»ut  tlie  lieated  water,  being  lighter  than  the  cold  water  beneath,  remains  on  tlie 
surface,  and  the  heat  cannot  penetrate  into  the  interior  of  the  soil.  But  at  night  the 
verv  reverse  action  i-nsucs  ;  for  the  water,  rendered  cold  at  the  top,  descends,  by  an 
interchange  witli  the  hottei-  water  beneath,  which,  in  its  turn,  being  cooled  again, 
sinks;  and  tlms  tiic  whole  soil  becomes  quickly  reduced  to  the  same  temperature  as 
the  external  air.  and  the  roots  of  the  plant  frequently  suffer  from  being  thus  chilled. 
Water  radiates  its  own  heat  freely  into  space,  and  hence  a  watery  soil  is  quickly 
cooled    ill  a  cold    night  by  the  heat  which   the  water  distributes   into  the  colder 

"  All  tlu'se  evils  teiiil  to  reduce  the  temperature  of  undrained  soils,  and  to  render 
them  less  fitted  for  the  growth  of  cultivated  crops,  which,  in  general,  reipiire  a 
genial  warmth. 

"  When  soils  are  drained  to  a  sufficient  dejith,  the  condition  of  the  soil,  with 
regard  to  temperature,  is  entirely  altered.  The  redundant  water  does  not  now 
stagnate  on  it,  but  is  immediately  carried  off.  The  aqueous  moisture  of  the  atmos- 
|)Iiere.  coiKlensed  into  raindrops,  is  of  a  higher  temperature  than  the  air  itself.  This 
arises  from  the  circumstance  that  when  Vapor  becomes  liquid  it  renders  sensible 
that  latent  heat  which  it  had  absorbed  to  keep  it  in  the  gaseous  state.  The  rain, 
therefore,  in  its  passage  communicates  its  own  natural  heat  in  addition  to  the  higher 
heat  of  the  soil's  surface,  and  (quickly  percolating  through  it,  and  being  removed  by 
drainage,  it  does  not  require  an  additional  amount  for  the  purpose  of  evaporation. 
The  similar  warming  action  of  rain  on  a  drained  soil  is  also  exerted  by  dew  in  the 
coldness  of  the  night. 

"  Soils  and  the  plants  iq>on  them  radiate  heat  into  the  atmosphere,  from  which 
is  deposited  water  in  the  form  of  dew,  as  soon  as  their  temi)urature  is  lower  than 
that  of  the  surrounding  air.  But  the  dew  deposited  upon  the  cold  surface  still 
preserves  the  latent  heat,  rendered  sensible  by  its  condensation,  and  this  heat 
prevents  the  extreme  chilling  which  would  otherwise  take  place.  The  texture  and 
porosity  of  drained  soil  soon  change  by  chemical  actions,  so  that  they  Ijecome  more 
abscjrptive  for  moisture  during  dry  weather.  In  fact,  such  soils  do  attract  a  large 
(pnintity  of  the  a(jueons  vapor  always  present  in  the  air,  even  in  the  driest  weatliei", 
and  thus  prevent  the  parching  of  j)lants  from  the  heat  of  the  sun  in  the  absence  of 
moisture. 

"These  very  obvious  im|)rovenients  in  tiie  condition  of  soils,  (lei>ending  njum 
their  relation  to  heat  and  moisture,  have  i)ractically  the  effect  of  an  amelioration  in 
the  clinuite  of  a  district. 

"  The  sun's  rays  now  produce  their  full  effect  on  the  soil  and  on  the  crops, 
without  being  robbed  of  their  heat  by  the  stagnant  water  of  the  soil,  unable  to  effect 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IJST  A3IERICA.  155 

its  escape  except  by  evaporation.  The  chemical  effects  of  drainage,  in  promoting 
increased  fertility,  are  not  less  striking.  Eain-water  always  contains  in  solution  air, 
carbonic  acid,  and  ammonia.  The  first  two  ingredients  are  among  the  most  powerful 
disintegrators  of  a  soil.  The  oxygen  of  the  air  and  the  carbonic  acid  being  both 
in  a  highly  condensed  form,  by  being  dissolved  exert  very  powerful  affinities  on  the 
ingredients  of  the  soil.  The  oxygen  attacks  and  oxidizes  the  iron  ;  the  carbonic  acid, 
seizing  tlie  lime  and  potash  and  other  alkaline  ingredients  of  the  soil,  produces 
further  •  disintegration,  and  renders  available  the  locked-up  ingredients  of  this 
magazine  of  nutriment.  Before  these  can  be  used  by  plants  they  must  be  rendered 
soluble  ;  and  this  is  only  effected  by  the  free  and  renewed  access  of  rain  and  air.  The 
ready  passage  of  both  of  these,  therefore,  enables  the  soil  to  yield  up  its  concealed 
nutriment.  The  soil  thus  acted  upon  becomes  soon  changed  to  a  certain  extent  in 
its  mechanical  as  weU  as  its  chemical  character.  The  particles  of  the  soil  being 
comuiinuted,  are  rendered  more  absorptive  of  the  gaseous  foods  of  plants — carbonic 
acid  and  ammonia.  The  porous  soil  thus  becomes  richer  in  organic  food  at  the  same 
time  that  it  is  made  to  yield  its  nutritive  mineral  riches  to  the  plants  growing  upon 
it.  The  pecuhar  chemical  action  exerted  by  the  surface  of  soils  for  fixing  ammonia 
and  other  soluble  ingredients  in  water  becomes  more  powerfully  exerted. 

"  The  water  being  i-emoved  from  beneath  the  roots  of  plants  by  an  adequately 
deep  drainage,  prevents  the  depression  of  temperature  in  the  manner  described. 
But,  at  the  same  time,  it  opens  a  new  magazine  of  nutriment,  by  enabling  the  air 
and  carbonic  acid  to  reach  the  lower  parts  of  the  soil,  and  to  ameliorate  its  injurious 
ingredients,  while  it  liberates  those  which  are  useful. 

"  The  plant  has,  therefore,  a  wider  range  in  which  it  may  seek  its  food,  and  is  thus 
enabled  to  extend  its  roots  in  search  of  nutritive  matter,  which  it  formerly  refused 
to  do  in  a  cold  wet  soil,  in  which  the  constituents  were  unfit  for  its  healthy  growth. 

"  Hence  it  is  apparent  that  drainage  is  a  most  powerful  agent  in  agriculture.  By 
it  tlie  temperature  and  therefore  the  climate  of  soils  is  elevated ;  their  porosity  for 
moisture,  though  not  for  wet,  is  increased;  their  disintegration  is  effected,  and 
nutritive,  soluble  materials  are  liberated;  the  organic  gaseous  food  of  plants 
is  furnished  by  absorptive  action  in  greater  quantity  than  before ;  and  the  injurious 
organic  and  mineral  ingredients  of  the  soil  are  so  far  altered  as  to  be  positively 
beneficial  to  vegetation.  With  such  advantages  it  is  not  surprising  that  drainage 
has  become  an  essential  operation  in  agriculture." 

DRAINAGE   IN   AMERICA. 

As  compared  with  Great  Britain,  the  climate  of  America  presents  a  greater 
variety,  but  with  a  lower  average  rainfall,  a  less  humid  atmosphere,  and  greater 
rapidity  of  evaporation,  because  of  the  very  much  larger  prevalence  of  simshine  at  all 


15C  .IKIISKY   CATTLK   IX  AMERICA. 

seasons  of  the  year.  Nevertlieless.  all  that  has  bet'ii  saiil  in  favor  of  drainage  and 
its  results  applies  with  equal  force  to  the  ijreater  ]);\rt  of  the  United  States  and 
Canada,  while  many  portions  of  the  country  require  in  connection  with  tliorouirli 
underdrainage  an  ecjually  elaborate  system  of  irrigation  either  with  river  water  or 
the  sewage  of  towns,  in  order  to  derive  the  full  l)enefit  of  the  system  of  drainage. 
The  testimony  of  those  wlio  liave  had  long  experience  in  drainage,  where  the  work 
was  thoroughly  well  done  (and  all  else  is  absolute  waste  of  money  and  labor),  assert 
that  with  drainage  alone  the  crops  are  so  largely  increased  in  quantity  and  improved 
in  quality  that  the  expense  of  the  original  cost  is  repaid  in  from  two  to  three  years. 
It  is  believed  by  many  who  have  given  the  subject  careful  study  that  in  America 
great  advantages  will  accrue  if  the  systems  of  drainage  and  irrigation  shall  Ite 
combined  for  all  soils  where  practicable. 

Great  improvement  has  been  made  in  recent  years  in  tlie  (luality  of  ]>ipc  tile. 
The  best  arc  those  that  are  hard-baked  and  glazed. 

The  plows  and  machines  for  use  in  soils  which  are  free  from  stone  i)romise  to 
greatly  lessen  the  cost.  Vast  areas  of  the  best  land  are  at  present  saturated  a  large 
part  of  the  year,  or  entirely  and  perennially  drowned.  These  are  also  a  ])rolific 
source  of  fevers,  ill-health,  and  poverty,  to  the  majority  of  tlie  inhabitants  of 
neighboring  districts. 

Drainage  is  the  only  remedy. 

Among  the  various  ditching  machines,  there  are  several  that  jiroinise  to  give 
aid  in  reducing  the  cost  of  excavation,  and  also  greatly  facilitating  the  si)ee<l  of 
the  work. 

VALUE   OF    MANURE. 

"  No  civUk',  IK)  ilimg;  no  (liiiifr,  no  crop." — Flemish  Adage. 

Most  fanners  keep  themselves  in  a  stati'  bonlering  on  impoverishment  by  a 
neglect  to  save  manures.  To  allow  the  li(iui(ls  to  jiercolate  through  a  porous  soil 
beneath  the  barn  and  stable  yards  is  to  lose  the  greater  i>art  of  manurial  value. 
According  to  the  best  authorities,  the  urine  is  of  more  value  than  the  solid  excre- 
ment, being  ordinarily  of  double  value,  and  under  high  feed  is  quadruple  the  value 
of  the  dung  of  equal  weight.  According  to  experiments  of  German  chemists,  fully 
ninety-five  per  cent,  of  all  the  valuable  fertilizing  elements  digested  were  recovered 
in  the  liquid  excrement.  The  undigested  elenkents  are  passed  as  solid  excrement. 
Tlie  feed  was  barlev  meal. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMEBIC  A.  157 

NITROGEN    STORED    VP    AND    VOIDED    FOK    100    CONSUMED. 


Stored  up  as 
Increase. 


Sheep 4.3 

Oxen 3.9 

Pigs 14.7 


Voided  as 

Solid 
Excrement. 


16.7 
22.6 
21.0 


Voided  as 

Liquid 
Excrement. 


79.0 
73.5 
64.3 


In  Total 
Excrement. 


95.7 
96.1 

85.3 


ASH    CONSTITUENTS    STORED    UP    AND    VOIDED    FOK    100    CONSUMED. 


Animals. 

Stored  up  as 

Voided  in  Total 
Excrement. 

Sheep 

3.8 
2.3 
4.5 

96.2 

Oxen 

97.7 

Pigs . 

95.5 

The  combined  excrements  are  rich  in  both  nitrogen  and  mineral  constituents. 
Two  thousand  pounds  of  the  solid  would  contain  fourteen  pounds,  and  of  the  liquid 
twenty-eight  pounds,  on  light  feed  ;  but  a  rich  food  would  give  nearly  double  for 
the  liquid,  or  more  than  fifty  pounds.  The  great  essential  to  an  improved  agri- 
culture is  the  saving  of  all  manure,  and  then  properly  applying  it  to  the  soil  when 
and  where  needed.  It  is  simply  a  question  of  prosperity  with  manure,  or  poverty 
without  manure. 


TABLE    OF    MANURE    VALUES. 

Estimated  Value 
of  Manure 
Article.  fi'om  8000  lbs. 

1.  Linseed  Cake $19.54 

2.  Peas 13.65 

3.  Clover  Hay 9.65 

4.  Oats 7.40 

5.  Wheat 7.08 

6.  Maize 6.76 

7.  Meadow  Hay 6.43 

8.  Barley 6.27 

9.  Oat  Straw 2.90 

10.  Wheat  Straw 2.68 


158  JEliSKY    (ATTI.K  IX  AMFAIICA. 

Estimated  Value 
of  Manure 
Article.  'roni  2000  lbs. 

11.  Barley  Straw ^2.20 

12.  Potatoes 1-51 

13.  Mangolds 1.0^ 

14.  Carrots 86 

The  above  is  a  part  of  the  table  from  Stewart's  work,  "  Feeding  Animals," 
which  is  made  up  from  the  estimates  of  Sir  J.  B.  Lawes. 


Tables  showing  Amount  of  Niteooen,  Potash,  and  Phosphorio  Acid  ix  10(i 
Pounds,  and  their  Value  per  Ton  at  a  Low  Estimate. 


SlIBBTANCES. 


1.  Beans  . . 

2.  Vetches. 

3.  Flaxseed 

4.  Peas . . . . 

5.  Oats.... 
fi.  Wheat.. 

7.  Eye.... 

8.  Barley.. 


Dry 

Matter. 

Nitrogeu. 

Potash. 

Phosphoric 
Acid. 

18  cts. 

6  cts. 

10  cts. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

S5.5 

•il.O 

12.0 

11.6 

Sfi-t 

•M.o 

6.3 

7.9 

lt(l.5 

36.0 

12.3 

15.4 

S57 

36.0 

9.8 

8.8 

870 

20.6 

4.5 

6.2 

8.5<i 

18.8 

5.4 

8.0 

851 

17.6 

5.4 

8.2 

860 

17.0 

4.9 

7.3 

Manure, 

Value  per 

Ton. 


$18.52 
18.17 
17.51 
15.S7 
10.27 
9.(11 
8.62 
8.16 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


1.  Green  Vetches. 

2.  Green  Peas. . . . 


!      833 

White  Clover !      840 


Jr.  Lueem 

5.  Ked  Clover,  in  blossoni . 

6.  Green  Oats 

7.  Timothy 

S.  Meadow  Hay 

9.  Red  Clover,  ripe 

10.  Dead  Eipe  Hay 


84(.) 
840 
85.5 
85t) 
857 
840 
856 


Nitrogen. 

Potash. 

Phosphoric 
Acid. 

18  cts. 

6  cts. 

10  cts. 

Lb.s. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

22.7 

30.9 

9.4 

22.8 

29.6 

9.7 

23.8 

10.6 

8.5 

23.0 

15.2 

.5.1 

19.7 

19.5 

5.6 

14.7 

24.1 

5.1 

15.5 

17.2 

6.8 

15.5 

16.8 

3.8 

.     15.0 

12.2 

3.5 

12.0 

5.0 

2.9 

$13.75 
13,69 
11.53 
11.00 
10.55 
9.20 
9.00 
8.35 
7.56 
5.56 


GKEEN  FODDEK. 


1.  Lucern 

2.  Hungarian  Millet 

3.  Eye,  in  blossom 

4.  Green  Vetches 

5.  Green  Peas 

6.  Red  Clover 

7.  Meadow  Grass 

8.  Swedish  Clover 

9.  "White  Clover 

10.  Oats,  coming  into  bloom 

11.  Timothy 

12.  Oats,  in  blossom 


Dry 

Matter 


Lbs. 
247 
320 
300 
ISO 
185 
200 
300 
185 
190 
180 
300 
230 


Nitrogen. 

Potash. 

Phosphoric 
Acid. 

18  cts. 

6  cts. 

10  cts. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

7.0 

4.5 

1.5 

5.3 

8.6 

1.3 

5.3 

6.3 

2.4 

4.9 

6.6 

2.0 

5.1 

5.6 

1.8 

5.2 

4.6 

1.3 

4.8 

6.0 

1.5 

5.2 

3.5 

1.0 

5.0 

2.4 

2.0 

3.6 

7.1 

1.7 

5.4 

6.1 

2.3 

3.0 

6.5 

1.4 

Manure, 

Value  per 

Ton. 


$2.94 
2.54 
2.51 
2.35 
2.34 
2.27 
2.24 
2.18 
2.15 
1.94 
1.94 
1.61 


JEli.SEY  CATTLE  IX  AMElilOA. 


Substances. 


STRAW    AND    ROOTS. 


1 .  ( ):it  Straw .  . 

2.  Barley  Straw 

3.  Wheat  Straw 

4.  Potatoes 

.5.  Mangolds.  .  . 

6.  Carrots 


Dry 

Nitrogen. 

IScts. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

830 

5.0 

850 

5.0 

857 

4.8 

250 

3.4 

115 

1.9 

142 

1.6 

Phosphoric! 
Acid. 


Sets. 

Lbs. 

10.4 

9.7 

5.8 
5.6     I 
3.9     , 
3.2     i 


Manure. 

Value  per 

Ton. 


Lbs. 
2.5 
2.0 
2.6 
1.8 
0.7 
1.0 


$3.54 
3.36 
2.94 
2.55 
1.29 
1.16 


"  The  above  tables  are  compiled  from  Professor  Stewart's  '  Feeding  Animals.' 
The  estimates  are  made  for  the  elements  of  nitrogen  at  eighteen  cents,  phosphoric 
acid  ten  cents,  and  potash  six  cents  a  ponnd.  This  estimate  is  a  low  one,  and  holds 
good  for  the  value  when  both  the  liquid  and  solid  excrements  are  saved,  and  will 
help  to  give  an  approximate  estimate  of  the  values  of  manure  from  various  fodders." 


TABLE    OF   MANUEK    TAI.rES    FROS[   JOSEPH    HAEEIS  S    "  TAXKS    ON    MANURES. 


Hen 

Guano 


These  figures  are  given  for  ordinary  care  of  animals,  where  the  horse  gets  the 
best  all  the  year,  and  the  hog  rich  food  a  part  of  the  year.  If  the  cow  was  fed  as 
well  as  she  ought  for  a  full  yield  of  milk  and  butter,  her  manure  would  be  as  rich 
as  that  of  the  horse. 


M^ls^^^ 


MARJORAM    3239. 

AT  13  YEARS  OLD. 
BKYN    MA  WE    HEED. 

F.  0.  Sayles,  Pawtucket,  Rhode  Island. 


^s^^^*- 


POGIS    CHIEF    3998. 

Stoke  Porjis— Marjoram  Type. 
BEYN    MAWR  HERD. 
C.   Sayles,  Pawtucket,  Rhode  Island. 


JEESEY    CATTLE  IJV  A3f ERICA. 


RELATIVE   VALUES    OF    UEINE. 


Man 

Cow  (not  in  milk) 

Sheep 

Horse 

Pig 


.^  Solid  Organic 

Water,  per  cent.  ki^jtg^_p^^^^.^j 


93.0 
96.0 
94.0 
92.6 


2.34 
5.00 


2.70 
5.60 


Solid   Inorganic 
Matter,  per  cent. 


0.76 
2.00 
1.20 
3.30 
1.80 


METHODS    OF    SAVING   MANUEE. 


That  there  must  be  a  radical  reform  in  methods  of  treating  and  saving  manure 
ought  to  be  apparent  to  every  man  that  owns  an  acre  of  ground,  or  is  interested  in 
the  material  prosperity  of  his  country. 


SOUECES    OF   MANURES.'' 


"  Manure  includes  every  substance,  whether  of  animal,  vegetable,  or  mineral 
origin,  which,  when  applied  to  the  soil,  has  the  effect  of  increasing  its  fertility. 

"In  practical  agriculture  manures  are  divided  into  two  classes — natural  and 
artificial ;  the  former  being  originally  derived  from  the  soil  itself,  in  the  different 
forms  of  forage,  roots,  plants,  corn,  and  purchased  food — all  of  which  being  consumed 
by  cattle,  yield  that  much-prized  substance  familiarly  known  as  farmyard  manure. 
Artificial,  or,  as  they  are  sometimes  termed,  special  or  light  manures,  are,  on  the 
contrary,  all  derived  from  sources  extraneous  to  the  usual  products  of  the  farm — that 
is,  they  are  neither  directly  the  product  of  vegetable  growth  nor  indirectly  the 
residuum  of  the  consumption  of  vegetable  substances  by  animals.  Thus  guano  is 
primarily  derived  from  the  ocean,  in  the  fish  consiimed  by  the  sea  fowl,  whose  excre- 
ments, having  accumulated  on  islands  and  rocks,  furnish  an  almost  inexhaustible 
supply  of  a  manure  so  powerful  and  concentrated  as  to  baffle  all  artificial  attempts 
at  imitation. 

"  Seaweed  is  another  gift  of  tlie  great  deep,  and  is  cast  upon  our  shores  in  immense 
quantities  by  the  storms  and  tides.  The  earth  presents  us  with  another  class  of 
manures,  not  the  result  of  vegetable  growth,  but  the  product  of  great  geological 
events :  take,  for  instance,  the  limestone  rocks,  chalk  beds,  marl  beds,  and  gypseous 
deposits ;  the  coprolitic  and  other  collections  of  phosphate  of  lime  ;  the  nitrates  of 
soda  and  potash,  which  appear  on  its  surface  in  efflorescent  incrustations  in  some 


John  Haxton,  Morton's  Encyclopaedia. 


1C2  JERHEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

districts  of  India  and  upper  Peru  ;  and  the  sulphur  from  which  that  powerful  ac!id, 
oil  of  vitriol,  is  obtained,  which  so  greatly  facilitates  and  economizes  the  effect  of 
bones  and  coprolites.  The  commercial  industries  are  continually,  adding  to  our 
suppUes  of  manure,  in  the  refuse  substances  of  various  manufactured  articles  ;  thus 
the  refuse  substances  of  gas-works,  consisting  of  ammoniacal  water  and  the  lime  iised 
in  purifying  the  gas  from  sulphurous  acid,  are  now  lai-gely  employed  as  fertilizers — 
the  former  in  a  liquid  state  or  the  more  portable  form  of  sulphate  of  ammonia,  and 
the  latter,  after  exposure  to  the  air,  as  sulphate  and  carbonate  of  lime.  Our  salt 
mines  also  furnish  us  with  muriatic  acid  and  sulphate  of  soda,  both  of  which  are 
obtained  from  salt  by  various  processes  in  the  chemical  arts.  The  manufacture  of 
prussiate  of  potash  yields  large  quantities  of  animal  carbon  derived  from  the  hoofs 
and  liorns  employed  in  the  process.  Bone  charcoal  is  also  another  refuse  product  of 
commerce,  and  is  obtained  in  the  form  of  a  grayish  gritty  powder  from  sugar 
refiner-s,  who  employ  large  quantities  of  charred  bones  in  clarifying  the  liquor  of 
dissolved  raw  sugar  before  converting  it  into  the  whiter  and  purer  sorts. 

"  Besides  these  sources  of  manure  there  -is  one  of  far  higher  importance,  in  a 
national,  sanitary,  and  economical  point  of  view,  than  all  others,  not  even  excepting 
guano  ;  we  mean  the  sewers  of  all  the  towns. 

"  This  source  of  fertilizing  wealth  has  been  strangely  overlooked  hitherto,  a  fact 
which  is  remarkable  when  contrasted  with  .the  saving  and  economy  displayed  in 
every  department  of  the  mechanical  arts.  Not  a  rag  or  shred  of  clothes  is  permitted 
to  be  lost,  but  is  turned  to  some  use  in  the  making  of  paper;  not  a  scrap  of  rusty, 
malleable,  or  cast-iron  but  is  carefully  collected,  and  the  one  welded  together  into 
bars  by  the  ponderous  strokes  of  the  steam-hammer,  while  the  other  is  put  into  the 
furnace,  whence  it  issues  ready  to  be  formed  into  any  shape  which  the  founder  may 
desire.  The  gathering  and  collecting  of  the  odds  and  ends  which  constitute  the 
refuse  of  the  useful  arts  are  so  important  and  profitable  that  they  form  a  large  trade 
in  the  country ;  yet,  notwithstanding  the  examples  of  success  set  before  our  capitalists 
and  speculators  by  these  humble  departments  of  industry,  it  is  only  lately  that 
the  subject  of  applying  the  valuable  contents  of  our  city  sewers  to  the  ])urposes  of 
agriculture  has  attracted  anything  more  than  cursory  attention.  Now,  however, 
there  appears  something  like  a  systematic  attempt  to  turn  to  a  useful  and  important 
purpose  that  which  has  so  long  run  to  worse  than  waste,  and  which,  if  economized, 
would  not  only  increase  the  fowl  nf  the  country,  but  also  render  our  towns  more 
cleanly  and  healthful. 

"  In  addition  to  the  natural  and  artificial  sources  already  specified,  there  is 
another  class  of  manures  to  which  the  term  artificial  may  be  exclusively  aiiplieil. 
They  consist  individually  of  different  substances,  mixed  in  various  proportions, 
according  to  the  special  purposes  to  which  they  are  to  be  applied,  and  according  to 
the  theoretical  opinions  of  those  who  compound  them. 


JERSEY    CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  16;5 

FARMYARD  MANURE. 

"  According  to  Dr.  Thomson's  experiments, 

100  lbs.  of  grass  consumed  by  a  cow  daily  give 71  lbs.  of  dung. 

80  lbs.  of  grass  and  \\  lbs.  of  barley,  water  ad  lihitum 78    "■      "     - 

85  lbs.  of  grass,  5f  lbs.  of  malt,  with  water  as  before 82    "      "      " 

25^  lbs.  of  hay,  lOi  lbs.  crushed  malt 77    '•     "     '• 

Average 77  lbs.  of  dung. 

"  From  these  figures  it  appears  that  one  hundred  pounds  of  grass,  consumed  in- 
doors by  a  cow,  produce  seventy-one  pounds  of  solid  and  liquid  manure.  But  a  cow 
also  produces  from  twenty  to  twenty-five  pounds  of  milk  from  one  hundred  pounds 
of  grass ;  so  that  were  the  grass  consumed  by  an  o.x  instead  of  a  cow,  we  would  infer, 
from  the  fact  of  his  only  increasing  a  few  pounds  of  live  weight  daily,  that  he  would 
void  a  greater  weight  of  dung  than  a  cow.  The  quantity  and  composition  of  dung, 
however,  are  greatly  dependent  upon  the  amount  of  water  drank  along  with  the  food  ; 
but  all  things  being  alike,  it  seems  logical,  as  well  as  a  correct  physical  deduction,  to 
consider  that  in  the  case  of  a  cow  and  an  ox  of  equal  size  and  capacity,  consuming 
the  same  amount  of  food,  the  one  giving  a  full  supply  of  milk,  and  the  other  increasing 
at  a  maximum  weight,  the  latter  will  yield  the  greatest  quantity  of  manure. 

"  In  stall-feeding  the  amount  of  manure  will  stand  thus  (for  iTiedium-sized 
cows) : 

Tons.        Cwts.  Qis.  Lbs. 

SoUd  dung  for  210  days,  55  lbs.  daily  5  :'.  it  24 

Solid  dung  for  155  days,  41^  lbs.  daily 2  17  1  20 

Litter  for  365  days,  14  lbs.  daily -1  r>  2  14 

Urine  absorbed  by  litter,  22^  lbs.  daily ■'>  V^  1  8| 

Total  solid  dung 13  19  2  lOi 

Urine  which  flows  into  tank    7  18  0  5^ 

Total  manure  and  litter 21  17  2  l»i 

"  Estimating  the  gallon  of  urine  to  weigh  ten  ])^)unds,  the  whole  quantity 
collected  in  the  tank  will  amount  to  seventeen  hundred  and  seventy  gallons  yearly. 
According  to  Sprengel's  analysis  of  cow's  urine,  this  quantity  would  contain  three 
hundred  and  thirteen  pounds  of  ammonia,  besides  other  substances  of  a  valuable 
nature  also. 

"Under  the  ordinary  system  of  managing  (hti ry  cows  the  foregoing  statements 
will  not  harmonize  with  general  experience. 


1IJ4  JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMEIilCA. 

"  Wo  scarcely  require  any  chemistry  to  teach  us  that  the  quality  of  dung  voided 
t)y  any  description  of  fattening  stock  or  milch  cows  is  the  difference  between  the 
food  consumed  and  that  portion  of  it  retained  in  their  bodies,  as  flesh,  fat,  etc.,  or 
withdrawn  in  the  milk,  perspiration,  respiration ;  or,  in  other  words,  the  dung  is  the 
food,  minus  the  flesh,  fat,  milk,  and  insensible  waste  through  the  lungs  and  skin. 
The  dung  is,  therefore,  inferior  to  the  food  in  a  fertilizing  point  of  view,  just  in 
jiroportion  to  the  substances  extracted  from  the  latter  by  animals. 

MANAGEMENT    OF   MANURE. 

"  Tliis  may  be  said  without  exaggeration  to  be  the  most  important  department  of 
farm  practice,  and  unfortunately  one  in  which  there  is  greater  need  of  improvement 
than  any  other.  Notwithstanding  the  fact  that  the  proper  management  of  the 
manure  heap  has  been  explained  and  enforced  by  the  teachings  of  agricultural 
chemistry  year  after  year,  the  practical  application  of  the  lesson  remains  in  a  great 
measure  to  be  made. 

"  Farmyard  manure,  as  heretofore,  continues  to  be  carted  out  from  rain-soaked 
straw-yards  to  the  distant  fields,  and  there  deposited  in  large,  ill-formed  heaps, 
exposed  to  rain,  wind,  and  sun  for  weeks  and  months. 

"  Many  farmers  whose  practice  otherwise  is  unassailable  are  yet  strangely  blinded 
to  the  great  loss  sustained  by  exposed  manure  heaps.  On  the  great  majority  of 
farms,  even  in  the  best-farmed  districts,  there  is  a  fearful  waste  of  food-producing 
material. 

"  Badly  constructed  homesteads  have,  no  doubt,  greatly  contributed  to  this  state 
of  things,  and  it  is  very  seldom  that  any  provision  is  made,  in  the  constniction  of 
new  ones,  for  the  preservation  of  liquid  manure  or  for  protecting  the  straw-yard 
from  being  deluged  by  rain  poured  into  it  from  the  surrounding  roofs. 

"  A  loss  of  manure  is  equivalent  to  a  diminution  of  produce,  and  this  again,  by 
lowering  the  profits  of  farming,  necessarily  depreciates  the  value  of  land.  All 
manure  should  be  made  under  cover,  either  in  stalls,  boxes,  or  sheds ;  if  in  the 
former,  it  must  be  removed  daily,  so  that  a  covered  shed  will  be  necessary  for  its 
protection  ;  if  in"  the  second,  it  may  be  allowed  to  accumulate  for  two  or  three 
months ;  and  by  the  latter  mode  it  may  remain  until  required  for  laying  on  the  land, 
provided  height  of  the  roof  will  admit  of  its  being  accumulated.  How  is  it 
that  we  invariably  find  box-feeding  or  house-feeding  of  some  kind  or  other  always 
accompanied  by  bulky  crops  of  corn,  roots,  and  clover  ?  Just  1)ccause  the  manure 
,«o  made  is  richer  and  more  abundant  than  on  those  farms  where  the  horse-pond 
receives  the  drainage  of  the  courts  and  byres. 

"  "We  need  only  point  to  what  has  been  already  said  in  regard  to  the  quantity  of 
urine  voided  l)y  animals  to  prove  that  if  there  be  no  tank  to  receive  the  drainings  of 


JERSEY   CA  TTLE  IN  AMERICA.  165 

stall-fed  animals,  the  loss  sustained  will  amount  to  one  third  the  weight  of  the  whole 
dung,  or  twice  that  of  the  liquid  part.  Few  who  have  not  studied  this  subject  are 
aware  of  the  enormous  quantity  of  fertilizing  materials  that  accompanies  the  little 
black  stream  that  oozes  from  a  straw-yard  where  there  is  no  tank  to  drain  off  the 
surplus  liquid. 

MANURE    HEAPS. 

"  There  being  few  steadings  where  the  accommodation  is  sufficient  to  hold  all 
the  manure  until  wanted  for  application  to  the  land,  it  is  necessary  and  particularly 
convenient  to  cart  it  out  to  the  more  distant  fields,  and  to  make  it  up  in  large  heaps. 

"  Wherever  this  is  necessary,  the  cart  should  be  driven  upon  the  heap  before 
being  emptied. 

"By  so  doing,  manure  is  consolidated,  air  is  excluded,  and  fermentation 
prevented. 

"  In  finishing  the  heap,  the  ends  should  be  raised  nearly  on  a  level  with  the 
centre,  which  is  easily  done  by  a  little  attention  on  the  part  of  the  carter.  These 
portions  unavoidably  left  low  at  both  ends  for  the  cart  to  get  on  and  off  the  heap 
can  be  raised  on  a  level  with  the  rest  by  backing  several  cartloads,  tilting  them  up, 
and  throwing  up  the  manure  with  forks. 

"  After  this  the  whole  heap  should  be  covered  with  earth  from  the  sides,  three 
or  four  inches  thick,  which  should  be  well  beaten  down  with  a  spade.  Eoad 
scrapings  are  even  better  than  common  soil,  as  they  are  in  a  very  minute  state  of 
subdivision,  besides  always  containing  a  considerable  quantity  of  manure  dropped 
on  the  roads. 

"  If  these  are  sufficiently  wet  to  beat  into  a  plaster  on  the  heap,  so  much  the 
better,  as  the  surface  will  thereby  be  more  hermetically  sealed,  both  within  and 
without.  In  addition  to  all  this  the  whole  surface  may  very  profitably  be  sprinkled 
with  sulphuric  acid,  so  that  any  ammoniacal  gas  escaping  may  be  at  once  arrested 
by  this  useful  agricultural  detective,  whose  affinity  for  fugitive  alkalies  is  altogether 
insatiable.  Dissolved  bones,  having  a  free  acid,  may  also  be  employed  for  fixing 
ammonia ;  and  if  the  manure  be  intended  for  turnips  or  mangolds,  it  is  an  excellent 
plan  to  mix  a  few  himdred  weight  through  the  whole  heap. 

"  An  excavated  site,  built  on  three  sides,  with  a  wall  four  feet  high,  is  the 
best  mode  of  preserving  manure  in  a  field  ;  there  would  be  no  risk  of  loss  from 
evaporation  or  fermentation,  provided  the  top  and  open  side  were  covered  with  earth. 

APPLICATION  OF   MANURE    TO   THE   SOIL. 

"  The  quicker  farmyard  manure  is  buried,  the  better.  This  is  a  maxim  that  holds 
good  everywhere,  and  under  every  circumstance ;  because,  when  once  covered  up  by 


166  JEllSEY    rATTLK  fX  AMlJIilCA. 

three  or  four  inches  of  eartli,  it  is  safe  from  all  risk  of  being  lost,  as  the  soil  has 
both  a  ph^ysical  and  chemical  power  of  retaining  aniiiiouia,  while,  at  the  same  time, 
it  yields  it  up  readily  to  the  growing  plants.  The  wasteful  practice  of  spreading 
manure  on  the  surface  of  the  soil,  and  allowing  it  to  lie  bleaching  for  weeks,  and 
even  months,  before  being  jilowed  in.  is  still  carried  on  and  stoutly  defended  by 
hosts  of  clay-land  farmers. 

•'  If  the  perpetrators  of  such  an  enormity  be  right,  science  is  at  fault,  analysis  is 
a  delusion,  and  ammonia  and  all  its  kindred  a  family  of  impostors. 

"  The  practice  in  Syria  of  making  the  dung  into  cakes  and  sticking  these  upon 
the  walls  of  their  houses  to  dry  in  the  sun,  preparatory  to  their  ultimate  destination 
of  being  burnt  as  fuel,  is  not  imicli  more  wa.steful  than  spreading  out  farm-yard 
manure  to  the  \\ands,  rains,  and  sun  for  moiitlis  together. 

"  A  farmer  who  imiwrts  ammonia  from  the  Chincha  Islands  and  dissipates  to  the 
winds  that  furnished  by  his  own  farm,  is  nearly  as  wasteful  as  he  would  be  were  he 
to  give  away  his  straw  fur  nothing,  and  to  purchase  from  others  what  he  required 
for  his  own  use." 

Asn    Ukai-.* 

••  There  is  a  source  of  valuable  and  extremely  useful  manure  on  every  fann,  of 
which  very  few  farmei-s  avail  themselves — the  gathering  together  in  one  spot  of  all 
combustible  waste  and  rubbish,  the  clippings  of  hedges,  scouring  of  ditches,  grassy 
accumulation  on  the  sides  of  roads  and  fences,  combined  with  a  good  deal  of  earth. 
If  these  are  (-arted  at  leisure  times  into  a  large  circle,  or  in  two  rows,  to  supply  the 
fire  kindled  in  the  centre,  in  a  spot  frequented  by  the  farm  laborers,  with  a  three- 
])ronged  fork  and  shovel  attendant,  and  each  pa.sser-by  is  encouraged  to  add  to 
tlie  pile  whenever  he  sees  the  smoke  passing  away  so  freely  as  to  indicate  rapid 
combustion,  a  very  large  quantity  of  ashes  are  collected  between  March  and  October. 
In  the  latter  month  the  fire  may  go  out ;  the  ashes  are  then  thrown  into  a  long 
ridge,  as  high  as  they  will  stand,  and  thatched  while  dry.  This  will  be  found  an 
invaluable  store  in  April,  May,  and  June,  capable  of  supplying  from  twenty  to 
forty  bushels  of  ashes  jier  acre,  according  to  the  care  and  industry  of  the  collector, 
to  drill  with  the  seeds  of  the  nmt  ci-op.  It  is  a  good  practice  to  dissolve  bones 
with  acid  in  the  beginning  uf  l-'eliruary.  and  when  reduced  to  a  pulp  to  mix 
them  up  with  the  ashes  in  a  large  heap,  which  should  be  turned  over  two  or  three 
times  at  intervals,  and  the  bone  paste  well  reduced  with  the  shovel,  and  thoroughly 
mixed  at  each  turning ;  by  the  month  of  May  a  homogeneous  compound  will  be 
fonued  that  will  run  freely  and  evenly  through  the  drill,  and  foi-m  an  in\ating 
})ed  for  the  seed." 


'  C  Lawrence,  Morion's  Encyflop;wiia. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  A3IERICA. 


Restoration   of   Soils. 


"  The  two  principal  means  of  restoring  the  fertility  of  a  soil  which  has  been 
diminished  by  the  continued  cropping,  are  :  (1)  The  mechanical  improvement  of 
the  soil.    (2)  The  application  of  manure. 

"  All  plants  take  away  from  the  soil  a  certain  quantity  of  mineral  matters  which 
are  essential  to  their  existence.  Some  plants  require  more  phosphoric  acid  than 
others,  which  want  a  greater  supply  of  potash  for  a  healthy  growth ;  some  again 
require  for  their  perfection  much  lime,  others  silica ;  but  all  take  up  a  number  of 
inorganic  chemical  substances,  which  the  plant  can  have  derived  only  from  the 
soil  on  which  it  was  grown.  If  it  is  true  that  these  mineral  elements  are  essential 
to  the  very  constitution  of  all  plants — and  there  can  be  no  doubt  in  reference  to  the 
function  of  the  inorganic  matters  of  the  soil — it  follows  that  sooner  or  later  the  most 
fertile  soil  must  become  exhausted  to  such  an  extent  that  it  will  no  longer  produce 
remunerative  crops.  Experience  has  long  ago  proved  this,  and  at  the  same  time 
pointed  out  two  ways  which  are  pre-eminently  calculated  to  restore  the  native 
fertility  of  a  soil  deteriorated  by  long-continued  cropping. 

"  The  first  includes  all  those  practical  operations,  such  as  digging,  plowing, 
rolling,  whereby  the  physical  structure  of  a  soil  is  improved,  or  its  latent  fertilizing 
properties  developed  by  strictly  mechanical  means. 

"  The  second  consists  in  the  application  of  manures.  In  all  countries  where 
agriculture  is  practised  as  an  advancing  art,  the  application  of  manures,  together 
with  their  preparation  and  economy,  are  justly  regarded  as  the  most  valuable  and 
indispensable  means  of  an  improved  system  of  farming.  Hence,  the  great  impor- 
tance which  attaches  to  the  subject  of  manures  in  general ;  to  the  theory  of  their  action 
and  their  rational  application  ;  to  the  best  modes  of  preserving  and  increasing  the 
fertilizing  value  of  farm-yard  manure,  and  to  the  methods  which  are  pointed  out  from 
time  to  time  of  saving  many  natural  products,  which  are  still  in  so  many  instances 
allowed  to  run  to  waste  ;  or  to  the  means  of  converting  comparatively  valueless 
articles  into  fertilizers.  It  is  for  these  and  similar  reasons  that  the  subject  of 
manures  has  been  treated  in  this  work  at  great  length. 

"  Whatever  acts  as  a  fertilizer,  which  is  brought  to  the  land,  may  be  termed  a 
manure. 

"  Clay,  lime,  marl,  water,  air,  and  even  sand,  accordingly  come  under  the  denom- 
ination of  manures,  just  as  well  as  dung,  urine,  and  guano.  It  is  quite  true  the 
beneficial  effects  resulting  from  the  application  of  clay,  marl,  lime,  sand,  and  many 
other  compounds  are  realized  chiefly  in  the  altered  physical  condition  of  soils  to 
which  the  above  substances  have  been  applied.     In  many  cases  they  do  not  act  so 


Prof.  Voelcker,  Morton's  Encyclopaedia 


168  JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

much  by  supplying  direct  nourishment  to  the  plants  as  by  indirectly  facilitating  the 
absorj)tiou  of  the  hidden  treasures,  which,  being  present  in  a  dormant  state  in  a  soil, 
are  thereby  rendered  available  for  the  use  of  jjlants. 

"  We  shall  include  all  materials  -which  are  added  to  the  soil  for  the  purpose  of 
increasing  its  productive  power  under  the  name  of  manure.  A  normal  manure  will 
be  such  only  as  shall  furnish  to  the  growing  plant  all  the  elements  of  food  which 
the  plant  requires  for  the  formation  of  its  roots,  stem,  leaves,  and  fi-uit. 

"  A  rational  application  of  manures  to  the  land  is  dependent  on  several  circum- 
stances ;  and  we  can  entertain  the  hope  of  manuring  our  fields  in  the  most  successful 
and  economical  manner  only  when  the  following  four  points  shall  have  been 
detennined  accurately : 

"  1.  The  wants  of  the  plants  intended  to  be  cultivated  in  reference  to  the 
elements  of  nutrition. 

"  2.  The  wants  of  plants  in  reference  to  the  physical  condition  of  the  soil. 

"  3.  The  composition  of  the  soil. 

"  4.  The  composition  of  the  manure. 

"  The  organic  portion  of  which  the  great  mass  of  all  cultivated  plants  is  made  up 
is  derived  jjrincipally  from  the  atmosphere ;  whereas  the  inorganic  part  of  plants, 
remaining  behind  in  the  form  of  ashes  when  a  plant  is  burnt,  can  be  supphed  only 
by  the  soil  or  the  manure. 

CONSTITUENTS    OF    JLA.NCRES. 

"  1.  Nitrogen,  in  the  fwrn  of  Ammonia  or  Nitric  Acid. — Nitrogen  is  one  of 
the  most  important  of  all  fertilizing  substances ;  it  must  be  considered  as  the  most 
valuable,  in  so  far  as  its  commercial  price  is  taken  as  the  test  in  estimating  its  value. 
It  is,  however,  useful  to  the  luxuriant  growth  of  our  cultivated  plants  only  in  one  of 
the  above  fonns ;  for  in  a  free  state  it  is  not  assimilated  by  plants  to  any  extent,  nor 
does  the  nitrogen  of  organic  bodies  become  available  to  plants  before  the  nitroge- 
nized  matters  have  undergone  a  change  by  fennentation  or  putrefaction,  the  result 
of  which  change,  among  other  products,  is  the  formation  of  ammonia  or  nitric 
acid.  Nitrogen  in  either  of  these  two  forms  exercises  a  most  powerful  action  in 
manure,  particularly  when  applied  to  plants  at  an  early  stage  of  their  growth ;  at  a 
later  period  of  development  the  application  of  ammonia  or  nitric  acid  appears  much 
less  effective,  and  sometimes  even  useless.  The  rapid  forcing  effects  of  ammonia, 
of  the  ammoniacal  liquor  of  gas-works,  of  sal-ammoniac,  and  ammoniacal  salts  in 
general,  are  too  well  known  generally  to  require  reference  to  the  direct  niunerous 
practical  field  experiments  which  have  been  made  in  order  to  ascertain  the  efficacy 
of  ammonia  as  a  fertilizer.  It  will  scarcely  be  necessary  to  allude  to  the  presence  of 
ammonia  in  guano,  soot,  etc.,  as  being  one  of  the  causes  of  the  forcing  properties 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IJV  AlfEBICA.  1G9 

whicli  characterize  these  and  other  fertilizers.  The  beneficial  effects  of  ammonia 
and  its  salts  have  been  occasionally  denied,  because  the  materials  containing  these 
fertilizing  agents  have  been  improperly  used. 

"  As  a  general  rule,  ammonia  or  its  salts  should  never  be  used  on  the  farm  in  a 
concentrated  form.  Their  caustic  properties  necessitate  their  application  in  a 
diluted  state. 

"  Every  practical  man  is  acquainted  with  the  l)urning  effect  of  strong  liquid 
manure  or  the  ammoniacal  water  of  gas-works,  and  therefore  never  applies  the  first  to 
his  land  in  dry  weather,  or  the  latter,  except  diluted  with  much  water,  or  mixed  with 
other  substances. 

"  It  has  been  observed  that  the  nitrogen  of  matters,  such  as  flesh,  bones,  hair,  and 
horn-shavings,  benefits  vegetation  only  in  so  far  as  it  becomes  changed  into  ammonia. 
"When  these  substances  putrefy,  ammonia  is  generated  in  large  quantities,  and  it  is 
principally  for  these  reasons  that  they  act  as  fertilizers.  In  a  fresh  state  they  are 
almost  entirely  useless,  biit  they  are  rendered  the  more  powerful  in  their  action  the 
further  their  decomposition  has  proceeded.  Fresh  bones,  hair-refuse,  wool-refuse, 
unfermented  urine,  long  dung,  are  much  slower  in  their  action  than  the  same  mate- 
rials after  having  undergone  fermentation  or  putrefaction.  In  the  latter  state  they 
contain  ammonia  ready  formed,  which  the  plant  can  assimilate  at  once ;  but  in  the 
first  case  the  decomposition  of  the  nitrogenized  matter  proceeds  slowly  in  the 
ground,  particularly  when  plowed  in  deep ;  and  the  plants  are  thus  made  to  wait 
a  long  time  before  they  can  absorb  the  ammonia,  which  is  generated  during  the 
decomposition  of  the  nitrogenized  organic  matters.  In  stiff  soils,  and  in  dry 
seasons,  the  formation  of  ammonia  proceeds  so  slowly  that  the  beneficial  action 
of  manuring  substances  is  frequently  lost  in  the  first  year,  because  if  plants  have 
passed  the  period  of  their  most  vigorous  growth  they  derive  very  little  advantage 
from  the  ammonia. 

"  Therefore  wool-refuse,  bones,  and  other  fertilizers,  the  action  of  which  depends 
on  the  ammonia  which  is  gradually  formed  on  their  decomposition,  ought  never  to 
be  applied  in  spring,  when  it  is  intended  to  benefit  the  first  crop  by  such  applica- 
tion, but  at  least  three  or  four  months,  and  in  many  cases  even  longer,  before  the 
crop  is  sown.  On  the  other  hand,  manuring  substances,  such  as  guano,  soot,  refuse- 
water  of  gas-works,  sal-ammoniac,  sulphate  of  ammonia,  putrefied  liquid  manure, 
which  all  contain  large  quantities  of  ready-f  onned  ammonia,  exercise  a  surprisingly 
quickening  power  on  grass  land,  wheat,  and  all  plants  at  an  early  stage  of  their 
growth. 

"  The  vahie  of  ammonia  and  its  salts  in  manuring  substances  has  been  greatly 
underestimated  by  Liebig  and  his  followers,  who  beheve  with  him  that  there  is  no 
necessity  for  siipplying  plants  with  manures  containing  ammonia,  because  plenty  of 
it  is  afforded  to  them  for  assimilation  by  the  air.     Now,  although  it  cannot  be  denied 


170  JJ'jnsKY    (ArTLE  IX  AMJ-nUCA. 

that  plants  absorb  tlic  aiinnoiiia  of  the  air,  and  that  the  air  presents  to  them  an  almost 
inexhaustible  source,  from  which  they  may  derive  ammonia,  it  is  nevertheless  tnie  that 
this  property  of  absorbing  and  claltorating  the  atmospheric  ammonia  in  sufficiently 
large  quantities  is  shared  by  conii)aratively  few  i)lants.  To  most  vegetable  produc- 
tions the  supply  of  ammonia  from  that  source  proves  insufficient ;  and  as  we  know 
])ractically  tliatidmost  all  our  cultivated  plants  are  dependent  on  other  sources,  from 
which  they  can  derive  nitrogen,  and  as  ammonia  and  its  salts  decidedly  improve  their 
contlition,  it  would  be  unreasonable  not  to  attach  any  value  to  the  presence  of  these 
fertilizing  materials  in  the  different  articles  used  as  nuinures.  In  the  fonn  of  nitric 
acid,  niti'ogen  becomes  also  a  ]nost  valual)le  manure,  and  in  this  state  it  closely 
resembles  ammonia  in  its  action.  The  effects  of  nitrate  of  soda,  for  instance,  on 
grass  land  are  strikingly  exhibited  by  the  succulent,  luxuriant  appearance  and  the 
deep  green  color  M-liich  the  grass  assumes  shortly  after  its  application.  Even  small 
<]uantit.ies  of  the  alkaline  nitrates  exercise  a  most  surprisingly  quick  forcing  action 
t)n  grass  lands ;  and  it  is  undoubtedly  the  case  that  cattle  prefer  grass  to  which  to]> 
<lressingof  nitrate  of  soda  has  ])een  apjilied  to  grass  grown  without  the  intervention 
of  that  fertilizer. 

••  -2.  Ortjaiiic  Suhstances,  Ilmnus. — Organic  matters,  consisting  of  carbon, 
liydrogen.and  oxygen  only,  are  present  in  farm-yard  manure  and  many  other  fertilizers 
in  large  quantities;  but  their  importance  as  fertilizing  agents  is  not  to  be  compared 
with  that  of  the  nitrogenized  organic  matters,  ammoniacal  salts,  or  nitrates. 

"  Formerly  the  value  of  a  manure  was  estimated  according  to  the  proportion  of 
(jrganie  matters  it  contained  ;  the  chief  fertilizing  effects  were  thus  referred  to  the 
presence  of  orgiinic  substances,  which,  on  decomposition,  furnished  hmnus,  the 
substance  which  for  a  long  time  was  regarded  as  the  only  material  from  which  plants 
derived  any  direct  food.  The  value  of  the  organic  or  humus-forming  matters  in 
manures,  accordingly,  was  overestimated  by  former  physiologists  and  agriculturists, 
until  the  researches  of  Liebig  have  placed  it  in  a  clear  light  that  the  effects  produced 
liy  tlic  organic  portion  of  manures  in  comparison  with  those  of  their  inorganic 
matters  are  so  trifling  that  he  disregards  the  organic  substances  in  manures  entirely. 
Although  we  do  not  agree  with  this  view  of  the  subject  entirely — a  view,  it  may  here 
be  observed,  iMtely  modified  by  Lie])ig  himself — we  still  hold  the  opinion  of  those  to 
be  con-ect  whu  regard  the  iiiori/iiiiic  imttii-i-x  of  inaninvs  ;is  tlic  cliicf  frrtilizing 
agents. 

"  In  one  imi)ortant  point,  however.  \\  e  must  differ  from  the  strict  adherents  of 
the  mineral  theory — namely,  in  attaching  a  much  greater  value  to  the  nitrogenized 
organic  matters  than  is  done  by  Liebig  and  his  followers.  A  little  consideration  will 
show  the  comparative  insignificance  of  the  humus-forming  substances  in  relation  to 
the  nutrition  of  ])lants.  In  the  fii-st  phice,  tlie  insufficiency  of  humus  to  supply 
plants  with  organic  food  can  Ik'  demonstrated   l)y  an  easy  calculation ;  for  if  we 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  A3IERICA.  171 

estimate  the  weight  of  the  organic  matters  removed  in  a  crop  from  the  soil,  and  the 
amount  of  humus  supphed  by  the  manure,  we  shall  find  that  a  small  proportion  of 
the  first  can  have  been  derived  from  the  humus  of  the  manure,  even  if  we  estimate 
the  whole  of  the  latter  as  having  passed  into  the  substance  of  the  crop.  We  know, 
secondly,  by  direct  experiments,  that  the  great  bulk  of  all  plants  is  derived  from  the 
carbonic  acid  of  the  atmosphere,  which  presents  plants  with  an  inexhaustible  source 
from  which  they  may  draw  organic  nourishment. 

"A  practical  confirmation  of  this  fact  we  find,  thirdly,  in  the  abundant  crops  of 
Indian  corn  which  are  raised  in  Mexico  and  Peru  on  soils  destitute  of  all  humus, 
without  the  application  of  any  organic  manure,  as  well  as  in  the  fertility  of  irrigated 
meadows,  which  like^vise  do  not  receive  any  organic  manures.  It  is  for  these 
reasons  that  we  do  not  attach  to  the  non-nitrogenized  organic  matters  the  same 
importance  as  to  the  inorganic,  which  the  jilants  can  derive  only  from  the  soil 
or  the  manures. 

"  So  far  as  the  direct  supply  of  food  to  plants  is  concerned,  we  are  thus  inclined 
to  consider  the  importance  of  the  organic  matters  of  manures  as  insignificant  in 
comparison  with  that  of  their  inorganic  substances.  Indirectly,  however,  organic 
manures  play  an  important  part  in  relation  to  the  growth  of  plants,  inasmuch  as,  by 
their  application,  the  physical  condition  of  soils  is  materially  improved.  This  function 
of  the  humus-forming  substances  in  manures  must  not  be  overlooked.  They  are 
further  useful  to  vegetation,  because  they  absorb  both  moisture  and  ammonia  from 
the  atmosphere  with  great  avidity,  thus  becoming  indirectly  suppliers  of  food  ;  and 
because,  on  decomposition,  they  themselves  furnish  carbonic  acid. 

"  While  we  ascribe  the  chief  value  of  the  non-nitrogenized  organic  matters  to  the 
alteration  in  the  physical  condition  of  the  soil  which  they  effect,  and  to  the  indirect 
food  which  they  furnish  to  plants,  their  use  as  direct  suppliers  of  food  cannot  be 
altogether  denied,  if  dependence  can  be  placed  on  Soubeiran's  experiments,  made  in 
reference  to  the  absorption  of  soluble  salts  of  ulmic  acid  by  plants.  From  these 
experiments  Soubeiran  concluded  that  ulmate  of  ammonia  was  taken  \ip  by  plants ; 
and  Mr.  Malaguti  has  confirmed  and  extended  this  observation  by  quantitative 
analysis. 

"  3.  By  far  the  most  valuable  inorganic  constituent  of  manures  is,  jjhosplioriG  acid, 
as  it  is  a  substance  without  which  the  grain  of  our  cereals  cannot  come  to  perfection. 
Its  deficiency  in  the  soil  is  generally  indicated  by  the  poor,  thin  appearance  of  the 
ears  of  wheat,  barley,  or  oats.  Phosphoric  acid  rarely  occurs  in  soils  in  sufficient 
quantities  to  equal  the  demands  of  the  crops,  and  has  therefore  to  be  supplied  in  the 
form  of  manures.  The  beneficial  action  of  bone-dust,  superphosphate,  coprolites, 
must  be  referred  chiefly  to  the  phosphoric  acid  which  these  fertilizers  contain. 

"  In  the  same  combination  in  which  phosphoric  acid  is  found  in  bones — that  is, 
in  the  form  of  bone-earth  or  phosphate  of  lime — it  occui-s  in  the  solid  excrements  of 


i:-i  ./KJiSKY    CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

all  domestic  animals ;  it  consequently  constitutes  an  important  ingredient  of  farm- 
yard manure,  and  of  all  artilicial  manures  which  are  applied  with  advantage  to  the 
growth  of  grain  and  root  crops.  It  is  worthy  of  observation  that  phosphate  of  lime, 
although  insoluble  by  itself  in  water,  is  rendered  soluble  by  the  addition  of  a  small 
quantity  of  ammonia  to  the  water. 

'•  This  property  of  phosphate  of  lime  agrees  well  with  practical  cxjiericnce,  which 
tells  us  that  phosphate  of  lime,  or  phosphates  in  general,  exhibit  the  most  energetic 
effects  on  vegetation  when  they  are  mixed  witli  ammoniacal  salts  or  nitrogenized 
organic  matters,  which  furnish  ammonia  on  decomposition. 

"For  the  same  reason,  the  most  powerful  manures  will  bt-  found  those  which 
contain  nmch  phosphoric  acid  and  annnoniacal  salts,  or  nitrogenized  organic 
matter. 

"  4.  Alkalies,  Potash,  and  Soda. — Potash  and  soda,  particularly  the  former,  are 
valuable  component  parts  of  fami-yanl  manure,  and  of  all  the  better  artificial 
fertilizers. 

"Although  potash  and  soda  belong  to  the  more  widely  diffused  inorganic 
substances  on  the  earth,  their  quantity  in  most  soils  is  too  small  to  justify  us  in 
neglecting  the  direct  supply  of  salts  of  potash  in  some  way  or  other.  The  solid 
excrements  of  horses,  cows,  sheep,  and  pigs  contain  but  small  quantities  of  salts  of 
potash,  wliich,  being  very  soluble  in  water,  are  chiefly  separated  with  the  liquid 
excrements,  or  the  urine  of  our  domestic  animals.  The  presei'vation  of  their  urine 
thus  becmnes  a  duty  imperative  on  all  farmers,  because  they  will  otherwise  lose  all 
the  advantages  of  the  highly  fertihzing  salts  of  potash.  In  its  chemical  relation 
potash  resembles  ammonia  closelj',  and  the  same  is  the  case  with  the  salts  of  potash 
and  ammonia.  In  their  effects  on  vegetation  this  similarity  is  observed ;  for  potash 
and  its  salts  exercise  the  same  stimulating  or  forcing  action  which  we  have  seen 
is  characteristic  of  ammonia. 

"  In  manures  potash  occurs  partly  in  combination  with  chlorine,  as  chloride  of 
])otash,  jKU-tly  in  combination  with  sulphuric  and  silicic  acid,  as  sulphate  and  silicate 
of  potash. 

"  In  the  urine  of  carnivorous  animals  pho.sphate  of  potash  also  is  found. 

"  All  cultivated  plants,  particularly  root  crops  and  herbaceous  plants,  require 
potash  as  a  necessary  article  of  food,  for  their  ashes  contain  large  (quantities  of  it. 
The  chief  reason  of  the  beneficial  effects  produced  by  the  application  of  wood  ashes, 
liquid  manure,  and  many  natural  siUcates  is,  undoubtedly,  the  greater  or  smaller 
quantity  of  salts  of  potash  which  these  kinds  of  manures  contain.  The  principal 
cause  of  tlie  fertilizing  effects  of  burnt  clay  is  to  be  referred  also  to  the  soluble 
potash,  which  in  burnt  clay  exists  in  a  larger  proportion  than  in  the  same  clay  in  its 
natural  state.  On  burning  the  insoluble  alkaline  silicates  occurring  in  clay  are  in  a 
great  measure  decomposed,  and  potash  is  thus  rendered  soluble.  The  beneficial 
effects  produced  by  the  application  of  quicklime  on  some  lands  is  also  due  to  the 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IJV  AJlEJilCA.  173 

liberation  of  potash  in  the  soil,  which  previously  existed  in  an  insoluble  state. 
Silicate  of  potash,  which  is  found  in  farm-yard  manure  and  other  fertilizing  mixtures, 
is  a  very  valuable  compound,  which  appears  to  exercise  a  beneficial  action,  particularly 
on  grain  crops.  Much  less  effective  than  potash  salts  are  the  salts  of  soda,  of  which 
the  more  frequently  recurring  are  chloride  of  sodium  and  the  sulphate  and  silicate 
of  soda.  Generally  speaking,  the  proportion  of  salts  of  soda  in  manures  is  larger 
than  that  of  the  salts  of  potash.  There  are  few  soils  which  do  not  contain  naturally 
so  much  soda  in  one  form  or  the  other  as  to  satisfy  the  wants  of  the  crops  which  are 
raised  upon  them.  It  is  for  this  reason  that  the  value  of  soda  salts  as  fertilizers  is 
very  much  less  than  that  of  potash  salts.  It  is  so  inconsiderable,  that  we  need  not 
care  to  supply  the  salts  of  soda  by  artificial  means  to  the  land.  The  localities  where 
common  salt  proves  most  effective  are  inland  places,  far  removed  from  the  sea ;  and 
in  such  places  beneficial  effects  following  its  application  are  intelligible.  In  the 
ashes  of  plants  potash  occurs  almost  always  in  larger  quantities  than  soda,  and  this 
affords  another  proof  of  the  greater  vahie  of  the  former. 

"  Nitrate  of  soda,  which  exercises  a  most  decided  and  surprisingly  quick  forcing 
action  on  grass  land,  owes  its  efficacy  principally,  we  believe,  to  nitric  acid,  and  not 
to  soda. 

"  5.  Zime  and  Magnesia. — Almost  all  manures  contain  lime  and  magnesia, 
which  are  indispensable  for  the  healthy  growth  of  plants.  Farm-yard  manure 
contains  Hme  partly  in  the  state  of  carbonate,  partly  as  sulphate  of  lime.  The  latter 
compound,  or  gypsum,  is  a  fertilizer,  which  frequently  constitutes  the  chief  compo- 
nent part  of  several  artificial  fertilizers,  which  have  been  mentioned ;  the  better  sorts 
of  manures  do  not,  or  ought  not,  to  contain  too  large  an  amount  of  gypsum. 

"  Lime  and  magnesia  are  among  the  most  widely  distributed  mineral  substances, 
and  can  be  very  economically  added  to  soils  in  which  a  deficiency  may  have  been 
found,  in  the  form  of  gypsum,  marl,  quicklime,  gaslime,  limestone,  chalk.  As 
constituents  of  manures,  lime  and  magnesia  are  not  very  important. 

"  6.  Silica. — All  ashes  of  plants  contain  silica  ;  some,  as  the  ashes  of  straw,  of 
wheat,  barley,  a  very  considerable  proportion.  Silica,  for  this  reason,  is  an  essential 
article  of  food  to  plants,  without  which  many  could  not  come  to  perfection.  How- 
ever, it  is  in  but  few  cases  that  the  farmer  need  care  to  apply  silica  to  the  soil, 
because  most  soils  contain  a  large  excess  of  it  already.  The  only  state  in  which  silica 
can  be  taken  up  is  in  the  soluble  form,  and  it  is  in  this  soluble  state  that  silica  occurs 
in  the  solid  excrements  of  animals.  These  are  rich  in  soluble  silica,  and  tlierefore 
particularly  well  adapted  to  soils  deficient  in  this  element. 

"  Sihca,  even  in  a  soluble  form,  is  far  less  important  than  any  of  tlie  sultstances 
previously  mentioned. 

"  7.  Sulphuric  acid,  chlorine,  fluorine,  oxides  of  iron  and  manganese,  and  some- 
times alumina,  are  also  constituents  of  many  manures  ;  but  as  these  compounds  are 
so  generally  distributed  throughout  nature,  we  find  few  soils  which  do  not  contain  as 


174  JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMEllIL'A. 

mudi   of    tlit'iii    :is  is  n'(|uiir(l    to    tlic   lic;iltli_v  gruwrli  of    plants.     Their   value   as 
constituents  of  luamire.s  can,  tliurL't'oru,  with  pro})riety  he  altogether  overlooked. 

"  These,  then,  are  tlie  constituents  which  ought  all  to  be  present  in  a  uiiivei'sal 
manure,  and  wJiich  are  present  in  farm-yard  maniu-e. 

"  In  order  to  avoid  misunderstanding,  we  would  observe  that  when  speaking  of 
the  different  values  of  manures,  we  refer  to  their  commercial  value.  In  one  sense 
all  substances  which  are  found  in  tlie  ushes  of  plants  are  valuable,  as  they  are 
essential  to  the  perfection  of  plants,  and  in  this  sense  lime  or  silica  is  just  as  valuable 
as  potash  or  phosphoric  acid,  because  the  largest  supply  of  the  latter  substances  would 
not  prevent  the  plants  languishing  for  want  of  the  former. 

"  Referring,  then,  to  the  commercial  value  of  the  fertilizing  constituents  of 
manure,  it  will  appear  from  the  aliove  observations  that  they  i-ange  in  the  following 
order  : 

"  1.   Nitrogen  or,  rather,  anmionia  and  nitric,  atdd. 
"  2.  Phosphoric  acid. 
"3.  Potash. 

"  4.  Lime  and  magnesia. 
"  5.  Soluble  silica. 

"  6.  Humus-fonning  oi-ganic  matters. 
"  7.  Siilphuric  acid,  chlorine,  oxide  of  iron. 

"Nitrogen,  in  the  form  of  ammonia,  aminoniacul  salts,  nitric  acid,  nitrates,  or 
nitrogenized  organic  matters,  is  the  most  valual)le  ingredient  of  manures,  because  the 
mineral  matters  of  manure  show  their  full  fertilizing  eflfects  only  when  decaying 
nitrogenized  matters  or  salts  of  ammonia  are  present  at  the  same  time. 

"Next  in  value  follow  phosjjhoric  acid  and  potash,  as  both  belong  to  the  rarest 
of  the  mineral  matters  which  serve  as  food  for  plants,  and  as  both  are  required  for 
their  healthy  growth  in  larger  quantities  than  any  of  the  other  constituents  which 
are  usually  found  in  the  ashes  of  plants. 

"The  high  value  of  nitrogen  in  manures  has  Iteen  fully  recognized  liy  IJou.ssiu- 
gault  and  Payen,  who  determined  the  quantity  of  nitrogen  in  a  great  many 
substances  used  as  manures.  These  nitrogen  determinations  were  used  by  them  as  the 
basis  for  calculating  the  princijjal  relative  fertilizing  effects  of  different  manures. 
In  the  second  edition  of  Boussingault's  '  Economic  Rurale  '  he  enlarges  the  genei'al 
utility  of  the  former  table  by  adding  to  it  another  cohuun,  in  which  the  equivalent 
weights  are  determined  in  relation  to  the  quantity  of  phosphoric  acid  which  they 
contain.  In  the  subjoined  table  farm-yard  mamye  is  taken  as  the  standard  <>t' 
comparison,  and  its  e(juivalent  is  assumed  to  be  100. 

"Thus,  250.0  pounds  of  wheat  straw  are  equal  iu  fertilizing  effects  to  IdO.o 
pounds  of  comuion  farm-yard  manure,  as  far  as  the  n'drogi'n  is  concerned  ;  but  with 
respect  to  the  fertilizing  effects  of  \hv  jihoxjifiorlc  acid  2*'>().7  pounds  of  wheat  .straw 
are  equal  to  100.0  pounds  of  coniinon  farm-yard  inaniiri>." 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN^  A  MEEK  LI. 


EXTRACT    FKOM    TAliLE    REPRESENTING    THE    COMPARATIVE    VALl' 
MANURING    SUBSTANCES. 


)K    DIFFEREN'I 


Substance. 

1 

§ 
B 

"A 

Nat- 
ural 
State. 

< 
1 

h 
It 

Natural 
State. 

If 
1? 

OliSEU\ATIONS. 

Dry. 

Natural 
State. 

Farm-yard  Manure 

«5.0 

0.63 

2.25 

England. 

Mixed  Manure 

66.7 

0.60 

1.45 

100.0 

100.0 

Farm-yard  manure. 

Wheat  Straw 

19.3 

0.24 

0.22 

250.0 

266.7 

Alsace. 

Oat  Straw 

21.0 

0.28 

0.21 

214.2 

300.0 

Alsace. 

Eye  Straw 

12.2 

0.17 

0.15 

352.9 

369.2 

Alsace. 

Carrot  Leaves 

70  0 

0  85 

70  6 

Green  in  autumn. 

Clover  Koots 

97 

1  61 

37  3 

Air-di-ied. 

Seaweed 

39.2 

0.86 

69.8 

160.0 

Air-dried. 

Fir  Sawdust 

■^4  0 

0  93 

260  9 

9,400  0 

Oak  Sawdust 

9,6  0 

0  54 

111  1 

1600.0 

Cow  Dung 

85.9 

0.32 

187.5 

480.0 

Solid  excrements. 

88  3 

0  4^ 

136  4 

Excrements  of  Cow 

84.3 

0.41 

0.55 

146.3 

533.3 

Solid  and  liquid  excrements. 

Horse  Urine 

79.1 

2.61 

22.9 

Concentrated  urine. 

Horse  Excrements 

75.4 

0.74 

1.12 

81.1 

178.9 

Solid  and  liquid  excrements. 

Pig's  Excrements 

93.8 

0.37 

3.44 

162.2 

228.6 

Solid  and  liquid  excrements. 

Sheep's  Excrements 

67.1 

0.91 

1.32 

65.9 

111.6 

Solid  and  liquid  excrements. 

Human  Urine 

93.3 

1.45 

3.88 

41.4 

184.6 

Berzelius. 

Human  Excrements 

91.0 

1.33 

2.85 

45.1 

189.6 

Solid  and  liquid  excrements. 

Unboiled  Bones 

8.0 

6.22 

22.20 

9.6 

2.3 

Containing  ten  jjer  cent,  of  fat. 

Peruvian  Guano 

25.6 

5.52 

20.00 

10.9 

3.2 

Denham  Smith. 

African  Guano 

25.0 

6.19 

17.00 

9.7 

8.8 

Kasten. 

Wood  Soot 

5.6 

1.15 

1.00 

52.2 

51.1 

Oyster  Shells 

17.9 

0.32 

0.65 

187.5 

90.6 

Marl 

1.0 

0.51 

117.6 

Seashore  Sand 

0.5 

0.13 

461.5 

JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


NATURAL   SIANUEES. 


"The  atniosplieric;  air  may  be  regarded  as  the  great  storehouse  which  provides 
plants  witli  organic  food.  It  presents  an  inexhaustible  soiu-ce  of  carbonic  acid, 
which  is  principally  assimilated  by  the  leaves  of  plants,  and  elaborated  by  them  into 
starch,  sugar,  cellular  tissue,  etc.  The  great  bulk  of  all  plants,  whether  entering 
them  by  the  leaves  or  the  roots,  owes  its  origin  to  this  natural  manure. 

"Besides  carbon,  the  air  supplies  plants  with  ammonia  and  with  moisture. 
Though  small  in  (quantity,  the  ammonia  is  a  very  important  constituent  of  tlie  air. 
in  reference  to  tlie  nutrition  of  plants. 

"  During  thunder-storms  nitric  acid,  which  unites  with  the  ammonia,  is  also 
formed,  and  as  nitrate  of  ammonia  is  a  very  soluble  and  highly  forcing  manuring 
substance,  we  can  ex]5lain  in  some  measure  the  fresh  appearance  of  our  fields  after 
a  thunder-stonii.  The  moisture  contained  in  the  air  in  an  invisible  state  provides 
plants  witli  more  water  than  the  rain  which  falls  upon  the  land. 

"  Rain-water,  the  purest  natural  water,  is  perhaps  the  most  important  of  all 
natural  manures,  as  without  it  vegetable  as  well  as  animal  life  would  become 
impossible. 

"  Spring  waters  owe  the  additional  effects  which  many  exhibit,  in  comparison 
with  pure  or  distilled  water,  to  the  presence  of  mineral  or  inorganic  raattei-s.  Salts 
of  lime,  potasli  and  soda,  whicli  occur  in  some  waters,  render  them  well  adapted  for 
irrigation. 

"  Some  natural  waters  contain  phosphoric  acid,  which  are  used  with  gi-eat 
advantage  for  irrigating  meadows. 

"  The  muddy  deposits  near  the  mouths  of  some  rivers  may  also  be  called  natui-al 
manures ;  the  deposits  belong  to  the  most  valuable  fertilizers,  and  have  converted 
a  great  part  of  the  very  sterile  sands  of  Holland  and  Belgium  into  rich  garden  land. 

QUALrrV    OF    FARM- YARD   MANURES. 

"  The  quality  and  quantity  of  fann-yard  manures  are  affected, 

"  1.  By  the  quantity  of  food  upon  wliich  the  animal  is  fed. 

"  2.  By  the  quality  of  the  food. 

"  3.  By  the  amount  of  water  in  ration  and  water  drank. 

"  4.  By  the  age  of  the  animal.     Eicher  in  mature  animals. 

"  5.  By  the  purpose  for  which  the  animal  is  used,  being  increased  by  fattening 
and  diminished  by  milk  or  work. 

"  0.  By  the  treatment  of  animals,  comfort  increasing  and  hardship  diminishing 
manure. 

"  7.  By  the  (|uantity  and  (juaiity  of  tlic  litter. 


^"^5^^^} 


MATIN    7768. 

AT  8  YEARS  OLD. 

Brown  Prince  Type. 

BILLINGS    irEED. 

Frederick  Billings,  Woodstock,  Vermont. 


MATIN'S    GLORY    9135. 

AT   2   YEARS  OLD. 

Matin— Lille  Bonne — FavonU  Type. 
Average  Tests  of  Dam  and  Grandams,  17  lbs.  13f  oz. 

BILLINGS    HERD. 

Fredehick  Billings,  Woodstock,  Vermont. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IJST  A3IERICA.  17 

"  8.  By  the  length  of  time   tlie  manure  is  kept,  and   the   method  l)y  which  it 
preserved. 

QUANTITY    OF    EXCREMENT    VOIDED    BY    ANIMALS. 


Animal. 

Solid  Excrements. 

Urine, 

20,000  lbs. 
12,000  " 
1,800  " 
760  " 

8,000  lbs. 
3,000  " 

A  piff  furnishes  annuallv 

1  200  " 

A  .'^lieep  furnishes  annually 

380  « 

LIQUID    MANURE. 

"  Neither  the  solid  nor  the  liquid  excrements,  applied  separately,  constitute  a 
universal  manure,  or  a  manure  which  can  be  used  for  the  raising  of  all  kinds  of 
crops ;  lic^uid  manure  can  never  supersede  the  use  of  the  solid,  well-prepared  farm- 
yard manure,  if  care  is  not  taken  to  dissolve  in  it  those  substances  which  enter  into 
the  composition  of  the  solid  excrements  of  animals.  In  Flanders  and  some  parts  of 
Holland  a  most  powerful  liquid  fertilizer  is  obtained  by  dissolving  and  distributing 
the  excrements  of  animals  in  the  liquid. 

"  During  the  fermentation  of  the  liquid  the  solid  matters  are  for  the  greater 
part  dissolved,  or  at  all  events  reduced  to  a,  tine  mud,  which  remains  easily 
suspended  in  the  water. 

"  For  the  cultivation  of  flax,  beets,  and  green  crops  in  general  such  a  liquid 
manure  is  preferred  in  Flanders  to  any  other,  as  it  has  been  found,  by  long  expe- 
rience, that  in  the  liquid  state  the  excrements  of  animals  are  best  employed  for  the 
growth  of  these  crops.  The  Flemish  farmers  accordingly  bestow  great  care  upon  its 
preparation,  and  carefully  collect  the  urine  of  the  stables,  which  is  conducted  through 
drains  into  separate  liquid  manure  tanks,  into  which  all  the  drainings  of  the  dung- 
heap  are  allowed  to  flow.  In  Belgium  the  urine  and  solid  human  excrements  are 
not  wasted,  as  with  us.  Before  its  application  to  the  land  this  liquid  manure 
must  first  be  diluted  with  much  water,  as  it  is  so  strong  that  it  would  burn  up  and 
completely  destroy  the  young  plants,  if  the  precaution  were  not  taken  to  dilute  the 
liquid,  according  to  its  strength,  with  three  to  six  times  its  bulk  of  water. 

"  Even  so  diluted,  it  is  advisable  to  apply  it  to  the  laud  in  wet  weather  or  when 
the  soil  is  soaked  with  moisture,  because  in  dry  weather  the  manure  is  likely  to 
exercise  a  burning  action  on  vegetation.  It  appears  incredible  to  continental 
farmers  that  our  farmers  should  prefer  willingly  to  pay  heavy  sums  for  the  imported 


178  JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 

guano  and  other  artificial  manures,  while  neglecting  to  reap  the  benetit  from  tho.se 
fertilizers  which  present  themselves  at  our  own  doors. 

"  The  urine  of  aninuils  possesses  greater  value  than  the  solid  dung,  and  is  subject 
to  great  loss  if  not  properly  treated.  The  loss  of  this  valuable  fertilizer,  by 
evaporation  of  ammonia,  will  be  greater  in  hot  than  in  cold  weather,  in  open  than  in 
covered  places.  Hence,  the  use  of  covered  liquid-manure  tanks  and  the  disadvantage 
of  shallow  pits  exposed  to  wind  and  sun.  Next  to  the  collection  of  the  liquid 
excrements  of  animals,  the  preservation  of  its  volatile  constituents  ought  to  be 
attended  to  by  every  good  farmer. 

TO     PREVENT     LOSS    OF    AMMONIA. 

"  Sulphuric  acid  and  sulphate  of  iron,  when  they  can  be  had  at  a  cheap  rate,  are 
by  far  the  most  efficient  materials  for  j)reventing  the  evaporation  of  ammonia.  On 
the  average,  one  pound  of  oil  of  vitriol  will  be  sufficient  for  one  hundred  and  fifty 
pounds  of  liquid  manure.  The  acid  should  tii-st  be  diluted  \dth  water  before  it  is 
poured  into  tlie  liquid  manure  tank." 

Sewage  Manure.* 

"  1T7(«<  is.  sewage?  In  it  the  chemist  recognizes  rounds  of  beef  and  basins 
of  turtle  ;  cargoes  of  sugar,  coffee,  and  port  wine ;  millions  of  loaves  of  bread  and 
thousands  of  tons  of  cheese  and  butter.  Therein  are  not  only  all  the  alimentary 
productions  of  our  own  country,  but  also  our  enormous  alimentary  imports,  altered 
in  form,  but  scarcel}'  in  utility  or  value.  It  is  truly  a  well-known  but  imworked 
mine  of  gold. 

"  We  might  call  it  a  stream  of  liquid  guano.  It  exists  in  a  form  of  peculiar 
availability  and  almost  self -portability  ;  its  fertilizing  powers  are  enormous.  We 
may  estimate  its  value  by  the  sums  expended  to  compensate  for  its  loss.  We  pay 
for  guano,  oil-cake,  and  corn  many  millions,  and  vast  sums  are  annually  abstracted 
from  the  agricultural  pocket  for  phosphates  and  other  artificial  manures. 

"  Nationally,  this  neglect  of  sewage  is  a  great  calamity,  but  one  that,  it  is  to  be 
hoped,  may  receive  a  gradual  and  wholesome  correction. 

"  If  it  is  considered  ruinous  by  the  fanner  to  waste  the  excrementitious  deposits 
of  his  animals,  with  still  greater  force  does  the  objection  ajiply  to  the  waste  of  our 
sewage. 

''  Experience  has  taught  the  writer  of  this  article  that  there  is  no  material  prac- 
tical difficulty  to  overcome  in  its  economy  and  appliance  to  the  soil  as  a  fertilizing 
agent. 


Extracts  from  article  of  .1.  ,J.  Morlii.  Morton's  Encyrlop.Tdia  of  Afrriciilturp. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  I.Y  A^FEEICA.  179 

"It  is  not  more  difficult  to  convey  tliaii  tlie  water  which  intersects  onr  streets, 
and  finds  its  way  into  every  house.  It  may,  in  fact,  he  considered  the  venous  return 
of  an  arterial  circulation ;  and  the  more  abundant  its  liquefaction,  the  more  valuable 
it  becomes,  seeing  that  water  alone  contains  all  the  organic  elements  of  our  food. 
It  is  hardly  possible  to  treat  this  subject  excejit  as  a  joint  question  of  sewage  and 
irrigation  with  drainage,  artificial  or  natural. 

"We  said  there  was  no  practical  difficulty  in  economizing  this  most  valuable 
commodity,  excepting  the  all-important  one  that  pulilic  opinion  has  not  yet 
appreciated  its  value. 

"The  force  of  public  opinion  must  be  brought  to  bear  on  this  great  ipiestion. 

"  Teach  the  farmer  that  it  is  liquid  guano,  brought  to  his  door  in  its  only 
available  form ;  let  him  understand  that  the  water  of  solution  is,  independently,  a 
means  of  fructification ;  point  out  to  him  that  every  valued  meadow  whose  rich 
crop  of  hay  he  covets  owes  its  powers  of  production  principally  to  the  abundant 
supply  of  moisture. 

"  It  is  a  question  for  our  legislators  and  the  country  at  large. 

"  When  once  convinced  of  its  value,  recorded  registers  of  supply-  will  be  attached 
to  each  farm,  like  our  gasometers.  Quarterly  demands  foi-  its  use  will  be  cheerfully 
paid  ;  our  towns  will  be  cleansed  and  our  country  fertilized.  The  evidence  on  this 
subject  is  too  abundant  and  distinct  to  l)e  doubted  or  denied.  It  is  collated  in  a 
document  issued  by  the  General  Board  of  Health,  Whitehall,  London,  entitled, 
'  Minutes  of  Information  Collected  on  the  Practical  A])plicatiou  of  Sewage  Water 
and  Town  Manures  to  Agricultural  Production.'  The  copious  instances  of  cost 
and  return  there  exemplified  induced  the  writer  of  this  to  carry  out  the  system  on 
•  a  farm  of  one  hundred  and  seventy  acres ;  and  an  experience  of  one  year  has 
sufficed  to  convince  hiui  of  its  easy  practicability  and  great  pecuniary  advantages ; 
he  finds  it,  in  fact,  the  key  to  profital)le  farming. 

"The  evidences  are  all  sufficiently  clear  that  the  mere  water  irrigation  of  laud 
on  this  principle  of  subterranean  pipeage  is  remunerative.  How  much  more  so, 
then,  when  saturated  with  the  elements  of  our  food ! 

"  The  necessity  for  irrigation  is  becoming  annually  more  apparent.  The  exten- 
sive removal  of  woods,  fences,  and  the  general  clearing  and  improved  cultivation  of 
our  country,  added  to  the  daily  increasing  drainage,  render  our  soil  and  our  climate 
warmer  and  drier,  and  consequently  less  favorable  to  succulent  productions.  By  the 
proposed  system  of  irrigation  we  shall  have  a  warm  moisture  for  our  roots  and 
green  crops  and  dryness  for  our  cereals ;  in  fact,  a  desirable  combination  of  food  in 
abmidance  for  man  and  for  beast. 

"  Sewage,  or  liquefied  manuring,  renders  the  root  and  green  crops  self-supjioit- 
ing,  by  furnishing  a  great  increase  at  a  diminished  cost.  It  may  be  compared  to 
growing  the  ordinary  produce  of  one  hundred  acres  on  fifty  acres,  thus  diminishing 


180  JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMEBIC  A. 

by  liftv  \m-  cent,  taxes,  horse  and  manual  lahor,  wear  and  tear  of  implements,  roads, 
gates,  ete.  Jn  many  instances,  as  in  those  of  ]>oor  irrass  lands,  the  writer  has  no 
hesitation  in  sayiiiir  that  the  produce  would  ho  douhled  and  greatly  improved  in 
feeding  (jiiality. 

"The  facility  and  ])roniptitude  with  which  a  barren  soil  maybe  fertilized  is 
surprising.  In  lands  di'ained  luiturally  or  artificially,  the  writer  has  seen  cabbages  and 
roots  lu.xuriate  in  a  miserable  plastic  clay  brought  from  the  subsoil  immediately  after 
its  saturation  with  sewage  or  liquefied  manure.  Its  effects  are  alike  beneficial  to 
every  croj) — cereal,  bulbous,  or  leguminous ;  although,  in  the  case  of  cereals,  a  due 
regard  is  required  as  to  the  necessity  for  its  application  and  a  judicious  regulation  of 
the  quantity  of  seed. 

"  With  regard  to  the  form  of  ajiplication,  the  writer's  experience  confirms  the 
evidence  collated,  that  the  hose  and  jet  present  very  great  ailvantages  in  every 
respect. 

"  As  to  the  period  of  growth,  or  season  for  application,  the  writer  has  applied  it 
at  almost  every  stage :  in  sunshine  and  wet ;  in  winter  and  summer ;  on  fallows  in 
wet  weather  very  strong,  in  dry  weather  more  amply  diluted.  During  the  heats 
of  summer  its  frequent  application  to  bulbous,  leguminous,  and  green  crops  is 
attended  with  the  most  profitable  results,  illustrating,  in  degree,  the  rapid  vegetation 
produced  by  great  heat  and  moisture  in  trojjical  climates.  With  an  increasing 
po])ulation,  the  time  is  fast  approaching  when  the  concentration  of  capital  on  land 
for  a  greatly  increased  ])roduction  will  become  a  necessity.  In  lieu  of  two  acres 
jn'oducing  barely  enough  for  one  cow,  six  sheep,  or  one  bullock,  by  these  means  from 
three  to  five  cattle,  or  twenty  sheep,  may  be  maintained  on  one  acre.  In  extreme 
cases  enormous  results  have  been  produced.  The  meadows  near  Edinbiirgh,  some 
of  them  onct!  ai'id  and  worthless,  have,  by  being  flooded  with  the  sewage  of  that 
city,  risen  to  an  enormous  value,  and  are  annually  let  by  public  auction  at  prices 
varying  from  £15  to  £32  per  acre.  It  is  estimated  that  the  quantity  of  green  food 
cut  annually  from  each  acre  is  from  fifty  to  eighty  tons. 

"•  The  sn})ply  of  milk  to  our  great  cities  woidd,  by  similar  irrigati(jns,  become 
greatly  improved  in  (juuntity,  (jiiality,  and  price. 

"  One  of  the  most  important  results  is  the  destruction,  or  driving  away,  of 
injurious  grubs  or  insects.  Wire-worm,  slug,  and  beetle  either  jjerish  under  the 
jet,  or  quickly  leave  the  fiehl.  Clovers  do  not  fail,  and  roots  are  freed  from  knobs 
and  fingers  and  toes." 

There  is  no  subject  connected  with  agriculture  so  generally  attracting  attention 
as  that  of  fertilizers,  especially  the  avoidance  of  waste,  so  common  upon  farms,  and  the 
utilizing  of  the  sewage  of  cities.  Much  attention  has  been  given  to  the  practical 
investigation  of  the  saving  of  liquid  manure  in  Gi-eat  Britain,  but  the  problem  is  still 
considered  a  matter  of  experiment,  because  of  the  great  cost  of  receptacles  and 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA.  ISl 

apparatus  for  application  to  tlie  soil.  There  is  no  question  of  its  great  ^'alue  and 
the  advantageous  form  for  promoting  rapid  plant  growth. 

I  quote  from  the  EncyclopEedia  Britannica  a  part  of  an  article  that  appeared 
originally  in  "  Minutes  of  Information,"  issued  liy  the  General  Board  of  Health, 
detailing  the  Scotch  method  : 

"  The  next  place  visited  was  the  farm  of  Myremill,  near  Maybole,  in  Ayrshire, 
the  property  of  Mr.  Kennedy,  who  adopted  and  improved  on  the  method  of 
distribution  just  described.  On  this  farm,  aliout  four  hundred  imperial  acres 
of  which  are  laid  down  with  pipes,  some  of  the  solid  as  well  as  the  liquid  manure 
has  been  applied  by  these  means,  guano  and  superphosphate  of  lime  having  been 
tlms  transmitted  in  solution,  whereby  their  value  is  considerably  enhanced.  This  is 
especially  the  case  with  guano,  the  iise  of  which  is  thus  rendered  in  great  measure 
independent  of  tlie  uncertainties  of  climate,  and  it  is  made  capable  of  beiug  applied 
with  equal  advantage  in  dry  and  wet  weather.  In  some  respects  the  farm  labors  under 
pecviliar  disadvantages,  as  water  for  the  purpose  of  diluting  the  liquid  has  to  be  raised 
from  a  depth  of  seventy  feet  and  from  a  distance  of  more  than  four  liundred  yards 
from  the  tanks  where  it  is  mixed  with  the  drainage  from  the  l)yres. 

"  These  tanks  are  four  in  number,  of  the  following  dimensions  respectively : 
48  X 14X12;  48X14X15;  72x14x12;  72x17x12.  They  have  each  a  separate 
communication  with  the  well  from  which  their  contents  are  pumped  up,  which  are 
used  in  different  degrees  of  '  ripeness,'  a  certain  amount  of  fermentation  induced  by 
the  addition  of  rapedust  being  considered  desirable.  The  liquid  is  diluted,  according 
to  circmnstances,  with  three  or  four  times  its  bulk  of  water,  and  delivered  at  the  rate 
of  about  four  thousand  gallons  an  hour,  that  being  the  usual  proportion  to  an  acre. 
The  quantity  to  be  applied  is  determined  by  a  float-gauge  in  the  tank,  which  warns 
the  engineer — whose  business  it  is  to  watch  it — when  to  cut  off  the  supply,  and  this  is 
a  signal  to  the  man  distributing  it  in  the  field  to  add  another  length  of  hose,  and  to 
commence  mamiring  a  fresh  piece  of  land.  The  pumps  are  worked  by  a  twelve-horse- 
power steam-engine,  which  performs  all  the  usual  work  on  the  farm,  thrashing,  cutting 
chaff  and  turnips,  crushing  oil-cake,  grinding,  etc.,  and  pumping. 

"  The  pipes  are  of  iron ;  mains,  submains,  and  service  pipes,  Ave,  three  and  two 
inches  in  diameter  respectively,  laid  eighteen  inches  or  two  feet  below  the  surface. 
At  certain  points  are  hydrants,  to  which  gutta-percha  hose  is  attached  in  lengths  of 
twenty  yards,  at  the  end  of  M'hich  is  a  sharp  nozzle,  with  an  orifice  i-anging  from  one 
to  one  and  a  half  inch,  according  to  the  pressure  laid  on,  from  which  the  liquid  makes 
its  exit  with  a  jet  of  from  twelve  to  fifteen  yards.  All  tlie  laljor  recpured  is  that  of 
a  man  and  a  boy  to  adjust  the  hose  and  direct  the  distribution  of  the  manure,  and 
eight  or  ten  acres  may  thus  be  watered  in  a  day.  There  are  now  seventy  acres  of 
Italian  rye  grass  and  one  hundred  and  tliirty  of  root  crops  upon  the  farm.  Tlie 
quantity  they  would  deliver  by  a  jet  from  a  pump  worked  by  a  twelve-horse-power 
steam-engine  would  be  foi-ty  thousand  gallons,  or  one  hundred  and  seventy-eight  tons 


18-^  JKRSEY    VATTI.K  IX  AMKIIKA. 

per  diem,  and  tlie  expense  jht  tmi  Mlnmt  twoju'iict',  hut  a  duulile  wt  nf  men  would 
reduce  the  cost.  The  extreme  Icnj^tli  nf  pipe  is  three  (juarters  of  a  mile,  and  ■with 
the  hose  the  total  extent  of  deliverv  is  ahoiit  one  mil!i..u  nine  hundred  tliousand 
yards,  or  four  hundred  acres. 

"To  deliver  the  same  quantity  j>er  diem  hy  water-carts  to  the  same  extreme 
distance  would  be  impractical )le.  One  field  of  rye  grass,  sown  in  April,  had  been 
cut  once,  fed  ofT  twice  with  sheep,  and  was  ready  (August  20th)  to  be  fed  off  again. 

"  In  auotiier,  after  yielding  four  cuttings  within  the  year,  each  estimated  at  nine 
or  ten  tons  per  acre,  the  \alue  of  the  aftermath  for  tlie  keep  of  sheep  was  stated  at 
twenty-five  shillings  an  aeie.  <  )f  the  turuii)s,  one  lot  of  swedes,  dressed  with  ten  tons 
of  solid  farm  manure,  and  about  two  thousand  gallons  of  the  liquid,  having  six  bushels 
of  dissolved  bones  along  with  it,  was  ready  for  holing  ten  or  twelve  days  earlier  than 
another  lot  dressed  with  double  the  amount  of  solid  manure  without  the  litjuid  appli- 
cation, and  were  fully  equal  to  those  in  a  neighbor's  field  which  had  received  thirty 
loads  of  farm-yard  dung,  together  with  three  hundredweight  guano  and  sixteen  bushels 
bones  ])er  acre  ;  the  yield  was  estimated  at  forty  tons  the  Scotch  acre,  and  their  great 
luxuriance  seemed  to  me  to  justify  the  expectation.  From  one  field  of  white  globe 
turnips  sown  latei-,  (uid  mmnu-ed  solely  with  liquid  iiKuiure,  from  forty  to  fifty  tons 
to  the  Scotch  acre  were  exj)eeted.  A  field  of  carrots  treated  in  the  same  manner  as  the 
swedes,  to  which  a  second  application  of  liquid  was  given  just  before  thiiming, 
jiromise  from  twenty  to  twenty -five  tons  the  acre.  Similarly  favorable  results  have 
been  obtained  with  cabbages,  and  that  the  limit  of  fertility  by  these  means  has  not 
yet  been  reached  was  clearly  sliowii  in  one  part  of  the  Italian  rye  grass  which  had 
accidentally  received  more  than  its  allowance  of  liquid,  and  which  showed  a  marked 
increase  of  luxuriance  over  that  around  it.  The  exact  increase  of  produce  has  not 
been  accurately  determined,  but  the  nmnber  of  cattle  on  the  farm  has  increased  very 
largely,  and  by  means  of  the  Italian  rye  grass  at  least  four  times  as  many  beasts  as 
before  can  be  kept  now  on  the  same  extent  of  land,  the  fertilitij  of  the  land  being  at 
the  name  time  increased.  This  plant,  of  all  others,  appears  to  receive  its  nourishment 
in  this  form  with  most  gratittule,  and  to  make  most  am])le  returns  for  it ;  and  great  as 
are  the  results  hitherto  obtained,  I  believe  that  the  nuiximum  of  productiveness  is  not 
yet  reached,  and  that  the  jiresi-nt  cv\|)erimeiit  must  he  carried  yet  further  before  we 
know  the  lull  capahililies  of  this  maiiuri'.  Of  one  important  fact  connected  with  this 
croji,  T  am  asMiivij  that,  not  withstanding  the  I'ank  hixuriance  of  its  growth,  animals 
fed  upon  it  not  only  aiv  not  scoured,  hut  thrive  more  than  on  any  other  kind  of  grass 
in  eultivatioii. 

"  Taking  int..  the  iiTigath.n  are..untthe  whole  cost  of  the  engine  and  tlu^  whole 
of  the  fuel  and  wages- altiiongh  lialf  of  these  nnght  have  been  deducted— the 
following  appears  to  be  the  ea]>ital  ae<-onnt  and  working  exi)en.ses  for  fertilizing 
^Ivrendll  farm  : 


.TERHEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  18:5 

Tanks  complete £300 

Steam-engine 150 

Pumps 80 

Iron  pipes,  laying,  and  hydrants 1,000 

Gutta-percha  distributing  pipes,  etc 5(3 

£1,586 
Actual  interest  on  £1,586,  and  wear  and  tear  at  7-|  per  cent. .  £118       19.s. 

Annual  wages 101         0 

Fuel 58       10 

£281         9.y. 

"This  amount,  divided  In-  the  numlier  of  acres,  is  equal  to  the  annual  sum  of 
fourteen  shillings  per  acre. 

"  I  now  come  to  the  practical  results  of  so  cheap  a  mode  of  fei-tilizing  land. 

"  Mr.  Young  informed  me  that  in  one  of  the  fields  he  had  himself  measured 
the  growth  of  Italian  rye  grass,  and  had  found  it  to  be  two  inches  in  twenty-four 
hours;  and  that  within  seven  months  Mr.  Kennedy  had  cut  from  a  field  we  were 
l)assing  at  the  time  seventy  tons  of  grass  per  acre. 

"  Wliere  the  whole  is  cut,  four  or  five  heavy  crops  are  thus  taken  ;  but  Tipon  some 
of  the  land  during  the  past  two  years  twenty  sheep  to  the  acre  have  been  penned  in 
hurdles,  and  moved  about  the  same  field  from  time  to  time ;  after  each  remove  the 
fluid  has  been  applied,  and  immediately  followed  by  an  abundant  growth  of  food. 
There  is  not  the  slightest  appearance  of  exhaustion  in  the  land — its  fertility  ap])ears 
to  increase.  I  was  informed  that  before  the  liquid  manure  was  used  the  land  would 
not  keep  more  than  a  bullock  or  five  sheep  to  the  acre,  nor  will  it  maintain,  if  the  crops 
are  cut  and  carried  in,  five  bullocks  or  twenty  sheep  to  the  acre.  Some  beans,  bran 
and  oil-cake  are  bought  for  the  stock ;  but,  on  the  other  hand,  one  third  or  more  of 
the  farm  is  kept  in  grain,  notwithstanding  the  great  number  of  live  stock. 

"  Canning  Park — Mr.  Telfer's  Farm.,  near  Ayr. — This  is  a  small  dairy  farm  of 
forty  acres,  near  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  about  a  mile  and  a  half  west  of  the  town  of 
Ayr.  The  subsoil  is  beach  gravel  with  a  slight  admixture  of  clay.  Water  is  too 
abundant.  It  lies  dead  within  about  twenty  inches  of  the  surface,  and  in  winter 
nearer  than  that. 

"  No  bedding  or  litter  is  used  here.  The  cows  lie  on  cocoanut  mats.  The 
ventilation  is  perfect,  and  the  air  sweeter  than  in  the  majority  of  the  dwelling- 
houses  of  human  beings. 

"  The  following  appears  to  l)e  the  cost  of  carrying  out  the  system  of  Mr.  Telfer's 
farm  : 


184  JERHEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

Tank £30 

Engine 60 

Iron  pipes  and  livdrants 100 

Distributing  hose-pipe,  etc 20 

£210 
Annual  interest  on  £2 Id,  and  wear  and  tear  at  7^  per  cent.  .  .  £15  ir).s-. 
"Wages  and  fuel 11         i » 

£2t;        15.V. 

"  In  summer  tlic  cows  have  a  quantity  of  oil-cake  as  well  as  grass  ;  and  in  winter 
they  have  turnips  or  mangel-wurzel,  bean  or  barley  meal,  and  cut  liay  or  grass, 
the  whole  mess  l)eing  steamed  together.  Miss  Bell,  the  cousin  of  .Mr.  Tclfcr, 
manages  the  dairy,  and  said  that  last  year  the  hay  bought  would  amount  to  from 
£80  to  £-K),  and  she  .shouhl  think  the  grain  to  n,,t  less  than  £200.  In  general 
terms,  the  other  food  is  j)roduced  upon  the  farm.  As  to  the  produce  of  grass, 
which  is  the  chief  article,  the  first  cutting  during  the  jiresent  year  was  in  the  latter 
end  of  Mardi,  about  eighteen  inches  thick.  The  second  was  from  eighteen  inches 
to  two  feet  thick.  The  third  was  from  three  feet  to  four  feet  six  inches  thick. 
The  fourth  nearly  the  same.  The  fifth  was  two  feet  thick  ;  and  the  sixth,  in 
process  of  cutting  at  the  time  I  was  there,  we  measured  at  eighteei'i  inches  thick. 
Taking  the  mean,  where  two  dimensions  are  given  for  the  same  crop,  1  find  the 
aggregate  depth  of  grass  grown  and  cut  off  this  fann  within  seven  months  to  be 
not  less  than  fcnirteen  feet  three  inches.  All  this  is,  however,  eaten  upon  the 
premises,  and  the  whole  marketable  produce  of  the  farm  is  represented  by  the  milk 
and  butter. 

"  As  to  the  quantity  ;md  value  of  these.  Miss  Bell  stated  that  the  ])revious  week 
the  butter  was  one  hundred  and  fourteen  pounds  and  one  luindred  and  twenty 
pounds — together  two  Imndred  and  thirty-four  ])()unds  sold  at  one  shilling  jhm- 
])ound.  This,  she  stated,  was  about  the  average  (pumtity  and  price.  The  amount 
for  butter  would  therefore  be  £11  U.v.  i)er  week,  or  per  amnnn  £tios  s.v.  She 
informed  me,  further,  that  during  about  eight  months  in  the  year  the  cold  milk 
realizes  about  the  same  aim  unit  as  the  butter.  In  the  summer  months,  during  hot 
weather,  the  market  value  of  the  milk  is  ,,uly  about  half  that  of  the  butter.  From 
these  data,  tlie  amount  of  milk  sold  \wv  annum  is  £.->o7.  The  total  receipts  for  the 
two  articles  of  milk  and  butter  amount  to  £1115  S«.  per  annum. 

"I  only  need  to  add  that,  previous  to  the  adoption  of  the  present  .system  of 
farming,  these  forty  acres  of  land  were  barely  sufficient  to  support  eight  or  nine 
cows,  and  would  liave  been  well  let  at  a  rental  of  thirty  shillings  an  acre."' 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IX   AMERICA. 


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180  .IKllSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

The  agricultural  editor  of  the  Kncijdopwd'nt  Britannica  cautions  tliose  who 
\oiituri'  UJ10U  such  experiments  not  to  bie  rash  or  too  sanguine,  and  is  inclined  to 
do>il)t  tilt'  feasibility  of  such  expensive  apparatus. 

It  would  seem,  however,  that  the  experiment  is  well  worth  trying  in  our  dryer 
eliiuate,  as  promising  great  advantages,  especially  in  seasons  of  long  drouth,  imt  only 
for  grass  fields,  but  for  maize,  sorghum,  and  other  important  soiling  cro])s,  ami  in 
the  Southern  States,  where  the  pastures  are  parched  by  the  scorching  sun,  to  raise 
immense  crops  of  Johnson  grass  {SorghiDii  lialapetise)  and  Millo  maize.  Satisfactory 
results  have  attended  the  use  of  the  sprinkling-cart  on  small  farms,  Imt  a  permanent 
system  of  irrigating  apparatus  ought  to  return  a  large  dividend  when  well  nuuuiged 
upon  good  land  and  with  first-rate  Jersey  stock. 

Theory  of  Cn.TivATiox.* 

••  Tlie  main  conditions  required  in  the  cultivation  of  the  soil  are  : 

••  1.  A  thorough  pulverization  and  drainage  of  the  soil. 

"  ti.   A  progressive  chemical  disintegration  or  liberation  of  insoluble  ingredients. 

" ;'.  A  I'cnewid,  by  means  of  manure,  of  those  substances  wliicli  liave  been 
rcniuved  fnmi  thi'  soil  by  successive  crojis. 

"The  art  of  cultivation  consists  in  aiding  nature  to  accomplish  tiiese  conditions 
with  greater  celerity  than,  unaided,  would  be  ifccomplished. 

"  By  means  of  tlie  ]ilow  and  harrow  the  soil  is  mechanically  pulverized,  and  fresh 
surfaces  exposed  to  the  disintegrating  action  of  the  air.  Many  soils,  especially 
clayey  varieties,  contain  a  very  large  amount  of  alkalies,  which,  by  the  action  of 
carlionic  acid,  are  liberated  and  lieconie  soluble.  In  such  cases  it  is  more  econom- 
ical to  depend  u]>i>ii  tliis  \ast  magazine  of  supply  for  the  necessary  alkalies  than  to 
import  them  in  the  foi-in  of  manures.  But,  as  the  disintegration  of  the  soil  and 
liberation  t>f  tin'  ingredients  jiroceed  with  slowness,  it  is  necessary  not  only  to  offer 
every  fa<*ility  l)y  increasing  the  surfaces,  but  also  to  admit  the  air  and  fresh  supplies 
of  rain-water,  so  as  to  render  the  treasures  available  within  the  ])rescril)cd  period ; 
this  is  effected  by  drainage.  It  is  to  sucli  rich  soils  only  that  the  ruiman  methods 
of  culture  apjily. 

"  Cato  gave  good  advice ;  for  plowing  is  both  the  first  and  second  operation  of 
good  farming,  and  manuring  is  the  more  advantageous  the  more  thoroughly  prepared 
and  pulverized  the  soil  is;  for  manure,  like  land,  requires  disintegration  to  render 
its  constituents  thoroughly  available.  The  plow  and  the  harrow  are,  therefore, 
both  mechanically  and  chemically  advantageous.  They  are  mechanically  useful  in 
fitting  the  soil  for  the  reception  and  growth  of  jjlants,  and  chemically  by  increasing 


Lyon  Playfair,  Morton's  Eucyilopa'dia  of  Ajriieultiiic. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IJV  AMERICA.  187 

the  absorptive  powers  of  the  soil  for  aerial  food,  and  also  by  admitting  those 
atmospheric  influences  which  disintegrate  the  soil  and  liberate  the  mineral  food. 

"  If  the  subsoil  do  not  contain  an  excess  of  iron,  and  be  not  sufficiently  tenacious 
to  alter  the  character  of  the  upper  soil,  trench- plowing  is  useful,  by  presenting  to 
atmospheric  influences  a  new  and  unexhausted  magazine  of  mineral  food.  The 
oxygen,  carbonic  acid,  and  rain-water  acting  on  this  freshly  upturned  soil  render 
soluble  the  alkalies  and  other  ingredients  formerly  present  in  an  insoluble  form  ; 
but  when  the  subsoil  is  either  too  slowly  acted  upon  by  the  air  or  too  tenacious,  it 
may  act  injuriously  hy  preventing  that  very  disintegration  which  it  is  intended  to 
promote. 

"  The  lower  oxide  of  iron,  if  it  be  present,  absorbs  the  oxygen,  which  ought  to 
find  its  way  to  the  roots  of  the  plants  ;  or  the  tenacity  of  the  soil  acts  mechanically, 
by  preventing  that  access  of  air  which  the  iron  refuses  to  allow  to  pass  by  its  chemi- 
cal properties.  In  all  such  cases  subsoiling  is  preferable  to  trench-plowing,  because 
the  subsoil,  being  loosened,  is  progressively  acted  upon  by  disintegrating  influences, 
and,  in  a  few  years,  changes  its  character  sufficiently  to  enable  it  to  be  mixed  with 
the  surface  soil  without  danger.  This  subsoiling  cannot,  however,  be  advantageously 
done  without  a  previous  natural  or  artiflcial  drainage ;  for  unless  the  soil  be  suffi- 
ciently free  from  moisture  it  cannot  be  acted  upon  by  the  atmospheric  causes  of 
change.  The  moi-e  accessible  tlie  soil  is  to  air  and  to  the  free  passage  of  rain-water 
tlie  quicker  will  it  become  fitted  fo»the  wants  of  vegetation. 

"  Tlie  term  cultivation  properly  inchides  the  abnonnal  growth  or  increase  of 
particular  ingredients  in  plants,  such  as  the  gluten  in  the  cereals  and  the  starch  in 
the  potato." 

Plowing.* 

"  Wherever  farming  is  conducted  on  an  extensive  scale,  plowing  constitutes  the 
priuci])al  operation,  as  being  the  preliminary  process  necessary  to  prepare  the  soil 
for  the  subsequent  series  of  processes  by  which  systematic  cultivation  is  effected. 
For  this  purpose  oxen,  asses,  mules,  and  horses  have  been  variously  employed  by 
different  nations  to  draw  the  plow,  ever  since  the  cultivation  of  the  soil  became  the 
necessary  consequence  of  a  settled  state  of  society.  Up  to  very  recent  times  oxen 
appear  to  have  been  principally  emjiloyed  for  this  purpose ;  and  their  docility, 
strength,  and  endurance,  combined  with  the  simplicity  of  the  apparatus  required  to 
yoke  them,  were  properties  which,  in  the  estimation  of  the  unscientific  and  unin- 
ventive  tiUer  of  the  soil,  gave  them  a  superiority  in  field  labor  over  all  other  animals 
of  draught. 

"The  employment  of   horses  in    ])lowiiig  and    titlier  agricultural   operations, 


Jolin  Haxton,  Morton's  EncyclopiPdia  of  AgTiculturc. 


188  .n:i:si:y  catti.e  i\  ameiuia. 

and   tlie    introduction   of    the    irnii   jilmr,    aw.    uiidoulitedly.    ainoiii;-  tlio    jri't'atest 
improvements  effected  in  afrriculture. 

"  AVhen  land  lias  been  well  plowed,  and  cultivated  to  a  ])roper  depth  in  preparin<^ 
for  green  croj^s,  deep  plowing  for  the  subseciuent  grain  eroj)  is  not  only  unnecessary, 
but  oftentimes  injurious.  This  is  particularly  to  be  observed  in  tlic  cultivation  of 
wheat,  in  which  experience  has  taught  us  that  the  firmer  the  s(jil  is  in  which  tlic  roots 
of  the  young  plants  are  embedded,  the  better  are  they  able  to  withstand  the  clianges 
and  shif tings  produced  in  the  immediate  surface  soil  by  the  effects  of  alternate  frosts 
and  thaws.  Thus  it  is  that  the  peculiar  habit  of  growth  of  plants  must  be 
studied,  and  a  cultivation  adopted  wliich  accords,  as  nearly  as  itossibk-.  with  the 
requirements  of  nature;  and  this  knowledge  is  necessarily  tlie  result  of  observation." 

AMERICAN     cri-TIVATIOX. 

The  greatest  inipi'ovenients  (with  the  exception  of  the  steam  plow)  in  recent 
years  have  been  made  by  American  inventoi's.  For  tho.se  who  are  interested  in  the 
subject  of  the  history  of  plows  I  refer  them  to  the  Annual  Report  of  the  New  York 
State  Agricidtural  Society  for  ISfiT.  The  more  recent  liLstory  of  plows  and  plowing 
must  be  studied  in  the  ])ro(luctions  of  the  past  few  yeai-s  that  are  offered  for  sale  by 
the  best  dealers. 

Among  the  modern  improvements  ai-e  tlie  jilows  for  turning_7!'r//_7''(//'/v///'.v  ;  the 
better  adjustment  for  power,  especially  in  the  sulky  plows;  the  use  of  better 
material,  as  in  the  best  steel  plows  ;  the  greater  pulverizing  power,  as  exhibited  in 
the  Sackett  plow  ;  non-liability  to  choke  in  stubble ;  lightness  of  draught ;  ease  of 
holding  ;  durability  ;  cheapness  ;  excellence  of  workmanship ;  even  distribution  of 
wear ;  effective  service  in  burial  of  weeds  and  stubble  ;  regularity  of  turning  Hat 
furrows.  Whatever  force  is  usi'd  for  ])roi)elling  the  plow,  the  wheel  plows 
undoubtedly  have  the  advantage  of  easier  tb-aught,  better  quality  of  work,  effective 
work  in  drouth-baked  land.  The  efficiency  of  the  wheel  plow  is  independent  of  the 
skill  of  the  plowman,  and  when  once  properly  adjusted  will  cut  every  furrow  of  an 
equal  width  and  depth,  and  lay  them  all  over  nnifonnly  levi'l.  The  Sackett  j^low  is 
the  best  of  its  kind,  as  it  serA^es  the  jnn-pose  of  both  ])low  and  harrow,  doing  nnich 
better  work  than  can  be  done  with  both  of  those  implements;  but  it  can  only  be 
used  in  fine  land  that  is  free  from  stones  and  rocks. 


Great  improvement  has  been  made  in  harrows.  The  best  imj>lcment  has  an 
iron  frame  with  steel  spring  seat,  and  slanting,  reversible  steel  teeth,  which  have 
a  cutting  edge  for  pulverization  and  a  round  edge  for  smoothing  and  cidtivating  all 
kinds  of  crops,  and  the  frame  also,  in  sections,  to  wliich  plow-handles  can  be 
attached,  and  each  section  used  as  a  cultivator  between  rows  or  drills.     This  imple- 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  189 

nient  is  the  most  effective  and  useful  of  its  class,  and  absolutely  indispensable  to  every 
farnier.  It  is  the  best  pulverizer,  the  best  cultivator,  the  best  for  the  purpose  of 
scarifying  old  pastures  and  meadows  that  need  renovation. 

"With  this  harrow  wheat  may  have  three  harrowings  in  early  spring ;  oats  and 
barley  two  or  more,  or  until  three  inches  high  ;  corn  can  be  harrowed  every  week, 
until  twelve  inches  high.  The  round  edge  is  also  used  for  covering  clover  seed. 
Among  the  harrows  for  grass  seed  that  require  covering  only  one  eighth  of  an  inch, 
is  the  chain-harrow,  an  implement  which  consists  of  a  draught-bar  to  which  are 
attached  pairs  of  square-linked  chains,  each  seven  and  a  half  feet  long,  connected 
by  cross-links,  and  kept  expanded  by  two  movable  stretchers. 


These  are  iisually  hollow  cylinders  of  cast  iron,  of  diverse  weights,  for  one 
or  two  horses.  They  may  have  a  smooth  surface  or  may  be  formed  of  a  series 
of  corrugated  rings  or  discs  having  serrated  edges  and  side-way  projecting  teeth. 
Some  require  three  horses  abreast  to  work  them.  They  are  very  effective  for 
breaking  clods,  consolidating  loose  soils,  checking  the  ravages  of  the  wire  worm,  and 
covering  in  clover  and  grass  seeds.  For  grass  seeds  the  smooth  roller  is  best,  with 
the  brush-harrow  or  chain-harrow  attached.  Another  fonn  of  roller  is  made  of  a 
series  of  eccentric  fluted  discs,  which  is  said  to  uossess  many  advantages  over  any 
other  implement  of  its  class. 

CULTIVATORS. 

An  implement  is  needed  for  the  effective  cultivation  of  maize  that  shall  finely 
pulverise  the  surface  to  a  depth  of  one  inch,  and  work  smoothly  without  j^lunging  or 
destroying  the  rootlets  of  the  growing  plants.  Maize  needs,  especially  in  a  drouth, 
a  mulch  of  soil  like  fine  flour,  of  a  depth  not  to  exceed  two  inches,  and  the  culture 
should  always  be  level  and  smooth. 

DRILLS. 

These  implements  secure  straight  rows,  and  thereby  assist  in  clean  culture  for 
all  kinds  of  grain  and  root  ci'ops.  Drills  are  of  various  patterns,  some  of  them  con- 
structed for  planting  several  rows  at  once,  and  dropping  manure  at  the  same  time  ; 
while  others  have  added  an  irrigating  apparatus  for  moistening  manure  and  seed  in 
dry  ground,  and  are  more  effective  in  promoting  germination,  even  upon  damp 
groimd,  and  also  intensifying  the  effects  of  the  superphosphates. 

OTHER  IMPLEMENTS. 

Among  the  many  useful  machines  and  implements  for  tillage,  harvesting  and 
feeding,  a  completely  equipped  dairy  farmer  needs  trencli  plows ;  subsoil  plow ;  a 
manure-spreader ;  a  horse-hoe ;  carrot-thinner ;  reaper  and  binder ;  mowing- 
machine  ;  hay-tedder  ;  horse-rake  ;  hay-loader ;  thresher ;  fanning-mill ;  grinding-mill ; 


190  JERSEY   CA  TTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

root-cutter  ;  liay-cutter  ;  corn-stalk  crusher  ;  staiulard  weifihei-s,  scales  and  measures  ; 
also  improved  wagons  and  fann-carts. 


As  a  general  rule,  no  tillage  operations  can  be  perfonned  when  the  soil  is  wet. 
Clay  soils  especially  are  liable  to  great  injury  in  this  way.  Plowing  or  harrowing 
land  when  wet  is  destructive  to  crops. 

ItoTATiox  OF  Crops.* 

"  The  arrangement  of  a  certain  succession  of  crops,  by  which  each  shall  folluw  in 
such  a  rotation  as  shall  best  economize  the  resources  of  the  farm,  has  long  been  an 
object  of  primary  consideration  among  agriculturists.  The  fact  that  certain  crops 
impoverish  the  soil  in  a  greater  degree  than  others  is  very  much  dc]iendent  on  the 
use  that  is  made  of  them. 

"If  a  crop  is  entirely  removed  from  the  farm  on  which  it  is  produced  the  laud 
will  obviously  be  deprived  of  some  of  those  elements  which  would  be  restoi-ed  to  it 
by  the  consumption  of  the  whole  or  a  portion  of  the  same  crop  on  the  ground. 
The  manner  in  which  a  crop  is  cultivated  will  also  influence  the  condition  of  the 
soil.  A  succession  of  grain  crops,  grown  in  such  a  manner  as  would  not  admit  of 
the  soil  being  kept  free  from  weeds,  even  though  they  did  not  of  themselves  draw 
from  the  soil  a  greater  supply  of  the  elements  of  fertility,  would  be  more  injuriou.s 
to  it  than  a  succession  of  well-hoed  crops,  the  intervals  between  the  rows  of  the 
latter  and  the  comparatively  late  period  of  the  season  at  which  they  are  sown 
admitting  of  the  complete  eradication  of  weeds. 

"The  inorganic  matter  abstracted  from  the  soil  by  any  one  crop  is  .so  small  in 
amount  as  to  render  the  choice  of  a  particular  crop,  in  reference  to  that  ]ioint,  of 
little  moment.  A  deficiency  is  generally  rectified  by  the  manaire  applied  in  the 
ordinary  routine  of  cultivation.  Without  entering,  in  this  place,  on  the  scientific 
investigation  of  this  subject,  it  will  be  found  that,  for  practical  purposes,  the  prin- 
ciple to  be  kept  in  view,  in  fixing  on  a  rotation  of  cropa,  is,  what  succession  is  hkst 

SUITED  IN  A  GIVEN  LOCALITY  TO  DRAW  FROM  THE    SOIL   THE  LARGEST  NET  RETURN,  WHILE 
THE  CAPABILITIES  OF  THE  LAND  ARE,  AT  THE  SAME  TIXIE,  MAINTAINED  AND  INCREASED. 

"  There  are  three  conditions,  namely,  climate,  nature  of  soil,  and  local  iM)sition, 
which  must  first  be  observed  in  dealing  with  this  subject.  Some  jilants  are  best 
adapted  to  a  dry,  some  to  a  moist  climate ;  one  is  suitable  to  a  stiff  clay  soil,  another 
to  a  loam,  and  a  third  to  a  sand.  The  local  demand  for  a  particular  croji  may  render 
its  culture  on  a  particular  soil  remunerative;  while  the  absence  of  .such  a  demand 
may  make  the  same  crop  on  a  similar  and  suitable  soil  of  little  value. 


*  James  Caird  Morton,  Encyclopedia  of  Agriculture. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  EV  AMEEKJA. 


THE    ENGLISH    SYSTEM. 


'■'■Norfolk. — Here  tlie  four-course  system  had  its  origin,  and  liere  it  is  still  prac- 
tised in  the  best  style.  But  this  county,  ■which  was  the  first  to  l^reak  through  the 
old  system  of  cropping  as  long  as  the  land  would  yield  grain,  is  now  beginning  to 
amend  its  own  improvements.  The  ease  with  which  artificial  and  other  manures 
can  now  be  procured,  and  the  readiness  with  which  they  may  be  applied  to  the  land 
at  any  period  of  the  rotation,  have  taught  the  enterprising  farmers  of  this  county 
that  the  matter  for  their  consideration,  in  fixing  on  a  coiirse  of  crops,  is  simply 
which,  with  a  given  outlay,  will  produce  the  largest  return,  and,  at  the  same  time, 
most  enrich  the  land.  Instead  of  the  four-course,  the  following  is  adopted  Ijy  some 
first-rate  farmers,  namely  :  1,  clover,  trefoil  or  peas  ;  2,  wheat ;  3,  oats ;  4,  turnips  ; 
5,  wheat  or  barley.  Every  crop  is  manured  for,  either  by  direct  application  or  by 
sheep-feeding. 

"  And  on  a  large  farm,  where  this  system  lias  supjilanted  tlie  four-course,  the 
average  produce  of  all  the  grain  crops  has  increased,  in  ten  years,  between  thirty 
and  forty  per  cent. ;  the  extent  of  land  on  this  farm  in  wheat  having,  during  that 
period,  annually  increased,  till  it  has  now  become  one-third  greater  than  it  was  then. 
The  four-course  is  conducted  thus :  the  clover  lay,  after  being  mown,  is  dunged. 
A  rapid  growth  of  aftermath  is  prodiiced,  which  is  plowed  in  to  enrich  the  ground 
for  the  wheat  crop.  In  spring  the  young  wheat  receives  a  dressing  of  one  hundi-ed 
weight  of  nitrate  of  soda  and  two  hundredweight  common  salt  mixed,  and  sown  l)y 
hand  in  two  applications,  at  an  intei-val  of  three  weeks,  beginning  in  Mai-c-li  Mud 
ending  in  April.  When  the  wheat  is  removed  the  ground  is  plowed  and  sown  with 
rye,  which  is  eaten  off  in  spring,  and  followed  by  the  turnip  crop.  Dung,  super- 
phosphate, and  guano  are  applied  to  the  turnijjs,  the  greater  proportion  of  which 
are  consumed  on  the  ground  by  sheep  which  are  also  cake-fed.  The  land  is  thus 
prepared  for  barley,  which  is  sown  out  with  red  clover,  and  with  trefoil  and  white 
clover  alternately.  No  rye  grass  is  sown  with  the  clovers,  as  it  is  reckoned  injurious 
to  the  following  wheat  crop.  Many  of  the  best  Norfolk  farmers  do  not  hoe  their 
wheat  crops  in  spring,  as  hoeing  has  been  found  to  increase  the  proportion  <if 
inferior  grain.     The  wheat  fields  are  rolled  in  spring  with  advantage  to  the  crop." 


AMERICAN    ROT 


A  system  of  rotation  for  Jersey  dairy  farms  in  America  must  depend  upon 
greatly  varying  conditions  of  soil,  climate,  and  jjroximity  to  market.  Soiling  or 
pasturing  of  stock  also  necessitates  a  variation  of  crops.  Where  soiling  is  practised, 
especially  in  a  case  where  the  land  is  both  imderdrained  and  irrigated  with  liqiud 
manure,  the  rotation  may  often  include  two  grain  ci'ops  and  one  root  crop  in  a  single 
season  from  the  same  piece  of  groimd.     For  the  ordinary  method  of  dairy  practice 


I'M  JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 

the  following  rotation  may  prove  useful :  1,  clover;  2,  carrots  or  mangolds;  3,  rye 
or  barley  ;  4,  sweet  com  ;  5,  oats ;  6,  barley.  ( )r  this  :  1,  oats ;  2,  sweet  corn  ;  3,  rj'e 
forage  ;  4,  llutigai-iaii  grass ;  5,  clover  and  grasses  ;  (J,  carrots  or  parsnips. 

KOT.VnOX    l)K    SUII,IN(i    CKOI'S. 

1.  Winter  Ijarley,  winter  wheat,  and  winter  rye  sown  in  September  and 
October  for  the  May  and  June  feeding,  may  follow  (in  land  that  has  fed  a  crop  of 
corn  fodder. 

2.  Barley,  oats,  oats  and  peas,  oats  and  vetches  for  early  spring  sowing,  for  June 
and  July  feeding.  Lucern,  red  clover,  large  clover,  alsike,  alsike  and  timothy,  are  also 
included  in  this  list  for  second  growth  for  June  and  July  feeding. 

3.  Millet,  Hungarian  grass,  dent  corn,  flint  corn  and  sweet  corn  for  July 
feeding. 

4.  Sweet  corn,  flint  or  dent  corn  grown  on  the  ground  that  was  occupied  by 
barley  and  rye,  for  August  feeding. 

5.  Sweet  corn  grown  on  the  ground  that  was  occupied  by  the  barley,  oats  and 
peas,  for  September  feeding. 

6.  Barley  and  rye,  grown  on  the  ground  that  furnished  the  millet,  Hungarian 
grass,  and  early  corn  fodder,  for  October  and  November  feeding. 

7.  Carrots,  jjarsnijis  and  mangolds  to  follow  clover  and  lucern  every  second  or 
third  year. 

It  would  be  impossible  to  specify  any  course  of  crops  which  can  be  recom- 
mended as  the  best  under  all  circumstances.  The  agriculturist  may  select  without 
much  difliculty  the  course  of  crops  most  suitable  to  his  soil  and  locality,  and  those 
best  adapted  to  his  needs,  which  are  elsewhere  mentioned  under  the  list  of  soiling 
crops  in  another  section  of  this  work.  He  may  therefore,  by  saving  his  manures  in 
tight  vats  and  continually  enriching  his  soil,  grow  any  crop  suitable  to  his  climate  and 
soil,  in  such  a  succession  as  he  pleases,  the  conditions  needful  to  success  being  that 
the  land  must  be  kept  dry,  clean,  and  rich. 

PI,ANNIi\(;    FOK    ROTATION. 

In  order  to  plan  for  a  rotation  of  .soiling  croj)s  it  is  necessary  to  know  how  much 
a  full-sized  cow  requires  for  the  season. 

If  your  soil  is  of  average  good  quality  the  daily  allowance  for  one  cow  will  be 
one  square  rod  of  grass,  clover,  or  lucern  ;  three  fourths  of  a  rod  of  barley,  oats,  oats 
and  peas,  rye  or  millet ;  and  about  one  half  a  rod  of  maize  or  sweet  corn.  Rich 
land  will  require  less. 

Estimate  the  amount  of  ground  you  will  need  for  the  season  according  to  the 
number  of  cows  and  the  variety  of  crops  to  be  cultivated. 

For  all  the  annuals  there  must  be  a  regular  planting  in  periods,  of  every  seventh 


ALPHEA    171. 

.4   Fountain    Ikail. 


-^1  IMM 


MERCURY    432. 


snrpsoN    iiEKi) 
iM  Simpson,  51  Chatham  S'l 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IJST  AMERICA.  193 

day,  so  that  there  shall  be  provided  a  succession  of  young,  tender,  juicy  herbage, 
ready  to  be  cut  while  in  bloom,  that  the  waste  from  toughness  may  be  reduced  to 
the  lowest  degree.  It  would  be  preferable  to  doulile  the  frequency  of  seed-sowing 
rather  than  to  lengthen  the  above-named  period. 

PUNCTUAL    PERFORMANCE    OF    ALL    FARM-WORK. 

"  A  stitch  in  time  saves  nine." — Old  Prorerb. 

The  farmer  who  excels  the  average  achievements  of  agriculturists  must  needs 
be  free  from  the  fetters  of  prejudice  and  a  merely  routine  agricultural  ediication. 
lie  must  bring  to  bear  upon  his  calling  all  the  tact  and  business  ability  with  whicli 
lie  is  gifted  and  experience  enables  him  to  develop  in  himself. 

Energetic  industry  and  sound  common  sense,  comliined  with  systematic  and 
thorough  methods  and  extreme  punctuality  in  all  operations,  are  the  elements  upon 
which  depends  tlie  success  of  the  farmer. 

It  is  well  for  every  farmer  to  have  a  calendar  of  oi3eration8  for  the  year  made  to 
suit  his  locality  and  the  sj^ecial  work  upon  his  farm. 

JANUARY. 

Take  account  of  stock  and  balance  the  books. 

This  is  generally  tlie  coldest  month  of  the  year.  Those  wlio  have  access  to  beds 
of  marl  or  other  natural  fertiUzers,  as  well  as  factory  waste,  may  cart  them  upon  lands 
which  are  suitable,  during  the  whole  winter,  but  the  earlier  the  bettei",  so  as  to  get  the 
beneficial  action  of  the  frost  upon  them.  Thrashing  of  grain,  composting  manures, 
preparation  of  bone  manures.  Tools  and  implements  should  be  looked  over  to  see 
that  they  are  in  good  condition. 

Cattle  should  be  made  very  comfortable  in  good  stables  that  are  both  warm  and 
well  ventilated. 

Harness  should  be  kept  well  oiled,  bright  and  clean,  and  not  allowed  to  freeze  or 
crack  from  getting  wet. 

Water-meadows  must  be  closely  watched,  where  the  English  method  is  adopted ; 
obstructions  from  dead  leaves  removed  ;  let  the  water  flow  until  a  scum  appears 
upon  the  grass,  an  indication  that  the  soil  is  surfeited  with  water. 

Prune  trees. 

Breed  cows  for  winter  butter. 

Cows  should  be  kept  in  good  condition  and  full  flow  of  milk  for  winter  butter. 

FEBBUAEY. 

The  weather  is  generally  very  irregular  during  this  month.  "Wliere  the  climate 
admits,  oats,  barley,  peas  and  spring  wheat  are  to  be  sown. 


194  JERSEY  CATTLE  I.Y  AMERICA. 

Parsnips  may  be  sown  in  our  Middle  and  Southern  States  the  last  uf  tliis  month. 

Seeds  of  all  kinds  must  be  procured  this  month,  if  they  are  not  grown  upon  tlio 
farm— grass,  clover,  maize,  carrot,  mangold,  parsnip,  rutabaga,  rye,  barley,  oats, 
peas,  millet,  vetch,  sweet  com — everything  needed  for  forage  crops,  pastures  and 
meadows.  Grass  land  intended  for  oats  or  barley  should  be  plowed  as  soon  as  they  are 
dry  enough.  Oil  the  wood  and  metal  of  tools  and  machines  with  petroleum.  Guaiio 
and  superphosphate  or  other  artificial  manures  should  be  purchased  and  stored  this 
month.  Finish  pruning  apple-trees.  Allow  no  cattle  to  go  upon  wet  grass  lands,  as 
they  will  seriously  injure  the  sod  by  trampling  it. 

The  water-meadows,  if  they  have  been  successfully  irrigattMl,  will  l)ec;iii  to  show 
green  in  the  South  and  central  States. 

Look  well  after  the  young  calves.  The  ealt'-eril)s  sliould  have  one  occupant  only, 
with  plenty  of  bedding.  Keep  them  warm  and  dry,  and  with  a  constant  •supply  of 
])ure  air,  always  putting  a  little  rennet  in  the  warm  mixed  milk  to  prevent  any  trouble 
from  indigestion.     Breed  cows  for  winter  dairy. 


This  is  the  first  month  of  agricultural  spring  over  the  greater  portion  of  Ainei-ii-a. 
The  soil  dries  rapidly.  Toward  the  end  of  the  month  young  wheat  and  i-ye  will 
require  hoeing,  or  the  slanting-tooth  smoothing-harrow  may  be  used,  followed  by 
the  roller,  if  the  land  is  sufficiently  dry. 

Oats  may  be  sown  this  month  as  soon  as  the  ground  can  be  made  ready,  barley 
a  few  days  after  oats,  one  to  two  bushels  of  seed  per  acre.  Pickle  four  bushels  of 
oats  or  barley  in  a  gallon  of  water  containing  tw<i  ounces  of  sulphate  of  copper,  as  a 
safeguard  against  bunt  and  smut. 

Grass  and  clover  seeds  may  be  sown  near  the  end  of  the  month,  best  on  ground 
especially  prepared  for  them,  and  not  with  grain  crops.  After  sowing  the  clover  and 
grass  seeds,  go  over  the  ground  with  tlie  roller  and  brush-harrow  attached,  or  use  the 
chain  or  web-harrow. 

C'arrot  ground  should  now  be  prepared  by  deep  plowing  and  thorough  manur- 
ing. Rich  ground  thoroughly  pulverized,  and  mixed  with  manure  to  the  depth  of 
twelve  inches,  will  give  good  returns  for  the  butter  dairy.  Subsoiling,  going  twice  iu 
tlie  furrow,  is  a  good  preparation  for  carrots. 

Spring  vetch  may  begin  the  first  sowing  this  month,  with  peas. 

Sow  mixtures  for  sailing  crops. 

Plant  a])ple-trees  this  month  as  early  as  possible.  Also  attend  to  grafting  and 
budding. 

Plant  hedge  fences  of  prim  as  an  accompaniment  to  barbed  wire. 

Dig  around  and  clean  young  iiedges. 

Where  water-meadows  have  been  regularly  irrigated  tiirough  the  winter  a  go<jd 


JERf^EY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA.  195 

crop  of  grass  may  be  now  expected  ;  the  rye  fields  also  afforil  gnod  pn^ture.  I^se 
dry  hay  with  this  green  food  to  prevent  violent  scouring. 

If  cows  are  properly  kept  they  will  not  be  in  much  danger  of-  colostrum  fever 
or  apoplexy,  a  disease  induced  by  a  high  condition,  plethora,  fat,  and  a  constipated 
condition  of  the  bowels,  probably  often  complicated  by  a  cold  from  sudden  draught  of 
air.  These  conditions  are  made  worse  by  neglect  of  cxei'cise  and  insufficient  or 
improper  stable  ventilation. 

The  month  of  March  is  an  important  montli  to  look  after  the  destructitm  of  all 
kinds  of  field  and  barn  vermin,  such  as  nbice,  rats,  and  atray  days. 

The  rats  and  mice  destroy  a  vast  amount  of  farm  produce.  Soak  a  box  of 
matches  in  a  half  pint  of  water,  and  mix  the  water  with  flour  enougli  to  make  a  stiff 
dough ;  place  this  where  rats  or  mice  or  only  small  creatures  can  liave  access  to  it. 
They  are  very  fond  of  this  phosphorated  poison,  and  eat  it  with  avidity  to  their 
destruction. 

Any  mongrel  cur  or  thoroughbred  huund  straying  without  his  owner  on  any  field 
thereby  forfeits  his  life.  lie  is  easily  tempted  to  injure  live  stock,  and  may,  by 
causing  fright  in  a  herd,  be  an  agency  of  producing  abortions.  One  dog  will  destroy 
a  large  flock  of  choicely  bred  sheep  in  a  few  minutes.  Dog-skins  make  the  best 
gloves,  and  their  carcasses  and  bones  the  best  manure  for  meadows  and  orchards. 

Begin  to  set  dog-traps  in  the  moutli  <if  March.  Make  a  pyramidal  frame  of 
slats,  leaving  a  space  at  the  top  for  them  to  jump  \n  as  they  ascend  the  ladder  to  get  at 
the  bait,  which  may  be  a  large  piece  of  meat  tliat  has  been  perforated  with  skewers  and 
the  holes  filled  with  powdered  strychnine.  A  large  number  of  dogs  may  be  captured 
in  this  way,  and  thus  may  be  secured  a  great  quantity  of  the  most  valuable  manure 
at  a  little  expense,  and  thereby  may  be  prevented  the  danger  of  frightened  herds, 
abortion,  or  the  mangling  and  destruction  of  thousands  of  dollars'  M'orth  of  sheep 
throughout  the  country. 

The  dairy  work  is  beginning  to  increase.  Provision  should  be  made  for  prompt 
performance  of  every  kind  of  work.  The  cows  should  be  milked  regularly  Ijy  the 
minute,  two  or  three  times  daily,  as  they  require,  and  all  dairy  operations,  as  well  as 
the  milking  and  feeding,  should  be  begun  and  finished  according  to  a  fixed  schedule 
and  time-table.  Neither  good  butter  nor  clieese  will  be  made  in  this  month  without 
oatmeal,  parsnips,  clover  hay,  and  a  little  green  rye,  or  water-meadow  pasture, 
combined. 

Al'RII,. 

The  weather  is  capricious,  with  showers,  hot  sun,  cold  winds,  and  nipping 
frosts,  especially  in  the  central  and  northern  States  and  Canada. 

Wheat  will  require  harrowing,  after  which  it  may  have  the  roller. 

Pull  all  thistles,  docks,  daisies  and  dandelions  in  grain  crops  and  meadows. 
These  can  only  be  rooted  up  when  the  ground  is  moist  after  a  rain. 


196  JERSEY   CATTLE  ly  AMERICA. 

Barley  sowing  may  be  completed  this  month.  Carrots  may  be  entirely  planted 
this  month.  The  laud,  deeply  tilled  and  rolled  as  hard  as  possible,  is  to  be  sown  in 
rows  eighteen  inches  apart  by  the  drill,  which  is  to  be  followed  by  a  light  roller  to 
complete  the  operation.  Five  pounds  of  seed  are  rubbed,  soaked  in  diluted  urine  and 
warm  water,  mixed  with  two  l)ushels  of  ashes  or  sau<l,  witli  tlio  drill  set  to  sow  two 
bushels.  A  few  oats  added  will  earlier  show  the  line  of  the  row,  so  that  weeding 
may  begin  before  the  carrots  appear  above  ground.  iLmgold-wurzel  may  be  planted 
thi,s  month.  Tliese  are  dibbled  half  an  inch  deep  in  richly  manured  soil,  two  feet 
apart  by  one  foot  in  the  drill.  A  light  roller  follows.  Kolil-rabi  may  be  sown  fur 
transplantation  in  May.  Successive  beds  may  be  sown  for  transplanting  all 
through  the  summer  to  cultivate  like  turnips.  Use  the  wlieel-hoe  cultivator. 
Lucern  may  be  sown  by  the  end  of  April,  ten  poimds  per  acre,  in  rows  one  foot 
apart,  on  deeply  tilled,  rich,  calcareous  soil.  Spring  vetches  or  peas,  alone  or  with 
oats,  may  be  sown  during  April  for  soiling  in  July  and  August. 

Turnip  land  may  have  its  first  plowing  in  April,  after  whicli  it  should  be 
harrowed  and  kept  clean  from  weeds. 

Paring  and  burning  is  the  most  efficient  nietli()d  of  breaking  up  old  grass  lands. 
Spread  the  ashes,  plow,  harrow  and  roll. 

April  is  a  good  month  for  laying  down  grass  lands,  either  by  sowing  grass  seed 
or  by  planting  bits  of  turf  six  by  si.\  inches  on  a  well-tilled  field.  Follow  both  grass 
seed  and  turf  with  the  roller,  and  give  a  coat  of  fine  manure  broadcast  or  saturate 
with  liquid  manure.  In  the  early  part  of  April,  in  moist  or  showery  weather,  sow 
guano  and  superphosphates  upon  grain  crops.  More  easily  soluble  manures,  as  nitrate 
of  potash,  may  l)e  sown  later  and  in  dryer  weather.  Hedges  and  trees  may  still  be 
planted.  Puddle  the  roots  well.  Keep  orchards,  hedges,  and  all  crops  free  from 
weeds  by  freipient  stirring  of  the  surface  or  mulching  the  ground. 

Cattle  will  continue  to  receive  parsnips  and  mangolds,  a  ])ortion  of  green  lye 
and  Italian  rye  grass.  Cheese-making  is  on  the  increase.  The  cows  are  turned  to 
grass  at  the  latter  jjart  of  this  month  in  most  of  the  country,  but  they  need  hay  until 
accustomed  to  the  change,  or  they  may  receive  part  soiling  of  rye  and  rye  grass  with 
roots. 

Peas  require  llnic,  hotic-powdcr,  or  marl,  to  insure  a  good  cro]). 

Cattle  need  one  eighth  of  an  ounce  of  salt  every  day. 

Rennet  is  now  j)repared  by  the  following  method:  One  gallon  of  tliin  whey  is 
boiled  with  a  handful  of  salt  and  a  spoonful  of  saltpetre ;  the  solution  is  then  strained, 
and  when  it  is  cooled  to  the  temperature  of  98°  Fahr.  four  large  maws  or  rennets 
are  put  into  it;  the  whole  is  placed  in  a  covered  jar,  and  may  lie  used  after  standing 
fourteen  days.  To  this  may  be  added  one  fourtli  jiart  alcohol  for  keeping.  A 
very  small  quantity  of  this  preparation  should  be  mi.\ed  with  the  food  of  all 
young  calves,  as  a  preventive  against  indigestion  and  consequent  diarrhoea.     Four 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IK  AMEHICA.  197 

ounces  of  this  solution  without  the  alcohol  will  he  sufficient  for  a  cheese  of  thirty 
pounds. 

Two  jars  of  rennet  should  he  kept  to  be  used  alternately.  The  rennet-skins  may 
be  resalted,  dried,  and  used  again  the  following  year  if  desired.  Use  no  so-called 
"  rennet  "  manufactured  from  mineral  acids ;  only  a  pure  article. 


Wheat,  if  too  heavy,  may  be  topped  again,  as  in  April.  Weeds  must  be  pulled 
out  of  grain  crops.  Plant  maize  as  soon  as  the  ground  is  warm  enough.  Carrots 
may  be  cultivated  and  hoed,  and  singled  out  by  the  end  of  May,  as  also  parsnips. 

Mangolds  need  tilling  and  cleaning  with  hand-hoe  work.  Use  the  prong-hoe 
and  single  out  the  plants.  Seize  the  best  plant  by  the  left  hand,  and  tear  the  rest 
away  with  the  right  hand  very  abruptly. 

Blanks  may  be  filled  by  plants  thus  taken  out. 

Eye,  barley,  vetches,  clover,  and  Italian  rye  grass  will  have  been  the  soiling 
supply  for  Jersey  cattle.  The  land  that  is  clearerl  of  these  crops  is  to  I)e  immediately 
plowed  again. 

Rye  grass  and  lucern  will  make  a  succession  of  cuttings  till  autumn. 

Irrigate  the  late-planted  trees.  Destroy  caterpillars  and  moths  upon  trees  and 
crops  before  they  scatter  from  their  webs. 

Water  the  newly-set  hedges.     Plant  maize  fields. 

Sow  buckwheat  for  green  manure,  one  bushel  to  the  acre,  in  drills  one  foot 
apart,  and  cultivate  once. 

Ply  the  cultivator  and  hoe  against  all  weeds  in  all  crops. 

Early  cleanliness  and  thorough  cleanliness  are  indispensable  to  success. 

Rich  spots  in  pastures  should  be  mown  gradually,  and  cattle  will  eat  the  hay 
which  they  would  not  eat  as  rank  grass. 

Cattle  will  receive  full  allowance  of  green  food  by  the  end  of  the  month  or 
before,  and  will  have  finished  the  mangolds. 

There  is  economy  in  letting  pasture  be  very  forward  in  growth  before  stocking  it. 

If  soiling  is  adopted  calculate  the  quantity  of  the  different  crops  according  to 
the  number  of  stock  on  the  farm. 

If  cows  are  pastured  it  is  economy  to  use  the  tether.  They  should  always  be 
housed  at  night  and  also  during  the  hottest  part  of  the  day,  \vith  at  least  one  feed  in 
the  stable  and  great  abundance  of  pure  clean  water. 

If  cheese  is  made,  pigs  are  needed  to  consume  the  whey  and  biittermilk. 


Mangolds  require  the  wheel-hoe  cultivator,   and  the  second  cleaning  by  the 
six-tined  hand-hoe. 


198  .lEllSE )  ■    <  A  TTFJ-:  IX  A  MERK  A . 

Carrots  and  parsnips  must  be  singled  out  as  early  as  practicable,  at  intervals  of 
eight  to  twelve  inches,  and  kept  clean  of  weeds.  8o\v  millet  for  a  crop  of  hay 
from  the  first  to  the  tenth  of  the  month.  The  maize  will  require  the  smoothing-harrow 
until  six  to  twelve  inches  higli,  two,  tliree  or  more  harrowings.  Orchard  grass  ready 
for  soiling. 

Clovers  for  soiling,  vetches  and  oats  also.  Clover.s  for  hay  may  be  mown  and 
early  grasses  for  hay.  Look  sharp  to  keep  all  weeds  down  this  month.  Allow  no 
weed  to  flower  and  seed.  Cut  clover  and  grass  for  hay  oh  noon  as  they  hegin  to  flower, 
then  they  are  rnost  nutritious. 

Thumb-and-finger  pruning  for  apple-trees  cannot  be  neglected  this  month. 

Let  every  superfluous  growth  be  pinched  off  while  it  is  tender  and  small. 

Keep  the  pastures  well  fed,  aiid  mow  the  grass  that  is  too  rank  to  be  eaten  by 
stock.  Allow  one  or  two  fields  for  a  reserve  in  case  of  drouth.  Never  allow  thistles, 
weeds  and  briers  to  encumber  grass  lands.  Thistles  may  be  spudded  in  dry  seasons, 
or  pulled  with  tweezers  in  wet  weather.  Spread  all  droppings  of  cattle  within  three 
days.  Mow  the  early  meadows.  Be  careful  to  guard  against  hoven  upon  change  of 
feed.  Give  the  working  horses  and  oxen  a  plentiful  feed  of  oats.  This  is  the  month 
of  most  abundant  pasture  and  good  soiling  crops.     Cattle  need  salt  every  day. 

Dairy  produce  is  at  its  height.  Change  of  pasture  as  often  as  practicable  increases 
the  flow  of  milk,     (rive  as  great  a  variety  of  soiling  crops  as  can  be  growni. 

Ill  the  hot  days  pastured  cattle  should  have  one  or  two  feeds  of  soiling  crops  in 
the  stalls.  The  (|iiality  of  tlic  milk  will  often  vary  so  much  for  cheese-making  as  to 
require  a  change  in  the  rciiiict.  Cheeses  inust  be  very  regidarly  turned.  The 
temperature  of  the  cheese-room  should  be  kept  at  tltt°  Fahr.  Hang  wet  cloths  near 
the  windows  and  doors  or  ventilators,  to  aid  in  cooling.  If  there  is  a  current  of  air 
in  the  cheese-room  the  cheeses  must  be  well  covered  to  prevent  hea\'ing  and  cracking. 

Sow  rutabagas  from  middle  of  June  onward.     Sow  soiling  crops  every  week. 


Wheat  is  in  full  ear.  The  ])ulk  of  the  hay  crop  is  cured  before  the  middle  of 
this  month.  The  last  sowing  of  millet  must  be  made  before  the  middle  of  the 
month.     All  turnips  must  be  sowed  before  the  first  of  August. 

Plantings  of  maize  may  be  made  every  two  weeks  until  the  middle  of  July. 

Alsike  and  timothy  are  now  ready  for  soiling.  Green  oats  should  be  combined 
with  them  in  feeding  while  they  last. 

Vetches  also,  c()ml)ined  with  oats  and  ]ieas.  The  liorse-hoe,  or  wheel  hand  culti- 
vator, is  to  be  kejit  moving  in  all  root  croiw.  The  thinning  process  must  be 
fini.shed  for  carrots,  parsnips  and  mangolds.  Turnips  hand-hoed.  Weeds  kejit  down 
in  all  fields.     Maize  ground  cultivated,  shallow,  fine,  and  level. 

Apples  must  be  thinned  on  the  trees. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  A3fEIiICA.  199 

Mow  all  pastures  before  seeding  to  prevent  smut. 

Pastures  must  be  thinned  and  soiling  increased  this  month.  Thistles  destroyed. 
Keep  the  dog-trap  baited.  Make  a  compost  of  dogs.  Cover  the  heap  with  fine 
earth,  and  pour  on  daily  diluted  sulphuric  acid  until  the  bones  are  all  dissolved,  or 
use  the  bone-mill  when  the  bones  are  cleaned. 

This  is  a  busy  month  in  meadow,  field,  stable  and  the  dairy. 

Do  not  pasture  meadows.  Keep  the  stables  and  the  dairy  very,  very  clean 
and  sweet.     Milk  should  be  kept  by  controlling  the  temperature  to  the  right  point. 

Sow  barley  for  autumn  soiling,  every  week. 

Oil  wood-work  of  all  tools  and  machines  with  petroleum. 

Sow  sweet  corn  every  week. 

AUGUST. 

A  good  time  to  renovate  old  pastures  and  lay  down  grass  lands. 

Wheat,  rye  and  barley  grains  are  generally  all  harvested  before  the  middle  of 
August  in  the  most  northern  districts. 

Fodder  corn  is  the  great  soiling  crop,  and  vetches,  millet,  timothy  and  rye  grass, 
with  second  cut  of  clover  and  lucern.  Plow  in  buckwheat  while  in  full  bloom  for 
green  manure.  Sweet  corn  is  the  best  green  crop  of  this  month.  Keep  up  the 
full  flow  of  milk  and  the  routine  of  butter  or  cheese-making.  Sow  late  barley  and 
rye  for  soiling. 

Grub  up  and  cut  bushes  and  trees  in  August  to  destroy  them,  as  they  will  not 
sprout. 

SEPTEMBER. 

Apply  lime,  marl,  and  natural  manures  of  all  sorts  and  clay  to  sands.  Burn  all 
rubbish.  Cut  seed  clover.  Sow  the  winter  vetches,  wheat  and  rye,  before  the  last 
week  in  September.  Sow  winter  barley.  Sweet  corn,  vetches,  and  barley  are  good 
soiling  feed. 

Harvest  and  shock  the  maize  ;  cure  corn  stover.  The  pastures  have  a  fresh 
growth  if  there  are  late  rains.  The  full  flow  of  milk  must  be  kept  up  in  the  butter 
dairy. 

The  stock  of  cheese  is  large. 

Keep  the  dog-trap  in  operation.     Dogs  make  most  excellent  manure. 


Gather  apples.  Feed  them  to  cows  lightly  at  first,  beginning  with  two  quarts 
a  day  ;  increase  gradually  to  a  half  bushel.  Run  them  through  a  root-ciitter.  Never 
allow  the  chance  of  choking  animals  at  any  time  with  apples,  roots,  or  tubers,  then 
you  will  not  need  to  be  on  the  watch  to  save  the  best  cow  in  a  dire  emergency. 

This  is  the  great  month  for  wheat-sowing,  as  well  as  the  planting  of  winter 
barlej'   and   rye,  with   winter  vetches,  though   rye  generally   does  better  sown   in 


200  .JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

Sejitember.  A  half  bushel  of  seed  per  acre  for  each  grain.  In  Southern  States 
grains  may  be  planted  later.     Root-crops  are  all  ready  for  harvesting. 

Drains  may  be  opened.     Ditches  cleaned. 

Hedges  have  last  clipping. 

Rats,  mice  and  moles,  as  well  as  the  dogs,  are  to  be  trapped  or  poisoned  this  month. 

October  is  a  busy  month  with  the  irrigator  of  water-meadows.  The  rowen 
hay  is  cured. 

Sweet  corn  and  barley  are  the  best  green  crops  of  this  month. 

Take  good  care  of  the  stock  tliat  they  do  not  suffer  from  the  chilly  weather  and 
cold  rains.  Get  all  the  cattle  up  early  to  the  stables,  so  as  to  be  prepared  for  winter 
in  the  northern  districts  by  the  month  of  November.  Oil  wood-work  and  metal 
again  when  tools  and  machines  are  stored  for  the  winter.  Always  have  a  place  for 
each  implement,  and  wlien  not  in  use  the  implement  should  be  iu  its  place  in  the 
tool-house. 

NOVEMBER. 

Keep  up  the  full  flow  of  milk  with  green  barley  and  corn  stover. 

Finish  harvesting  turnips,  carrots  and  mangolds.  Parsnips  may  remain  in  the 
ground.     Plant  prim  hedges.     Continue  ditching  and  draining. 

Put  the  water-meadows  and  irrigating  works  in  perfect  order,  or  build  them,  if 
land  is  suited  for  irrigation.     Carrots  pull  easily  after  a  soaking  rain. 

Use  a  heavy  roller  for  the  land  during  irrigation.  Turn  off  the  water  on  the 
mild  Indian  summer  mornings,  and  there  will  be  a  beautiful  green  growth  of  grass. 

Cheese-factory  work  has  generally  suspended,  but  the  butter  dairy  must  be 
made  perjjetual.     Sow  wheat  in  Gulf  States.     Breed  cows  for  winter  dairy. 

DECEMliKK. 

The  month  is  varial>le.  The  Indian  summer  is  generally  cut  short  a  week 
before  Christmas,  sometimes  nmcli  earlier,  by  very  cold  ice-making  weather. 

This  will  necessitate  the  stopping  of  draining  and  all  field  operations,  which 
should  be  well  finished  before  winter  sets  in. 

Commence  ice-harvesting  as  soon  as  a  sufficient  dejjth  is  frozen,  which  is  from 
eight  to  twelve  inches. 

If  you  have  water-meadows  they  need  as  much  care  as  during  any  month  of  the 
year.  Let  the  water  flow  unchanged  during  the  severest  frost,  and  change  the  water 
upon  mild  mornings. 

Cattle  must  be  kept  warm,  dry  and  clean,  the  butter  dairy  in  full  operation, 
with  corn  stover,  oatmeal  and  carrots  fed  in  the  stalls. 

The  drinking-water  should  always  be  tempered  to  about  65°,  and  esjjecially  not 
neglected  in  autumn  and  8j>ring  months.  Keep  the  stables  well  ventilated  and 
comfortable  for  all  Jerseys,  old  and  yoiuig.     Breed  cows  for  winter  butter  dairy. 


JERiiEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


BREEDER'S   CALENDAR. 
Average  Table  of   Gestatiox  fok  Jersey 


Datk  of  Service. 

Due  to  Calve. 

Dateo 

'  Service. 

Due  TO 

:ai,ve. 

Date  of  Service. 

Due  to  Calve. 

Jail.      1  .  .  .  . 

.  .  . .  Oct.     8. 

Feb 

4.... 

...Nfn 

.  11. 

Marc 

1  10. ... 

....  Dec 

.  15. 

"       2  . .  .  . 

9 

u 

.5 

T* 

,j 

16. 
17. 

"       3.... 

. ...     •'     10. 

« 

6 

13. 

" 

12.... 

" 

«       4.... 

. . . .     "     11. 

u 

14 

« 

13 ...  . 

« 

18 

"       5.... 

. ...     '•     12. 

u 

s 

15 

u 

14.... 

19 

"       6.... 

. . . .     "     13. 

u 

9 

16 

u 

15.. . . 

u 

9fl 

"      7.  . . . 

.  ...     "     14. 

- 

10.... 

17. 

16.. .. 

" 

21. 

"       8 . .  . . 

.  . .  .     "     15. 

" 

11.  ... 

18. 

" 

17.... 

" 

22. 

"       9 

.     "     16. 

i> 

12 

(I 

18.... 
19 

(( 

"     10 

...     "     17. 

a 

13.... 

%\ 

a 

a 

^\ 

"     11 ... . 

. ...     "     18. 
...     "     19. 

n 

14.... 

15 ... . 

21. 

22. 

" 

20 .  .    . 

„ 

9,5 

"     12.... 

21.... 

" 

26. 

"     13 

.     "     20. 

" 

16.... 
17.... 

23. 
24. 

22.... 
23 ... . 

,, 

^"i 

"     l-l.... 

. ...     "     21. 

28. 

"     15.... 

. ...     "     22. 

" 

18.... 

25. 

" 

24.... 

...    " 

29. 

"     16 

.  ...     "     23. 
...     "     24. 

...     "     25. 
...     "     26. 

u 

19 

26. 

27. 
28. 
29. 

" 

25.... 
26.... 

■■■  I 

SO 

"     17.... 

20.... 
21.  ... 

22.... 

31 

"     18    ... 

27 

Jail 

1 

"     19.... 

28 ... . 

2. 

"     20 

...     -     27. 
...     "     28. 

i. 

23 

30. 
1. 

" 

29 ... . 
30.... 

u 

?, 

"     21.... 

24.... 

...Dec 

4. 

"     22 ... . 

...     "     29. 

25 ... . 

2. 

31 ... . 

...   " 

5. 

"     23 ... . 

.    .     "     30. 

26 ... . 

3 

Apri 

1 

u 

6 

"     24.... 

...     "     31. 

>' 

27.... 

4. 

2.... 

" 

7. 

"     25 ... . 

...Nov.    1. 

28.... 

5. 

3 .  .  . . 

...    " 

8. 

"     26.... 

. . .     '•       2. 

Marcl 

1.... 

6. 

4.... 

...   " 

9. 

"     27.... 

..."       3. 
...     "       4. 

2 

7. 
8. 

» 

5.... 
6.... 

« 

10 

«     28.... 

3.... 

11. 

"     29.... 

...     "       5. 

" 

4.... 

9. 

" 

7.... 

...    " 

12. 

"     30.... 

...     "       6. 

" 

5.... 

10. 

" 

8.... 

...   " 

13. 

"     31 ...  . 

...     "       7. 

...     "       8. 

" 

6    . . . 

11. 

12. 

" 

9.... 
10. ... 

...      " 

14 

Feb.    1.... 

7.... 

15. 

"       2 . . . . 

..."      9. 

- 

8 

13. 

" 

11... . 

16. 

"       3.... 

...     "     10. 

u 

9.... 

14. 

« 

12.... 

" 

17. 

JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


I)aT«  op  SiRVlCE. 


>  Calve,  j  Date  op  Service.  Due  to  Calve,  i  Date  op  Service. 


Mav 


ril  13    Jail.  IS.  I     May  2-1 Feb.  20. 


,  Fel). 


June 
July 


20. 

"     24.... 

.  .  .  .     "     28. 

21. 

'•     25.... 

.  ...Marclil. 

22. 

"     2G.... 

. ...     "       2. 

23. 

"     27.... 

....     "       3. 

2+. 

"     28.... 

....     "       4. 

25. 

"     29    .  . . 

....     •'       5. 

2G. 

"     30 .... 

.  . . .     "       6. 

27. 

"     31.... 

. . . .     '■       7. 

28. 

June     1  .  . . . 

.  .  . .     "       8. 

29. 

'•       2.... 

. . . .     "       9. 

30. 

"       3  .  .  . . 

.  ...     "     1(1. 

31.. 

"       4.... 

. ...     ••     11. 

1. 

"       5  . . . . 

....     '•     12. 

2. 

"       0 

....     '•     13. 

3. 

"       7.... 

. . . .     '•     14. 

4. 

'•       8.... 

.  .  .  .     ••     15. 

fi 

'•       9 

'•     IG 

0. 

'•     10.... 

....     ••     17. 

7. 

"     11.... 

...     ••     18. 

8. 

"      12.... 

. . . .     '•     19. 

9. 

"     13.... 

....     "     20. 

10. 

'•     14.... 

....     "     21. 

11. 

"     15.... 

....     "     22. 

12. 

"     16.... 

....     "     23. 

13. 

"     17.... 

. . . .     "     24. 

14. 

"     18.... 

. . . .     "     25. 

15. 

"     19.... 

....     "     26. 

16. 

'>     20.... 

. . . .     '*     27. 

17. 

"     21.... 

. ...     "     28. 

18. 

'•     22 ... . 

. ...     '•     29. 

19. 

"     23.... 

. . . .     "     30. 

20. 

"     24.... 

.  ...     "     31. 

21. 

'•     25.... 

....April   1. 

22. 

"     26.... 

. . . .      '•      2. 

23. 

'•     27.... 

. . . .      "      3. 

24. 

"     28.... 

. . . .     "      4. 

25. 

"     29.... 

. . . .     "      5. 

Aug. 


LETo  Calve 
.  April   6, 


30. 
.May     1. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IJST  AMERICA 


Datb  of 

Sertios. 

Doi  TO  Calve.  | 

Date  of 

Service. 

Doe  to  Calve.  1 

Date  of  Service. 

Doe  to  Calve. 

Aug. 

8.... 

...May 

15. 

Sept 

16.... 

. . . .  June  23. 

Oct. 

25 ... . 

....Aug.    1. 

" 

9.... 

. . . .     " 

16. 

" 

17.. .. 

.  ...      "24. 

" 

26.... 

....     "      2. 

a 

10.... 

11.... 

12.... 

:::: : 

I'i'. 

18. 
19. 

;; 

18. ... 
19 

.  . .  .     "25. 
"     26 

" 

27 

. .     "      3. 

,( 

28.... 
29.... 

"     4 

" 

20.... 

.  ...     "    27. 

....     "      5. 

" 

13.... 

....   " 

20. 

" 

21.... 

.  . . .     "28. 

« 

30.... 

"      6. 

" 

14.... 

. . . .   " 

21. 

" 

22 . . . 

. . . .     "    29. 

« 

31.... 

....     "      7. 

u 

15.... 

« 

9,9, 

" 

23 ... . 

.  ...      "     30. 

^ov 

1.... 

....     "      8. 

11 

16.... 
17.... 
18.... 
19.... 
20.... 
21.... 
22.. .. 

. . . .   " 

23. 
24. 

25. 
26. 
27. 
28. 
29. 
30. 

Ocl 

24.... 
25 ... . 

26 

....July     1. 

..."       2. 
"        3. 

2    . . 

....     "      9. 

,1 

3... 

....     "10. 

41 

4... 
5... 
6 

"    11. 

,, 

27 

"       4. 

"    12. 

u 

28.... 

. .  . .     "       5. 

...     "    13. 

,1 

29 

"       6. 

7.... 
8. . . 

"    14 

u 

30.... 
.    1.... 

....    "      7. 
....     "       8. 

....     "15. 

'. 

23.... 

" 

9... 

....     "16. 

" 

24.... 

....   " 

31. 

" 

2.... 

....     "      9. 

« 

10... 

....     "17. 

a 

25 ... . 
26 ... . 

June    1. 

"      2 

" 

3.... 

....     "     10. 

" 

11... 
12 

"    18. 

<, 

4... 

....     "     11. 

.      "    19. 

u 

27 ... . 

3. 

44 

5... 

....     "     12. 

44 

13.  . . 

....      "    20. 

J. 

28   . . . 

44 

4. 

5. 

,4 

6 

.     "     13. 

" 

14... 
15... 

"    21. 

" 

29.... 

" 

7. .. 

....     "     14. 

....     "22. 

" 

30... 

....          " 

6. 

" 

8... 

....     "     15. 

" 

16.  .. 

....     "    23. 

" 

31... 

....           " 

7. 

" 

9... 

....     "     16. 

" 

17... 

....     "24. 

Sept 

.    1... 

....          " 

8. 

" 

10 .  . . 

....     "     17. 

" 

19... 

"    25. 

i> 

2. .  . 

U 

9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 

" 

11... 
12... 
13... 
14... 

....     "     18. 
....    "     19. 
....     "     20. 
....     "     21. 

" 

20 . .  . 
21... 

"26. 

11 

3... 
4... 

5... 

:;::  [ 

"27. 

„ 

2^ 

"    28. 

" 

23 . . . 

"29. 

u 

6     . 

.  13. 
14. 

" 

15... 
16... 

"     22. 
....     "     23. 

44 

24..  . 
25... 

"30. 

" 

7. . . 

" 

"31. 

" 

8... 

....    « 

15. 

" 

17... 

....     "     24. 

« 

26... 

Sept.  1. 

44 

9     . 

4, 

16. 
17. 

18 

" 

18... 
19 

....     "     25. 
....     "     26. 

" 

27... 
28... 
29... 

"     2. 

44 

10... 
11.  . . 

....          " 

"     3. 

44 

2(» 

....     "     27. 

"     4. 

44 

12... 
13... 

44 

19. 
20. 

44 

21... 
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....     "     29. 

Dec 

30     . 

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14.  .. 
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21. 

99. 

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....     "     31. 
....     "     31. 

" 

2 

"      7 

44 

3... 

"     8. 

JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


4TB  OF  SbBVIOB. 

Dob  to  Caltb. 

Datb  of  Skbvice. 

DdbtoCalvb. 

Datb  of  Sbbtiob. 

Dub  to  Caltb. 

Dec. 

4.... 

...Sept 

.     W. 

Dec 

14.... 

. . .  Sept 

.19. 

Dec 

23... 

. . .  Sept.  28. 

u 

5.... 
0 

u 

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11. 

., 

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20. 
21. 

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IS. 

AVERAGE    PERIOD    OF   GESTATION     IN    RACES    OF    ANIMALS. 

Elephant 2  years. 

Camel 1  year. 

Buffalo 1       '• 

Mare 340  days. 

281      " 

240     " 

144     " 

144      " 

120      " 

63      " 


Cow .... 
Reindeer 
Sheep . . . 
Goat .... 
Sow   . . . , 


Cat 56 

Eab])it 28 

Swan  sit8 42 

Gocjse  " 30 

Duck  " 30 

Pea  Hen  " 28 

Turkey  " 28 

Guinea  Fowl      " 28 

Hen  " ; 21 

Canary  " 14 

Pigeon  " 14 

The  longest  recorded  period  of  gestation  in  the  cow  is  313  days. 

The  shortest  period  in  which  the  calf  survived  was  a  Jersey  born  at  the  sev 
month. 

MEASUREMENTS    OF    HAY,    CORN,    ICE    AND    ROOTS. 


enth 


One  cubic  foot  of  bale  hay  weighs  9  pounds. 
One  cubic  foot  of  pressed  hay  weighs  25  pounds. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  305 

Five  hundred  and  twelve  cubic  feet  of  hay  weigh  one  ton  in  mow. 

Two  cubic  feet  of  sound  corn  in  ear  will  make  one  bushel  of  shelled  corn. 

One  cubic  foot  of  ice  weighs  57^  pounds,  and  sustains  a  weight  of  more  than 
1500  pounds  in  its  natural  position. 

In  building  ice-houses  allow  one  ton  of  ice  to  thirty-four  cubic  feet  of  space. 
An  acre  of  ice  one  foot  in  thickness  wiU  yield  about  1300  tons. 

To  find  the  number  of  bushels  of  carrots  or  mangolds  in  a  bin  multiply  the 
length,  breadth,  and  thickness  together,  and  this  product  by  8,  and  point  off  one  figure 
in  the  product  for  decimal. 

One  cubic  foot  of  water  measures  8  gallons  and  weighs  12  pounds. 

One  (juart  of  milk  weighs  2.15  pounds. 

NUMBER    OF    PLANTS    i''Ol4    AN    ACRK. 

1  foot  by  1    foot 43,560 

1^  feet  by  1^  feet 19,630 

2  feet  by  1    foot 21,780 

2  feet  by  2    feet 10,890 

2i  feet  by  2i  feet 6,960 

3  feet  by  \    foot 29,040 

3    feet  by  1    foot 14,520 

3    feet  by  2    feet 7,260 

3  feet  by  3    feet 4,840 

3i  feet  by  3^  feet 3,555 

4  feet  by  ^    foot 21,780 

4  feet  by  1    foot 10,890 

4  feet  by  2    feet 5,445 

4  feet  by  3    feet 3,630 

4  feet  by  4    feet 2,722 

30    feet  by  30  feet 48 

33    feet  by  33  feet 40 

40    feet  by  40  feet 27 

IRKIGATION. 

In  a  country  like  our  own,  containing  every  variety  of  soil  and  climate,  and 
subject  to  the  most  variable  degrees  of  rainfall  in  its  different  parts — a  country  of 
abundant  sunshine,  a  land  of  streams  and  great  lakes,  and  yet  subject  to  the 
severest  drouths,  extending  over  large  areas — a  land,  too,  where  there  is  a  greater 
waste  of  fertilizing  material  than  in  any  other  part  of  the  civilized  world — in  such 
a  country  the  need  of  irrigation  is  great  and  continually  growing. 


206  JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

Drouths  occur  anuually,  of  more  or  less  severity,  in  almost  every  section,  while 
severer  drouths  occur  periodically  every  third  year,  and  still  greater  drouths  about 
every  decade.  Again,  large  portions  of  our  western  domain  are  under  a  state  of 
perpetual  drouth,  but  only  require  that  the  mountain  streams  and  the  mighty  rivers 
of  the  great  valleys  be  made  to  flow  over  them  to  induce  the  highest  state  of  fertility. 

It  is  a  grievous  thing  to  hear  a  wail  of  complaint  from  every  quarter  of  the  land 
during  a  time  of  drouth,  while  every  portion  of  the  country  is  intersected  with 
brooks,  rivulets  and  mighty  floods  of  water  running  unheeded  and  unused  to  the 
unfilled  sea. 

An  incident  will  illustrate  how  a  small  stream  may  sometimes  be  utilized.  On 
my  native  liomestead,  in  Connecticut,  there  flows  a  small  trout-brook,  and  on  one 
occasion,  during  a  time  of  the  severest  drouth  ever  known  in  that  part  of  tlie  country, 
we  had  a  field  of  corn  bordered  by  the  brook.  At  the  time  when  the  maize  should 
have  been  making  its  most  rapid  growth,  instead  of  waving  its  broad  fresh  leaves 
in  every  breeze,  it  began  to  wilt  and  lose  its  color,  rolling  up  its  leaves,  and 
not  receiving  moisture  enough  from  the  air  to  allow  them  to  unroll  at  night.  In 
such  a  case  the  maize  crop  becomes  worthless  in  a  few  days,  unless  it  can  be  saved 
by  irrigation.  There  was  an  abundant  flow  of  water  in  the  brook,  and  it  was  but 
the  work  of  a  few  minutes  with  a  shovel  and  pieces  of  boards  to  constrnct  a  suitable 
dam.  In  a  few  hours  the  whole  field  was  saturated  to  the  depth  of  about  six 
or  more  inches,  when  the  dam  was  taken  up  and  the  stream  allowed  to  go  its  way. 
The  result  was  a  crop  of  one  hundred  bushels  of  ears  to  the  acre  when  other  fields 
unirrigated  had  a  yield  so  small  as  to  be  scarcely  worth  harvesting. 

Water.* 

"  This  most  important  of  all  liquids  occurs  in  nature  in  all  the  three  states  of 
aggregation  which  substances  are  capable  of  assuming. 

"  In  its  solid  state,  as  ice,  and  in  its  liquid  form,  it  covers  at  least  three  fourths  of 
tlie  entire  surface  of  the  earth.  It  constitutes  about  three  fourths  of  the  weight  of 
living  plants  and  animals,  and  enters  largely  into  the  composition  of  many  mineral 
matters.  In  a  gaseous  form  it  continually  evaporates  from  the  surface  of  the  eartli, 
rises  as  watery  vapors,  which,  in  the  colder  regions  of  the  atmosphere,  become 
condensed  into  clouds,  and  is,  without  doubt,  the  most  abundant  substance  we  meet 
with  on  the  face  of  the  earth.  It  is  never  found  in  nature  in  a  state  of  perfect 
purity  ;  but  pure  water  can  easily  be  obtained  from  almost  any  kind  of  natural  water, 
by  the  simple  process  of  distillation.  Distilled  or  pure  water,  on  evaporation,  does 
not  leave  the  slightest  residue,  and  none  of  the  ordinary  chemical  tests  produce  any 
change  in  its  appearance.     Pure  or  distilled  water,  from  whatsoever  natural  source 


*  Morton's  Encyclopedia,  Professor  .Vugust  Voclckcr. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IR  AMEBIC  A.  307 

it  may  have  been  obtained,  invariably  is  a  chemical  compound  of  two  simple  or 
elementary  gases,  hydrogen  and  oxygen.  Every  nine  jjounds  of  water  always  contain 
eight  pounds  of  oxygen  and  one  pound  of  hydrogen  ;  or  in  one  hundred  pounds  of 
water  there  are  88.88  pounds  of  oxygen  and  11.11  pounds  of  hydrogen. 

"  Water  freezes  at  32°  Fahr.,  or  at  0°  Celcius,  and  0°  Eeaumur,  and  boils,  and 
becomes  converted  into  watery  vapor  or  steam,  at  212°  Fahr.,  or  100°  Celcius, 
or  80°  Eeaumur.  The  evaporation  of  water,  however,  not  only  proceeds  at  an 
elevated  temperature,  but  takes  j^lace,  under  favorable  circumstances,  at  all  degrees 
of  heat ;  and  even  in  the  form  of  ice,  water  slowly,  it  is  true,  but  steadily,  evaporates 
on  exposure  to  a  dry  atmosphere.  The  rapidity  M'ith  which  water  is  changed  into 
vapor  depends  mainly  on  the  temperature  of  the  surrounding  air,  its  degree  of 
dryness  (its  hygroscopic  condition),  its  amount  of  pressure,  and  the  speed  with  which 
the  air,  charged  with  watery  vapors,  is  replaced  by  a  dry  current.  Thence  tlie 
drying  effect  of  a  hot  sunshine  and  of  a  strong  and  dry  wind. 

"  During  the  evaporation  of  water  a  considerable  amount  of  cold  is  produced, 
arising  from  the  circumstance  that  water,  in  a  gaseous  state,  contains  a  much  larger 
amount  of  latent  or  imperceptible  heat,  i.e.,  heat  which  is  not  indicated  by  our 
thermometers.  The  heat  necessary  to  change  liquid  water  into  vapor  is  abstracted 
from  surrounding  warmer  bodies,  and  consequently  we  feel  the  sensation  of  cold. 

"Thus  we  are  liable  to  catch  culd  when  ^\i'  sit  down  in  wet  clothes,  but  seldom 
feel  any  inconvenience  from  a  shower  uf  rain  which  may  have  surprised  us,  if  we 
take  strong  bodily  exercise,  and  thereby  supply  the  heat  which  is  removed  fmm  our 
bodies  by  the  evaporation  of  the  moisture  from  our  wet  garments. 

"  The  atmosphere  always  contains  water  in  an  invisible  form,  and  i.s  capable  of 
keeping  in  perfect  solution  a  larger  quantity  of  moisture  at  a  more  elevated 
temperature  than  at  a  lower. 

"Water  is  not  merely  indispensable  to  animal  and  vegetable  life,  but  also  to  the 
very  existence  of  many  purely  inorganic  compounds. 

"  The  principal  varieties  of  natural  waters  are :  rain  water,  well-spring  water, 
river  water,  sea  water,  and  mineral  waters. 


"  Rain  water,  having  undergone  a  kind  of  natural  distillation,  especially  when 
collected  in  remote  country  districts,  is  the  purest  of  all  natural  waters.  On  evapora- 
tion it  scarcely  leaves  a  trace  of  fixed  matters,  and  is  contaminated  only  Math  minute 
traces  of  impurities,  which  the  rain  washes  out  of  the  air.  The  rain  water  collected 
in  towns  is  less  pure.  Besides  the  usual  atmospheric  impurities,  such  rain  water 
contains  organic  and  inorganic  matters  which  the  rain  washes  out  of  the  frequently 
dense,  smoky  town  atmosphere,  or  dissolves  from  the  roofs  of  houses.     The  organic 


208  JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

iinpuritu's  impart  iiiitu  it  a  yellowisli  culor,  more  ol>serva])k'  in  water  kept  some 
time. 

"The  same  impurities  are  likewise  tlie  cause  of  tlie  ]>utriil  smell  which  such 
rain  water  assumes  on  keepiiig. 

"  The  more  important  of  the  gaseous  impurities  collected  in  rain  water  are  carbonic 
acid  and  ammonia,  and,  especially  during  thunder-storms,  nitric  acid.  They  are 
washed  out  of  the  air  by  the  falling  rain,  and,  as  might  be  expected,  the  first  shower 
contains  a  larger  amoimt  of  carbonic  acid  and  ammonia  than  the  rain  which  descends 
after  a  succession  of  rainy  days. 

"The  amount  of  ammonia  in  the  air  is  ever  variable,  and  for  that  reason  rain 

water  cannot  contain  always  the  same  quantity  of  this  valuable  fertilizing  substance. 

At  any  rate,  the  amount  of  ammonia  and  nitric  acid  in  rain  water  is  so  small  that  at 

least  twenty  gallons  are  requisite  for  ascertaining  their  relative  proportions.     From 

the  average  results  of  M.  Barral's  analyses  of  the  rain  water  collected  at  Paris,  it  has 

been  calculated  that  in  the  course  of  a  year  the  following  quantities  of  nitric  acid 

and  ammonia  are  brought  down  from  the  air,  by  the  rain  falling,  on  every  English 

acre  : 

Lbs.     Xitrogen,  lbs. 

Ammonia 12.29   =   10.69 

Kitrie  Acid 41.2-1:  =   10.12 

"  Supposing  our  annual  rainfall  to  lie  twenty-eight  inches,  according  to  Professor 
"Way's  analyses,  the  following  amount  of  ammonia  and  nitric  acid  would  be  poured 
down  yearly  on  every  English  acre  : 

Lbs.      Xitrogcn,  lbs. 

Ammonia 28.59   =   23. 5i 

Nitric  Acid CS.Ol   =  17.88 

"It  thus  appears  that  the  rain  which  falls  in  a  j-ear  conveys  to  the  soil  a 
considerable  quantity  of  two  of  the  most  beneficial  fertilizers. 

WEIX-SPEING    AND    RIVER    WATERS. 

"  Water  being  a  solvent  for  many  mineral  and  organic  matters,  necessarily  must 
become  contaminated  with  some  of  the  materials  of  which  the  strata  are  composed 
through  which  it  flows  ;  and  as  different  strata  are  composed  of  a  variety  of  mineral 
matters,  differing  greatly  in  solubility,  spring  water,  according  to  the  nature  of  the 
rocks  and  soils  through  which  it  passes,  must  always  contain  a  smaller  or  larger 
quantity  of  various  mineral  substances. 

"  Sometimes  spring  waters  contain  so  large  a  quantity  of  mineral  substances  in 
solution  that  they  acquire  a  saline  taste — they  are  then  called  mineral  waters. 

"The  ])ure.st  kinds  of  spring  waters  are  those  which  i-isc  in  granite  districts,  or  in 


DUKE    OF    DARLINGTON    2460. 

Mphui^llwUr    T,„,.^ 
DAULIXGTOX     HHIU). 
B.    I)AltI,IN(i.    RaMSKYS,    Nkw   jKliSKY. 


PEDRO  ALPHEA  13,889. 

AT  4  YEARS  OLD. 

Test,  One  Day,  3  lbs.  11  oz. 

Eurotas  Type. 

FAIEVIEW  HERD. 

6.  AND  H.  B.  Cromwell,  New  Dorp,  P.  O.  Staten  Island,  N.  Y. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  209 

localities  abounding  in  sands  and  rocks,  which  are  principally  composed  of  silicious 
elements.  One  of  the  purest  natural  waters  is  that  of  the  Laka,  in  the  north  of 
Sweden.  It  contains  only  one  twenty-sixth  of  a  grain  of  solid  mineral  matter  in  the 
imperial  gallon,  and  is  admirably  well  adapted  for  the  making  of  filtering  paper. 

"  On  the  other  hand,  water  which  rises  in  calcareous  districts,  or  which  flows  over 
soils  and  rocks  abounding  in  lime,  is  very  impure,  as  it  contains  invariably  a  large 
quantity  of  mineral  matters,  more  especially  lime. 

"  The  drinking-water  of  Cirencester  contains  about  forty-four  grains  of 
soUd  mineral  matters  to  tlie  imperial  gallon,  and  some  other  waters  a  miich  larger 
quantity. 

"  Good  drinking-water  ought  to  be  perfectly  clear,  colorless,  odorless,  tasteless, 
and  uniformly  cold  at  all  seasons.  The  presence  of  much  oi-ganic  matters  renders 
water  disagreeable  to  the  taste,  and  unwholesome.  Inattention  to  this  circunistance 
has  often  been  productive  of  serious  and  fatal  disease.  Well  water  is  liable  to 
become  contaminated  with  these  injurious  impurities. 

"•  In  sinking  a  well,  the  neighborhood  of  farm-yards,  grave-yards,  and  all  places 
where  refuse  matters  accumulate  ought  to  be  avoided,  particularly  if  the  soil  in  the 
locality  is  silicious,  or  of  a  porous  nature,  which  favors  percolation  of  the  surface 
water.  This  also  shows  how  desirable  it  is  to  prevent  the  accumulation  of  the 
droppings  of  animals  in  open  yards  ;  for  not  only  will  the  rains  that  fall  upon  them 
wash  out  their  most  valuable  constituents,  and  thus  deteriorate  the  value  of  tlie 
manure,  but  the  well  water  in  the  neighborhood  is  liable  to  become  adulterated  with 
unwholesome  impurities. 

"  In  all  M^ell-manured  and  porous  soils  the  organic  substances  of  the  manure  give 
rise  to  the  production  of  nitrates,  a  class  of  compounds  remarkable  for  their  high 
fertilizing  powers. 

"  The  use  of  leaden  pipes  for  conducting  drinking-water  ought  to  be  avoided. 
Should  the  water  assume  a  decidedly  brownish  or  black  color  on  the  addition  of 
sulphuretted  hydrogen  water,  it  may  be  inferred  that  it  contains  in  solution  a  quantity 
of  lead  which  cannot  be  introduced  in  the  human  organism  without  causing  the 
most  serious  consequences. 

BIVEE     WATER. 

"  Like  spring  and  well  waters,  river  waters  contain  a  variable  quantity  of  soUd 
matters ;  but,  generally  speaking,  river  water  in  most  instances  is  softer  than  the 
well  or  spring  waters  in  its  neighborhood,  and  for  this  reason  it  is  better  adapted  for 
general  purposes  than  spring  or  well  waters. 

"  Carbonate  and  sulphate  of  lime,  or  gypsum,  constitute  the  chief  portion  of  the 
solid  matters  which  are  left  on  evaporation ;  besides  these  compounds,  ordinary 
spring,  well  and  river  waters  usually  contain  variable  quantities  of  common  salt, 


210  JERSEY   CATTLE  JX  AMEIUCA. 

sulpliate  of  soda,  sulphate  of  potasli,  carbonate  of  mafiiiesia,  silica,  inm,  alumina, 
phosphoric  acid,  and  organic  matters. 

"  River  waters  generally  hold  variable  quantities  of  suspended  matters,  dependent 
upon  locality  and  state  of  weather ;  and  thereby  are  rendered  more  or  less  turbid 
or  muddy. 

"  The  particles  of  suspended  matters  do  not  always  readily  sul)side,  and  river 
water,  for  that  reason,  must  usually  be  filtered,  or  otherwise  purified,  before  it  can 
be  employed  for  domestic  purposes.  Thus  even  unwholesome  and  turbid  water, 
by  the  use  of  the  water-filter,  can  be  rendered  wholesome  and  clear. 

"  Simple  filtration,  however,  does  not  remove  to  any  extent  the  several  consti- 
tuents contained  in  natural  waters,  and  cannot,  for  tliis  reason,  be  restarted  to  for  the 
jnirpose  of  rendering  a  hard  water  soft. 

IKKKJATKlX    WATER. 

"  Prejudicial  as  arc  the  organic  impurities  in  water  to  animal  life,  they  nuiterially 
benefit  the  growth  of  plants  ;  consequently  a  water  intended  to  l)e  used  for  irrigation 
will  be  all  the  better  for  containing  a  good  proportion  of  organic  substances.  Hence 
no  water  is  so  useful  for  irrigation  as  sewage  water,  or  a  natural  water  into  which  the 
sewage  of  towns  finds  its  way  ;  for  water  of  that  description  invariably  contains  a 
considerable  amount  of  putrefying  animal  and  vegetable  remain.s,  partly  in  a  state  of 
perfect  solution,  partly  in  suspension.  But  as  many  natural  waters  are  employed 
for  irrigation  with  much  benefit,  although  they  contain  mere  traces  of  orgaTiic 
substances,  the  beneficial  results  attending  irrigation  cannot  be  due  entirely  to 
the  organic  matters  deposited  on  the  soil  in  the  passage  of  the  water  over  it.  The 
inorganic  substances  contained  in  all  natural  waters  ccrtaiidy  must  contribute 
to  their  general  beneficial  effects  ;  for  several  of  tiie  mineral  constituents  of  spring 
and  river  waters  are  known  to  l)e  excellent  fertilizers. 

"There  are  few  natural  waters  whicli  do  not  contain  an  appreciable  quantity  of 
salts  of  potash  and  soda,  sulphate  of  lime,  and  solulde  silica;  and  as  all  tiiese  com- 
pounds are  calculated  to  promote  the  healthy  and  luxuriant  growth  of  plants,  most 
natural  waters  must  exercise  a  beneficial  action  on  vegetation,  partly  on  account  of 
their  mineral  constituents.  In  niany  waters  known  to  be  well  adapted  for  irrigation 
we  have  also  detected  a  small  amount  of  phosphoric  acid,  or,  more  correctly  speaking, 
of  phosphate  of  lime  or  bone-earth  ;  and  though  the  i)ercentage  of  phosphoric  acid 
in  water  is  but  trifling,  yet,  considering  the  large  quantities  which  run  over  irrigated 
land,  an  absolute  amount  of  phosphate  of  lime  is  conveyed  on  it,  which  is  equivalent 
to  a  good  dressing  of  bones. 

"Some  natural  waters  are  much  riclier  in  alkaline  salts  than  others,  and  perliajis, 
partly  for  that  reason,  some  kinds  pn)duce  a  more  marked  effect  on  vegetation  than 
others. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IJV  AMERICA.  311 

"  However,  we  believe  tl  le  beneficial  effects  attending  irrigation  cannot  be  referred 
entirely  to  the  organic  and  inorganic  fertilizing  substances  wliieli  all  waters  contain. 
But  as  we  are  not  inquiring  into  the  full  causes  of  these  effects,  and  are  only  speaking 
of  the  qualities  of  irrigation  water,  we  sliall  content  ourselves  by  observing  that  there 
is  scarcely  any  natural  water,  however  poor  in  solid  nmtters,  which  cannot  be  employed 
with  advantage  for  irrigation  purposes. 

"  While  experience  teaches  that  all  ordinary  spring  and  river  waters  are  capable 
of  being  employed  with  advantage  by  the  irrigator,  it  also  inf onus  us  that  some 
kinds  of  natural  waters  produce  much  more  striking  effects  on  vegetation  in 
irrigation  than  others. 

"  As  a  general  rule,  it  may  be  stated  that  the  value  of  a  water,  for  the  purpose  of 
the  irrigator,  depends  first  and  chiefly  on  the  quality,  and  second,  upon  the  quantity 
of  the  solid  matter  it  contains. 

"  The  streams  or  sjjrings  which  flow  from  or  over  limestone  districts,  and  especially 
those  which  have  their  origin  in  the  lower  strata  of  limestone  rt)cks,  are  particularly 
characterized  by  fertilizing  properties.  In  the  opinion  of  many  practical  men  it  is 
the  lime  in  these  waters  which  causes  the  green,  fresh,  and  luxuriant  appearance  of 
the  hei'bage ;  and  lime,  consequently,  is  regarded  by  them  as  the  most  valuable 
ingredient  of  the  water.  Lime,  no  doubt,  is  a  useful  fertihzing  agent ;  and  water 
containing  a  considerable  proportion  of  this  substance  necessarily  must  exercise  a 
highly  beneficial  action  when  allowed  to  flow  over  land  naturally  deficient  in  lime. 

"  Most  soils,  however,  contain  proportions  of  lime  amply  sufficient  to  supply  all 
the  wants  of  the  growing  plant ;  and  almost  all  natural  waters,  likewise,  contain  this 
substance  in  considerable  quantities. 

"  In  the  majority  of  cases  we  are  not  warranted  to  ascribe  to  lime  alone  the  -whole 
or  even  the  principal  share  of  the  chemical  influence  which  water  may  exercise  when 
employed  for  irrigation.  Now  the  springs  which  rise  in  the  lower  strata  in  limestone 
rocks  we  have  ascertained  invariably  contain  proportions  of  alkaline  salts  and  phos- 
phoric acid  which  are  larger  than  those  usually  found  in  natural  waters  ;  and  as 
alkaline  salts  and  phosphoric  acid  belong  to  the  most  valuable  fertilizing  substances, 
we  are  inclined  to  ascribe  the  superior  fertilizing  action  of  these  waters,  as  far  a#  is 
dependent  on  chemical  substances,  not  to  the  presence  of  lime,  but  to  that  of  a 
considerable  proportion  of  alkaline  salts  and  phosphoric  acid." 

Watek-Meadows.* 
"Watering  meadows,  or  the  system  of  applying  liquid  to  further  the  growth  of 
the  permanent  grasses,  is  a  custom  very  peculiarly  localized,  botli  in  England  and  on 
the  Continent. 


Morton's  Encyclopiedia,  Hugh  Raynbird. 


212  jehsky  cattle  IX  amerkw. 

"While  in  the  latter  we  see  irrigation  practised  largely  in  hot  climates,  as  in  the 
south  of  Spain,  in  Persia  (whence  the  Persian  wheel),  in  China,  where  the  mechan- 
ical contrivances  for  this  purpose  are  ingenious,  though  simple ;  and  in  Egypt, 
where  the  natural  and  annual  irrigation  of  the  Nile  leads  to  productive  harvests  ;  yet, 
with  the  exception  of  the  rich  meadows  of  Lombardy,  and  in  the  mountain  slopes 
of  Switzerland,  we  find  that  this  irrigation  is  confiued  principally  to  the  growth  of 
vegetables  and  tliu  cultivation  of  grain  crops,  and  docs  not  come  under  the  view  of 
water-meadows. 

"  In  England  we  find  the  custom  of  watering  confined  to  a  few  of  the  southern 
counties ;  for  although  successful  instances  (some  of  them  on  a  large  scale)  may  be 
found  in  other  districts,  they  are  only  the  introductions  of  large  landholders,  and 
come  under  the  head  of  experiment  rather  than  practice. 

"  I  shall  briefly  mention  the  English  counties  that  excel  in  irrigation.  These 
are:  Wiltshire,  with  its  water-meadows  on  the  Avon,  and  its  celebrated  Orchiston 
meads,  which  are  known  under  the  title  of  the  Long  Grass  Meadows,  the  crop  of 
hay  on  which  is  enormous  ;  Hampshire,  with  its  meadows  upon  the  Avon,  the  Test 
and  the  Itchen,  so  useful  to  flock-masters  from  their  vicinity  to  the  Downs  and 
their  early  produce  of  herbage  for  ewes  and  lambs ;  Gloucestershire,  on  the 
banks  of  the  Severn,  Avon  and  Ledden.  Worcestershire  has  water-meadows  on  its 
numerous  rivers  and  small  streams,  and  in  many  instances  the  water  is  brought  from 
a  considerable  distance  by  canals,  which  supply  several  farms  on  one  estate. 

"  Dorsetshire  possesses  six  thousand  acres  of  irrigated  meadows,  including  some 
of  the  very  richest  in  the  vale  of  Blackmore,  watered  by  the  river  Stour. 

"  Devonshire  has  its  hillside  or  catch  meadows,  as  also  many  water-meadows,  on 
the  alluvial  borders  of  the  principal  rivers. 

"  Berkshire  has  valuable  meadows  along  the  river  Keniiet. 

''It  is  probable  that  the  total  quantity  of  land  under  this  cultivatiiiu  in  England 
is  under  one  hundred  thousand  acres,  a  very  small  proportion  of  those  tracts  that 
might  be  improved  in  this  way. 

"  The  most  celebrated  Wiltshire  meadows  are  on  a  loose  bed  of  broken  flints, 
wifh  scarcely  any  earth ;  the  water  above  feeds  the  grass.  The  Hampshire  rivers 
have  a  hard  bottom  subsoil  of  chalk,  and  the  water  runs  over  a  gravelly  or  peaty 
surface.  It  seems  only  necessary  tliat  the  snl)soil  should  lie  porous,  and  the  surface 
soil  may  be  what  it  will  on  thoroughly  well-drained  land  ;  pro])ably  it  is  not  of 
primary  importance  what  the  constituents  of  the  soil  may  be,  although  the  best 
and  healthiest  meadows  certaiidy  occur  where  the  soil  is  porous  and  dry. 

yUAIJTY  OF  WATKR. 

"Water  which  is  productive  of  fish,  particularly  trout,  is  generally  supposed  to 
be  good   for  water-meadows.     Experience  seems  to  declare  that,  for  grass  land,  the 


JERSEY   a  A  TTLE  IW  AllEIlICA.  213 

clearer  the  water  the  better  ;  that  calcareous  matter  taken  up  in  a  form  not  to  render 
the  water  turbid  is  almost  the  only  beneficial  admixture. 

"  When  the  rivers  are  turbid  from  quantities  of  silt,  or  of  finely  divided  clay  and 
peat,  they  injiire  the  grass,  especially  the  former ;  but  streams  flowing  clear  and 
pure  from  the  hills  are  of  benefit,  and  esiJecially  from  hiUs  abounding  in  lime.  But 
admixture  with  other  soils  injures  them  ;  as,  for  instance,  in  Staffordshire,  where  the 
river  Dove,  flowing  from  calcareous  hills,  so  enriches  its  neighboring  mead  that  it  is 
proverbially  said  :  '  In  April  Dove's  flood  is  worth  a  king's  good  ; '  but  when  admixed 
with  streams  from  other  sources  its  benefit  ceases. 

"  On  arable  land  the  more  thick  and  turbid  the  water  the  better.  Tlie  Nile 
water  is  thick,  and  the  water  used  in  warping  land  even  more  so.  The  Humber,  in 
Lincolnshire,  is  famous.  The  basis  of  the  warp  soil  of  this  river  is  fine  clay  and 
sand,  the  latter  in  the  greater  proportion,  and  minutely  divided  and  intimately 
mixed  with  the  former,  with  a  considerable  portion  of  fine  calcareous  earth. 

"  Though  not  suited  for  water-meadows,  it  is  probal)le  that  warp  land,  if  laid 
down  to  grass,  would  form  very  fertile  natural  ones ;  in  fact,  it  is  the  mode  in  wliich 
all  our  rich  alluvial  meads  were  originally  produced. 

"  But  though  an  admixture  of  natural  earth  with  the  water  is  not  beneficial,  yet 
that  of  dissolved  animal  excrement  is.  All  water  is  weak  liquid  manure,  and 
although  it  might  not  be  economically  practicable  for  every  farmer  to  lay  down  a 
water-mead,  on  the  system  of  Mr.  Mechi,  of  underground  iron  pipes  and  steam 
piimping  power,  or  even  advisable,  except  in  particular  instances,  to  imitate  the 
cheaper  mode  common  in  Switzerland,  and  sometimes  practised  in  Cheshire,  and 
also  in  Devonshire,  of  turning  a  rivulet  so  as  to  flow  through  a  farm-yard,  and  thus 
irrigate  meadows  situated  lower  down  ;  yet  the  example  of  the  Edinburgh  meadows 
shows  with  what  great  success  liquid  manure  may  be  applied  to  grass,  as  does  the 
experience  of  Mr.  Dickenson  and  others  with  Italian  lye  grass. 

HERBAGE    PLANTS    SUITABLE    FOR    IRRIGATION. 

"  This  is  a  subject  which  deserves  more  attention  than  has  yet  been  applied  to  it. 
The  nature  of  the  grasses  for  water-meadows  has  not  been  studied,  but  it  has  been 
left  to  accident  to  produce  and  circumstance  to  alter. 

"  In  Lombardy  greater  care  is  taken. 

"  The  Italian  rye  grass  is  the  principal  kind  cultivated  under  this  system.  It  is  a 
native  of  this  district  of  Italy,  and  perhaps  its  larger  size  originated  from  its  being 
thus  peculiarly  cultivated,  just  as  the  timothy  grass  is  only  an  enlarged  American 
variety  of  the  common  cat's-tail  grass,  improved  by  cultivation  and  the  influence  of 
change  of  soil  and  climate.  No  grass  produces  earlier  or  more  abundantly  under 
irrigation,  and  Mr.  Rham,  in  his  Dictionary  of  the  Farm,  mentions  having  seen  an 


214  JKIiSJjy    (ATTLK  I.\   AMERICA. 

instance  of  Imy  iiiadu  in  .Fiilv  fi-om  u  newly-inadi'  watL-r-iiK-adow  sown  witli  Italian 
rye  grass  in  Maivh. 

"A  Mr.  Dickenson,  in  a  letter  addressed  to  tiie  Dnke  of  Richmond  in  July,  1847, 
after  mentioning  that  his  land  was  strong  clay,  thorongiily  drained  and  well  pulver- 
ized, and  sown  with  Italian  rye  grass  at  the  rate  of  four  bushels  to  the  acre,  mentions 
that  in  1S44  he  cut  a  crop  '  the  tirst  week  in  March,  with  about  ten  inches  of  grass ; 
April  i;;tli  cut  the  second  time;  May  4th  the  third  time;  May  ii4tli  the  fourth 
time;  dune  lath  the  tiftii  time;  July  22d  the  sixth  time,  with  ripe  seed,  and 
three  loads  of  hay  straw  to  the  acre.  Immediately  after  each  of  these  crops  the 
land  was  watered  at  once,  from  a  London  street  water-cart,  with  two  parts  of 
pure  urine  from  the  stables  and  one  part  of  i)ure  water,  the  produce  of  each  crop 
increasing  with  the  temperature  of  the  atmosphere,  from  three  fourths  of  a  load  per 
acre,  as  hay,  to  three  loads  per  acre.'  The  land  was  not  watered  any  more,  yet 
produced  four  light  crops  afterward,  making  ten  cuttings  in  the  course  of  a  year. 

"  In  this  experiment  we  may  notice  the  strength  of  the  manure,  and  also  that  the 
crop  increased  with  the  temperature  of  the  air.  This  last  is  a  fact  that  shows  why 
watering  is  only  useful  in  hot  climates,  and  acc^umts  for  its  being  almost  entirely 
contined  to  the  southern  counties  of  England,  and  not  practised  in  Scotland. 

yUAJJTV    OF    TUE    (;k.\ss. 

"  This  is  a  subject  not  unworthj^  of  notice  ;  for  its  increased  produce  is  little  gain 
if,  from  its  laxative  and  too  succulent  nature,  it  produces  diarrlioja  in  young  animals 
feeding  on  it,  though  this  may  be  corrected  by  giving  good  hay. 

"  Although  the  introduction  of  water-meadows  into  a  district  where  before 
unknown  is  desirable,  yet  the  introducer  nuist  not  overlook  the  dithculties  or  reasons 
that  prevent  siirji  iiaving  lieen  previously  attempted. 

"  Climate  must  be  considered,  nature,  and  pientifulness  of  water — and  even 
where  plentiful  not  obtaiiuible,  being  nuinopolized  by  mills;  nature  of  soil  in  wliicli 
to  be  api)lie(l ;  and,  if  all  these  are  suitaljle,  nature  of  the  country;  for  one  must 
consider  how  to  take  water  off  as  well  as  how  to  get  it  on,  and  a  Hat  colintry  may  have 
greater  ditticnlries  in  the  latter  p.iint  than  a  hilly  one  to  ovtTconie  tlie  obstacle  of  its 
declivities.  We  must  recollect  that  all  English  counties  where  water-meadows  are 
in  vogue  are  hilly,  and  all  these  have  a  rocky,  and  at  least  a  fissured  subsoil,  which 
collects  the  water  in  sjjrings,  so  as  often  merely  to  require  easy  direction. 

"Where  land  is  favorable  for  water-meadows  it  cannot  better  be  described  than 
in  the  words  of  Mr.  Pusey  :  '  A  slight  film  of  water  trickling  over  the  surface — for 
it  must  not  stagnate — rouses  the  sleei)ing  grass,  tinges  it  with  living  gi-i'cn  amidst 
snows  and  frosts,  and  brings  forth  a  luxui-iaiit  crop  in  early  s])ring,  just  when  it  is 
most  wanted,  while  the  other  meadows  are  still    bare    and    brown.     It    is  a  cheerful 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IiY  AMERICA.  315 

sight  to  see  the  wild  birds  haunting  these  green  spots  among  the  hoar-frost  at 
Cliristmas  ;  or  the  lambs,  with  their  mothers,  folded  on  them  in  March.  A  water- 
meadow  is  the  triumph  of  agricultural  art,  changing,  as  it  does,  the  very 
seasons." 

EIDOE-AND-FUBKOW     IRRIGATION. 

"The  streams  arc  diverted  by  means  of  hatch-work,  and  the  water  runs  in  small 
gutters  or  carriers  along  the  tops  of  the  ridges  into  which  the  land  is  shaped,  and  is 
made  to  flow  over  the  entire  surface,  and  falls  into  another  series  of  gutters,  which 
convey  it  away,  either  to  the  river  from  whence  it  came,  or  to  serve  the  purpose  of 
irrigating  meadows  that  are  lower  down  the  stream.  The  best  meadows  are  those 
upon  a  gravelly  soil,  with  a  good  drainage ;  the  latter  is  a  matter  of  great  importance, 
although  seldom  sufficiently  attended  to  in  the  formation  of  meadows. 

"  In  extreme  cases,  where  other  methods  cannot  be  adopted,  the  main  body  of 
water  need  not  be  diverted  from  its  proper  channel  when  it  passes  from  the  meadow  ; 
but  a  small  drain,  with  an  outlet  at  a  sufficient  distance  down  the  stream,  generally 
below  a  mill,  may  be  opened  to  convey  away  the  soakage  water,  the  mouth  of  this 
drain  being,  of  course,  closed  when  the  meadow  is  watered. 

"  The  process  of  floating  the  meadows  is  intrusted  to  the  care  of  a  man  who 
makes  this  kind  of  work  his  regular  employment,  and  who  is  usually  paid  at  a 
certain  rate  per  acre  per  year  for  taking  charge  of  the  meadows  upon  one  or  more 
farms.  He  commences  in  the  autumn,  by  clearing  out  the  gutters,  and  as  soon  as  the 
water  is  turned  on  he  regulates  the  stops  and  edges  of  the  gutters,  so  as  to  insure  an 
even  and  regular  flow  of  water  over  the  surface  of  the  meadow.  Injury  results  if 
the  water  is  allowed  to  stagnate  in  any  part,  or  if  it  remains  on  too  great  a  length  of 
time  ;  it  is  therefore  turned  off  and  on  at  short  intervals. 

"  A  succession  of  feed  is  secured  by  commencing  watering  a  portion  of  the 
meadows  upon  a  farm  earlier  than  the  remainder.  Some  even  do  not  turn  the 
water  on  till  after  Christmas,  but  then  the  early  feed  is  lost  altogether.  Ujjon  the 
best  meadows  grass  is  ready  to  be  folded  about  the  middle  or  end  of  March,  the 
water  being  turned  oif  a  few  days  previously.  The  grass  is  fed  with  ewes  and 
lambs,  the  latter  having  a  run  forward ;  they  are  not,  however,  allowed  to  remain 
entirely  on  the  meadow,  but  are  removed  to  a  piece  of  Swedes,  or  other  feed  growing 
upon  arable  land,  at  night.  When  the  grass  is  all  fed  the  watering  is  again 
renewed,  as  before,  and  is  continued  until  a  short  time  before  the  grass  is  in  readi- 
ness for  the  scythe,  usually  at  the  end  of  June  or  beginning  of  July.  The  great 
bulk  of  the  succulent  herbage,  and  the  natural  dampness  of  the  situation  upon  wliich 
it  grows,  occasion  the  process  of  hay-making  to  be  one  that  requires  much  care  and 
attention.  The  meadow  is  again  watered,  and  the  aftermath  fed  off  with  horses  and 
cows,  few  meadows  being  safe  to  feed  sheej)  upon  in  the  autumn. 


216 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMEJIICA. 


SEWAGE    IRRIGATION. 

"The  nieadow-s  watered  with  the  sewage  of  Edinburgh  afford  tlie  liest,  tliough 
in  many  respects  imperfect,  examples  of  the  advantage  to  be  ol)taiuud  l)_y  the  use  of 
the  otiscouriug  of  our  towns  for  agricultural  purposes. 

"  The  method  of  application  is  simple,  but  it  has  proved  successful,  when 
compared  with  the  elaborate  and  expensive  methods  tried  in  other  quarters  at  present, 
imfortunately,  however,  without  proportionate  results.  Although  the  irrigation 
is  carried  on  only  upon  a  small  scale,  and  the  means  used  are  imperfect— a  great 
quantity  of  manure  running  to  waste — yet  the  results  appear  truly  extraordinary. 
The  following  sketch  will  roughly  illustrate  the  method  adopted  upon  a  meadow 
at  Loehend  farm  : 


rz 


^ 


a.  The  open  sewer  from  the  town. 

b,  Shiice  for  turning  the  sewage  into  the  carrier  cc,  wliicli  lias  stops  at  intervals  to  turn  the  liquid 
into  the  small  carriers  dd,  which  are  about  ten  inches  by  ten  inches,  having  stops  to  throw  Ihe  manure 
water  regularly  over  the  grass,  to  facilitate  which  small  cuts  are  also  made  with  a  spade  at  the  edge  of 
the  carriers. 

/  is  a  settling-tank  into  which  the  liquid  runs,  having  a  dam  and  grating  at  one  end,  which 
prevents  the  solid  portion  escaping  ;  as  it  accumulates  it  is  removed. 

ee  is  a  drain  which  carries  otf  the  waste  water.  Iiotli  fmin  tlie  -iiirfaee  and  \iiiileri;nniiid  drains. 

"Of  course  it  will  be  understood  that  tiie  wonderful  rcstdts  of  tliis  licpiid 
manuring  are  dependent  on  other  causes  than  those  to  which  the  fertility  of  the  ordinary 
water-meadow  are  due.  The  gross  and  rapid  growth  of  Loehend  meadows  is  owing 
simply  to  excessive  manuring;  that  of  English  water-meadows  may  \w  in  a  measure 
attril)Ut;ible  to  the  efficient  and  rapid  supply  of  food  to  the  grasses  by  ninning  water  ; 
but  also,  no  doubt,  in  part  to  an  improved  temperature — and  even  if  this  were  not 
one  of  tiie  operating  causes,  feeding  by  a  rapid  flow  of  clear  water  is  very  different 
from  the  mere  drowning  of  land  in  thick  and  sluggish  liquid  maimrc 

"  At  Quarry  Hole  Farm  a  meadow  of  six  or  seven  acres  is  soniewliat  differently 
arranged,  with  very  similar  results : 

"The  licpiid,  very  strongly  iiiqifegiiated  with  sewage  matters,  is  turned  on  these 
meadows  for  tiiree  or  four  days  at  a  time,  at  intervals.  After  mowing,  the  water  is 
not  turned  on  for  six  or  seven  days,  or  it  will  rot  the  roots  of  the  grass. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IJST  A3IERICA.  217 

"  The  enormous  prices  given  by  tlie  Edinburgh  cow-keepers  for  the  produce  of 
these  meadows  is  the  best  evidence  of  their  value. 

"  The  grass  is  sold  in  half-acre  lots  by  pubUc  auction,  and  reahzes  from  £30  to 
£50  per  acre  :  the  grass  is  cut  four  or  five  times  by  the  purchaser,  and  left  clear  by 
the  20th  of  October. 

"  If  such  results  as  these  are  obtained  l)y  the  simple  means  in  tliis  case  employed 
to  distribute  the  town  sewage,  we  have  reason  to  anticipate  far  greater  advantages, 
both  in  an  agricultural  and  sanitarial  point  of  view,  from  the  more  modern  means  of 
distribution  by  the  hose  and  force  pump,  the  practicability  of  which,  for  the  appKca- 
tion  of  sewage  as  a  fertilizing  agent  to  our  fields,  is  so  well  and  clearly  illustrated  by 
Mr.  Mechi  at  Tiptree  Farm,  and  by  other  spirited  agriculturists,  and  recommended 
by  them  as  a  system  far  more  in  character  with  the  improvements  of  the  advancing 
age  than  the  one  just  described  ;  and,  we  do  not  doubt,  for  the  application  of  town 
manure  experience  will  prove  it  to  be  such. 

CATCH    MEADOWS. 

"  Catch  meadows  have  the  great  advantage  over  ridge-and-furrow  meadows  of 
cheapness  of  formation  :  the  same  quantity  of  water  will  suffice  to  irrigate  a  larger 
surface,  falling  as  it  does  from  tier  to  tier  of  gutters.  The  hillside  affords  a  more 
natural  surface  for  the  water  to  fiow  over  than  that  which  is  given  by  the  artificial 
and  expensive  ridge-and-furrow. 

"  Philip  Pusey  gives  a  very  good  account  of  catch  meadows  in  the  Journal  of  the 
Royal  Agricultural  Society :  '  It  is  to  the  southwest  we  must  turn,  to  Somerset 
and  to  Devonshire,  for  patterns  of  future  irrigation.  In  these  two  lovely  counties, 
which  have  the  valleys  without  the  Alps  of  Switzerland,  abundant  streams  roll 
cheerfully  in  a  rapid  descent  over  stones,  or  among  mossy  rocks,  and  the  sheltered 
sides,  shelving  rapidly  upward,  have  long  since  tempted  the  farmers  to  lead  water 
along  their  sloping  face  in  tiers  of  channels,  each  of  which,  receiving  the  overflow 
from  above  as  it  begins  to  gather  irregularly,  receives  it  in  a  level  trough,  to  brim 
over  anew,  until  it  reaches  the  lowest  channel,  which  delivers  it  back  to  the  river's 
bed. 

"  '  The  horseman,  as  he  rides  along,  sees  meadows  of  a  few  acres  rising  above  his 
head,  bright  as  emerald,  glistening  against  the  sun  with  their  thin  film  of  water,  alter- 
nating with  orchards  in  which  cottages  are  nestled  that  seem  to  cling  to  the  hill, 
with  a  canopy  of  oak  copse  above,  whose  russet  leaves,  a  remnant  of  the  last  summer, 
look  the  ruddier  against  the  narrow  space  of  blue  sky  that  roofs  in  the  glen.  These 
are  called  catch  meadows  because  each  trench  thus  catches  the  water  from  its 
neighbor  above  it.' 

"Mr.  Pusey  also  quotes  examples  of  catch-work  upon  level  meadows  Ijeing 
carried  out  successfully  at  a  small  cost. 


218  JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMEIilVA. 

"  An  improved  system  of  irrigation  is  also  described  in  the  Journal  by  Jolm 
Bickford,  of  Crediton,  Devon,  which  is  also  well  worthy  of  perusal  by  those 
requiring  infonnation  on  the  subject. 

"The  following  monthly  directions  for  tlie  iiiaiuigeinent  of  water-meadows  are 
given  from  Boswell  Wright,  and  from  original  observation. 

"  But  such  directions  for  this  and  all  other  agricultural  operations  depend  on  the 
natural,  not  on  the  nominal  season.  Those  here  given  are  for  an  average  year,  and 
must  be  altered  to  suit  one  more  forward  or  backward,  an  extraordinarily  mild 
winter,  or  other  peculiarity  of  time  or  climate. 


"  The  land  should  be  floated  in  frosty  weather  to  protect  the  grass  ;  but  about 
once  a  fortnight  air  must  be  given,  and  the  land  laid  as  diy  as  possible  for  a  tew 
days. 

"  If  the  frost  has  given  a  complete  coat  of  ice  to  tlie  meadow,  do  not  tloat  over 
this,  as  the  attachment  of  the  ice  to  the  surface  often  draws  the  soil  into  heaps  and 
injures  the  evenness. 

FEBRUAKV. 

"In  tills  moiitli  the  meadows  require  much  attention.  If  the  water  is  allowed 
to  flow  over  the  grass  several  days  without  intermission  a  white  and  very  injurious 
scum  is  formed  ;  and  if  the  water  is  then  drawn  off,  and  a  severe  night-frost  attacks 
the  wet  grass,  it  cuts  off  the  herbage.  To  prevent  this  scum  take  the  water  off  by 
day  and  lay  it  on  at  night,  to  avoid  frost.  A  less  troublesome  but  inferior  plan  is 
to  take  the  water  off  early  in  the  morning,  if  a  dry  day,  and  let  it  remain  off  several 
days  and  nights  ;  for  one  day's  drying  is  suflicient  to  enable  the  grass  to  resist  frost. 
From  the  middle  of  this  month  water  is  apjilied  more  sparingly  tlian  in  winter,  and 
more  to  encourage  vegetation  than  to  protect  from  frost ;  and  in  tlie  last  week  of  the 
month  there  probably  will  l)e  a  good  bite  for  ewes  and  lamlis. 


"  At  the  beginning  of  tliis  montii  old  Hoateil  meadows  will  supply  abundant  food 
to  all  kinds  of  stock.  If  heavy  cattle  are  turned  in  the  water  must  be  taken  off  for 
a  week  jireviously,  to  allow  the  land  to  become  firm  and  dry.  If  the  season  be  cold 
in  the  first  week  give  a  little  hay  in  the  evening,  to  correct  the  effects  of  too  moist 
food.  But  the  grass  is  best  applied  for  ewes  and  lambs,  and  should  Ije  hurdled  off 
for  them  in  portions.  Peat  soils  would  l)e  damaged  if  heavier  stock  than  sheep  or 
calves  be  turned  on  thus  early. 

APKIL. 

"  In  this  month  the  use  of  meadows  for  ewes  and  lambs  is  still  greater  than  in 
March,  and  the  farmer  who  possesses  a  good  breed  of  them  will  require  little  else 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  219 

for  their  keep  ;  but  it  must  be  recollected  that  they  must  not  be  on  longer  than  this 
month,  or  the  hay  crop  will  be  much  injured. 

MAY* 

"  Remove  ewes  and  lambs  and  calves  the  last  day  of  April :  the  meadows  will 
be  fed  bare,  and  most  farmers  consider  that  the  barer  the  ground  is  left,  so  much 
more  is  the  meadow  improved,  and  the  quality  of  the  hay  superior. 

"  After  clearing  water  for  a  week,  carefully  examine  every  trench  and  drain, 
and  so  shift  the  water  into  other  meadows  that  the  land  is  alternately  watered  and 
drained,  and  the  time  of  the  water  remaining  on  the  land  shortened  as  the  weather 
gets  warmer. 

"  In  five,  six,  or  seven  weeks  the  meadows  will  be  fit  to  mow  for  hay. 

"  This  is  also  a  good  montli  for  forming  new  water-meadows,  though  any  time 
of  the  year,  unless  during  severe  frosts,  will  answer  for  the  work. 


"  Mow  and  make  hay.  The  grass,  being  of  a  more  succulent  nature,  requires 
more  careful  making,  and  is  more  subject  to  heat  if  not  got  up  in  good  order. 

"  As  soon  as  the  grass  is  oil  turn  in  cattle  (not  sheep)  to  eat  the  grass  left  by  the 
mowers  and  what  grows  in  the  trenches.  Then  let  the  water  dribble  on  them  as 
slowly  as  possible,  this  being  the  hottest  season  of  the  year;  and  after  two  or 
three  days  shift  this  first  watering  to  another  meadow.  The  effect  will  be  very 
great,  and  the  verdure,  comjiared  with  unwatered  meadows,  exceedingly  rich  ;  but 
recollect  not  to  keep  water  on  too  long  in  warm  weather,  or  a  white  substance  like 
cream  is  produced ;  and  if  this  is  neglected  a  scum  as  thick  as  glue,  and  nearly  as 
tough  as  leather,  settles  on  the  grass,  and  (pxite  destroys  it. 

JULY    TO    OCTOBER. 

"  Where  the  meadows  are  fed  late  the  beginning  of  July  is  the  season  for  naaking 
hay  on  the  water-meadows,  which,  we  have  before  remarked,  is  an  operation  requiring 
much  care  and  attention ;  after  which  the  watering  is  renewed  for  a  short  time,  and 

the  aftermath  fed  off  with  cattle. 

NOVEMBER    AND    DECEMBER. 

"  Begin  to  water  the  meadows  ;  frequently  water  can  be  collected  in  the  higher 
parts  of  the  farm  sufficient  to  water  some  of  the  low  meadows,  and,  by  attention  to 
the  ditches  and  water-courses,  a  free  passage  can  be  given  from  that  portion  of  the 
farm  where  injurious  to  that  where  it  would  be  highly  beneficial  and  more  produc- 
tive than  a  coat  of  manure.  It  is  best  to  keep  the  water  running  over  the  grass,  and 
not  to  allow  it  to  stagnate. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


ElDGE-AXD-FuRROW    GROrND    Pl.AN    OF    A    WaTEK-MeADoW. 

Scale  of  40  yards  to  -f^ths  of  an  inch. 
Light  lines,  Barriers ;  black  lines,  Drains,  a.  Hatch  across  river  ;  hb.  Hatches  to  water  lower  stem  ; 
cc.  Small  hatches  to  draw  off  the  water  when  the  meadow  is  laid  dry.  Dotted  lines.  Barriers  from 
the  main  drain  of  the  meadow  above,  by  which  the  irrigation  may  be  continued  lower  down  the 
stream,  the  water  being  penned  up  by  the  two  small  hatches  dd.  Small  stops  of  turf  are  placed 
in  the  small  carriers  at  intervals  of  about  fifteen  yards,  or  as  required,  to  make  the  water  flow 
regularly  over  the  surface  of  the  meadow. 


MILANESE    IRRIG.ATIOX LOMBARDY    MEADOWS. 

"  In  Lomliardv  neither  sheep  nor  cattle  are  fed  tipon  the 
meadows,  but  the  entire  produce,  whetlier  of  permanent  grasses  or 
clovers,  is  mown  and  used  for  soiling  cattle  in  stalls.  Manure  is 
applied  to  tlif  incadnws,  and,  as  they  are  not  trodden  by  cattle, 
tlieir  surface  is  kept  smooth  with  mathematical  correctness. 

"  "We  ])elieve  this  example  might  be  followed  with  advantage, 
particularly  near  the  towns,  where  the  produce  of  grass  would  be 
of  so  great  value.  Signor  J.  Devincenzi,  an  Italian  gentleman, 
has  favored  me  with  the  following  details  on  the  Milanese  system 
of  irrigation.  He  considers  that  irrigation  is  neglected  in  England  ; 
and  that  many  of  our  canals,  now  rendered  almost  useless  by  the 
introduction  of  railroads,  might  be  employed,  at  little  expense,  both 
to  fertilize  tracts  now  cultivated,  and  to  bring  land  altogether  waste 
into  profitable  cultivation.  He  also  considers  that  the  common  idea, 
that  the  Milanese  system  is  unsuited  to  England,  from  the  difference  of  climate  of 
the  two  countries,  is  erroneous ;  for,  taking  as  an  instance  the  work  of  Professor 
Dove,  of  Berlin,  and  referring  to  his  maps  of  the  isothermal  line  of  the  globe 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  A3IEEICA.  221 

for  each  month,  we  shall  lind  that  Milan  and  England  possess  the  same  temper- 
ature during  the  months  of  January,  February,  November  and  December ;  and 
during  these  months  the  Lombards  mow  their  meadows,  called  marcite,  twice  or 
thrice,  while  in  England  no  such  result  is  obtained. 

"  No  doubt  the  summer  temperature  of  England  is  far  lower  than  that  of 
Lombardy,  but  it  may  be  questioned  whether  this  is  not  an  advantage  in  the  production 
of  grass  ;  and  yet  in  Lombardy  they  cut  eight  or  nine  crops  yearly  from  a  meadow. 

"  Signer  Devincenzi's  opinion  ought  to  possess  some  weight,  as  he  has  written 
on  the  subject,  is  secretary  to  the  Italian  committee  on  irrigation,  appointed  by  the 
Milanese  Scientilic  Association,  and  was  reporter  to  a  committee  on  Milanese 
agriculture,  consisting  of  first-rate  Italian  agriculturists,  from  whose  report,  so  far  as 
relates  to  irrigation,  the  following  is  an  abridged  extract  :* 

" '  In  the  province  of  Milan,  as  well  as  the  rest  of  Lombardy,  there  exist  two 
widely  different  systems  of  agriculture,  both  exceedingly  well  calculated  to  suit  the 
varying  circumstances  of  their  localities. 

"  '  In  Upper  Lombardy  we  find  small  occupations  of  arable  land,  tilled  by  an 
industrious  population  of  peasantry  ;  in  Lower  Lombardy  extensive  water-meadows, 
held  by  wealthy  tenant-farmers.  If  we  draw  a  line  from  west  to  east,  dividing  the 
province  of  Milan  into  two  parts,  and  passing  through  the  capital,  we  shall  very  nearly 
show  the  correct  division  of  the  upper  and  lower  part.  In  general  the  cultivation  of 
the  land  surroimding  great  cities  must  be  considered  by  itself,  as  being  quite  different 
and  inapplicable  to  the  rest  of  the  country  or  district ;  yet  that  surrounding  Milan  is 
but  a  type  of  Lombardese  valley  agriciilture,  and  consists  almost  entirely  of  meadows, 
the  tilled  land  being  so  small  in  quantity  that  it  is  scarcely  worth  mentioning. 

"  '  These  meadows,  though  very  ancient,  are  in  a  most  thriving  and  flourishing 
condition,  and  the  labor  employed  in  them  is  merely  that  of  regulating  the  supply  of 
water  and  levelling  the  ground,  the  grass  being  that  naturally  produced  by  the  soil. 
The  meadows  lying  on  the  south  are  irrigated  by  the  sewage  water  from  the  city, 
receive  no  other  manure,  and  are  cut  seven,  eight,  and  in  many  instances  nine  times  a 
year.  Those  on  the  north,  partly  from  copious  manuring  and  partly  from  spring 
water,  there  called /ojito^mt,  are  but  little  inferior  to  the  former. 

"  '  "Winter  water-meadows,  in  the  country  language,  are  called  marcite.  They  are 
watered  every  sixth  or  eighth  day  in  the  summer,  and  are  continually  covered  by 
a  sheet  of  flowing  water  in  the  winter.  By  this  means  vegetation  is  so  encoui-aged 
that  from  November  to  March  two  or  tliree  abundant  crops  are  cut,  so  that  the 
cattle  fed  from  and  upon  them  are  not  deprived  of  fresh  fodder  more  than  thirty 
or  forty  days  in  the  year.  The  rate  at  wliich  these  water-meadows  are  commonly 
let  in  the  neighborhood  of  Milan  is  from  twenty  to  twenty-five  francs  a  pertica,  or 


^  Report  on  Milanese  Agriculture. 


232  JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 

from  £5  to  £6  sterling  per  English  acre.  The  water  is  applied  in  summer  on 
meads  and  all  kinds  of  cultivated  plants,  as  required  in  winter  on  the  marcite 
only,  of  which  tlicre  is  sufficient  to  employ  all  the  water,  so  that  it  never  runs  to 
waste. 

"  '  The  Lombardese  irrigation  is  worthy  of  praise,  as  it  has  converted  what  would 
have  been  barren  sands  and  unhealthy  marshes  into  fertile  meadows,  and  as  combining 
irrigation,  drainage,  navigable  canals,  and  motive  power  for  mills  and  machinery  in 
such  a  manner  that  one  object  does  not,  or  only  in  a  slight  degree,  interfere  injuriously 
with  the  other.  The  Lombardese  customs  and  legislation  on  irrigation  are  also 
deserving  of  notice  and  imitation. 

"  '  Still  it  must  be  remembered  that  Lower  Lombardy  jiossesses  a  peculiar 
adaptabihty  to  irrigating  purposes  in  its  immense  valley,  in  the  vast  reservoirs 
above,  the  lakes  resting  on  the  heights  of  the  mountains,  and  in  a  river  to  carry  off 
the  superfluous  water. 

"  '  The  farms  in  the  Lower  Milanese  are  generally  from  two  thousand  to  three 
tho-a&axxd  pertiche  in  extent  (three  hundred  and  thirty-three  to  live  hundred  English 
acres),  and  they  are  commonly  let  on  leases  of  from  nine  to  twelve  years.  Some  of  these 
farms  are,  from  the  tenacious  nature  of  the  soil,  suited  for  the  cultivation  of  rice. 
Nearly  one  tenth  is  laid  down  as  permanent  meadow,  and  of  this  very  nearly  one  half 
is  cultivated  as  winter  meadow  or  marcite.  The  ordinary  meadow  is  manured  once 
every  year,  the  mardte  often  twice ;  and  although  water  from  springs  is,  from  its 
warmth,  the  fittest  for  winter  irrigation,  marcite  are  nevertheless  made  with  any  other 
kind  of  water.  Li  the  other  part  of  the  territory,  if  the  soil  be  proper  for  the  growth 
of  rice,  a  nine  years'  rotation  is  employed.  In  the  first  year  wheat  is  sown  with 
Trifolium  pratense,  which  supplies  abundant  j)asturage  in  the  autumn.  Manure  is 
applied  in  the  second  year ;  and  the  Trifolium  repens  and  other  useful  plants 
spontaneously  succeed  the  Trifolium,  pratense  during  the  third  and  fourth  year, 
in  both  which  years  manure  is  applied. 

"  '  In  the  fifth  year  the  soil  is  sown  partly  with  flax  and  partly  witli  maize.  The 
part  sown  with  flax  is  followed  the  same  year  either  with  miik't  or  with  maize 
(ptarantine,  so  called  from  requiring,  from  its  germination,  only  forty  days  to  grow 
and  ripen  in. 

" '  In  the  sixth  year  maize  is  cultivated  with  manure.  In  the  seventh,  eighth  and 
ninth  years  rice  is  sown,  in  the  last  two  years  with  manure.  On  the  fields  where  rice 
is  not  grown  the  same  rotation  is  practised  as  for  the  first  six  years.  Thus  in  the 
first  rotation  the  soil  is  manured  six  times  in  nine  years,  and  in  the  latter  four  times 
in  six  years. 

" '  It  would  be  interesting  to  compare  the  relation  that  different  kinds  of 
cultivation  have  to  one  another,  and  that  which  the  meadow  bears  to  them  all.  The 
Lombard  cultivators  well  understand  that   the  latter  system  augments,  instead  of 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  223 

diminishes,  the  produce  of  grain.  An  acre  of  land  produces  on  an  average  from 
twenty  to  twenty-four  bushels  of  wheat  and  fifty  to  seventy  bushels  of  maize. 

"  '  Among  the  minor  products,  though  still  a  valuable  one  of  these  meadows,  is 
the  mulberry,  common  both  in  the  permanent  and  other  meadows,  which,  so  far  from 
being  injured  by  irrigation,  tlirives  under  it.  However,  this  tree  is  more  largely 
cultivated  in  Upper  than  in  Lower  Lombardy.  The  hay  of  all  these  meadows  is  used 
to  feed  working  cattle  and  cows.  The  annual  rent  of  each  cow  is  calctdated  to 
average  from  two  hundred  and  eighty  to  three  hundred  francs  (£11  to  £12).  This 
large  sum  is  not  obtained  solely  near  large  cities,  but  is  common  over  the  district,  the 
milk  being  employed  entirely  in  the  manufacture  of  Parmesan  cheese  and  butter, 
that  may  be  carried  to  any  distance.  The  general  rent  of  farms  in  the  Lower 
Milanese  is  from  one  hundred  and  twenty  to  one  hundred  and  eighty  francs  per 
hectare  (£2  to  £3  per  acre).  To  prove  the  value  of  this  water,  let  us  examine  the 
estimate  that  the  inhabitants  themselves  put  upon  it. 

"  '  They  reduce  all  measures  of  flowing  water  to  a  common  unit,  which  they  call 
onica.  The  Milanese  onica  is  a  quantity  of  water  flowing  from  a  hole  nearly  one 
hundred  and  forty-nine  millimetres  wide  and  one  hundred  and  ninety-eight  high 
(0.488  by  0.649  of  the  English  foot),  and  comprising  a  little  less  than  one  third  of  the 
English  square  foot,  under  a  pressure  of  ninety-nine  millimetres  (0.324  of  an  EngUsh 
foot).  Kow  this  water  onica  is  genei-ally  sold  at  the  enormous  price  of  from  twenty- 
five  thousand  to  thirty  thousand  francs  (£1000  to  £1200),  and  often  even  more.  If, 
however,  we  should  state  often  double  or  triple  the  rent  of  the  farm,  we  should 
still  be  under  the  mark. 

"  '  The  fertilizing  power  of  water  is  immense.  It  changes  wild  heaths  into 
luxuriant  meadows,  or,  to  employ  figures,  raises  the  rent  of  land  from  a  bare  thirty 
or  fort}'^  francs  to  three  hundred  or  four  hundred. 

" '  The  Lombardy  farmer  on  these  meadows  is  generally  a  man  wealthy  and 
possessed  of  considerable  capital,  which  he  employs  with  much  profit.  As  a  general 
rule,  forty  thousand  francs  are  employed  on  every  one  hundred  hectares  of  land 
(nearly  £6  8s.  per  acre),  which  would  be  nearly  three  years'  rent  of  the  land. 

"  '  In  cultivating  the  soil  the  farmer  employs  not  only  daily  laborers,  but  families 
of  cultivators,  who  share  in  the  produce  ;  and  cultivation  on  the  large  scale  does  not 
therefore  injuriously  affect  tlie  inoral  and  economical  condition  of  the  lower  orders, 
as  it  unhappily  does  in  other  parts  of  Europe.'  " 

SAVINt;  OF   WASTE    MANURES. 

The  waste  fertilizers  of  the  farm  (•(insist  of  the  licjuid  or  drainage  from  the 
manure  heaps,  cattle  sheds,  stables,  and  the  li(|ui(l  refuse  of  the  dwelling,  the 
gaseous  evaporations  from  fermeiitiiiir  manure  heaj)s  and  yards,  and  all  animal  and 
vegetable  refuse. 


224  JKJUSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

Upon  large  farms,  where  steam  power  is  used  with  a  system  of  iron  irrigating 
pipes,  so  that  all  the  manure  of  the  farm  can  be  distributed  in  a  licjuid  form,  the 
method  is  capable  of  preventing  nearly  all  waste,  where  it  can  be  adopted.  J^nt 
ujjon  small  farms  this  method  cannot  generally  be  adopted. 

Perhaps  the  most  economical  of  all  methods  is  to  remove  the  manure  directly' 
from  the  stable  each  day  to  the  field  when  and  where  it  is  to  be  used.  This  is 
certainly  advantsigeous  if  it  can  be  at  once  i)lowed  in  at  a  depth  of  from  three  to 
five  inches.     As  far  as  it  is  practicable  this  method  may  be  adopted. 

As  a  general  plan  for  the  average  farm  the  following  method  promises  to  be 
economical :  Select  a  shaded  place  on  the  north  side  of  a  wall  or  l)uilding.  It  would 
be  well  to  roof  it  in.  Make  the  space  sufficiently  large  to  hold  all  the  manui-e  made 
during  six  or  eight  months,  allowing  twelve  tons  for  eacli  animal,  so  as  to  form  a 
compost  couch,  and  allowing  for  a  depth  of  from  two  to  five  feet.  Make  the  floor 
of  cement  or  clay,  and  inclining  so  that  the  liijuid  may  run  to  the  front  side.  Divide 
this  compost  couch  into  two  or  three  compartments  by  a  partition  of  concrete. 

Make  a  capacious  tank,  allowing  about  thirty  hogsheads  of  space  for  each 
animal  kept,  on  any  convenient  side  of  the  compost  couch,  and  connect  the  tank  by 
drains  with  the  couch,  so  that  the  tank  may  receive  all  the  liquid  manure  from  the 
compost  lieaps.  Also  connect  the  tank  with  the  liquid  manure  gutter  of  the  stables 
and  with  the  house  drainage  and  water-closets.  Also  coimect  the  tank  with  the 
system  of  spouts  that  collect  the  water  from  the  roofs  of  stidiles  and  bams,  so  that 
the  rain-water  may  be  conducted  at  will,  either  to  the  compost  heap  or  to  the  tank. 

Fix  a  pump  over  the  tank,  so  as  to  provide  for  pumping  its  liquid  contents  upon 
any  and  all  parts  of  the  compost  couch. 

These  arrangements  may  be  made  at  moderate  expense,  and  worked  with  little 
trouble  by  the  farmer,  so  as  to  give  him  perfect  command  over  his  manure,  and  to 
concentrate  all  the  manurial  elements  of  the  farm  in  compost  or  otherwise,  at  pleasure. 

To  prevent  waste  the  manure  of  the  stables  and  yards  is  daily  removed  to  the 
compost  couch.  One  section  of  the  couch  forms  a  place  of  deposit  for  all  the 
vegetalde  refuse  whicli  can  be  gathered  together. 

The  gaseous  waste  arising  from  too  active  fermentation  may  be  prevented  in  the 
manure  heap  by  compaction  and  tramping  of  animals,  and  also  by  a  liberal  wetting 
daily  from  the  liquid  tank.  The  li(iuid  in  a  section  of  the  couch  can  be  retained  by 
closing  the  pipe  or  sluice  which  leads  to  the  tank  from  that  section.  By  covering  a 
section  with  ashes,  peat,  or  dry  earth  to  the  depth  of  ten  inches,  and  saturating  the 
surface  of  this  covering  with  sulphuric  acid  diluted  with  twenty  parts  of  water,  very 
little  ammonia  will  escape.  Thus  the  couch  and  liquid-manure  tank,  both  of  which 
must  be  preserved  water-tight,  furnish  the  means  of  using  compost  in  any  condition 
desired,  and  also  the  tank  provides  a  large  amount  of  licjuid  manure,  to  be  applied  by 
the  sprinkling-cart. 


DOMINO    OF    DARLINGTON    2459. 

Alphn,    Tijpc. 
llKIAUcr.II'l''    HEItl). 


MISS   COOPER    5869. 

Alphen    Type. 
HOLLY    GKOVE    HERD. 
John  I.  Holly,  Plainkield,  New 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  A3IERICA.  335 

It  only  remains,  for  those  who  desire  to  be  successful  cultivators  of  land,  to 
avail  themselves  of  the  means  now  in  their  power  of  remedying  a  great  evil,  and 
of  securing  and  saving  a  great  waste. 

Irrigation  in  California.* 
"■  The  Padres  who  established  the  missions  here  over  a  century  ago  are  generally 
credited  with  having  introduced  the  practice  of  irrigation,  and  many  of  the  ditches 
constructed  by  them  are  still  in  use  by  the  white  settlers.  In  one  instance  at  least, 
however,  in  California,  a  large  section  of  country  derives  its  supply  of  water  for  this 
purpose  from  a  ditch,  or  zanja,  wliich  antedates  history  and  presents  every  appear- 
ance of  extreme  antiquity.  In  Arizona,  too,  are  found  evidences  of  vast  irrigation 
systems  upon  lands  long  since  given  over  to  the  desert,  and  which  even  the  traditions 
of  the  Indians  fail  to  supply  us  with  anything  approaching  a  history.  Several  efforts 
on  a  large  scale  have  been  made  to  divert  the  waters  of  the  Salt  and  Gila  rivers  upon 
the  plains  through  which  they  flow,  and,  singularly  enough,  it  has  been  found  that  the 
ancient  remains  of  irrigating  canals  afforded  the  exact  grade  and  the  requisite  fall 
per  mile  that  the  best  appliances  of  modern  engineering  could  suggest  or  construct. 

"  The  common  method  of  irrigation  in  California  may  be  described  as  follows  : 
Having  settled  on  a  site,  which  must  of  necessity  be  in  the  vicinity  of  a  running 
stream,  a  large  triangle  is  made,  having  a  plumb-line  hanging  from  the  apex.  With 
the  aid  of  tliis  primitive  apphance  a  ditch  is  laid  out  from  the  field  up-hill  at  a  proper 
grade,  until  the  stream  is  reached.  When  the  ditch  has  been  built  a  rude  dam  of 
Ijrush  or  logs  is  put  across  the  stream,  so  as  to  divert  a  portion  of  the  water  into  the 
mouth  of  the  canal,  which  is  just  above  the  dam.  The  main  ditch  is  carried  across 
the  highest  part  of  the  field  to  be  irrigated,  so  as  to  have  a  constant  fall  from  the 
source  of  supply  to  the  lower  end  of  the  field.  Sometimes  boxes  with  a  wooden  slide 
are  put  into  the  lower  bank  of  the  ditch  opposite  each  row  of  trees,  vines  or 
plants.  Sometimes  one  man  can  attend  to  twenty  or  thirty  such  openings  at  once, 
and  it  is  necessary  to  go  up  and  down  through  the  field  and  see  that  the  little  streams 
are  not  lost  in  squirrel  holes,  but  find  their  way  to  the  foot  of  the  slope.  As  may 
be  imagined,  this  is  a  very  wet  and  disagreeable  job.  With  grapes,  corn,  etc.,  a 
shallow  furrow  is  plowed  each  side  of  the  rows,  at  a  distance  of  a  foot  or  eighteen 
inches,  and  through  this  the  water  is  run  as  long  as  needed. 

"  When  alfalfa  or  grain  is  to  be  irrigated  the  system  adopted  in  the  case  of  large 
fields  is  to  mark  off  '  checks '  of  five,  ten,  or  twenty  acres,  with  a  slight  levee,  or 
l^ank,  across  the  lower  end  and  sides,  to  keep  the  water  from  running  off.  The  ditch 
at  the  upper  end  is  then  tapped,  and  the  check  flooded  until  the  water  has  reached 
every  part  of  it. 


•  G.  F.  W.,  in  Country  Ocntleman. 


22G  JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 

"  The  next  check  is  then  operated,  and  so  on  until  all  are  supplied. 

"The  method  described  is  only  practicable  where  the  water  supply  is  abundant. 
It  is  estimated  that  where  opeia  ditches,  with  no  protection  to  bottom  or  sides,  are 
Tised,  from  half  to  two  thirds  of  the  water  is  lost  by  evaporation  and  seepage.  Many 
ditches  have  been  lined  with  stone  and  cemented,  so  as  to  prevent  loss  by  seepage, 
and  it  will  not  be  long  before  they  will  be  also  protected  from  loss  by  evaporation. 

"  A  very  successful  method  of  underground  irrigation  has  been  devised,  far 
superior  in  the  end,  though  more  costly  in  the  beginning.  Pipes,  made  of  cement 
and  sand,  are  laid  throughout  the  field  or  orchard  at  just  sufficient  depth  to  escape 
the  plow  and  cultivator,  with  taps  or  plugs  at  regular  intervals.  When  desired, 
these  plugs  are  withdrawn,  and  the  water  soaks  through  the  ground  beneath  the 
surface,  and  proves  far  more  beneficial  than  when  apphed  upon  the  surface.  With 
the  growing  scarcity  of  water  other  sources  of  supply  have  been  sought,  and  these 
are  found  in  surface  and  artesian  wells.  With  surface  wells  windmills  are  used,  and 
the  water  is  often  conveyed  by  iron  pipes  laid  in  sliallow  trenches  to  all  parts  of 
the  ranch.  From  artesian  wells  the  water  is  either  collected  in  a  reservoir,  or  it  is 
allowed  to  run  continually,  being  diverted,  as  occasion  requires,  in  small  open  ditches, 
or  little  V-shaped  flumes.  By  this  means  one  well,  if  not  more  than  an  inch  and  a  half 
in  diameter,  can  be  made  to  irrigate  a  very  large  tract  of  land. 

"  As  t(j  the  result  of  irrigating,  a  few  actual  experiences  may  be  given.  An 
alfalfa  field  has  been  cut  by  the  writer  eight  times  in  as  many  successive  months, 
yielding  from  two  to  three  tons  to  the  acre  at  each  cutting.  After  the  crop  was 
removed  one  thorough  soaking  with  water  was  all  that  was  needed  to  insure  an 
abundant  growth  at  once.  Vineyards  yield  six,  eight,  or  ten  tons  to  the  acre,  pota- 
toes eight  to  ten  tons.  Barley  and  wheat  at  the  rate  of  from  forty  to  sixty  bushels, 
and  corn  at  one  hundred  bushels  or  more,  are  harvested ;  watermelons  of  one  hundred 
and  seventy  jiounds  on  ground  that  would  not  produce  a  spear  of  grass  without  artificial 
moisture,  and  vegetables  of  all  kinds  in  like  proportion.  Although  the  water  may 
be  clear  as  crystal,  and  apparently  free  from  any  organic  substance,  its  use 
in  irrigation  seems  to  render  manuring  almost  unnecessary.  The  same  soil  will 
produce  al)undant  crops  year  after  year,  with  no  apparent  diminution,  when  not  a 
particle  of  fertilizer  of  any  kind  is  sujjplicd  to  it.  Irrigation  seems  to  be  all 
that  is  needed. 

"  Wliile  the  use  of  undergromul  pipes  at  the  East,  or  where  frosts  prevail, 
might  not  be  practicable,  still  there  is  hardly  a  farm  where  some  source  of  water 
supply  might  not  be  made  available,  and  by  a  little  expenditure  in  the  construction 
of  open  ditches  a  large  portion  of  the  loss  from  drouths  might  easily  be  avoided,  as 
well  as  largely  increased  yields  secured." 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


FEEDING   OATTLE. 


Feeding  is  not  alone  the  means  of  simply  sustaining  animal  life  by  nourishment, 
but  the  basis  of  a  science  which  has  power  to  transform  and  reform  races  of  animals. 
Breeds  are  made  by  feed  and  selection.  For  a  special  breed,  like  Jerseys,  that  is  to  be 
kept  up  to  a  certain  standard  of  milk  and  butter  production,  a  peculiar  systeni  of 
feeding  is  required.  The  food  nmst  not  only  contain  all  the  elements  of  animal 
bodies,  but  it  must  be  given  in  such  form  and  proportions  as  to  develop  the  milk 
and  butter  qualities  in  the  highest  degree. 

Plants  elaborate  the  elementary  principles  into  complex  structures  ;  cattle  ajjpro- 
priate  them  in  a  form  especially  suited  to  their  needs.  The  organic  elements,  oxygen, 
hydrogen,  carbon  and  nitrogen,  which  form  the  combustible  parts  of  plants  and 
animals,  with  potash,  soda,  magnesia,  lime,  sulphur,  phosphorus,  chlorine,  silica,  iron, 
and  a  few  other  elements  which  form  the  incombustible  portions,  are  all  to  be  adapted  to 
the  wants  of  animal  sustenance  by  vegetable  growths.  These  elements  are  all  incor- 
porated into  the  blood,  which  always  remains  the  same  in  composition,  and  its  quantity 
from  six  to  eight  per  cent,  of  the  bulk  of  the  body.  From  the  blood  all  the  organs 
are  replenished  and  built  up — the  nerves,  the  nmscles,  the  fat,  the  bones,  the  skin, 
the  hair,  the  horns.  The  amount  and  quality  of  the  fat,  muscle  and  bone  vary  greatly 
in  the  dairy  and  the  beef  type.  The  fat  ox  is  said  to  have  about  three  times  as  much 
fat  as  lean  flesh,  consisting  of  forty-nine  per  cent,  water,  thirty-three  per  cent,  dry  fat, 
thirteen  jier  cent,  of  dry  nitrogenous  matter,  muscles  separated  from  fat,  hide,  etc.,  and 
three  per  cent,  of  mineral  matter  ;  the  lean  animal  fifty-four  per  cent,  water,  twenty- 
five  and  one  half  per  cent,  of  dry  fat,  seventeen  per  cent,  of  dry  nitrogenous  matter, 
and  three  and  one  half  per  cent,  of  mineral  matters. 

The  nutritive  chemical  compounds  are  divided  into  two  classes,  nitrogenous  and 
non-nitrogenous.  The  term  protein  includes  the  first  class,  which  consists  of  albumen, 
gluten,  casein,  legumin,  fibrin,  mucedin  and  gliadin,  which  resemble  each  other  closely 
in  composition,  containing  very  nearly  the  same  proportions  of  carbon,  hydrogen, 
nitrogen,  oxygen  and  sulphur.  With  these  are  classed  certain  nitrogenous  bodies  found 
in  grasses  and  other  plants,  called  amides,  which  resemble  ammonia.  Protein,  the 
material  of  which  flesh  and  blood  largely  consists,  exists  ready-formed  in  the  cereals 
and  leguminous  and  other  plants  which  cattle  eat.  All  these  jjlants  contain  l)ut  a 
small  proportion  of  iwoteiu,  their  bulk  being  made  up  of  cellular  fibre,  sugar,  gum 
starch  and  oil,  called  carbo-hydrates.  The  first  class,  nitrogenous  nutrients,  are  called 
proteids,  or  albuminoids,  and  sustain  animal  life.  The  second  class,  non-nitrogenous 
nutrients,  consist  of  carbon  and  water.  Cellulose  is  the  material  which,  with  ligniii, 
forms  the  framework  of  plants,  an  important  part  of  all  fodder,  the  cellulose  being 


228 


JERSEY    CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


digcntible  in  yi>uiig  and  loader  plants  in  proportion  of  from  tiiirty  to  seventy  percent., 
wliilu  ligniu  ifi  not  digestible  in  its  crude  state.  Starch  is,  next  to  cellulose,  the  most 
abundant  carbo-hydrate,  and  is  deposited  rapidly  near  the  ripening  period ;  maize 
contains  from  sixty  to  sixty-eight  per  cent.,  and  wheat  from  sixty-two  to  seventy-two 
perceJit.  Dextrine  is  produced  from  starch  by  heat.  Sugars  are  of  three  kinds, 
cane,  grape  and  fruit  sugar.  They  are  all  easily  digested.  Cellulose  and  starch  are 
supposed  to  be  changed  to  sugar  in  the  digestive  jjrocess.  Pectin  is  the  jelly  of 
fruits,  turnips,  beets  and  carrots,  and  is  believed  to  aid  digestion  by  gelatinizing  the 
contents  of  the  stomach. 

The  oils  of  plants  are  very  important,  especially  in  the  rations  of  dairy  cattle. 
They  are  estimated  to  liave  two  and  one  half  times  the  nutritive  value  of  sugar  and 
starch.  Maize  contains  from  four  to  seven  per  cent.,  oats  six,  the  best  hay  three  per 
cent,  of  oils.  Animals  appropriate  oil  for  creanx  and  fat,  and  also  transmute  the  other 
carbo-hydrates  into  fat  when  needed. 

The  mineral  nutrients  are  appropriated  in  the  same  combination  as  found  in 
plants. 


Tahle 


shod'imj   the   Pi'opoi't'tons  of  Mineral    ConstHuentx   of  soma    Plants   and 
Grains  in  One  Hundred  Pounds  of  Dry  Siihstance. 


Onk  Hundred  Pounds  of 

< 

3 
< 

Substance. 

i 

1 

1 

1 

a 
3 

1 

1 

m 

1 

1 

lbs. 

lbs.    lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

Meadow  Hay 

6.66 

1.71 

0.47 

0.33 

0.77 

0.41 

0.34 

1.97 

0.53 

0.17 

Dead-ripe  Hay 

6.62 

0.50 

0.19 

0.23 

0.85 

0.29 

0.05 

4.18 

0.38 

0.27 

Red  Clover 

5.65 

1.95 

0.09 

0.69 

1.92 

0.56  0.17 

0.15 

0.21 

0.21 

Swedish  (Hover 

4.65 

1.57 

0.07 

0.71 

1.48 

0.47j  0.19 

0.06 

0.13 

(irreen  Vetches 

7.34 

3.09!  0.21 

0.50 

1.93 

0.94  0.27 

0.13 

0.23 

0.15 

2.05 

0.25 

0.15 

■ 

■^ 

' 

JURSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMEBIC  A. 


GREEN  FODDER. 


Onb  Hundred  Pounds  op 
Substance. 


Meadow  Grass  in  Ijlossom .    . 

Young  Grass 

Timothy 

Oats  beginning  to  blossom. . . 
Barley  beginning  to  blossom . 

Rye  Fodder 

Hungarian  Millet 

Eed  Clover 

"White  Clover 

Swedish  Clover 

Lucern 

Green  Peas 


lbs. 
2.33 
2.07 
2.10 
1.70 
2.23 
1.63 
2.31 
1.34 
1.36 
1.02 
1.76 
1.37 


lbs. 
0.60 
1.16 
0.61 
0.71 
0.86 
0.63 
0.86 
0.46 
0.24 
0.35 
0.45 
0.56 


0.16 
0.04 
0.06 
0.08 
0.04 
0.01 

0.02 
0.11 
0.02 
0.02 


lbs. 
0.11 
0.06 
0.08 
0.06 
0.07 
0.05 
0.19 
0.16 
0.14 
0.16 
0.10 
0.11 


lbs. 

0.27 

0.22 

0.20 

0.12 

0.16 

0.12 

0. 

0.46 

0.44 

0.32 

0.85 

0.39 


0.12 
0.08 
0.08 
0.06 
0.07 
0.02 
0.08 
0.04 
0.12 
0.04 
0.11 
0.05 


lbs. 
0.69 
0.21 
0.75 
0.47 
0.70 
0.52 
0.67 
0.04 
0.06 
0.01 
0.04 
0.04 


lbs. 
O.li 
0.04 
0.11 
0.08 
0.12 


0.06 
0.04 
0.08 
0.03 
0.05 


0.15 
0.05 
0.04 
0.03 
0.03 
0.02 


0.05 
0.06 


ROOT    CROPS. 


One  Hundred  Pounds  of 
Substance. 


Potato 

Beet 

Turnip 

"White  Turnip 
Carrot 


0.94 
0.80 
0.75 
0.61 
0.88 
1.24 


1 

1 

1 

i 

1 

! 

1 

1 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

0.56 

0.01 

0.04 

0.02 

0.18 

0.06 

0.02 

0.43 

0.12 

0.04 

0.04 

0.08 

0.03 

0.02 

0.30 

0.08 

0.03 

0.08 

0.10 

0.11 

0.02 

0.31 

0.02 

0.01 

0.08 

0.11 

0.04 

0.01 

0.32 

0.19 

0.05 

0.09 

0.11 

0.06 

0.02 

0.60 

0.05 

0.04 

0.19 

0.20 

0.11 

0.01 

lbs.  lbs. 
0.03i  0.02 
0.05j  0.01 
0.031  0.04 
0.04' .... 
0.03j  0.01 
0.03i  0.05 


JERSEY   VA  TTLE  IX  AMEIHV 


One  Hundred  Pounds  ok 

< 

< 

SUBSTANCK. 

1 

1 

1 

^ 

.1 

1 

1 

i 

02 

1 
S 

3 
5 

lbs.  1  lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs.  1  lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

Wheat :.. 

4.26'  0.49 

0.12 

0.11 

0.26 

0.23 

0.12 

2.82 

0.16 

Rye 

4.07 

0.76 

0.13 

0.13 

0.31 

0.19 

0.08|  2.37  . . . . 

0.09 

Barley 

4.39 

0.92 

0.20  0.11 

0.33 

0.19 

0.16  2.36. ... 

0.13 

Oats 

4.40 

0.97 

0.23  0.18 

0.36  0.18 

0.15  2.12  .... 

0.17 

Maize  Fodder 

4.72 
4.92 

1.66 
1.07 

0.05  0.26 
0.26  0.38 

0.50  0.38 
1.86  0.38 

0.25  1.79. ... 
0.281  0.28  0.30 

0  39 

Pea  Straw 

0.07 

GRAIN,    SEKDS,  KTC. 


One  Hundred  Poinds  ok 
Substance. 

4. 
< 

1 

. 

■1 
1 

1 

< 
j 

< 
1 

3 

1 

1 

% 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

Wheat 

1.77 

0.55 

0.06 

0.22 

0.06 

0.82 

0.04 

0.03 

0.15 

Rye 

1.73 

0.54 

0.03 

0.19 

0.05 

0.82 

0.04 

0.03 

0.17 

liarlev 

2.18 

0.48 

0.06 

0.18 

0.05 

0.72 

0.05 

0.59 

.0.14 

Oat.-* 

2.64 
1.23 

0.42 
0.33 

0.10 
0.02 

0.18 
0.18 

0.10 
0.03 

0.55 
0.55 

0.04 
0.01 

1.23 
0.03 

017 

Maize 

0.12 

Millet 

1.23 

0.92 

0.23 
0.21 

0.07 
0.06 

0.23 
0.12 

0.03 

0.66 
0.44 

0.02 
0.02 

IJllckwlieat 

.  ... 

0.02 

Flaxseed 

3.22 

0.04 

0.06 

0.42 

0.27 

1.30 

0.04 

0.04 

.... 

0.17 

Peas 

2.42 

2.07 
2.96 

0.98 
0.63 
1.20 

0.09 
0.22 
0.04 

0.19 
0.18 
0.20 

0.12 
0.06 
0.15 

0.88 
0.79 
1.16 

0.08 
0.09 
0.15 

0.02 
0.04 
0.04 

0.06 
0.02 
0.08 

0'?l4 

Vetches 

Reaus 

0.23 

Wheat  Bran 

5  56 

1.33 
1  93 

0.03 
0  09 

0.94 
1  13 

0.26 
0^5 

2.88 
3  4? 

0.06 

Rye  Bran 

Linseed  Cake 

714 

5.52 

1.29 

0.08 

0.88 

0.47 

1.94 

0.19 

0.36 

0.03 

JERSEY    CATTLE  IN  A3IERICA. 


231 


Tahle  showing  average  Composition,  Nutritive  and  Money  Value  of  different 
hinds  of  Fodder,  compiled  from  Tables  of  Dr.  Wolff  for  Oermany,  Dr. 
Collier  for  United  States,  various  Analyses  of  Connecticut  Experiment 
Station,  and  other  American  Analyses. 

ARTICLES    SUITABLE    FOR    DAIRY    CATTLE-FEEDING. 


Kinds  of  Fodder. 


Meadow  Hay,  medium 

Meadow  Hay,  very  good .  . . 

Meadow  Hay,  extra 

Red  Clover,  medium 

Eed  Clover,  very  good 

Red  Clover,  extra 

Red  Clover,  aftermath .... 
White  Clover,  medium .... 
Hay  of  pure  Red  Clover. . . . 

Lucern,  medium 

Lucern,  very  good 

Swedish  Clover,  Alsike .... 
Fodder  Yetch,  medium .... 
Fodder  Vetch,  very  good. . . 

Peas,  in  bloom 

Lupine,  very  good 

Fodder  Rye 

Timothy 

Early  Meadow   Grass   {Poa 

annua),  in  blossom 

Orchard  Grass,  in  blossom. 
June  Grass  {Poa  pratensis), 

in  blossom 

Sheep  Fescue 

Red-top,  in  blossom 


% 

U.3 
15.0 
16.0 
16.0 
16.5 
16.5 
16. 
16.5 
16.0 
16.0 
16.5 
16.0 
16.7 
16.7 
16.7 
16.7 
14.3 
14.3 

14.3 
14.3 

14.3 
2.5 
6.4 


1 

Organic  Substances. 

Nutrients. 

1 

.S 
1 
1 

3 

1 

t 
E 

a 

1 

1 

i 

si 

II 

il 

i 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

Asl  : 

6.2 

9.7 

26.3 

41.4 

2.5 

5.4 

41.0 

1.0 

8.0 

7.0 

11.7 

21.9 

41.6 

2.8 

7.4 

41.7 

1.3 

6.1 

7.7 

13.5 

19.3 

40.4 

3.0 

9.2 

42.8 

1.5 

5.1 

5.3 

12.3 

26.0 

38.2 

2.2 

7.0 

38.1 

1.2 

5.9 

6.0 

13.5 

24.0 

37.1 

2.9 

8.5 

38.2 

1.7 

5.0 

7.0 

15.3 

22.2 

35.8 

3.2 

10.7 

37.6 

2.1 

4.0 

10.5 

13.0 

25.1 

24.8 

41.8 

3.7 

1.8 

6.0 

14.5 

25.6 

33.9 

3.5 

8.1 

35.9 

2.0 

5.0 

5  6 

18  4 

95  4 

36  4 

8  9 

6.2 

14.4 

33.0 

27.9 

2.5 

9.4 

28.3 

1.0 

3.3 

6.8 

16.0 

26.6 

31.6 

2.5 

12.3 

31.4 

1.0 

2.8 

6.0 

15.0 

27.0 

32.7 

3.3 

8.6 

34.8 

1.8 

4.6 

8.-3 

14.2 

25.5 

32.8 

2.5 

9.4 

32.5 

1.5 

3.9 

9.3 

19.8 

23.4 

28.5 

2.3 

15.1 

31.1 

1.4 

2.3 

7.0 

14.3 

25.2 

34.2 

2.6 

9.4 

33.1 

1.6 

4.0 

4.1 

23.2 

25.2 

28.6 

2.2 

17.2 

36.0 

0.7 

2.2 

5.1 

0.4 

23.1 

44.5 

2.8 

6.6 

44.3 

1.3 

7.2 

4.5 

9.7 

22.7 

45.8 

3.0 

5.8 

43.4 

1.4 

8.1 

2.4 

10.1 

25.9 

47.2 

2.9 

6.0 

42.5 

2.1 

7.9 

4.6 

11.6 

28.9 

40.7 

2.7 

6.9 

40.3 

1.9 

6.5 

5.1 

8.9 

32.6 

39.1 

2.3 

5.9 

40.0 

1.6 

7.5 

3.6 

8.8 

25.1 

57.1 

3.6 

8.8 

67.1 

3.6 

6.9 

6.8 

10.3 

20.6 

53.1 

2.6 

10.3 

53.1 

2.6 

5.4 

J 

> 
% 

0.64 
0.75 
0.85 
0.70 
0.79 
0.89 

0.76 


0.71 
0.86 
0.76 
0.77 
0.99 
0.77 
1.10 
0.72 
0.70 

0.74 
0.74 

0.68 
0.85 
0.82 


232  JER&EY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

AVERAGE  COMPOSITION,  ETC.,  OF  FEEDING  STUFFS  (cOntinUcd ). 


Kinds  ok  Foddkr. 


UAY  {continued ). 
Meadow  Foxtail,  after  1) 

soin 

Meadow    Soft    (iruss,    v 

young 

Fowl    Meadow  Grass  (/%/ 

serotimi) 

Blue  Grass  {Poa  coiapresm) 
Blue  Grass,  early  bloom . . . 
Foxtail  Pigeon  Grass,  early 

l)l..<)in 

Johnson  Grass 

Beriiuula  Grass 

Quack  Grass 

Gaina  Grass 

Timothy 

Timothy  and  Ked-top 

Timothy  and  June  Grass. . . 

Mixed  Grasses 

Containing  Clover 

Low  Meadow  Hay 

Salt  Marsh  Ilay 

Japan  Clover 

Italian  Rye  Grass 

English  Rye  Grass 

Upland  Gi-asses 

Mexican  Clover 

Hungarian  Grass 

Desmodium 

Brown  Hay  of  ( "lover 


9.0 


Org;! 

NIC  Substances. 

Digestible 

nuthients. 

i 

it 

-^ 

.^s 

^ 

P 

1 

°l 

^ 

■i 
p 

p 

^ 

1 

Ph 

f^ 

£ 

^ 

£ 

"A 

6.2 
12.7 

8.6 
10.7 

11.4 

8.6 

6.2 

7.6 

7.0 

7.3 

10.9 

7.4 

6.1 

12.9 

11.2 

10.2 

9.5 

10.8 

16.7 


23.1 


49.6 


21.7 
17.8 
19.1 


21.4 
16.6 
22.7 

28.9 


24.1 
30.8 
31.9 
20.3 
22.9 
30.2 
28.7 
25.6 
29.4 
21.7 
25.4 


49.0 
56.4 

52.7 

52.4 

46.0 

44.7 

48, 

48.2 

45.8 

44.1 

45.4 

44.9 

43.0 

43.8 

41.3 

44.8 

40.6 

36.1 

39.1 

45.1 

38.5 


3.2 


16.8  49.3    4.1 


.8149.6!    3.2 


11.2,49.3,    4.1 


5.3 
10.2 

8.5 

9.16 

10.1 

9.8 

7.4 


).0  2.9 
3.4  2.4 
2.7    4.0 


52.4 
46.0 
44.7 
48.2 
48.2 


4.8,  0.85 

6.9'  0.69 
10.9  0.66 
4.5  0..S3 


5.2  0.76 


44.8 
41.5 
35.3 
40.9 
45.2 
41.0 


16.2  38.2 


0.74 
0.57 
0.64 


JEESJEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 

AVERAGE  COMPOSITION,  ETC.,  OF  FEEDING  STUFFS  {continued  ). 


Kinds  ok  Fodder. 


HAY  (continued ). 

Brown  Hay  of  Grasses 

Brown  Hay  of  Maize 

GKEEN  FODDEE. 

Grass,  before  bloom. . , 

Pasture  Grass 

Rich  Pasture  Grass 

Italian  Rye  Grass 

Timothy  Grass 

Upland  Grasses 

Maize  Fodder 

Green  Maize,  German 

Fodder  Rye 

Fodder  Oats 

Hungarian  Grass,  in  blos- 
som   

Pasture  Clover,  young 

Red  Clover,  before  bloom. . 

Red  Clover,  full  bloom .... 

White  Clover,  in  blossom . . 

Swedish  Clover,  beginning 
of  bloom 

Fodder  Vetch,  beginning  of 
bloom 

Fodder  Peas,  in  bloom. . 

Fodder  Cabbage 

White  Cabbage 

STRAW. 

Winter  Wheat  Straw. .  . 
Winter  Barley  Straw.  .  . 


„  Q  DiGESTIBLB 

Organic  Sdbstances.       nutkients. 


% 
22.4 

7.0 

6.0 
4.0 
4.0 
7.1 
8.0 
10.1 
4.7 
4.4 
7.9 
6.5 

8.5 
2.8 
4.5 
5.8 
6.0 


5.5 
5.6 
2.4 
2.0 

40.0 
43.0 


45.5 
10.1 

13.1 

9.7 
10.1 
12.1 
16.3 
13.4 

8.4 

9.3 
10.4 

8.3 

10.9 

7.2 
7.0 


5.1 


6.0 


35.6 
31.4 


a    i   S 


8.1 


0.4|  45.8 
0.4'  40.5 


0.22 
0.21 
0.27 
0.23 
0.28 
0.23 


0.13 
0.20 
0.15 

0.20 
0.25 
0.19 
0.17 
0.19 

0.17 

0.18 
0.18 
0.17 
0.11 

0.37 
0.33 


234 


JERSEY  VATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


AVERAGK   COMPOSITION, 

ETC.,  OF  FEEDING  STUFFS 

{con 

tinned). 

1 

i 

Orgakic  Substances. 

DlOESTIBI.E 

Nutrients. 

1 

1 

Kinds  of  Foddek. 

1 
1 

1 

1 

1 

J 

1^ 

1 

1 
S 

i 
1 

STRAW  (continued ). 

% 

% 

i 

% 

i 



% 

% 

% 

Asl  : 

* 

Summer  Barley  Straw. . . 

14.3 

4.1 

3.5 

40.0 

36.7 

1.4 

1.3 

40.6 

0.5 

32.2 

0.44 

Barley  Straw,  witli  Clo- 

ver  

14.3 

6.7 

6.5 

38.0 

32.5 

2.0 

3.3 

38.8 

0.9 

12.4 

0.53 

Oat  Straw 

14.3 

4.0 

4.0 

39.5 

36.2 

2.0 

1.4 

40.1 

0.6 

29.9 

0.45 

Summer    Grain    Straws, 

medium 

14.3 

4.1 

3.8 

39.7 

36.4 

1.7 

1.4 

40.4 

0.7 

31.0 

0.45 

Summer    Grain    Straws, 

very  good  

14.3 

6.7     6.9 

36.7 

32.9 

2.5 

2.5 

36.9 

0.8 

15.5 

0.47 

Fodder  Vetcli 

16.0 

4.5 

7.5 

42.0 

29.0 

1.0 

3.4 

31.9 

0.5 

9.8 

0.46 

Tea 

16.0 

4.5 

6.5 

38.0 

34.0 

1.0 

2.9 

33.4 

0.5 

12.0 

0.44 

Seed  Clover 

16.0 

5.6 

9.4 

42.0 

25.0 

2.0 

4.2 

28.5 

1.0 

7.4 

0.49 

Corn  Stalks 

15.0 

4.2 

3.0 

40.0 

36.7 

1.0 

1.1 

37.0 

0.3 

34.4 

0.39 

Wheat 

14.3 

9.2 

4.3 

36.0  '34.6 

1.4 

1.4 

32.8 

0.4 

24.1 

0.37 

CHAFF    AND  IHLI.S. 

Bye 

14.3 

7.5 

3.6 

43.5 

29.9 

1.2 

1.1 

34.9 

0.4 

32.6 

0.37 

Oats 

14.3 
14.3 

10.1 
13.0 

4.0 
3.0 

34.0 
30.0 

36.2 

38.2 

1.5 
1.5 

1.6 
1.2 

36.6 
35.0 

0.6 
0.6 

23.8 
30.4 

0.39 

Barley 

0.38 

Vetch 

15.0 

8.0 

8.5 

33.0 

33.5 

2.0 

4.2 

34.3 

1.2 

8.9 

0.54 

Pea 

15.0 

6.0 

8.1 

32.0 

36.9 

2.0 

4.0 

36.2 

1.2 

9.8 

0.55 

Flax 

11.2 

7.2 

2.7 

45.2 

32.6 

1.1 

0.7 

36.8 

0.4 

53.8 

0.38 

Wiiite  Clover 

11.5 

7.9 

18.3 

22.4 

36.8 

3.1 

10.7 

34.8 

1.5 

3.6 

0.84 

KOOTS   AND   TUBERS. 

Potatoes 

75.0 
88.0 

0.9 
0.8 

2.1 
1.1 

1.1 
0.9 

20.7 
9.1 

0.2 
0.1 

2.1 
1.1 

21.8 
10.0 

0.2 
0.1 

10.6 
9.3 

0.29 

Mangolds 

0.14 

American  Mangolds. . . . 
Sugar  Beets 

92.1 

1.04 

1.77 

0.78 

4.23 

0.45 

81.5 

0.7 

1.0 

1.3 

15.4 

0.1 

1.0 

16.7 

'o.! 

17.0 

0.19 

Kutahagas 

87.0 

1.0      1.3 

1.1 

9.5 

0.1 

1.3 

10.6 

0.1 

8.3 

0.15 

Carrots 

85.0 

0.9      1.4 

1.7 

10.8 

0.2 

1.4 

12.5 

0.2 

9.3 

0.18 

Turnips 

92.0 

0.7     1.1 

0.8 

5.3 

0.1 

1.1 

6.1 

0.1 

5.8 

0.16 

JERSEY   CATTLE  IW  A3IER1CA. 

AVERAGE  COMPOSITION,    ETC.,    OF    FEEDING    STVFFS  {continued). 


Kinds  ok  Fodder. 


BOOTS  AND  TUBERS 

{continued). 

Parsnips 

Sweet  Potato 

American  Yam 


GRAINS    AND    FRUITS. 

Wheat 

Rye 

American  Winter  Rye. . 

Barley 

Oats 

Maize 

Mammoth  Sweet  Corn. . 
Sweet  Corn,  average  . . . 
Stowell's  Evergreen 

Sweet  Corn 

Millet 

Golden  Millet 

Rice,  hulled 

Peas 

Vetch 

Cow  Peas,  American.  .  .120.0 


69.7 
71.2 

jl4.4 
14.3 
8.7 
14.3 
14.3 
14.4 
6.47 
8.59 

5.98 
14.0 
13.4 
14.0 
14.3 
14.3 


Flax  Seed 

Apples  and  Pears  . . . 
Roxbury  Russet.  .  .  . 

Pumpkins 

Squash,  American  .  . 

BY-PRODUCTS. 

Coarse  Wheat  Bran . 
Wheat  Middlings . . . 


Ii2.; 


11.4 
11.8 


Organic  Substances. 


0.7 
1.1 
0.6 

1.7 

1.8 

1.8 

2.2 

2.7 

1.5 

1.92 

1. 

1.92 
3.0 

2.8 
0.5 
2.4 
2.7 
3.1 
3.4 
0.4 
0.2( 
1.0 
0.7 

5.1 
2.3 


1.6 
1.9 
2.1 

13.0 

11.0 

12.1 

10.0 

12.0 

10.0 

12.78 

12.08 

11.9 
12.7 
9.6 

7.7 
32.4 
27.5 
21.6 
10.5 
0.4 
0.27 
0.6 
0.9 

12.9 
11.4 


1.0 
1.7 

0.7 

3.0 
3.5 
1.4 

7.1 
9.3 

5.5 

1.8S 
2.04 

2.66 
9.5 
11.6 

2.2 
6.4 


4.3 
0.95 

2.7 
1.0 

8.1 
4.8 


10.2 
26.3 
25.2 

66.4 
67.4 
73.9 
63.9 
55.7 
.1 
67.95 
67.3 

69.53 
57.5 

58.6 
75.2 
52.5 
45.8 
49.3 
19.6 
11.8 
15.71 

.5 

.1 

59.1 
66.8 


0.2 
0.3 
0.2 

1.5 
2.0 
2.1 
2.5 
6.0 
6.6 
9.0 
8.04 

8.00 
3.3 
4.0 
0.4 
2.0 
3.0 
1.3 
37.0 

0.53 
0.1 

0.2 


Digestible 
Kdtribnts. 


9.5 

7. 

6.9 
20.2 
24.8 
19.4 
17.2 

0.3 


11.2 

28.0 


64.3 
65.4 
70.3 
58.9 
43.3 


45.0 
47.0 
72.7 
54.4 
48.2 
49.6 
18.9 
12.9 


0.2 
0.3 
0.2 

1.2 
1.6 
1.6 
1.7 

4.7 

4.1 


7.3 
31.9 
12.5 

5.8 
7.0 


0.18 
0.30 
0.33 

1.13 
1.08 
1.16 
0.95 
0.98 
1.11 


2.6 
3.1 
0.3 
1. 
2.5 
1.1 
35.2 


0.93 
0.87 
0.96 
1.44 
1.63 
1.33 
2.47 
0.13 

0.08 
0.11 

1.01 
1.00 


JEli^iEY    CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


AYEEAGE   COMPOSITION,    KTC,    OF    FEEDING    STUFFS  {cOntinUHl). 


Kinds  op  Fodder. 


BY-PKODUCTS  {continued ). 

Eye  Bran 

Buckwheat  Bran 

Pea  Meal  Bran 

Pea  Meal 

Millet  Bran 

Barley  Bran 

Wheat  Meal 

Rice  Meal 

Barley  Middlings 

Oat  Bran 

DAIRY  PROD0CTS. 

Cow's  Milk 

Jersey  Milk 

Skimmed  Milk 

Skimmpd  Milk,  by  sep- 
arator   

Buttermilk 

"Whey 

Cream 

Jersey  Cream 


Organic  Substances. 

Digestible 

Nutrients. 

i'i 

^ 

l!l 

^; 

•s 

? 

OR 

•s 

^■^ 

'< 

I 

E 

1 

1 

^ 

3| 

1 

% 

12.9 
14.0 
12.3 
11.4 

9.5 
12.0 
11.5 

9.9 
12.3 

9.7 

87.5 
85.2 
90.0 

91.7 
90.1 
92.6 
62.0 
36.4 


3.4 
4.2 
3.5 

7.5 
4.1 
3.0 
10.6 


% 

12.6 
17.1 
13.1 
23.7 

6.5 
14.8 
13.9 
10.9 
11.6 

7.1 

3.2 
3.6 
3.5 

3.1 
3.0 
1.0 

2.7 


%    j  % 

2.5  67.0 

14.7j  46.4 

31.ll  37.8| 

4.5'  54.5 

57.6  14.4| 

19.4  45.6 

4.8  63.5: 

1.1  47.6' 

14.3i  52.9I 

19.3'  57.9' 


% 

1 

2.2 

10.6 

4.4 

13.5 

1.5 

9.2 

3.5 

20.9 

4.5 

4.5 

4.1 

11.5 

3.3 

10.8 

9.9 

8.6 

3.6 

9.6 

2.3 

5.6 

3.6 

3.2 

5.2 

3.6 

0.7 

3.5 

0.3 

3.1 

1.0 

3.0 

0.6 

1.0 

31.8 

2.7 

56.8 

3.8 

% 

50.0 

44.0 

45.8 

55.4 

38.8 

43. 

54.8 

47.2 

47.0 

49, 

5.0 
4, 

5.0 

4.1 
5.4 
5.1 
2.9 

2.8 


%  Asl: 
2.o|  5.3 
3.9;  4.1 
1.2!  5.3 
2.8|  3.0 
2.7  10.1 
3.6  4.5 
2.9  5.7 
8.8^  8.0 
3.2'  6.0 
2.0'    9.7 


1.00 
1.15 
0.86 
1.53 
0.66 
1.04 
1.08 
1.16 
0.93 
0.77 


3.6 

5.2 
0.7 

0.3 

1.0 

0.6 

31.8 

56.8 


4.4!  0.34 


1.9: 0.S 


2.6 

6.6 

30.5 


0.22 
0.11 
1.54 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


AVERAGE    COMPOSITION,     ETC.,     OF     FEEDING     STUFFS     {continued). 

Articles  of  Questionable  Utility  i?i  Feeding  Jersey  Cattle. 


Kinds  of  Fodder. 


Organic  Substances. 


Digestible 
Nutrients. 


7.2 


Meadow  Hay,  jjoor 

Fermented  Maize  Hay. . 

Cotton  Seed 

Cotton-seed  Meal,  de- 
corticated  

Cotton-seed  Meal,  un- 
decorticated 

Palm  Seed 

Palm-nut  Cake i  10.5 

Palm-nut  Cake,  Ameri- 
can        7, 

Palm-nut  Cake,  extract-j 
ed !  10.5 

Linseed  Cake i     9.1 

Linseed  Meal,  extract- 
ed  

Sunflower  Seed 

Sunflower  Cake 10.3 

Distillery  Slump 90.6 

Brewers'  Grains 75.2 

Malt  Sprouts 11.6 

Rye  Refuse,  starch  fac- 
tory      70.0 

Wheat  Refuse,  starch 
factory 74.0 

Potato  Refuse,  starch 
factory 86.0 


% 

7.5 

1.2 

22.8 


23.6 

8.4 

16.9 

13.5 

18.5 
32.4 

33.2 
13.0 
37.3 
1.8 
5.9 
25.9 

6.1 

4.4 

0.8 


33.5 
5.3 

16.0 


22.0 

6.0 

17.4 

18.8 

20.2 


15.4 

24.4 

30.5 
26.8 
41.0 

41.0 

43.5 
31.5 

38.7 
23.9 
26.0 
5.2 
13.2 
45.5 

18, 

15.4 

n.7 


18.0 

6.1 
49. 
10.0 


3.3 
11.6 


3.4 

0.8 
17.1 


17.5 

8.0 

16.1 

12.8 

17 
27.6 

27.8 

10.4 

31.3 

1.6 

4.8 


3.7 


% 
34.! 

8.( 
18.' 

17.6 

14.9 

31 

55.4 

56.2 

60.4 
27.0 

33.9 

24.6 
24.7 
5.4 
11.3 
43.7 

18.1 

15.1 

13.7 


% 

0.5 

0.4 

27.3 

16.2 

5.5 

48.: 
9.5 

14.0 

3.1 
10.4 

2.1 
21.2 

7.6 
0.8 
1.2 
0.9 

1 

1.8 

0.1 

I 


As] 
10. 
12.0 
4. 

1.8 

1.7 
18.3 
4. 

7.0 


% 
0.48 
0.13 

2.08 


1.14 
2.75 
1.61 


1.4 

7, 
1 
4 
3.0 

2.2 

4.1 
5.3 

17.4' 


1.44 

1.89 

1.61 
1.59 
1.93 
0.15 
0.36 
1.33 

0.44 

0.37 

0.16 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


AVERAGE   COMPOSITION,    ETC.,    OF   FEEDING    STVFV8  {oontintud). 

Articles  of  Questionable   Utility  in  Feedim^  Jersey  Cattle  (continued). 


1 

4 

Organic  Substances. 

Digestible 

Nutrients. 

1 
1 
•c 

Kinds  ok  Foddek. 

4 

1 

if 

1 

1 

fl 

".2 

1 

S 

i 

1 

Rape  Cake 

Rape  Meal,  extracted. . . 

Apple  Pomace 

Ensilage  of  Maize 

Ensilage  of  Rye 

Ensilage  of  Red  Clover. 
Ensilage  of  Sorghum. .  . 

Rye  Straw,  ripe 

Timothy  Ensilage 

Cow  Peas  Ensilage 

Orcliard       Grass     Ensi- 
lage  

% 
11.3 

8.5 
77.2 
82.0 
7fi.2 
79.2 
77.3 
14.3 
70.0 
76.0 

74.0 
74.2 

82.2 
84.9 
77.6 

% 

7.1 
7.9 
0.5 

4.1 

31.6 
33.1 

0.9 

.... 
3.0 

% 

11.0 

13.4 

3.9 

44.0 

% 

29.9 
34.1 
15.7 

33.3 

% 

9.6 
3.0 

1.7 

1.3 

25.3 
26.5 

23.8 
27.2 

7.7 
2.4 

Asl  : 
1.7 
1.3 

■ 

1 

1.66 
1.51 

1.0 
1.9 
3.0 
1.6 
0.8 
2.1 
3.0 

2.6 

10.1 
12.0 

8.1 
11.9 
36.5 
16.0 

9.4 

12.4 

0.5 
0.4 
1.7 
0.3 
0.4 
0.5 
0.2 

0.4 

11.4 
6.8 
4.0 
7.4 

46.9 
8.2 
3.2 

5.1 

0.16 
0.21 
0.28 
0.19 
0.35 
0*^8 

.... 

0.24 

0^4 

0.8 

0.9 

4.7 

7.0 

0.3 

Carrot       Leaves      Ensi- 
lase. 

2.2 

7.0 

0.5 

3.8 

0.1  H 

Extra  Maize  Ensilage. . . 
Best  Maize  Ensilage*. . . 

1.8 

1.9 

2.0 

7.9 
6.0 

13.0 
12.0 

0.9 
0.54 

i 

*  This  was  a  sample  analyzed  at  the  Connecticut  Station,  made  from  corn  well  advanced  in  ear. 
It  contained  acetic  acid  iWa.  "equivalent  to  one  quart  of  strong  vinegar  per  hundred  pounds,"  and 
iWr  alcohol,  equivalent  to  one  pint  of  rum  per  lumdred  pounds  of  ensilage. 


JEliSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


VALUE    OF    THE    TABLES. 


These  valuations  are  only  approximate.  The  standard  is  average  meadow 
hay  figured  at  sixty-four  cents  for  one  hundred  pounds.  Tlie  German  estimates 
by  Dr.  "Wolff  on  the  basis  of  four  and  one  third  cents  for  one  pound  of  digestible 
proteids,  four  and  one  third  cents  for  one  pound  of  digestible  fat,  and  nine  tenths  of 
a  cent  a  pound  for  the  digestible  carbo-hydrates. 

The  feeder  will  learn  to  make  practical  use  of  the  tables  by  frequent  reference 
to  them,  and  comparing  the  estimates  with  the  results  of  his  own  practice.  By 
the  exercise  of  his  own  skill  he  can  combine  such  elements  as  are  best  to  form 
rations  for  his  own  stock. 

REQUISITES    TO    SUSTAIN    LIFE    AND    HEALTH. 

The  animal  heat  must  be  sustained  by  the  carbo-hydrates  and  the  carbon  of  the 
proteids.  This  is  believed  to  be  accomplished  by  oxidation  in  the  cells  and  capillary 
vessels  of  the  body,  and  consumes  the  starch,  gum,  sugar  and  cellulose,  and  furnishes 
the  carbon  given  off  in  breathing. 

The  fat  which  is  stored  up  in  the  body,  as  well  as  the  great  quantity  secreted 
in  milk,  must  be  supplied  by  vegetable  oils.  The  natural  wear  and  waste  of  muscle 
and  cartilage  and  the  growth  of  these  in  young  animals  must  be  sufficiently  provided 
for  in  proteids,  as  albumen,  gluten,  casein,  legumen,  fibrin,  mucedin  and  gliadin. 
The  bones  and  teeth  must  be  built  u])  and  nourished  by  earthy  phosjjhates,  and 
the  processes  of  digestion,  asshnilation  and  excretion  aided  by  saline  substances, 
chlorides,  sulphates,  and  other  elements  that  appear  in  the  various  excretions  after 
fulfilling  their  purpose.  Food  that  furnishes  all  these  essential  elements  in  right 
proportions  and  sufficient  quantity  in  the  most  palatable  and  digestible  forms  must  be 
provided  by  the  care  and  skill  which  meets  all  the  purposes  of  the  dairyman  and  the 
breeder  of  butter  cattle.  These  objects  cannot  be  accomplished  without  a  great 
variety  of  grasses,  grains,  leguminous  plants  and  roots. 


JEliSJ-JY    CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


AMERICAN   FEEDING   STUFFS. 
AvKRAOE  Selections  from  Table  ok  American  AxALYSt:s. 

COMPILED    BY    E.    H.    JENKINS,    PH.D.,    CONN. 

Agrieiiltural  Experiment  Station  Report,  1884. 


(JREEN   KODDKRS. 

Maize 

Maize  Ensilage 

(\)W  Pea  Vine  and  Pods 

llyi^ 

HAY. 

(h.ovER  Hay 

Timothy 

Sorghum  Leaves 

Hungarian  Grass 

Oat  Straw 

MaIZK,  FlEI.IK'lKED.  .  .  . 

('ow  Pea  Vines 


ROOTS. 

Beets  (red) 

Carrots 

Mangolds 

Potatoes 

Sweet  Potatoe.*. 

Turnips 

Kntabagas 

FRUITS 

Apples 

Squash 


i 
^ 

1 

1   , 

18.86 

1.30 

19.29 

1.47 

15.94 

3.12 

25.30 

2.60 

84.98 

11.38 

87.42 

6.36 

27.00 

3.10 

83.30 

6.59 

89.89 

3.35 

67.95 

4.29 

88.95 

15.68 

11.43 

1.60 

12.68 

1.38 

7.96 

1.70 

21.35 

1.23 

29.72 

0.97 

11.11 

1.34 

12.92 

1.15 

15.89 

0.21 

5.12 

0.66 

§1 


.60 
.65 

1.98 
2.03 

1.81 
2.07 
1.24 

2.87 

0.18 
0.67 
0.20 
0.13 
0.31 
0.09 
0.09 

0.28 
0.28 


10.65 
9.88 
6.91 
5.90 


5.37 

5.88 
3.48 
14.30  1 


40.11 

26.35 

44.89 

29.93 

45.10 

5.20 

42.49 

27.16 

36.97 

42.78 

35.96 

22.14 

42.17 

19.82 

7.40 

1.16 

7.28 

1.93 

4.19 

0.82 

18.72 

0.38 

26.13 

1.36 

8.11 

0.86 

9.11 

1.16 

14.26 

0.91 

3.24 

0.54 

1.22 
1.34 

1.83 
1.90 

5.15 
4.23 
3.50 
5.24 
4.72 
4.32 
8.41 

1.08 
1.34 
1.05 
0.89 
0.93 
0.71 
1.41 

0.23 
0.40 


$-- 


m^ 


OXFORD    KATE   13,646. 

AT   5   YEARS  OLD. 

Kliedite  Type. 
R.  S.  Andrews,  Baltimore,  Maryland. 


MISS   SHARPLESS    24,352. 

Kliedire  Type. 
HIGHLAND  HERD. 

James  N.  Smith,  Litchfield,  Connecticut. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN'  AMERICA. 


AMERICAN  FEEDING  STUFFS  (cOntinUed). 

Average  of  American  Analyses  {continued). 


(iKAIN8. 

Peas 

Barley 

Cow  Pea 

Soja  Bean 

Maize  Kernel  (Dent) 

Maize  Kernel  (Flint) 

Maize  Kernel  (Sweet) 

Maize  Kernel  (Western)  . . 

Oats 

Rice 

Rye 

Wheat  (Winter) 

Wheat  (Spring) 

Sorghum  Seed 

meal  and  bran. 

Barley  Meal 

Hominy 

Maize  Meal 

Oat  Meal 

Cotton -seed  Meal 

Linseed  Meal,  old  process  . 
Linseed  Meal,  new  process. 

Rye  Bran 

Wheat  Middlings 

Wheat  Bran 

Wheat  Shorts 


21.94 

4.37 

88.90 

12.40 

85.21 

20.77 

91.41 

36.22 

89.93 

10.36 

88.93 

10.67 

91.42 

11.71 

80.90 

8.30 

89.30 

11.30 

87.60 

7.40 

88.40 

10.60 

89.63 

11.82 

89.63 

12.51 

87.48 

8.88 

84.90 

11.80 

86.51 

8.25 

85.14 

9.26 

92.15 

14.66 

92.17 

42.45 

91.28 

31.23 

89.49 

33.45 

87.70 

15.26 

88.03 

12.27 

87.98 

14.54 

88.15 

13.14 

0.55 
L80 
1.43 
17.92 
5.15 
5.00 
8.31 
3.70 
5.00 
0.40 
1.70 
2.14 
2.20 
3.65 

1.70 
.44 
3.82 
7.06 
13.36 
8.72 


14.48 

1.66 

69.30 

2.90 

55.75 

4.06 

28.66 

4.24 

70.60 

2.29 

70.08 

1.71 

66.54 

2.82 

66.00 

1.75 

61.00 

9.00 

79.20 

0.20 

72.60 

1.60 

72.04 

1.77 

71.19 

1.82 

71.27 

1.88 

70.90 

0.10 

77.12 

0.32 

68.58 

2.29 

67.57 

0.86 

23.49 

5.67 

37.75 

7.34 

38.78 

8.37 

63.12 

3.51 

65.48 

4.58 

55.16 

8.79 

51.22 

6.12 

242  JEItSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 

RELATIVE    VALUE    OF    FEEDING    STUFFS. 

100  lbs.  Good  Hay  ^    lbs. 

Beets 070 

Turnips 470 

Clover,  Green 375 

Carrots 371 

Manjrokls 368 

Lucern  Hay 89 

Clover  Hay 88 

Corn 62 

Oats    59 

Barley 58 

Rye 53 

Wheat 44 

Linseed  Oil-cake 43 

SUMIIAKY    OF    FOOD    ELEMENTS.* 

"1.  The  earthy  substances  contained  in  food,  consisting  chiefly  of  lime  and 
magnesia,  present  the  animal  with  the  materials  of  which  the  long  skeleton  of  its  body 
principally  consists. 

"  They  may  be  called,  therefore,  bone  materials. 

"  2.  The  saline  substances — chloride  of  sodium  (common  salt)  and  potassium, 
sulphate  and  phosphate  of  potash  and  soda  and  some  other  mineral  matters  occurring 
in  food — sujiply  the  blood,  juice  of  flesh,  and  various  animal  juices,  witli  tlie 
necessary  mineral  constituents. 

"  3.  Albumen,  gluten,  legumen  and  nitrogen,  containing  jjrinciples  of  food, 
furnish  the  animal  with  the  materials  required  for  the  formation  of  blood  and  flesh. 
They  are  therefore  called  flesh-forming  substances. 

"  4.  Fat  and  oily  matters  of  the  food  are  employed  to  lay  on  fat,  <>r  to  support 
respiration  and  annual  heat. 

"5.  Starch,  sugar,  gum,  and  a  few  other  non-nitrogenized  substances,  consisting 
of  carbon,  hydrogen  and  oxygen,  are  used  to  support  respiration  (hence  they  are 
called  elements  of  respiration),  as  they  produce  fat  when  given  in  excess. 

"  <i.  Starch,  sugar,  and  other  elements  of  respiration  alone  cannot  sustain  tlie 
animal  body. 

"  7.  Albumen,  gluten,  or  any  other  albuminous  matter  alone  does  not  support 
the  life  of  herbivorous  animals. 

"  8.  Animals  fed  upon  food  deflcient  in  earthy  phosphates  or  bone-producing 
principles  grow  sickly  and  remain  weak  in  the  bone. 


*  Chemistry  of  Food.  Dr.  August  Voelcker. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  'ZU 

"  9.  The  healthy  state  of  an  animal  can  only  be  preserved  by  a  mixed  food, 
which  contains  flesh-forming  constituents  as  well  as  heat-giving  principles,  and  earthy 
and  saline  mineral  substances  in  proportion,  determined  by  experience,  and  adapted  to 
the  diflEerent  kinds  of  animals,  or  to  the  purposes  for  which  they  are  kept." 

DIGESTION    IN    CATTLE. 

The  digestive  organs  of  cattle  are  very  complex.  Digestion  begins  in  the  mouth 
and  is  completed  in  the  large  intestine.  The  mouth  is  the  mill  for  grinding  and 
salivating  food.  It  contains  the  tongue,  teeth,  salivary  glands,  and  also  the  organs 
of  taste,  which  latter,  aided  by  the  sense  of  smell,  inform  the  animal  in  selecting  what 
is  good  and  rejecting  what  is  unsuited  to  its  use.  There  are  five  sets  of  salivary 
glands — the  j)(^rotid  glands,  the  largest,  one  on  each  cheek  in  front  of  the  ear  ;  the 
submaxillary,  under  the  lower  jaw ;  the  suhllngual,  under  the  tongue ;  the  molar 
glands,  parallel  to  the  molar  arches  ;  the  Uj>  ami  palate  glands.  These  all  discharge 
a  thin  fluid  into  the  mouth.  This  fluid,  or  saliva,  contains  an  element  called  jjtyalhi, 
which  changes  starch  to  sugar.  A  lurge  vow  k  liclieved  to  discharge  more  than  a 
gallon  of  saliva  while  chewing  the  cud  one  lionr.  If  the  cow  is  in  good  health  and  a 
large  milker  she  must  feed  largely  and  secrete  an  enonnous  quantity  of  saliva,  and 
that  food  is  best  which  is  given  in  a  form  requiring  remastication.  Ground  feed 
should  be  mixed  with  cut  hay  to  make  the  whole  mass  bulky,  so  as  to  be  raised  for 
cud-chewing. 

Bovine  animals  have  a  compound  stomach  with  fom-  C(jmpartments :  the  flrst,  or 
rumen,  holds  about  eight  bushels  in  a  full-sized  ox,  and  makes  up  about  nine  tenths 
of  the  bulk  of  the  quadruple  stomach;  It  tills  the  left  side  of  the  belly  from  tlie 
short  ribs  to  the  hips,  and  is  lobulate  in  form,  having  three  compartments. 

The  second  stomach,  reticulum,  is  a  prolongation  forward  of  the  left  sac  of  tlie 
rumen,  the  communicating  connection  allowing  the  soft  contents  to  pass  freely  from 
the  rumen.     Its  lining  membrane  has  cells  like  a  honeycomb. 

These  organs  are  connected  with  the  gullet,  and  also  the  third  stomach,  by  a 
curious  structure  called  the  (lettvi-canaJ.  This  structure  forms  a  common  way  for 
the  first  three  stomachs,  and  has  also  the  power  of  contracting  its  walls  so  as  to 
communicate  only  with  the  third  stomach. 

The  third  stomach,  omasum,  or  manifold,  is  larger  than  the  second,  lies  over  tlic 
reticulum  to  the  right,  and  above  the  right  fore-sac  of  the  rumen,  beneath  tlic  short 
ribs  on  the  right  side. 

On  its  convex  side  a  dozen  or  more  leaf -like  folds  extend  nearly  across  the  organ. 
These  are  interspersed  with  shorter  folds  in  alternation,  the  smallest  becoming  mere 
ridges.  These  present  a  lai-ge  amount  of  apposite  surface,  and  the  partitions  being 
endowed  with  invohintary  muscles,  for  the  moving  of  adjacent  surfaces  against  each 
other,  the  tliird  stomach  is  thus  made  a  triturating  apparatus. 


244  JERSEY   CATTLE  IN^  AMElilCA. 

The  fourtli  stomacli,  rennet,  is  of  an  elongated  oval  fonn,  tapering  backward  in 
the  right  flank  at  tlie  lower  border  of  the  rumen,  to  its  termination,  where  it  joins  the 
small  intestine.  Although  second  in  size,  it  is  very  snuill  coiuiJured  with  the  rumen. 
This  organ  corresponds  to  the  one  stomach  in  other  aiiiiii;ils.  This  is  the  organ  for 
secreting  and  mixing  the  gastric  juice  with  the  softened  aliment. 

The  coarser  foods  pass  as  soon  as  taken  into  the  rumen  or  to  tlic  (reticulum) 
reticule;  flner  and  softer  foods  may  ])ass  at  once  to  tlie  tliird  iind  tlie  fourth 
stomachs. 

Liquids  with  finely  divided  food  may  be  distributed  througii  the  four  stomachs, 
liquids  being  propelled  through  the  demi-canal  into  the  manifold  and  rennet  by  a 
series  of  contractions  of  the  reticulum  while  the  animal  is  drinking.  Thus  some  foods 
may  reach  the  manifold  and  rennet  and  not  be  returned  for  rumination.  The  rumen 
often  holds  two  hundred  pounds  of  food  when  an  ox  is  slaughtered.  This  is  one 
fourth  food  mixed  with  three  times  its  weight  of  saliva  and  some  water.  The 
reticule  usually  contains  liquid.  The  strong  involuntary  muscles  of  these  organs 
give  a  continuous  clmming  movement  to  all  their  contents,  rendering  all  soluble 
elements  into  a  condition  for  mixing  with  the  gastric  juice  of  the  rennet. 

The  great  bulk  of  the  food  in  the  rumen  and  a  small  portion  from  the  reticule 
are  floated  back  in  small  quantities  to  the  mouth  for  mastication.  This  is  done  by  a 
muscular  compression  of  the  runien.  ;i  contraction  of  the  demi-canal  and  gullet  from 
below  upward,  thus  forcing  a  mouthful  of  liquid  mixed  with  fibi'ous  matter  to  the 
tongue  and  palate,  which  seize  the  solid  portion  in  a  mass,  separating  and  swallowing 
the  li(juid.  The  solid  is  then  leisurely  chewed  and  remixed  with  saliva,  when 
it  is  passed  on  to  the  several  receptacles,  according  to  its  degree  of  preparation, 
some  of  it  probably  being  masticated  and  remasticated  many  times  before  it  is  fit 
for  the  rennet. 

The  good  cow  is  content  to  spend  a  large  portion  of  her  time  chewing  the  cud. 
She  has  a  very  capacious  rumen,  needs  from  twelve  to  fifteen  gallons  of  water  daily,  and 
perfect  qiiietude.  Any  worriment  or  disturbance  of  the  general  health  interferes  with 
the  process  of  rumination.  The  manifold  jiresses  out  the  fluid  ])ortions  of  the  food, 
and  triturates  the  residue,  still  further  pulverizing  it.  In  the  rennet  it  is  mixed  with 
the  gastric  juice,  which  transforms  the  protein  elements  into  milky  peptones,  ready 
for  absorption  by  the  lymphatic  vessels  of  the  rennet,  and  the  carbo-hydrates  already 
converted  into  sugar  by  the  saliva  are  also  absorbed  by  the  giustric  blood-vessels,  while 
a  large  portion  of  the  food  needs  something  more  than  the  compound  acid  and  pepsin 
of  the  stomacli,  and  must  be  passed  onward  to  the  intestiiial  canal  to  complete  the 
process  of  digestion.  At  tiie  proper  time  the  pylorus,  a  sjihincter  or  circular  gate, 
involuntarily  oj^ens,  allowing  the  contents  of  the  rennet  to  flow  into  the  next  vessel, 
a  long,  thin  tube,  convoluted  and  doubled  upon  itself  in  many  folds  and  festoons. 
The  first  part  is  the  duodenum.     This  organ  has  its  involuntary  muscular  structure 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


i45 


for  propulsion,  and  a  mucus  lining  filled  with  little  follicles  wliicli  secrete  a  digestive 
fluid.  Here  also  through  two  oritices  is  received  the  bile  from  the  liver,  and  the 
pancreatic  jiiice  from  the  pancreas,  to  digest  and  emulsify  the  fats  and  prepare  them 
for  the  subsequent  production  of  butter.  Here  also  any  undissolved  starch  is,  by  the 
combined  action  of  the  bile  and  the  diastase  of  the  pancreas,  rendered  into  sugar, 
and  any  protein  elements  needing  further  preparation  are  served  with  the  proper 
solvents,  and  the  nutritive  fluids  are  absorbed  and  pass  into  the  general  circulation. 
The  small  intestine  is  about  one  hundred  and  twenty  feet  in  length,  and  leads  into 
the  large  intestine,  which  has  a  length  of  about  thirty  feet.  Here  what  is  left  of 
assimilative  elements  in  the  digested  food  is  absorbed,  and  the  excretory  refuse  is 
thrown  out  upon  the  surface  of  the  lower  or  small  (olon,  and  becomes  fecal  matter, 
which  is  formed  into  round  masses  by  the  propulsive  contractions  of  the  tube,  and 
progressively  expelled  from  the  rectum. 

The  following  interesting  table  is  taken  from  Roberts,  and  gives  a  general  view 
of  the  process  of  digestion  : 

TABLE  OF  THE  DIGESTIVE  JUICES  AND  THEIE  FEEMENTS. 


DiGESTivB  Juices. 

Ferments  Contained  in 
Tliem. 

Action  on  Foods. 

Saliva 

Salivary     Diastase     or 
Ptyalin 

Changes  starch  into  su- 
gar and  dextrin. 

Changes  proteids  into 
peptones  in  acid  me- 
dium. 

Curdles  casein  of  milk. 

Changes  proteids  into 
peptones  in  alkaline 
and  neutral  media. 

Curdles  casein  of  milk. 

Changes  starch  into  su- 
gar and  dexti'in. 

Emulsifles  and  partially 
saponifies  fats. 

Assists  in  emulsifying 
fats. 

Changes  cane-sugar  into 
invert-sugar. 

Gastric  Juice \ 

[ 

Pancreatic  Juice \ 

Bile 

h.  Curdling  Ferment.  . 

\a.  Trypsin - 

h.  Curdling  Ferment..  . 
6'.  Pancreatic  Diastase  ] 

d.  Emulsive  Ferment  - 

a.  Invertin } 

h.  Curdling  Ferment .  . 

Curdles  casein  of  milk. 

246  JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

Starcli  is  attackcnl  aloiii;  tlic  M-liolo  line  of  tliu  aliiiientarv  track.  Alliuiiiinous 
elements  in  the  renni't  and  small  intestines.  The  ferments  wliieli  curdle  milk  are 
found  in  tiie  rennet  and  pancreas,  and  jxissiblv  in  the  small  intestine.  The  bile  is 
alkalescent  in  its  reaction,  and  helps  absorption  of  fatty  matters  by  its  emulsifying 
projierties.  Healthy  Iwvine  digestion  depends  largely  upon  ajjpropriate  food  to  suit 
the  complicated  series  of  fcrment-acticnis  here  illustrated. 

The  kidneys,  the  skin  and  the  lungs  all  assist  in  excreting  the  waste  materials 
that  have  served  tlicir  jjurpose.  The  hitrogen  of  the  food,  with  the  exception  of 
what  is  ajjpropriated  in  building  n|)  t!ie  liody  or  the  formation  of  milk,  is  believed  to 
be  all  recovered  in  the  dung  an<i  urine.  When  animals  are  fed  upon  rich  food  the 
iirine  will  sometimes  yield  forty  jut  cent,  of  phosphoric  acid,  but  upon  coarse  fodder 
little  or  none  M'ill  be  found  in  tlie  urine,  while  ninety-five  per  cent,  of  the  soda  and 
])otash  of  the  fund  are  excreted  in  the  urine,  and  also  about  tliirty  ])ei-  cent,  of  the 
magne.sia,  most  of  tiie  sulphuric  acid  and  chlorine;  the  silica,  witli  the  rest  of  the 
ash  constituents  not  utilized  in  the  production  of  milk  or  .structure  of  tissues,  is 
excreted  in  the  dung.  These  facts  show  the  importance  of  an  intelligent  selection 
of  all  fodders,  and  also  the  value  and  importance  of  saving  all  manure,  esjjccially  the 
liquid  portions. 

soiLiNu  cattlp:. 

"  Turning  pusture  into  lillugc  makes  the  ni:in." — Knr/lixfi  Prorerh. 

The  cutting  of  green  forage  plants  and  feeding  to  cattle  in  the  stable  is  com- 
monly termed  "  soiling,"  a  i)ractice  which  must  become  general  on  all  land  that  is 
suitable. 

■rilK    SEVKN    POINTS    OK    SOILING. 

1.  It  saves  land. 

2.  It  saves  food. 

3.  It  saves  fences. 

4.  It  saves  manure. 

5.  It  saves  health  and  condition. 

6.  It  saves  the  losses  of  ordinary  unproductiveness. 

7.  It  .saves  the  jirofits  of  well-eniployed  labor. 


The  contrast  betwec^n  feeding  luxuriant  cultivated  crops  and  ordinary  pasturing 
is  as  wide  as  the  distinction  between  civilization  and  barbarism.  Indeed,  the  one  is 
the  result  of  civilization  and  progress,  while  the  other  is  essentially  barbaric  in  its 
methods. 

Soiling  utilizes  the  land  for  all  it  can  produce  of  the  best  crops.  Pasturing 
usually  takes  what  chances  to  grow,  whether  good  or  l)ad  ;  and,  as  the  animal  occupies 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  247 

its  own  dish  and  tramples  its  own  food  ;  scatters  its  dung  and  nrine  upon  it ;  lies 
upon  it  and  breathes  lapon  it,  to  the  disgust  of  other  animals— it  naturally  results  that 
a  wide  space  of  groimd  is  rendered  unprofitable.  Besides,  the  soil  that  is  thus 
rendered  useless  ought  to  be  producing  crops  which  in  a  cold  climate  must  be 
relied  iipon  for  winter  support  from  six  to  eight  months  of  the  year. 

It  is  estimated  that  imder  skilful  management  of  pasturing  it  requires  three  acres 
to  furnish  an  equivalent  for  one  acre  of  forage  crops.  Under  poor  pasturing  there 
is  a  much  wider  variation,  so  that  fifty  acres  imder  the  forage  system  are  equal  to  one 
hundred  and  twenty-five  acres  under  the  barbaric  system  of  pasturage. 

THE    SAVING    OF    FOOD. 

The  saving  of  food  is  tlie  result  of  having  the  food  under  complete  control  as 
to  growth,  selection  of  kind  and  quantity,  which  is  or  ought  to  be  such  that  it  is 
wholly  eaten,  and  all  the  waste  caused  by  the  animal  from  trampling,  fouling,  lying 
upon,  breathing  upon  and  overgrazing  are  precluded.  Cattle  will  also  eat  many 
weeds,  such  as  daisies  and  thistles,  when  cut,  in  a  tender  and  succulent  condition  or 
mixed  with  other  food.  The  forage  system  saves  everything  that  is  aromatic  and 
edible,  and  this  leads  to  the  extermination  of  weeds  by  cutting  them  before  bloom. 

The  cattle  cannot  be  fed  with  profit  from  food  used  in  pasturing,  because  they 
are  obliged  to  expend  its  value  in  many  hours  of  unprofitable  foraging  for  themselves 
in  the  vain  effort  to  utilize  dry  grass  and  the  branches  of  trees,  so  that,  whereas  the 
cow  should  speedily  fill  the  rumen  and  chew  her  cud,  she  must  spend  sixteen  hours  to 
get  the  amount  of  a  square  meal,  and  then  fail  in  filling  her  udder. 

THE    SAVINIJ    OF    FENCES. 

Many  a  man  spends  more  for  fences  to  keep  cattle  within  the  bounds  of  a  poor 
pasture  than  the  land  itself  is  worth.  But  on  good  land  the  expense  is  a  profitless 
outlay,  as  it  costs  a  tax  of  one  dollar  per  acre  as  the  annual  expense  of  maintaining 
pasture  fences.  Where  the  land  admits  of  it,  it  were  far  better  to  employ  one 
hundred  dollars'  annual  outlay  for  the  fences  of  a  hundred-acre  farm  in  maintaining 
three  times  the  number  of  cattle  and  steadily  improving  the  richness  of  the  farm. 

THE    SAVING    OF    MANURE. 

The  estimates  of  the  value  of  manure  by  various  authorities  warrant  the  placing 
it  at  twenty  dollars  per  cow  or  upward,  pi-ovided  all  the  excrement  is  saved. 

The  soiling  system  is  the  only  means  of  saving  this  amount,  and  under  this 
system  the  manure  that  is  daily  dropped  in  the  exercise  lot  should  be  gathered  in  a 
cart  and  dumped  upon  the  heap  in  the  manure  house.  It  is  wasted  if  allowed  to 
remain  where  it  is,  and  would  be  more  than  half  wasted  in  the  pasture  by  evaporation 
or  washing  into  brooks  and  slouglis. 


248  JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

Those  who  have  had  many  years'  experience  in  soiling  declare  that  the  saving 
of  the  manure  is  more  than  a  full  compensation  for  all  the  labor  in  soiling. 

THE    SAVING    OF    HEALTH    AND    CONDITION. 

The  exercise  of  the  animal,  like  its  food,  is  all  under  the  control  of  the  owner, 
and  may  be  so  managed  as  to  render  the  animal  healthful  and  profitable,  while  the 
pasturing  system  may  compel  the  animal  to  take  too  much  exercise,  and  that  often  of 
a  very  unprofitable  kind. 

The  health  of  the  animal  is  benefited  by  a  proper  selection  of  food  of 
abundant  quantity.  The  pasture  gives  an  unequal  and  often  scanty  supply  of  food 
of  an  indifEerent  or  bad  quahty,  at  a  waste  of  energy  in  searching  for  it. 

The  animal  is  protected,  in  the  cool  stable,  from  the  scorching  heat,  from  the 
tonnenting  flies  and  mosquitoes,  and  from  chilling  storms  and  wet.  Surely  this 
protection,  combined  with  good  feeding  and  careful  exercise  in  a  convenient 
yard,  cannot  but  be  conducive  to  the  fullest  health  and  comfort. 

SAVIN((    liV    INCREASKD    I'RODLCTITENESS. 

The  dairy  cow  needs  but  a  very  moderate  amount  of  exercise,  and  both  exercise 
and  food  must  be  so  controlled  as  to  develop  the  liighest  capacity  for  the  production 
of  milk,  butter  and  cheese. 

The  forage  system  is  adapted  to  prnducc  such  results  because  it  enables  the 
animal  to  be  fed  a  full  ration  at  all  times,  so  that  all  her  powers  are  devoted  to  the 
one  objective  point  of  transforming  the  greatest  possible  amount  of  wholesome 
fodder  into  the  greatest  possible  amount  of  wholesome  human  food,  and  this  is  accom- 
plished by  soiling ;  for  actual  tests  have  demonstrated  that  the  productiveness  of 
lierds  has  been  more  than  doubled  year  by  year  for  long  periods.  An  experiment 
by  Dr.  Rhode,  of  the  Eldena  Royal  Academy  of  Agriculture  of  Prussia,  conducted 
through  seven  years  of  pasturing  and  seven  years  of  soiling,  gave  an  average  for 
each  cow  at  ])asture  for  seven  years  of  one  thousand  five  hundred  and  eighty-three 
(juarts  annually,  while  for  soiling  the  average  for  each  cow  was  three  thousand  four 
hundred  and   forty-two  quarts,  giving  much  more  than  double  productiveness. 

And  now  the  saving  of  land,  of  food,  of  fences,  of  manure,  of  health,  of 
productiveness,  all  conduce  to  the 

SAVIN(1    OF    PROFIT    UPON    I>AB0R   EMPLOYED. 

There  is  a  profit  from  labor  employed  because  it  is  expended  judiciously  in 
bringing  immediate  returns  and  also  permanently  enriching  the  farm.  Professor 
Stewart  in  his  excellent  work,  "Feeding  Animals,"  shows  how  one  man  can  with 
proper  tools  and  appliances  perform  all  the  hand  labor  for  soiling  one  hundred 
head  of  cattle.     The  annual  expense  for  fences  for  pasturing  one  hundred  head 


JERHEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  249 

of  cattle  wonld  be  not  less  than  three  hundred  dollars,  at  a  loss  of  one  half  their 
productiveness.  The  feeder  needs  a  team,  mowing-machine,  horse-rake,  wagon  and 
hay-loader,  and  a  good  growth  of  soiling  crops. 

SOILING    CROPS. 

Large  crops  of  the  following  list  of  plants  are  to  be  recommended  for  cultiva- 
tion, to  be  fed  in  the  order  produced,  but  taking  care  to  combine  several  of  them, 
when  practicable,  in  one  ration. 

1.  Winter  Rye  {Secale  oereale). 

2.  Winter  Barley  {Hordeum). 

3.  Red  Clover  {TrifoUum praten>ie). 

4.  Orchard  Grass  {Dactylis  glomerata). 

5.  Italian  Rye  Grass  {Lolium  Italicuin). 

6.  Timothy  {Phleum  pratense). 
1.  Timothy  and  Large  Clover. 

8.  Timothy  and  Alsike  {Trifolium  hyhrldum). 

9.  Green  OatS  {Avena  sativa). 

10.  Winter  Wheat  {Triticuin  vulgare). 

11.  Cow  Peas  and  Oats. 

12.  Common  Millet  (Panieiim  milUaciuni). 

13.  Hungarian  Grass  {Setaria  Oerma/nica). 

14.  Italian  Millet  {Setaria  Italica). 

15.  Vetch  (  Vicia  sativa). 

16.  Spring  Wheat  {Triticum  vulgare  var.). 

17.  Sweet  Corn  {Zea  mays  var.). 

18.  Dent  Corn  {Zea  mays  var.). 

19.  Fhnt  Corn  {Zea  mays  var.). 

20.  Spring  Barley  {Hordeum  vulgare  mir.). 

21.  Spring  Barley  and  Rye. 

22.  Savoy  Cabbage  (Improved  American). 

23.  Schweinfurt  Quintal  Cabbage. 

24.  Sugar  Beets. 

25.  Mangolds. 

26.  Butman  Squash. 

27.  Pumpkin. 

28.  Carrots. 

29.  Rutabagas. 

30.  Parsnips. 


250  JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 

For  the  SoutluTii  and  some  of  the  Wostcrn  States  may  l>o  added  : 

;^1.  Lucerii. 

32.  Gania  Grass. 

83.  Altilaria  {Krodluni  cirutafi aiii),  an  aromatic   ijeranium   jrruwii   as  a  forage 

plant  in  California. 

34.  Tall  Oat  Grass. 

35.  Texas  Millet. 

36.  Johnson  Grass  {Soryhuiih  /uUitpensc),  a  very  important  perennial  ;  use  one 
Imsliel  eleau  .seed  per  acre. 

37.  MiLLo  Maizk. 

38.  Cow  Peas. 

39.  Satin  Grass. 

40.  Sweet  Potato. 

41.  Yam. 

And  many  other  plants. 

SOUTHEEN    SOILING.* 

"  With  green  oats  for  feed  in  March,  April  and  May  ;  corn  in  May,  June  and 
July  ;  (-Jerman  millet  and  cow  peas  in  July,  August  and  Septeihber,  aided  by  millo 
maize  in  times  of  long  dry  spells,  like  the  recent  one  for  September,  down  to  and 
into  Deceud)er,  surely  one  great  problem  in  the  possibility  of  the  South  becoming  a 
dairying  and  fine  stock  section  is  solved. 

"  Millo  maize  is  a  uew  ])lant  introduced  only  two  years  ago  in  our  vicinity 
(Mobile),  the  seed  coming  from  South  Carolina,  and  introduced  into  this  country  from 
Brazil.  It  evidently  belongs  to  the  Sorghum  family,  closely  resembling  amber  cane. 
For  two  years  I  have  watched  it  on  the  farms  of  two  of  my  neighbors,  and 
particularly  this  year — a  year  of  a  most  ])roloiigcd  and  disastrous  drouth — where  the 
ordinary  growth  of  our  pastures,  scanty  enough  at  the  best,  was  di-y  enough  to  burn. 

"  At  the  home  farm  of  State  Senabn-  Smith  a  field  was  planted  in  July.  From 
this  field  tivo  immense  crops  of  rich,  juicy  food  have  been  taken,  and  now  (November 
14tli)  the  f/iird  crop  stands  ready  for  gathering,  while  from  the  stubble  of  some 
recently  cut  a  lu.xuriant  growth  is  springing,  and  this  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  within 
the  past'fortnight  we  have  had  heavy  white  frosts.  Beginning  in  July,  the  rainfall 
till  the  last  of  October  amounted  to  almost  nothing,  yet  through  all  this  long  drouth 
this  wonderful  ])lant  was  rank,  green,  and  as  dense  as  a  canebrake.  It  seemed  tg 
utterly  ignore  the  dry,  liot  days  that  i)arched  and  burnt  every  other  living  thing, 
and  stood  a  living  oasis  in  a  desert  of  arid  fields. 

"It  seems  essentially  a  sun  plant — those  who  introduced  it  here  claim  this  for  it 
— and   no  better  test  could   have   been  jriven  than  what    it    underwent   this   year 


George  G.  Duffee,  in  "  Country  Gcntlcmau,"  Deceinbcr,  18a4. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  A3IERICA.  251 

Planted  in  rich  and  well-prepared  land,  in  rows  eight  feet  apart,  after  the  ground  is 
thoroughly  warm,  it  grows  rapidly  to  a  height  of  ten  feet,  and' can  be  cut  from  two 
to  four  times  in  the  season.  Mr.  Smith's  foreman  tells  me  that  the  mules  and  cattle 
eat  it  with  avidity." 

Good  reports  are  given  by  various  writers  of  the  excellent  results  of  cultivating 
Johnson  grass  {Sorghum  halajpense)  in  the  Southern  States.  It  is  a  perennial, 
producing  under  irrigation  four  or  five  enormous  crops  annually  of  green  fodder.  It 
is  regarded  as  drouth-proof,  and  well  adapted  to  hot  and  arid  regions. 

For  green  manui-ing  the  cow  pea  is  one  of  the  best  crops  for  the  Southern  States. 

General  Soiling  Ceops. 
WINTER  RYE  {Secale  cereale). 

This  is  a  hardy,  succulent  plant,  growing  from  four  to  six  feet  high,  and  flourish- 
ing best  on  sandy  or  gravelly  loam  that  is  moderately  rich.  If  the  crop  is  put  in  by 
the  first  of  September  in  the  North,  and  by  the  first  of  November  in  the  Southern 
States,  it  will  be  well  rooted  before  cold  weather,  and  may  be  fed  oflE  or  cut  with  a 
machine,  leaving  it  from  two  to  three  inches  high.  Rye  is  ready  to  cut  very  early  in 
spring,  when  it  should  be  mixed  with  clover  hay  for  feeding.  Oatmeal  and  wheat 
bran  are  good  accompaniments,  as  protein  is  needed  to  make  a  good  ration.  Rye 
should  be  sown  with  a  drill  at  the  rate  of  one  bushel  to  the  acre.  In  the  early  spring 
it  is  greatly  benefited  by  cultivating  the  ground  with  a  smoothing-harrow.  If  cut 
frequently  and  kept  from  heading  it  becomes  a  perennial,  but  it  is  most  profitable 
as  a  single  crop,  cut  when  in  blossom  and  the  ground  planted  again  to  a  late  crop. 
Rye  is  ready  to  cut  from  about  May  1st  to  15th  in  latitude  38°  to  40°.  One  square 
rod  is  sufficient  for  one  day  for  each  animal,  but  it  is  better  to  mix  other  food,  as  the 
rye  alone  is  not  a  perfect  food.  Turn  under  heavy  crops  of  rye  early  in  spring 
as  green  manure. 

WINTER    BARLEY. 

Winter  barley  is  suited  to  clay  or  clay  loam.  Barley  grows  best  in  the  cool 
weather  of  spring  and  fall,  and  helps  to  give  variety  to  the  fodder.  It  is  one  of 
the  best  of  forage  plants,  also  a  good  grain  for  butter  cows. 

RED    CLOVER. 

This  plant  is  ready  for  cutting  in  latitude  38°  to  40°  from  about  May  lOtli  to 
June  1st,  and  is  very  succulent.  It  furnishes  green  about  twenty  thousand  pounds  to 
the  acre,  which  would  feed  twenty  cows  from  ten  to  twelve  days.  The  second  and  third 
cuttings  will  furnish  from  twelve  thousand  to  fifteen  thousand  pounds  more,  some- 
times yielding  as  high  as  twenty  tons  in  a  season.  It  is  one  of  the  most  important 
soiling  crops.  Its  long  roots  draw  fertility  from  the  subsoil  and  its  leaves  from  the 
air.    Use  ten  poimds  of  seed  per  acre.     Also  one  of  the  best  crops  for  green  manure. 


252  ./J'JRSEY    lATTLK  IX  AMKllKA. 

OKC'HAKI)    (iKASS. 

This  grass  is  ready  for  cutting  with  clover.  It  is  of  great  merit,  ami  may  be  cut 
three  times  a  season  on  rich  soil.  It  should  be  sown  thickly,  thrw  husheh  of  seed  to 
the  acre.  It  is  good  alone  or  mixed  witli  clover,  and  is  well  worthy  of  universal 
favor  as  a  forage  plant. 

IIMOTIIY. 

Timothy  will  cut  as  high  as  ten  tons  of  green  fodder  before  blot^soining.  and  is  a 
very  nutritious  forage  plant.  It  should  be  cut  when  in  full  bloom  nr  when  the 
bulb  is  ripe  enough  to  survive. 


The  large  pea-vine  clover  makes  a  good  combination  with  timothy  and  adds 
more  protein  to  the  ration.  This  may  be  cut  twice  a  year ;  the  first  cutting  may 
reach  as  high  as  sixteen  tons  to  the  acre,  and  will  feed  thirty  cows  ten  days ;  the 
second  cutting  will  feed  thirtv  cows  three  davs. 


The  Swedish  hybrid  clover  is  very  hardy,  and  will  yield  good  crops  for  ten 
years.  It  branches  much,  and  the  roots  penetrate  deeply  into  the  soil.  It  lasts  long 
in  bloom,  and  may  be  cut  for  a  month.  This  combination  will  feed  thirty  cows  per 
acre  twelve  days. 

Alsike  should  be  thinly  seeded,  and  may  be  sowni  with  timothy  either  in  the 
spring  or  fall.     Ten  pounds  of  timothy  seed  per  acre  and  six  of  alsike. 

GRKKN    OATS. 

Oats  require  a  cool  climate  and  rich,  deei)ly  tilled  soil  for  their  ]>erfection. 
They  are  ready  for  forage  from  last  of  Jmie  to  middle  of  July.  If  cut  before 
heading  in  June  they  make  a  quick  second  growth.  For  a  soiling  crop  it  must  be 
put  in  with  a  drill  as  early  as  ,the  ground  will  admit,  with  two  bushels  of  seed  to 
the  acre.  For  culture  use  one  or  two  harrowings  with  the  smoothing-harrow,  until 
they  are  two  or  three  inches  high.  Make  the  first  cutting  when  about  a  foot  high. 
They  are  most  profitable,  however,  when  cut  in  the  milk,  using  but  one  crop. 

A  better  method  of  cultivation  for  seed  crop,  if  some  of  the  large  varieties  of 
oats  are  used,  is  to  plant  in  drills  sixteen  inches  apart,  dropping  single  seeds  one 
foot  apart  in  the  drill  and  tilling  with  cultivator.  Mr.  liurpee  reports  crops  of  the 
"  Welcome  Oat"  raised  by  Mr.  Alfred  Rose,  of  Penn  Yan,  New  York,  where  one 
ounce  of  seed  produced  three  thousand  seven  hundred  and  eighty-eight  ounces  of 
very  heavj'  oats,  aiul  two  ounces  of  seed  produced  ten  bushels  and  three  pecks  of 
oats,  weighing  four  hundred  and  seventy-three  and  a  half  pounds. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IJV  AMERICA.  253 

Roswell  Parkhurst,  in  Montana,  raised  three  hundred  and  thirty-two  pounds,  and 
August  Mongin,  of  Illinois,  three  hundred  and  fifteen  pounds  from  two  ounces  of 
seed,  while  six  other  competitors  raised  from  two  hiindred  to  two  Inmdred  and 
seventy-six  pounds  from  two  ounces  of  oats.  Specimens  were  grown  six  feet  four 
inches  high,  and  as  many  as  seventy-six  stalks  from  one  seed.  Most  of  them  report 
hoeing  twice  and  keeping  free  from  weeds.  This  is  doubtless  the  best  way  to 
cultivate  wheat,  rye  and  oats  where  the  grain  is  to  be  ripened,  and  it  might  be  well 
to  try  the  experiment  for  forage  crops.  Oat  seed  needs  to  be  large  and  heavy  to 
produce  good  plants.  The  oat  is  sure  to  degenerate  in  a  dry  and  hot  climate,  but 
good  seed  will  produce  a  good  crop  the  first  year.  The  oat  makes  most  excellent 
hay  if  cut  green  or  when  in  the  milk. 

PEAS    AND    OATS. 

The  pea  when  combined  with  the  oat  makes  an  excellent  milk  ration.  They 
grow  well  together.  Plant  with  drill  four  bushels  per  acre  of  a  mixture  of  forty 
quarts  of  oats  with  two  bushels  of  peas.  Cut  when  the  oat  is  in  the  miUc.  If  the 
peas  are  allowed  to  get  too  ripe  the  butter  will  not  be  of  so  good  a  flavor.  Plant  as 
soon  as  the  ground  will  admit  in  spring.  Steep  seed  one  night  in  diluted  urine, 
drain,  and  roll  in  mixture  of  ashes  and  plaster.  This  combination  has  produced  as 
high  as  fourteen  tons  to  the  acre.  Peas  need  lime  and  bone-powder  to  insure  good 
crops. 

WINTER   WHEAT. 

Plant  in  September  same  as  recommended  for  rye  and  oats ;  requires  but  three 
pecks  of  seed  per  acre  if  cultivated  like  maize. 


Millet  requires  a  very  mellow,  rich  soil.  Claj'  loam,  if  thoroughly  underdrained 
and  well  tilled,  will  produce  the  largest  crops.  Millet  grows  -five  feet  high,  and 
produces  as  much  as  eighteen  tons  of  green  fodder,  and  is  a  little  richer  in  nutritive 
value  than  timothy.  Plant  with  drill  sixteen  quarts  or  broadcast  twenty-four  quarts 
of  seed  to  the  acre,  one  fourth  inch  deep,  from  first  of  May  to  July.  Cut  just  before 
blossoming. 

HUNGAEIAN    GRASS. 

This  is  a  millet  which  grows  three  feet  high  and  has  an  abundant  foliage  and 
a  large  quantity  of  fine  seed.  It  is  the  most  nutritious  of  green  forage  grasses. 
Objection  is  made  to  the  stifE  bristles  which  surround  the  seed  spikelets,  which  are 
said  to  have  caused  the  death  of  cattle  by  jjenetrating  the  stomach.  Early  cutting- 
would  avoid  this  objection.  Sow  in  early  June  twenty-four  quarts  of  seed  per  acre 
for  forage  or  green  hay.  Cut  in  early  bloom.  The  richest,  by  analysis,  of  green 
manure  crops. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMElilVA. 


ITALIAN  MILLET 


This  grows  four  feet  high,  has  ahiindaiit  foliage,  and  yields  the  greatest  quantity 
of  seed;  has  been  reported  to  produce  tivc  times  as  much  grain  as  wheat.  Pure 
Italian  should  be  yellow  when  ripe. 

VETCH. 

The  winter  vetfh  iiiay  he  sown  with  rye  or  the  s})ring  vetch  with  oats.  Its 
food  value  is  similar  to  the  pea.  It  may  l)e  cultivated  alone,  and  bears  several 
cuttings  of  heavy  growth.  Spring  wheat  may  be  cultivated  in  drills,  .same  as 
reconimended  for  oats. 

SWEET    COKN. 

This  is  the  best  of  all  forage  ])lants,  and  pays  several  ])er  cent.  j)rotit  with  less 
la])or  than  any  other  crop. 

Good  varieties  are  known  as  Early  Minnesota,  Potter's  Excelsior,  Stowell's 
Evergreen,  ]\Iannnoth  Late  and  Egyptian,  which  form  a  succession  in  the  order 
mentioned.  Sweet  corn  is  more  nutritious  than  the  dent  or  flint  varieties  of  maize. 
Plant  in  drills  thirty-two  inches  apart  and  one  plant  every  si.\  inches  in  the  rows,  so 
that  ears  may  be  formed.  It  should  be  combined  with  clover,  oats  and  peas,  in 
feeding,  or  wheat  bran  and  middlings  can  be  fed  with  corn.  Cut  the  corn  when  the 
ears  are  in  the  milk.  The  corn  should  always  be  run  through  a  feed  cutter,  reducing 
it  to  lengths  of  from  two  to  four  inches. 


The  large  varieties  of  dent  jn-oduce  lu^avier  crops  than  sweet  corn,  but  the 
([uality  is  not  as  good. 

There  is  no  plant  that  produces  such  a  weight  of  green  food,  unle.ss  it  be 
sorghum  cane.  Crops  have  been  reported  a.s  weighing  iifty  tons  upon  an  acre. 
Twenty  tons  may  be  easily  grown,  and  with  fair  tillage  thirty  tons. 

The  ground  should  be  plowed  about  five  inches  deep  and  well  manured;  the 
entire  manure,  licjuid  and  solid,  is  the  best  for  corn.  The  land  may  be  pulverized 
with  a  slanting-tooth  harrow,  followed  by  the  roller  and  a  second  harrowing.  The 
seed  ought  to  be  good  and  about  three  pecks  to  the  acre ;  it  may  be  drilled  in  or 
planted  two  and  one  lialf  inches  deep  with  the  hand  planter,  the  drills  three  feet  six 
inches  ai)art  for  tiie  largest  varieties,  and  the  single  plants  six  inches  apart  in  the 
row.  This  gives  the  largest  crop  of  fodder  per  acre.  No  crop  pays  better  returns 
for  good  cultivation.     After  planting  use  the  heavy  two-horse  roller. 

Before  the  corn  breaks  the  surface  go  over  the  field  with  the  smoothing-harrow, 
using  the  round  side  of  teeth  to  break  the  crust  and  aerate  the  ground.  As  soon  as 
the  corn  begins  to  appear  above  ground  repeat  the  harrowing  eacli  week  until  the 


JERSEY   CA  TTLE  IK  AMERICA.  255 

plants  are  one  foot  in  height.  Drive  the  smoothing-harrow  over  the  rows  without 
any  trepidation,  for  it  will  save  much  hand  labor  and  greatly  increase  the  crop. 
After  the  maize  is  a  foot  higli  cultivate  between  the  rows  with  a  section  of  the  same 
smoothing-harrow,  so  as  to  finely  pulverize  the  surface  to  the  depth  of  about  one 
inch,  or  not  more  than  two  inches,  making  a  fine  powder  for  a  mulch,  and  always 
level  culture. 

FLINT    CORN. 

In  the  Northern  States  and  Canada  the  hardier  varieties  of  flint  corn  are  grown 
in  order  to  mature  a  crop  of  seed  before  danger  from  frost.  One  of  the  heaviest 
yields  ever  reported  is  by  Mr.  Davis,  of  Scituate,  Massachusetts.  One  acre  produced 
two  hundred  and  seventy-five  baskets  of  ears,  which  weighed  eleven  thousand  and 
three  pounds.  The  corn  was  planted  in  drills  three  feet  apart,  four  kernels  every 
twenty-two  inches.  For  tillage  use  the  smoothing-harrow  xintil  six  inches  of  growth, 
afterward  a  fine  steel-tooth  cultivator  and  six-prong  hoe,  giving  clean  level  culture, 
and  making  a  middling  surface  of  finely  pulverized  earth  one  to  two  inches  iii 
depth. 

BARLEY. 

Barley  is  a  very  importaiit  ci-op,  lioth  for  green  forage  and  barley  meal,  in  tlie 
dairy  ration.  The  Kinver  Chevalier  may  be  sowed  every  two  weeks  from  July 
to  October,  the  Manshury  in  March  and  April.  It  produces  succulent  crops 
in  cool  weather,  and  yields  a  heavy  crop  of  grain  in  July,  as  high  as  ninety  bushels 
per  acre  on  rich  clay  loam  with  good  tillage. 

AMERICAN    SAVOY    CABBAGE. 

Cal)bages  make  an  excellent  food  for  dry  cows  and  young  stock,  but  are  not 
desirable  in  rations  for  butter,  as  the  flavor  can  be  detected  after  every  precaution. 
The  Savoy  variety  is  very  palatable  to  cattle.  The  Schweinfurt  Quintal  yields 
immense  crops,  and  is  the  best  in  quality  of  the  wliite  varieties.  Plant  eight  ounces 
of  seed  to  the  acre,  or  two  omices  for  transplanting. 

SUGAR    BEETS. 

The  Imperial  Sugar  Beet  is  also  a  good  food  for  dry  cows  and  young  stock,  but 
does  not  give  the  best  flavor  to  milk  and  butter.  Under  high  culture  thirty  tons 
per  acre  may  be  grown,  using  about  flve  pounds  of  seed  in  drills  two  feet  apart  and 
eight  inches  in  the  row. 

MANG<1LOS. 

To  be  used  for  y<ning  stock  and  dry  cows.  Mangolds  produce  the  largest  of  all 
root-crop  yields,  as  high  as  seventy-five  tons  to  the  acre  being  reported  in  England 
with  rich  soil  and  high  cultivation,  with  abundant  moisture.     Use  six  pounds  of 


256  JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

seed  to  the  acre.     Keep  the   surface  of  the  <:trouiid  tine  ami   nu'llnw  and  free  from 
weeds.     The  rows  may  bo  two  feet  a])art  and  plants  ten  inches  in  the  row. 


The  carrot  is  the  dairy  root  for  cows  in  milk.  The  Danvers  is  a  stumjvrooted 
variety  and  easily  harvested,  but  the  Long  Orange  produces  larger  crops  and  is  said 
to  give  a  considerable  degree  of  color  to  butter.  In  the  cultivation  of  this  root 
adopt  those  methods  which  reduce  the  cost  to  the  lowest  degree.  The  land  must 
be  rich,  mellow,  and  free  from  stones.  Saturate  with  liquid  manure,  plow  twelve 
inches  deep,  pulverize  with  the  Acme  harrow,  smooth  with  the  roller,  use  the  drill 
planter,  making  the  rows  straight  and  twelve  inches  apart ;  jilant  thickly,  using  two 
pounds  of  seed  to  the  acre.  Run  the  cidtivator  between  the  rows  as  soon  as  the  plants 
appear,  and  cross-harrow  the  field  at  right  angles  to  the  rows  M-ith  a  slanting-tooth 
harrow  once  or  twice  ;  give  clean  culture.  In  harvesting  use  a  swivel  plow  to  turn 
a  deep  furrow  away  from  each  row.  The  si.\-i)rong  hoe  may  be  found  useful  both 
in  cultivation  and  in  gathering  the  crop,  also  wooden  forks  instead  of  steel  shovels  in 
handling  the  crop.  Some  farmers  prefer  to  cut  the  tops  with  sharp  hoes  while  in 
the  row,  l)ut  it  is  doubtful  if  that  is  an  advantage,  especially  with  the  Long  Orange 
variety.  From  twenty  to  thirty  tons  may  1)0  raised  upon  an  acre.  Steep  the  seed 
in  warm  water  to  hasten  germination.  They  are  easily  harvested  by  pulling  after  a 
heavy  rain.     In  dry  weather  they  may  be  pulled  after  irrigating  the  ground. 


The  parsnip  (Long  Smooth)  will  be  found  a  valuable  ci-o]>  for  butter  cows,  and 
can  be  allowed  to  remain  in  the  ground  until  early  spring.  (Jultivate  and  treat  as 
carrots.     Steep  the  seed  in  tepid  water  twelve  hours  before  planting. 

KUTABAO.\S. 

The  rutabagas  are  only  valuable  for  young  stock  and  dry  cows,  because  of  the 
tlavor  they  give  to  milk.     Oultivate  in  drills.     One  pound  of  .seed  to  the  acre. 

MKADOW    SOILING    UKOI'S. 

It  is  well  to  have  as  great  a  variety  as  possible  in  soiling  and  also  in  wintei- 
feeding. 

MKADoWS. 

"  The  murmur  that  .springs 
From  tlie  growing  of  grass." — Ptx. 

For  the  jiroduction  of  hay  crops,  fields  and  meadows  containing  mixed  gras.ses 
ai-e  desirable. 


PROCTOR'S    REGINA    35,665. 

AT  3  YEARS  OLD. 

Bex—Celewayo  Type. 

BAGGS    HOTEL    HERD. 

T.  R.  Proctor,  Utica,  New  York. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


SEEDING    FOE    AN    EARLY    MEADOW. 


1.  Meadow  Foxtail  Grass  {Alopecmms  pratensis) 8  lbs. 

2.  Green  Meadow  Grass  {Poa  pratensis) 8    " 

3.  Meadow  Oat  Grass  {Arrhenatherum  amenaceuiit.) 8    " 

4.  Red  Clover  [Trifolium pratense perenne) 8    " 

32  lbs. 

OU    THIS. 

1 .  Orchard  Grass  {Dactylis  glomcrata) 3  bushels  or  40  lbs. 

2.  Eed  Clover 10    " 

3.  Luceru 4   " 

54  lbs. 

SEEDING    FOE    A    LATE    MEADOW. 

1.  Timothy  Grass  {Phleum prate7is<>) 10  lbs. 

2.  Eed-top  Grass  {Agrostis  vulgaris) 6    " 

3.  White  Bent  Grass  {Agrostis  alba) 6    " 

4.  Alsike  Clover  {Trifolixbm  hyhridum) 6    " 

5.  Meadow  Oat  Grass  {Arrhenatherimn  avenaceuni) 6    " 

34  11)8. 

SEED    FOE    lEEIGATED    MEADOWS. 

Italian  Rye  Grass  {Lolium  Italicuvi) 10  lbs. 

Perennial  Rye  Grass  {Lolium  perenne) 10  " 

Timothy  Grass  {Phleuvi  pratense) 4  " 

Rough  Meadow  Grass  {Poa  trivialis) 3  " 

Fowl  Meadow  Grass  {Poa  serotina) 3  " 

White  Bent  Grass  {Agrostis  alba) 2  " 

Red-top  Grass  {Agrostis  vulgaris) 2  " 

Meadow  Foxtail  Grass  {Alopecurus pratensin) 2  " 

Meadow  Fescue  Grass  {Festuca  elatior) 2  " 

Alsike  Clover  {Trifoluim  hybridum) 3  " 

40  lbs. 

THE     CULTIVATION     OF     MEADOWS. 

The  importance  of  thorough  tillage  as  a  preparation  for  laying  down  grass  lands 
cannot  be  too  strongly  presented. 

The  fanner  who  kee^js  himself  abreast  with  the  most  progressive  agriculturists 
will  appreciate  the  advantages  of  using  only  the  best  machines  and  implements 
obtainable  in  order  to  keep  his  land  in  such  a  condition  as  to  return  him  profit  and 
pleasure. 


258  JER.SEY    CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 

The  plowing  should  he  so  done  as  to  leave  the  field  in  a  level  sUte,  with  no  ridges 
or  dead  furrows  to  interfere  with  the  mower  and  loader.  The'pulverization  is  effected 
by  the  slanting-tooth  harrow,  after  which  the  roller  prepares  the  land  for  the  grass 
seed. 


EXTRACT    FKUM    MK.    STIRLING  S   TABLE    SHOWING   THE    RESULTS    OF    COVERING    SEEDS 
VARYING    DEPTHS. 


Agrostis  stolonif  era 

Agrostis  vulgaris 

Alopecurus  pratensis 

AiThenatherum  avenaceuii 

Dactylis  gloinerata 

Festuca  elatior 

Loliuin  Italicum 

Loliuin  pereime 

Milium  eflf usum 

Phleum  pratense 

Poa  nemoralis 

Poa  pratensis 

Medicago  lupulina 

Medicago  sativa 

Trifolium  hybridum 

Trifolium  pratense 

Trifolium  p.  perenne 

Trifolium  repens 


2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

13 

500,000 

Otoi 

i    to    i 

1 

12 

425,000 

.... 

5 

76,000 

0  to-J- 

1    toli 

2i 

7 

21,000 

itof 

H  to  li 

4 

12 

40,000 

0  to  i 

1  to  1 

2i 

14 

20,500 

otoi 

1     toli 

2i 

15 

27,000 

0  to  i 

1     toli 

3i 

-30 

15,000 

itoi 

H  to  If 

3* 

25 

80,000 

itoi 

1     to    i 

n 

44 

74,000 

0  to  \ 

|tol 

2 

15 

173,000 

0  to  i 

* 

1 

13 

243,000 

i 

63 

16,000 

Otoi 

f  tol 

H 

CO 

12,600 

63 

45,000 

Otoi 

ito    i 

li 

64 

16,000 

0  to^ 

li  to  H 

2 

64 

16,000 

0  to  1 

li  to  li 

2 

05 

32,000 

Otoi 

ito    1 

1 

lA 

Column  1.  Names  of  grasses  and  clovers. 
Column  2.  Average  weight  of  seeds  per  bushel. 
Column  3.  Average  number  of  seeds  in  one  ounce. 
CJolumn  4.  Depth  by  inches  at  which  greatest  number  s])r(iuto(l. 
Column  5.  Depth  at  which  only  one  half  sprouted. 
Column  6.  Least  depth  at  which  none  germinated. 

The  seeds  were  sown  in  finely  sifted  loam,  which  w^as  kept  moist  throughout  the 
process  of  germination  and  under  full  exposure  to  light. 

By  the  use  of  a  proper  harrow  for  covering  the  grass  seed  a  greatei-  i)roi)ortion 
will  germinate,  and  consequently  a  great  saving  may  be  made  by  lessening  the  amount 
of  seed  sown.     The  table  given  above  showing  the  experiment  of  Mr.  Stirling  would 


JERfiKY   CATTLE  IN  A3IERIVA.  25'J 

indicate  that  grass  seeds  need  only  a  covering  of  from  one  eighth  to  one  quarter  of  an  incli 
in  depth.  James  Smith,  of  Deanston,  the  inventor  of  the  modern  system  of  tile-draining 
on  account  of  these  experiments  of  Stirling's  invented  a  harrow  for  the  covering  of 
small  seeds  at  a  shallow  and  uniform  depth.  The  implement,  which  may  be  called 
the  Serrated  Disc  Web  Harrow,  combines  the  operation  of  roller  and  haiTow.  "It 
consists  of  an  iron  chain  web,  connected  together  by  discs  of  iron,  which,  lying 
obliquely  upon  their  sides  when  in  operation,  roll  around,  thus  tearing  and  abrading 
the  surface  of  the  ground,  so  as  to  expose  and  disturb  the  surface  to  depth  enough 
to  cover  the  small  seeds  strewn  upon  it. 

"  Any  one  who  considers  how  many  clover  ])laiits,  for  instance,  will  sutHce  to  stock 
an  acre,  and  what  a  vast  number  of  seeds  are  contained  in  tlie  twelve  pounds  or  even 
twenty  pounds  which  are  now  sown  per  acre,  will  admit  the  great  room  there  is  for 
the  use  of  some  contrivance  for  avoiding  the  common  waste  now  permitted.  It  is 
only  fair  to  add  that  the  bush  harrow  forms  a  good  substitute  for  the  more  expensive 
implement.  It  nierelj'  scratches  the  surface,  but  it  wants  to  l)e  weighted  to  make 
it  as  effective  as  the  web  harrow  to  compress  as  well  as  abrade  the  surface.  The  l)ush 
harrow  is  the  cheaper,  less  effective — the  web  harrow  the  dearer,  but  mure  efficient 
implement  for  the  purpose  of  covering  small  seeds." 


"  When  the  seeds  are  to  be  sown  among  winter  wlieat  it  is  expedient  to  begin 
by  using  the  horse-hoe  (supposing  the  wlieat  to  liavelieen  (Iriiied),  as  well  to  loosen 
the  surface  and  produce  a  kindly  l)e(l  for  tlie  seeds  as  to  destroy  weeds.  In  tlie  case 
of  broadcasted  wheat  a  turn  of  the  harrows  .secures  the  same  end.  In  tiie  case  of 
the  more  recently  sown  barley  all  that  is  needed  is  to  smooth  tlie  surface  witli  the 
one-horse  roller.  Over  the  groimd  tlnis  ])repai'e(l  the  small  seeds  are  distrilnited  by 
a  broadcast  sowing-machine,  which  sows  at  once  a  space  of  tifteen  or  eighteen  feet 
in  width.  The  covering  is  then  effected  by  simply  rolling  with  the  smooth  roller, 
or  by  dragging  over  the  siu'face  the  chain-harrow,  which  may  eitliei'  be  attached  to 
the  sowing-machine  or  to  a  .separate  frame;  or  by  using  a  roller,  witli  a  very  light 
chain-harrow  attached  to  it.  On  clay  soils  the  chain-web  is  to  be  preferred  ;  but  on 
loose  soils  the  roller  (Crosskill)  imparts  a  beneficial  firmness,  and,  with  its  tail-i)iece  of 
chain-web  to  fill  up  the  indentations,  gives  an  accuracy  of  finish  \\'hich  rivals  the 
neatness  of  a  newly  raked  garden-]ilot.  We  have  long  regarded  this  covering  in  of 
grass  seeds  as  the  most  important  use  to  \\\w\\  (h-os'skill's  valual)le  implement  is  put. 
The  only  drawback  to  it  is  tliat  it  makes  a  heavy  demand  on  the  horse-power  of  the 
farm  at  a  pressing  season.  As  it  can  only  be  worked  in  dry  weather  it  is  advisable, 
when  the  land  is  in  trim,  to  work  it  double  tides,  by  means  of  a   relay  of  horses. 


•  Encyclopedia  Biitannka. 


20(1  JlCnsEY    (ATT LI-:  IX   AMERICA. 

Tliis  mode  of  procedure  is  alike  applicable  to  the  sowing  of  mixed  clovers  and 
grasses,  and  to  that  of  the  clovers  alone,  and  is  the  course  usually  pursued  in  sowing 
for  one  or  two  years'  '  seeds.' 

"  When  it  is  intended  to  lay  down  araliU"  land  for  sevi-ral  yciirs,  or  to  restore  it 
to  jiernianent  pasture  or  meadow,  it  is  always  advisalilc  to  sow  the  seeds  without  a 
grain  croj). 

"  This  doubtless  involves  an  additional  cost  at  the  outset,  but  it  is  usuall}-  more 
than  repaid  by  the  eidianced  value  of  the  pasture  thus  obtained.  To  grow  the 
grasses  well  the  soil  should  be  pulverized  to  the  depth  of  three  or  four  inches  only, 
and  be  full  of  manure  near  the  surface.  There  is  no  better  way  of  securing  these 
conditions  than  ])y  first  consuming  a  crop  of  turnips  on  the  ground  by  sheei>folding, 
:ind  thtii  pulvciizing  the  surface  by  means  of  the  grubber,  harrow  and  roller, 
irit/iiiut  jiliiirlnij  It.  'Never  sow  grass  seed  in  time  of  drouth.  The  ground 
sliould  be  moist  enough  foi*  rapid  germination.  Sow  clover  in  early  spring.  Grasses 
do  l)est  sown  in  early  autunni.  C'hoose  the  morning  calm  as  the  best  time  to  make 
an  even  seeding.'  " 

PERMANENT    MEADOWS. 

It  is  of  the  utmost  importance  that  our  farmers  should  give  the  requisite  .attention 
to  all  their  grass  lands,  and  especially  to  the  establishment  of  pennanent  meadows. 

The  time  for  this  woi-k  is  the  month  of  August.  There  is  greater  probability 
of  tliffrough  germination,  <i  i/r<tr  <if  tliae  is  sa/ved,  and  a  good  stand  of  grass  is  made 
to  endure  the  winter. 

Tliis  niontli  gi\-cs  tlic  necessary  time  also  to  prepare  the  land  in  tlie  best  possible 
manner. 

Take  a  field  of  oat,  rye  or  wheat  stubble  or  a  second  growth  of  clover,  having 
manured  the  stubble  heavily  ;  the  clover  is  e(piivalent  to  a  liberal  supply  of  barn- 
yard manure  ;  turn  clean  furrows  not  more  than  five  inches  deep,  and  work  imme- 
diately with  the  slanting-tooth  harrow,  ihaking  the  land  fine,  mellow  and  smooth. 
Go  Over  it  again  with  the  poly-section  roller,  so  as  to  make  it  firm  and  obliterate 
every  ineipiality  of  surface.  A  force-feed  grass-seeder  may  be  attached  to  the  roller 
for  a  second  rolling,  and  a  brush  or  chain-harrow  follow,  drawn  by  the  same  t«ani. 
Select  the  seed  according  to  the  tables  given  above  or  the  lists  given  for  pastures. 
If  the  plowing  has  been  smooth  and  of  even  depth  and  three  or  more  harrowings 
gi\en  with  the  cutting  edge  of  the  teeth,  and  the  seed  covered  j)retty  uniformly  to 
the  depth  of  one  eighth  of  an  inch,  and  the  finish  given  with  the  fine  brush  or  chain- 
harrow,  you  will  have  ]>rovided  a  mellow  seed-bed  well  firmed,  and  having  a  slightly 
scarified  surface  ready  to  receive  the  first  shower  of  rain  that  shall  promote  rapid 
germination  and  growth.  If  the  surface  has  been  well  fined  and  levelled  by  the 
harrow  the  rolling  may  be  omitted.  In  every  case  the  finish  must  be  made  by  the 
grass-seed  harrow  to  prevent  the  crusting,  which  would  be  destructive  to  grass  growth. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IK 


Bkush   IIakijow  fob  Grass  Seed. 

In  a  month  from  sowing,  if  the  nsuiil  August  rains  liave  fallen,  tlio  field  will  l)e 
a  sheet  of  vivid  green.  Do  not  pasture  the  ground.  The  following  seasdn  will 
yield  one  or  two  crops  of  hay.  Four  hundred  pounds  per  acre  of  bone  meal  may  l)e 
harrowed  in  with  the  seed  with  lasting  benefit.  Subsequent  manui-ings  with  wood 
ashes  and  diluted  stable  manure  from  the  sprinkling-cart,  combined  with  irrigation, 
where  practicable,  will  make  a  permanent  meadow  yielding  a  large  annual  profit. 

In  the  Southern  States  lucern  and  cow  peas,  best  planted  in  narrow  drills  and 
kept  clean  of  weeds,  make  very  nutritious  hay  when  cured  in  shade. 

The  miUets  and  Johnson  Grass  are  important  hay  grasses. 

In  some  localities  other  grasses  may  l)e  added  for  permanent  meadows.  The 
Italian  rye  grass  (Lolium  Italicum)  is  rich  in  protein,  very  succulent,  and  will 
prove  a  valuable  addition  to  irrigated  meadows. 

Barley  and  rye  may  be  sown  together  from  the  middle  of  July  to  the  first  of 
October,  and  the  barley  cut  until  severe  frosts  harden  the  ground.  The  rye  will 
then  furnish  an  early  spring  forage.  In  the  culture  of  meadow  grasses  the  land 
needs  deep  and  thorough  tillage  ;  the  seed  should  be  rolled  and  :ifterwai'd  dragged  in 
by  a  fine  brush  harrow,  covering  the  seed  lightly.  Grasses  do  not  thrive  as  well 
when  sowed  with  grain  crops,  but  should  have  the  ground  Avitliout  such  shading 
and  choking,  while  grains  yield  better  crops  thinly  seeded  in  drills  with  liglit  surface 
cultivation. 

In  a  permanent  meadcnv  a  nuxture  of  grasses  is  more  jirofitalile,  as  their  roots 
occupy  diiierent  areas,  and  many  varieties  need  company  to  prevent  their  dying  out. 
It  is  believed  that  timothy,  red  top  and  oat  grass  mutuaUy  protect  each  other. 

Another  very  important  j5oint  in  the  preservation  of  meadows  is  that  they  should 
never  be  pastured.  Deterioration  by  dejjasturing  and  l>y  too  late  mowing  are  very 
speedily  ruinous  to  the  best  meadows. 


263  JERSJ-: Y   r.l  TTLE  IX  .  I  MEnrCA . 

For  winter  j^rotectiou  meadows  need  a  growth  of  about  from  four  to  six  inches  of 
aftermatli.  Tliis  aiituninai  growth  corresponds  to  the  depth  of  root  growth  and  also 
acts  as  a  winter  mulch  td  prevent  killing  by  the  freezing  and  thawing  alternations 
that  destroy  grasses  JKiving  a  short  top  and  shallow  root.  The  natural  mulch  also 
becomes  of  great  value  as  a  fertilizer  in  early  sjiring.  ^feadows  preserved  by 
this  method  and  saturated  fall  and  sjiriiig  with  li<piid  manure  will  yield  large  cmps 
lierpetually. 

l!l  .N  r      AM)     SMfl. 

••  Dombasle's  iiii'tliod  for  treating  the  bunt  fungus  in  wheat  might  l)e  applied  to 
the  seeds  nf  all  grains  and  grasses  to  desti-oy  smut  of  all  species  with  favorable  results. 

•'Thoroughly  wet  the  grain  with  a  solution  of  sulphate  of  soda;  the  wheat  or 
other  grain  is  then  mixed  with  (juicklime,  which  ronibiiies  with  the  sulphur  to  make 
sulphate  of  lime  (gypsum),  which  acts  as  u  mainue.  while  the  caustic  soda  destroys 
the  spores  of  the  fungus." 

Professor  Ilenslow  experimented  with  sulphate  of  copi)er.  using  two  ounces 
or  more  to  the  bushel,  which  should  be  used  alone.  It  is  not  invariably  .successful 
in  destroying  the  spore.s. 

Professor  Ilenslow  says :  "  It  has  always  appeared  strange  to  me  that  practical 
agriculturists  are  accustomed  to  pay  so  little  attention  to  the  raising  of  pure  seed  crops. 
There  may  be  reasons  which  I  do  not  jiroperly  appreciate  that  would  render  it 
inexpedient  to  cultivate  a  seed  crop  ;  l)ut  I  should  have  thought  that  it  was  always 
worth  while  for  every  farmer  to  set  aside  .some  portion  of  ground  to  be  more 
carefully  tended  than  the  i-est,  for  the  purpose  of  securing  good  and  clean  seed. 
Among  othei-  reasons  for  such  a  practice,  he  would  then  be  alile  to  weed  his  crop 
from  ev^ery  plant  infected  with  bunt  or  smut  befoiv  the  fmigi  i-ijiened." 

i'As-i'ru.\(;K. 
"  The  waves  arc  a  joy  to  tlic  spn-mcw,  tlic  meads  to  llic  licrd." — Sirintn/nn-. 

Where  land  is  cheaj),  or  not  specially  adapted  to  soiling,  pa.sturing  will  be  the 
])ractice.     Some  can  carry  on  j)artial  soiling  and  i)asturage  with  profit. 

The  es.sentials  of  a  good  jjasture  are  :  a  soil  of  moi-e  than  average  richness  aiul 
sufHciently  pervious  to  rain  and  flowing  water;  a  |)ersisteiit  growth  of  sweet,  luscious 
grasses  and  clo\ers  in  great  variety;  a  never-failing  supply  of  ])ure  running  water; 
and  fences  that  will  turn  not  oidy  cattle,  but  pigs,  ducks  and  turkeys.  There  should 
be  no  fiuagmires  or  slough.s,  nor  streams  or  ponds  where  cows  can  wade  deep  enough 
to  chill  the  udder,  nor  thickets  of  briers  to  scratch  and  wound  the  teats. 

The  greatest  variety  of  grasses  and  aromatic  plants  edible  for  cattle  is  desirable 
in  a  pasture.  Some  of  our  wild  pastures  contain  more  than  forty  species  of  grass, 
besides  other  plants  relished  by  cows.  If  tlie  land  is  arable  select  the  following 
grasses  and  clovci"s  for  a  northern  jiermanent  pasture  : 


JEE8EY   CATTLE  IN  A3IERICA.  363 

For  Permanent  Pasture.  (1.) 

1.  Meadow  Foxtail  {Alopecurus  j^ratensli) 5  lbs. 

2.  Tall  Fescue  {Festucu  elatior) 5    " 

3.  Devon  Eaver  {Lolium  perenne  Devonit) 5    " 

■1.  Green  Grass  {Poa pratensis) 2    " 

5.  Pacy  Grass  {Lolitim,  jperenne  Pacyii) 2   " 

6.  Eed-top  {Agrostis  imlgaris) , 2   " 

7.  White  Bent  Grass  {Agrostis  alha) 3   " 

8.  Blue  Grass  {Poa  compj^essa) 2   " 

9.  Orchard  Grass  {Dactylis  glomerata) 2   " 

10.  Fowl  Meadow  Grass  {Poa  serotina) 2    " 

11.  Rough  Meadow  Grass  {Poa  trivialis) 2    " 

12.  Meadow  Fescue  {Festuca  pratensis) 2    " 

13.  Oat  Grass  {Arrhenatherum  a/venaceum) 2   " 

Irt.  Perennial  Bed  Clover  {Trifoliujn p. perenne) 2    " 

1.5.  Alsike  Clover  {Trifolium  hylridmn) 2    " 

16.  White  Clover  {Trifolium  repens) 1    " 

4:0  lbs. 
Seed  for  Permanent  Coxo  Pasture.  (2) 

Perennial  Rye  Grass  {Devon  Earner) -l  lbs. 

Italian  Rye  Grass 4   " 

Orchard  Grass 4   " 

Green  Meadow  Grass  {Poa  pratensis) 4   " 

Chicory  {Cichorium  Intyius) 4r   " 

Burnet  {Poterium  sanguisorha) 4   " 

Alsike  Clover 2    " 

Perennial  Red  Clover 2    " 

AVhite  Clover 2    " 

Meadow  Foxtail  Grass 2    " 

Timothy  Grass 2   " 

Meadow  Fescue  Grass 2   " 

Red-top  Grass 2    " 

Fowl  Meadow  Grass 2   " 

White  Bent  Grass 2    " 

Pacy  Grass  {Zolium  i^erenne  Pacyii) 2    " 

Blue  Grass  {Poa  compressa) 2    " 

Oat  Grass  {Arrhenatherum  a/venaceum) 2    " 

Lucern  {Medieago  sativa) 2    " 

60  lbs. 


264  JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

The  perennial  red  clover  is  a  variety  that  should  be  used  in  all  mixtures. 

The  green  grass  sometimes  called  "  Blue  Grass"  and  "  June  Gniss"  is  in  certain 
localities  liable  to  "  smut."  Seed  should  be  selected  where  there  is  no  danger  of 
such  disease.     Mow  all  pastures  before  seedhuj  of  grasses  to  jyrevent  smut. 

The  true  blue  grass  {Poa  compressa)  is  especially  valuable  upon  dry  soils,  as  it 
resists  long  droutli.  Combined  with  white  clover  it  makes  the  richest  pasturage. 
Under  trees  and  woods  it  is  best  to  sow  the  orchard  gniss,  also  drop-seed  grass 
{Muhlenhergia  diffusa).  The  latter  is  a  late  grass  flowering  in  August  and 
September,  and  grows  to  a  height  of  one  and  a  half  feet.  It  is  believed  to  be  a  good 
butter  grass,  and  many  think  it  gives  a  fine  flavor  to  butter.  It  deserves  investi- 
gation. It  grows  only  in  woods.  The  sweet-scented  vernal  grass  and  vanilla  grass, 
wliich  are  sometimes  recommended  because  of  their  pleasant  odors,  are  probably 
of  little  or  no  value,  as  cattle  do  not  relish  them  and  they  occupy  the  land  as  weeds. 

SOITHKKX    I'ASTURK. 

In  the  extreme  South  good  pasture  grasses  are  grown  with  difliculty  or  not  at  all. 
There  are  some  grasses  that  are  very  hardy  and  make  terrible  pests  in  cultivated 
fields,  wliich,  however,  yield  rich  pasture.  Such  are  the  Johnson  gra.ss  {Sorghum, 
halapense),  which  is  of  great  value,  the  Bermuda  grass  and  the  crab  grass 
{Pa7i!cum  sanguinale),  also  the  juicy  grass  (Paspaliwi  laeve).  The  perennial  grass 
{Paa^yalum  ovatum)  promises  to  be  of  great  value  in  the  Gulf  States,  as  it  is  said 
to  thrive  on  very  dry  land  in  the  longest  drouth. 

Texas  meadow  grass  (^Poa  arachnifera),  a  grass  native  to  the  region  of  the 
Red  River,  Louisiana,  and  elsewhere  in  the  Southwest,  is  claimed  to  be  more  valuable 
than  the  green  meadow  grass  [Poa  jn^atensis),  and  is  of  larger  growth.  It  makes 
excellent  winter  pasture,  as  it  has  a  rapid  growth,  sometimes  making  ten  inches  in  as 
many  days  in  Texas  during  the  winter  months. 

It  is  very  leafy,  makes  a  dense,  permaneiit  sod,  and  is  therefoi-e  a  tine  lawn  grass. 

It  is  worthy  to  be  widely  introduced  and  extensively  cultivated  in  all  parts  of 
the  country  where  it  will  jirove  hardy. 

For  Southern  winter  pasture  the  following  list  of  grasses  is  recomiiiended  : 

1 .  Texas  meadow  grass  {I*oa  arachnifera). 

2.  Orchard  grass  {Dactylis  glamei'ata). 

3.  Tall  oat  grass  {Arrhenatlierum,  amenacewn). 

4.  Italian  rye  grass  {Lolium,  Italieuni). 

The  Johnson  grass  {Sorghum,  halapense)  may  be  pastiu-ed  uv  used  for  a  soiling 
crop.     Swine  are  very  fond  of  its  creeping  root-stocks. 

Lucern  requires  very  rich,  warm  land.  It  must  be  sown  in  drills  eighteen 
inches  apart,  using  about  twenty  pounds  of  seed  to  the  acre,  and  a  dressing  of  two 
Inmdred  pounds  of  bone-powder  planted  with  the  seed  by  the  drill.     (-Jive  thorough 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  205 

cultivation  every  fall  and   a  rich  dressing  of  cow-nianure.      Kee])  down   all  weeds. 
It  will  give  four  cuttings  a  year  in  the  Southern  States. 

PASTURE    AND     FARM    FENCES. 

The  coming  fence  is  a  combination  of  wire  and  hedge.  Prim  is  easily  grown 
from  cuttings,  has  a  foliage  of  soft,  l)eautiful  green,  which  remains  bright  from  eight 
to  ten  months  of  the  year.  A  barbed  wire  fence,  of  six  wires,  covered  by  a  prim 
hedge  about  eighteen  inches  wide  at  the  base  and  five  or  six  inches  wide  at  the  top, 
with  a  height  of  five  feet,  is  the  ideal  fence.  The  hedge  forms  a  covering  or  screen 
from  injury  by  the  wire,  and  the  barbs  eiiectually  turn  all  intruders,  whether  man, 
beast  or  fowl.  The  posts  may  be  set  thirty  feet  apart,  and  the  prim  plants  nine  to 
twelve  inches  apart,  alternating  on  either  side  of  the  lowest  %vire,  or,  if  the  wires 
are  set  on  alternate  sides  of  the  posts,  the  ])lants  may  be  set  on  a  line  with  the  centi-e 
of  the  posts.  Five  wires  may  be  set,  four  inches  apart  at  the  bottom  and  widening 
to  sixteen  at  top.  Such  a  fence  would  be  ornamental  to  the  farm  and  a  very 
pleasing  attraction  to  the  landscape.  The  wire  fence  should  have  an  occasional  rod 
of  iron  set  with  the  posts  and  soldered  to  the  wires,  at  least  one  at  each  corner  of  the 
field,  as  a  protection  to  cattle  from  lightning  during  storms.  Other  hedge  plants 
worthy  of  trial  are  hemlock,  spruce,  sweetbrier,  buckthorn,  clethra  and  althea. 

TETHERING. 

An  economical  method  of  pastui-ing  on  small  farms  is  by  the  use  of  the  tether. 
It  is  the  practice  in  the  Island  of  Jersey,  and  to  some  extent  in  America. 

This  confines  the  animal  to  a  small  area  and  necessitates  a  closer  and  more 
thorough  use  of  the  grass.  The  removal  of  the  tethering  iron  or  stake  a  few  inches 
four  or  five  times  each  day  allows  the  cropping  of  another  space.  Water  should  be 
supplied  every  three  hours.  The  tethering  iron  should  have  a  ring  and  swivel  at 
the  top,  and  the  animal  may  be  secured  by  a  .chain  of  fine  links  attached  to  the 
headstall.  The  chain  should  have  several  link  swivels  to  prevent  kinking.  A  bull 
may  have  the  chain  pass  through  his  muzzle-ring  and  fasten  to  a  strong  leather 
strap  buckled  around  the  base  of  the  horns. 

WATER    SUI'l'IA'    IN    PASTURES. 

An  abundant  supply  of  pure  water  in  every  pasture  is  essential  to  successful 
dairying. 

One  or  more  troughs  or  tanks  in  every  field,  raised  so  that  animals  cannot  stej) 
or  plunge  into  them,  maybe  filled  by  pipes  conducting  from  hillside  springs  of  pure 
water,  or  from  a  reservoir  filled  by  a  windmill  or  other  power  pump.  These  troughs 
should  be  in  the  open  field  and  most  accessible,  never  in  a  corner,  where  they  endanger 
the  timid  or  invite  to  hooking  and  goring. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AJUEIilCA. 


KENdVATION    OK    FASTI' KES. 


Go  ovei-  the  jiastures  every  year,  in  August,  and  rout  out  or  c-ut  down  every 
plant,  shrub  or  tree  that  is  nnprolitable  to  you. 

The  hquid-manure  cart  will  prove  of  great  advantage  in  seasons  of  drouth  wliere 
irrigation  is  impracticable  in  any  other  way.  Irrigation  and  fertilization  will  do 
much  to  keep  up  a  fresh  growth  in  parching  weather,  provided  the  ground  be  well 
saturated  with  very  dilute  manure.  AVhere  certain  varieties  or  species  of  plants  and 
grasses  are  deficient  it  is  well  to  g(j  over  the  pastures  in  the  latter  part  of  August  with 
a  steel-toothed  harrow,  breaking  and  scarifying  the  surface  sufficiently,  when  the 
desired  mixture  of  seeds  may  be  scattered  broadcast  and  rolled  or  brushed  into  the 
scarified  ground.  If  rains  do  not  soon  follow,  irrigation,  by  some  method,  M'ill  hasten 
germination  of  the  seed.  All  plants  having  bitter  or  acrid  juices  should  be  cut  before 
seeding  in  all  fields  and  pastures,  so  as  to  exterminate  them.  Many  weeds  or  stout 
plaTits  may  be  destroyed  in  the  early  stages  of  growth  by  touching  the  cro^vns  with  a 
wand  dipped  in  a  vessel  of  sulphuric  acid.  Finely  pulverized  bones  and  wood 
ashes  produce  sweet  grasses,  and  are  the  most  lasting  of  manures  for  pastures. 

Clover  pastures  require  a  lihcral  dressing  of  lime  and  hone-poioder. 

kui.es  for  1-asturino. 

1.  Allow  no  sheep  upon  new  pasture  within  two  years,  as  they  will  destroy  it. 

2.  Mow  the  first  growth  in  early  flowering  to  prevent  smut  and  woodiness. 

3.  Roll  frequently  and  stock  with  young  cattle  only  until  the  second  season  is 
over. 

4.  Never  stock  i)astures  in  spring  until  genial  weatlier  is  fairly  estaliiished. 

5.  Never  allow  the  grasses  to  run  to  seed  or  parts  of  the  field  to  be  eaten  bare 
and  others  to  get  rank  and  coarse. , 

6.  Duly  spread  about  all  dung,  remove  all  stagnant  water,  and  extirpate  all 
weeds. 

7.  At  midsummer  have  the  pasture  grazed  or  cut  so  close  that  there  AvaW  be  no 
dead  or  dry  herbage  on  any  part  of  it. 

8.  Always  adapt  the  stock,  as  regards  breed,  size,  condition  and  niunbers,  to  the 
actual  capabilities  of  the  pasturage. 

9.  Secure  to  the  stock  at  all  times  a  full  l)ite  of  clean,  fresh-grown,  succulent 
herbage. 

10.  In  moving  stock  from  field  to  field  take  care  tliat  it  always  be  to  better  fare. 

11.  Have  pasture  sheds  built  and  furnished  with  bedding  and  absorbents,  that 
the  manure  may  be  saved  while  the  cattle  are  sheltered  from  scorching  heat  or  cold 
storms. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IK  AMERICA. 


THE  RATION. 


At  all  times  the  dairy  cow,  if  she  be  the  best  type  of  Jersey,  will  exhibit  a  good 
appetite,  the  largest  digestive  power,  and  great  capability  for  transforming  meadow 
and  farm  products,  in  the  shape  of  grass,  hay  and  meal,  into  milk  and  cream.  What- 
soever is  produced  in  milk,  cream,  butter  and  cheese  must  come  from  the  food  which 
the  animal  eats.  How  important,  then,  that  the  art  of  feeding  should  be  thoroughly 
mastered  by  all  who  have  charge  of  dairy  cattle. 

The  cow  must  be  suppoi'ted  by  food.  It  requires  two  thirds  of  a  full  ration  to 
sustain  a  cow  in  good  condition.  This  is  called  the  food  of  support,  and  is  simply 
appropriated  to  keep  the  animal  alive.  If  the  animal  takes  more  exercise  than  is 
required,  or  is  subjected  to  very  low  temperature,  or  to  violent  changes  of  weather 
and  cold  storms,  or  is  misused  in  any  way,  as  by  being  kicked  or  beaten  by  harsh 
attendants,  or  worried  by  dogs,  or  irritated  by  being  placed  with  strange  cattle,  or  put 
under  any  unusual  nervous  excitement,  there  must  be  a  compensation  for  the  loss, 
for  the  wear  and  tear  of  the  system,  as  far  as  the  law  of  equivalents  can  be  made  to 
operate,  before  there  is  any  production  of  milk  whatever. 

All  the  profit  must  come  from  the  other  third  of  a  full  ration  or  from  what 
is  used  above  the  two  thirds  necessary  for  maintenance.  If  the  cow  is  not  made 
profitable  by  right  feeding  there  will  be  a  loss. 

The  cow  must  be  under  the  best  conditions  as  to  exercise,  the  maintenance  of 
animal  heat  and  protection  from  the  weather,  and  then  fed  so  that  she  will  produce 
the  greatest  amount  of  rich  milk,  and  a  calf,  year  by  year,  to  a  full  age.  The  cow  is 
the  largest  producer  of  food  among  animals,  and  consequently  the  most  profitable  for 
economical  feeding. 

The  ration  for  cows  must  support  animal  heat  and  contribute  to  maintain  all 
the  tissues  of  the  body,  and  in  addition  give  the  largest  possible  yield  of  milk  of  the 
best  quality.  If  the  average  temperature  is  70°  it  requires  only  food  enough  to 
raise  this  temperature  to  101°,  or  to  overcome  a  variation  of  about  31°  between 
the  air  and  blood-heat.  If  the  stables  are  kept  at  an  average  temperature  of  60°,  then 
10°  are  added,  tlius  requiring  additional  food.  If  the  stables  are  cold  and  the  average 
winter  temperature  is  40°,  then  the  temperature  must  be  raised  61°  to  maintain 
normal  temperature. 

Growing  cattle  require  a  larger  projjortion  of  the  elements  for  maintaining 
animal  heat  than  milch  cows. 

In  order  to  save  a  waste  of  rations  the  stable  should  be  made  comfortable  and 
of  the  right  temperature  in  summer  and  winter,  and  the  animals  should  be  protected 
from  all  sources  of  worriment  and  annoyance. 

The  milch  cow,  the  growing  animal  and  the  mature  bull  must  each  be  fed  a 
ration  suited  to  the  special  requirements  of  each.     The  cow  must  have  that  proportion 


268  JERSKY   (WTTLI-:  IX  A  M  Kill  C A. 

of  protein,  carbo-li3'drates  ;iiul  tat  suited  to  the  liigliest  productiveness  of  the  best 
quality  of  niili<  and  butter  and  the  development  of  the  foetal  calf.  The  growing 
heifer  inuBt  have  a  ration  suited  to  ])rei)are  her  to  become  a  perfect  cdw.  Tlie 
growing  bull  and  the  mature  bull  must  each  have  an  approj)riate  ration,  whicli 
differs  in  comi)ositi()n  accitrding  to  age  and  service. 

A  PART  OF    PKOFESSOII  TANNEirS   TABLE  OF  FODDER   A^AU'FX 

WKK.III-     UKyllKKI)    TO      I'KODlrK    o.\K    I-olXI>    OK    MKAT. 

Linseed  ('akc  and  IVas,  c(pial  parts \),  lbs. 

Linseed  Cake .">  or  tS 

Barley 6 

Rape  Cake 6  •• 

Cotton  Cake 0 

Oats 7  " 

Beans 8  " 

Peas S  ■• 

Clover  Hay 12  " 

Swedes 150  " 

Mangolds 150  " 

Carrots 1 60 

Professor  Johnson,  of  the  C!onnecticut  Ex])erimcnt  Station,  lias  translated  the 
feeding  standard  tables  of  the  German  experimenter.  Dr.  "Wolff,  which  show  what 
has  been  found  to  work  well  on  a  small  scale  and  may  be  useful  to  the  Jersey  breeder 
in  aiding  him  to  form  a  better  standard  suited  to  his  own  herd  for  sj)ecial  pur))oses. 
Great  variations  may  be  made  from  these  standards,  and  farther  on  in  the  history  of 
individual  Jerseys  will  be  given  the  rations  for  tests  from  which  the  great  butter 
records  have  been  made. 

According  to  Wolff,  thirty  pounds  of  young  clover  liay  will  keep  a  cow  in  fair 
milk:  this  contains  of  dry  organic  substance  twenty-three  poimds,  of  whieli  the 
digestible  substance  is:  protein,  3.21;  carbo-hydrates,  11.28;  and  fat,  0.63.  This 
varies  from  the  standard  \\\  the  table  by  .71  jiouiids  more  of  protein,  .22  pounds 
less  of  carbo-hydrates,  and  .23  pounds  more  of  fat. 

The  ration  m\ist  not  only  contain  the  correct  proportion  of  nutrient  substance, 
but  it  must  always  be  combined  in  such  a  way  as  to  be  most  palatable  and  in 
the  most  convenient  form  for  mastication. 

Special  rations  must  be  fed  to  cows  that  are  ju-oducing  a  very  large  amount  of 
butter,  and  also  to  service  bulls  and  choice  calves.  Special  feeding  that  keeps  a 
cow  up  to  the  limit  of  her  full  capacity  has  been  proven  a  source  of  iJernianent 


JERSEY    CATTLE  IJST  AMEBIC  A.  269 

improvement  in  individual  cows,  and  also  a  governing  factor  in  the  production  of 
better  calves,  the  cow  producing  her  best  heifers,  according  to  Stewart,  at  the 
period  of  her  highest  feeding  and  greatest  productiveness.  The  best  cows  of  the 
Jersey  breed  may  be  greatly  improved  in  both  quantity  and  quality  of  their  milk  by 
high  feeding  of  well-selected  rations. 

Feeding  Standards, 
per  day  and  per  thousand  pounds,  live  weight. 


2  to 

3  to    6 

6  to  12 
12  to  18 
18  to  24 


Oxen  moderately  worked. .  . 
Cows  in  milk 

GROWING    CATTLE. 
Average  Live  Weight  per  Head, 

150  pounds 

300   "   

500   "   

700   "   

850   '•   


OS 

—  3 


22.0 
23.4 
24.0 
24.0 
24.0 


Nutritive  Digestible 

Substances. 

g;  . 

i 

2 

■g  g 

SI 

■53 

0 

0 

a 

tl 

z^ 

Ph 

" 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

1.6 

11.3 

0.30 

13.20 

2.5 

12.5 

0.40 

15.40 

4.0 

13.8 

2.0 

19.8 

3.2 

13.5 

1.0 

17.7 

2.5 

13.5 

0.6 

16.6 

2.0 

13.0 

0.4 

15.4 

1.6 

12.0 

0.3 

13.9 

lbs. 
1  :7.5 
1  :  5.4 


1  :4.7 
1  :5.0 
1  :6.0 
1  :7.0 
1  :8.0 


PER    DAY    AND    PER    HEAD. 


2  to    3 

150  pounds. 

3.3 

7.0 
12.0 
16.8 
20.4 

0.0 

1.0 
1.3 
1.4 
1.4 

2.1 
4.1 
6.8 
9.1 
19.3 

0.30 
0.30 
0.30 
0,28 
0.26 

3.00 

5.40 

8.40 

10.78 

11.96 

47 

3  to    6 

300       " 

5  0 

6  to  12 

500       "      

6(1 

12  to  18 

700       "      

70 

18  to  24 

850       "      .       ... 

80 

Professor  Horsfall  says  it  requires  twenty  pounds  of  good  meadow  hay,  besides 
tlie  food  of  support,  to  produce  eighteen  quarts  (forty  pounds)  of  milk  a  day.  The 
cow  cannot  consume  this  amount  of  hay  above  the  ration  for  her  maintenance,  and 
the  extra  food   must  be  sought  in  more  concentrated  forms,  such  as  are  rich  in 


270  JERSEY    CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

protein,  pliosphoric  acid  and  oils,  and  these  be  selected  with  reference  to  economy. 
His  stables  in  winter  were  kept  at  0(1°  temperature.  His  ration  for  milk  consisted  of 
rape  cake,  five  ])ounds,  liran,  two  pounds,  mixed  with  bean  straw,  oat  straw,  and 
oat  shells  in  eijual  parts,  fed  three  times  a  day,  all  they  would  eat.  These  materials 
were  moistened,  mi.xed  thoroughly,  then  steamed  and  fed  warm.  Each  cow  had,  in 
addition,  from  oTie  to  two  jwunds  of  l)ean  meal,  according  to  her  (juantity  of  milk, 
and  when  eaten,  green  food,  consisting  of  cabbages  from  Octolier  to  Decembei-, 
kohl-rabi  until  February,  and  mangolds  till  grass-time.  To  preserve  a  good  flavor 
the  green  food  was  limited  to  thirty  or  thirty-five  pounds  daily,  and  after  each  feed 
four  pounds  of  meadow  hay  or  twelve  pounds  daily  to  each  cow,  with  all  tiie  water 
they  would  drink  twice  a  day. 

This  ration  was  given  to  produce  quantity  of  milk  and  prepare  cows  for  the 
second  stage  of  fattening  for  the  butcher.  His  cost  of  feed  was  twenty-seven  cents 
a  day  for  each  cow,  and  the  nnlk  from  six  cows  averaged  $46.83  for  one  hundred 
and  ninety -one  days,  and  the  manure  was  equal  to  $2!».49  per  cow  for  the  same 
length  of  time. 

The  English,  German  and  American  experiments  demonstrate  that  two  partK 
of  all  food  are  required  to  h'cp  the  row  alive,  and  one  part  for  production  and 
profit.  They  also  show  that  the  oil  contained  in  the  food  is  insufficient  to  supply 
the  needs  of  the  animal,  and  that  the  fat  must  in  part  lie  derived  from  the 
carbo-hydrates  in  the  food. 

Rations  for  Jersey  Cows  in  Milk  when  vieldino  from  Two  to  Three  Pounds 
OF  BrrrER  Daily. 
In  the  month  of  May  green  rye  and  barley  may  be  cut  and  mixed  with  clo\ei- 
hay  i)r  extra  meadow  hay  of  mixed  grasses  and  clover,  twenty-five  to  fifty  pounds  of 
rye,  and  twelve  to  sixteen  pounds  of  hay,  given  in  four  feeds,  at  6  and  9  a.m. 
and  3  and  6  p.m.,  allowing  the  time  from  10  a.m  to  3  p.m.  for  exercise  in  the 
oj)en  air.  Until  the  cows  are  accustomed  to  the  green  food  it  is  best  to  graduate 
the  ])roportions  for  a  few  days,  giving  a  ration  as  follows,  for  cows  of  nine  hundred 
pounds  live  weight : 

MAY. 


10  lbs.  Best  Mixed  Hay, 

25  lbs.  Green  Rye  and  Barley, 

4  lbs.  Wheat  Bran, 

2  lbs.  Corn  Meal. 
10  lbs.  Parsnips, 

4  lbs.  Barley  Meal. 

•J  oz.  Salt  at  each  feed. 


C/Ut  and  mixed 
for  two  feeds. 


Noon  feed. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMEItlGA. 


2  lbs.  Best  Hay, 

10  lbs.  Green  Rye  or  Rye  Grass, 

20  lbs.  Green  Clover, 

25  lbs.  Orchard  Grass, 

25  lbs.  Green  Barley. 

1  quart  of  AVheat  Bran  at  each 
^  oz.  Salt  at  each  feed. 


Mixed  for  two 
feeds. 


ilkinK. 


2  lbs.  Best  Hay, 
25  lbs.  Green  Clover  or  Clover  and  Timothy, 
25  lbs.  Green  Oats  or  Oats  and  Peas,  [  Two  feeds. 

20  lbs.  Green  Wheat  or  Alsike, 
20  lbs.  Green  Hungarian  Grass,  in  early  blossom. 

1  quart  of  Wheat  Bran  at  each  milking 
^  oz.  Salt  at  each  feed. 


2  lbs.  Best  Hay, 
20  lbs.  Italian  Rye  Grass, 
20  lbs.  Italian  Millet  and  Hungarian  Grass, 
30  lbs.  Green  Sweet  Corn  Fodder, 
20  lbs.  Alsike  or  Green  Wheat. 

1  quart  of  Bran  at  each  milking-time 

J  oz.  Salt  at  each  feed. 


Two  feeds. 


SEPTEMBER. 

2  lbs.  Best  Hay, 
25  lbs.  Sweet  Corn  (with  ears  in  milk), 
10  lbs.  Green  Barley  and  Hungarian  Grass, 
10  lbs.  Millet,  or  ^  bushel  Crushed  Ripe  Apples, 
10  lbs.  Wheat  in  early  bloom. 

1  quart  of  Bran  at  milking. 

^  oz.  Salt  at  each  feed. 


Two  feeds. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


OCTOBER. 

2  lbs.  Best  Ha.v. 
25  lbs.  Sweet  Corn  (with  ears  in  milk), 
20  lbs.  Green  Barley, 
10  lbs.  Green  Wheat. 

1  quart  of  Rye  Bran  at  milking. 

Given  upon  1  peck  of  Crushed  Ripe  Apples, 

I  oz.  Salt  at  each  feed. 


Two  feeds. 


NOVEMBEK. 

2(1  11  )s.  Green  Corn  Fodder, 
10  lbs.  Best  Hay, 
10  lbs.  Green  Barley, 

2  lbs.  Oatmeal, 

2  lbs.  Barley  Meal. 

4  lbs.  Bran, 
10  lbs.  Pumpkins. 

J^  oz.  Salt  at  eacl 


-  Two  feeds. 


Middav  feed. 


feed. 


DErEMHEli. 

15  lbs.  Best  Early  Hay  of  Orchard  Grass  and 
Clover. 
(5  lbs.  "Wheat  Bran, 
4  lbs.  Maize  Meal, 
2  lbs.  Barley  Meal, 
4  lbs.  Oatmeal. 
i  lb.  Linseed  Meal, 
10  lbs.  Pumpkins. 

^ijf  oz.  Salt  at  each  feed. 


-  Two  feeds. 


feed. 


5  lbs.  Green  Oat  Hay. 
15  lbs.  Com  Stover, 

6  lbs.  Rye  Bran, 

2  lbs.  Barley  Meal, 
4  li)s.  Maize  Meal, 
4  II IS.  Oatmeal, 
i  lb.  Linseed  Meal, 
10  ll)s.  (^arrots. 


•jiff  oz.  Salt  at  each  feed. 


Daily  ration  f« 
two  feeds. 


}x 


oon  feed. 


HAZEN'S    NORA    4791. 

AT    8    TEARS  OLD. 

Rajah — Bismarck— Splendid  Type. 

GEEEN    MOUNTAIN    HERD. 

MOULTON   BnOTHER9,    WeST   RANDOLPH,    VERMONT. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IiV  AMERICA. 


FEBRUARY. 

8  lbs.  Best  Green  Clover  Hay, 
8  lbs.  Green  Millet  Hay, 
6  lbs.  Eye  Bran,  or  Wheat  Shorts, 
4  lbs.  Maize  Meal, 
2  lbs.  Barley  Meal, 
4  lbs.  Oatmeal. 
i  lb.  Linseed  Cake  Meal, 
10  lbs.  Carrots. 

■^  oz.  Salt  at  each  feed. 


Two  feeds. 


Noon  feed. 


MARCH. 

4  lbs.  Green  Clover  Hay, 
15  lbs.  Green  Corn  Stover, 

6  lbs.  Eye  Bran  or  Wheat  Shorts, 

4  lbs.  Maize  Meal, 

6  lbs.  Oatmeal. 
10  lbs.  Mangolds  or  Parsnips, 

1  lb.  Linseed  Meal. 

y'^  oz.  Salt  at  each  feed. 


Two  feeds. 


Midday  feed. 


8  lbs.  Green  Millet  Hay,  or  25  lbs.  Green  Eye 
8  lbs.  Cow  Pea  Hay  or  Clover  Hay, 
6  lbs.  Eye  Bran, 
6  lbs.  Oatmeal, 
2  lbs.  Maize  Meal. 
10  lbs.  Parsnips, 
i  lb.  Linseed  Meal. 

-rV  OZ.  Salt  at  each  feed. 


Two  feeds. 


Midday  feed. 


A    CHEAP    WINTER    RATION. 

10  lbs.  Green  Corn  Stover, 
8  lbs.  Green  Millet  Hay, 
4  lbs.  Oatmeal, 
fi  lbs.  Eye  Bran, 
3  lbs.  Maize  Meal, 
2  lbs.  Linseed  Meal. 

-jig-  oz.  Salt  at  each  feed. 


-  Two  feeds 


274  JERSEY  CATTLE  JX  A3IERICA. 

Use  the  "  Crusher"  machine  for  cutting,  connninuting  and  pulverizing  all  the 
corn  fodder,  and  the  Hay  Cutter  for  all  other  grasses,  then  moisten  and  mix  with 
the  ground  feed. 

RATION    KOK    WINTER    MILK. 

3  lbs.  Clover  Hay. 

15  lbs.  Corn  Stover,  well  (nired. 

4  lbs.  Oatmeal. 

2  lbs.  Corn  Meal. 
8  lbs.  Wheat  Bran. 
2  lbs.  Linseed  Meal. 
^  oz.  Salt  at  each  feed. 

OR     lillS,     FOR    WINTER    AlILK. 

Cost. 

18  lbs.  Corn  Fodder,  well  cured 4.5  cents. 

5  lbs.  Best  Clover  Hay 2.0     " 

8  lbs.  Wheat  Bran 6.0     " 

i  lbs.  Corn  Meal 3.0     " 

2  lbs.  Linseed  Meal    3.0     " 

-^  oz.  Salt  at  each  feed.  18.5  cents. 

STANDARD   WINTER    RATION    FOR    A    BREEDING    HERD. 

10  lbs.  Com  Fodder,  cured  green. 

5  lbs.  Rowen  Hay. 
1^  qts.  Oatmeal. 

1  qt.  Maize  Meal. 
1  qt.  Wheat  Bran. 
1  pt.  Linseed  Meal. 

6  qts.  Parsnips. 

-^  oz.  Salt  at  each  feed. 

The  corn  fodder  to  be  cut  in  foui'-incli  lengtlis,  or  crushed  in  the  ''  Crusher," 
then  well  moistened  and  mi.xed  with  the  grain,  one  lialf  at  G  a.m.,  one  half  at  •>  p.m. 
(Bundles  of  corn-stalks  may  be  cut  in  four-inch  lengths  with  the  bucksaw.) 

The  rowen  hay  at  12  m. 

The  parsnips  at  3  p.m. 

Full  watering  at  10:30  a.m.  and  5:30  p.m..  with  water  at  (!5°  temperature. 

WINTER    ration    for    YELLOW    BUTfER. 

Same  as  above,  provided  the  corn  fodder  and  hay  are  cured  so  as  to  retain  their 
green  color.     The  parsnips  also  aid  in  giving  butter  color  in  winter. 

Give  double  the  quantity  of  salt  with  green  succulent  cro])s,  and  always  mix 
dry  hay  or  oat  straw  with  green  clover. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


RATION    AT    ECHO    FAKM,    LITCHFIELD,    CONN.,    AS    KKPOUTKU    liY    CONNECTICUT 
AGKICULTUKAL    EXPERIMENT    STATION,    1881. 

Daily  Ration  per  Head. 


11)8. 

Hay 23.5a 

Provender* ,  -l.tJlt 

Bran 2.50 

Mangolds ,  7.50 

Total 

Total  per  1000  lbs.  live  weight 
Standard 


Digestible. 


lbs. 
15.72 
8.88 
2.15 
O.W 


lbs. 
0.66 
0.34 
0.33 
0.12 


Carbo- 
hydrates. 


lbs.  [  lbs. 

8.37  j  0.1-4 

2.54  I  0.13 

1.16  I  0.05 

0.43  i  .... 


22.39  \  1.45  !  12.50  j  0.32 
25.16  j  1.63  I  14.04  ,  0.36 
24.00     I      2.50         12.50     \      0.40 


Total  digestible  matter,  16.03. 

Nutritive  ratio,  1  :  1.9. 

Order  of  feeding :  Morning,  Hay,  Pro 

Noon,  Hay. 

3  P.M.,  Mangolds. 

Night,  Hay,  Provei 

RATION    RECOMMENDED    KOK   .IKRSKV    C( 

In  Winter:   10  lbs.  Best  Meadow  Hay. 
10  lbs.  Corn  Stover. 
10  lbs.  Kntabagas. 

2  lbs.  Oatmeal. 

i  lb.  Oil  Cake  Meal. 

-jig-  oz.  Salt  at  each  feed. 


15ran 


iEEOKE    CALVINO 


10  lbs.  Eowen  Hay. 

6  lbs.  Oat  Straw. 
15  lbs.  Entabagas  or  (Cabbage. 

2  lbs.  Oatmeal. 

i  OZ.  Salt. 


■  Equal  parts  j;rnund  oats 


27(!  JERSEY    CATTLE  IX  AM  Ell  [c  A. 

DAKLINGTOX    KATIOX. 

At  tlie  ••  Darliiiirton'"  dairy  of  grade  cows  the  following  ration  is  fed  in  order 
tu  give  a  good  flavor  to  the  imtter,  which  has  a  reputation  in  the  market  for  (quality, 
Havor  and  nnifonnity  of  a))pearance  throughout  the  year: 

Best  Clover  Hay 8*  lbs. 

(Jorn  iMeal 8i    " 

Wlieat  Shorts 8^    - 

No  cornnieal  or  shorts  are  used  if  in  the  least  degree  fermented,  but  sliould  such 
fermented  meal  or  bran  be  sent  from  any  dealer,  it  is  immediately  returned,  as  the 
feeding  of  fermented  food  would  destroy  the  quality  of  the  butter. 

I)RYIN(;    OFF   cows. 
If  it  is  desired   that  a  persistent  milker  shall  be   thoroughly  dry  before  calving 
turn  her  into  a  box-stall  and  feed  her  with  a  ration  of  thirty  ])ounds  of  oat  straw. 
Straw    is  a  good  ration  to  make   cows  dry  off  at  any   time,  and  therefore  not   a 
desirable  food  except  for  the  sole  ])urpose  of  drying. 


In  sunin 
pasture  alom 
especially  sweet 


All  -r 


('AI;|(o|-     Cl.KANKK 

SIMMIOU    KKKDINC 

•hat   she  will   eat 

of   mixe 

1  forage   p 

lant 

or 

are  better   after   a 

few  ho 

irs  of  wilti 

ig  i 

1  tl 

ir,,od 


JERi^EY   CATTLE  IJSr  AMERICA.  277 

No  forage  crop  can  be  fed  when  wet  by  rain  or  clew  without  injury,  because  uf 
the  added  excess  of  moisture,  which  causes  indigestion  and  a  diminished  yield  of 
milk. 

Roots  like  all  the  greens  and  apples  nuist  be  fed  in  small  <juantities  at  first, 
gradually  increasing  to  the  full  proportiun  in  the  mixed  ration. 


RATION   FOR   THE   JERSEY   BFLL. 

SUMMER. 

Let  him  be  tethered  in  good  pasture,  or  give  from  seventy-five  to  one  hundred 
pounds  of  green  forage  with  from  one  to  three  pounds  of  oatmeal,  according  to  size 
and  service.     Give  salt  at  each  feed. 


12  lbs.  best  Clover  m-  Cow  Pea  Hay. 

3  lbs.  Oatmeal. 

2  lbs.  Linseed  Meal ;  grain  mi.xed  with  the  cut  hay. 
4  to  6  lbs.  Carrots,  Mangolds,  Rutabagas  or  Parsnijis. 
^  oz.  Salt. 
Feed  three  times  daily,  and  give  water  as  often. 


RATION   FOR   THE  CALF. 

The  calf  is  best  fed  with  the  utmost  regard  to  punctuality,  three  times  daily, 
from  birth,  upon  the  fidl  milk  of  its  own  dam,  when  practicable.  Let  the  calf  suck 
the  dam  one  day,  then  remove  it  to  its  own  softly-bedded  stall.  The  second  and 
third  days  it  may  be  taught  to  drink  from  a  pail  or  bucket  by  firmly  holding  the 
muzzle  in  the  warm  milk  while  two  fingers  of  the  right  hand  are  inserted  in  its 
mouth.  The  calf  will  take  from  a  quart  to  three  pints  of  the  colostrum  three  times 
daily,  and  a  gradually  increasing  quantity  of  his  dam's  milk.  This  should  be  given 
as  soon  as  a  sufficient  quantity  is  drawm,  that  it  ma}'  not  lose  its  normal  temjierature 
of  101-|-°.  After  one  month,  if  it  is  desired  to  use  the  cream  for  buttei-,  the  calf  can 
have  one  third  of  the  dam's  milk  mixed  with  two  thirds  warm  skim-milk  from 
the  Separator ;  or,  if  some  other  mode  of  cream-raising  is  practised,  the  sweet 
skim-milk  should  be  warmed  to  1(»2°  or  103°  by  careful  test.  It  is  better 
to  give  six  quarts  a  day  in  three  than  the  same  in  two  feeds.  At  the  third 
month  the  calf  can  have  entire  skim-milk,  to  which  should  be  added  a  gruel 
made  from  flaxseed.     It  is  well  to  begin  the  addition  of  the  gruel  the  second  month, 


278  JERSEY    CATTLE   IX  AM  Ell  I  (A. 

to  su))ply  the  diange  from  wliole  milk  with  cream  to  a  partial  ration.  A  j)iiit  of 
flaxseed  and  a  pint  of  '*  oilmeal"  hoiled  in  ten  quarts  of  water,  or  flaxseed  alone  in  six 
times  its  bulk  of  water,  will  make  a  gruel  nearly  rieli  enough  to  sui)pl_v  the  lack  of 
cream  in  the  skim-milk.  Mix  this,  one  to  two  parts,  in  the  skim-milk,  and  feed  at  a 
temiierature  of  lo'^-.  Always  )ise  the  thermometer,  and  a  good  one.  From  the 
l)egiiining  adil  a  little  rennet  or  laeto-rennetine  to  the  milk  before  feeding,  and  a 
gradually  increasinir  allowance  of  salt  at  each  feed,  beginning  with  a  few  grains 
only. 

If  the  Sucking  Feeder  is  used  it  may  be  fastened  to  the  inside  of  the  stall  and 
tlie  milk  poured  in  through  the  door  or  a  port-hole. 

The  rennet  renders  digestion  and  a-ssimilation  easy. 

Let  the  calf  be  satistied  three  times  a  day  until  six  months  old.  During  the 
tiftli  month  or  earlier  teach  it  to  eat  a  small  handfid  of  oats.  If  the  food  has  a 
tendency  to  produce  diarrhoea  diminish  the  quantity  at  once  by  three  fourths,  or 
substitute  for  a  few  meals,  in  the  milk,  a  (piart  of  coaree  wheat  flour  or  pure  wheat 
meal  instead  of  the  linseed.  But  always  diminish  the  food  at  once  upon  the  first 
symptoms  of  indigestion.  Pea  meal  may  be  combined  with  the  flax  meal  or  flaxseed 
if  desired,  or  when  the  calf  is  two  months  old  one  pound  of  oatmeal  or  wheat 
middlings  may  be  added  to  its  i-ation.  Twenty  pounds  of  skim-milk  may  be 
suflScient  in  the  daily  ration  until  the  fourth  mouth.  If  the  milk  is  diiuiuished  the 
oatmeal  must  be  increased. 

OTllKK    U.VTIOXS    I'OK    CAl.VKS. 

WIIKV     RATION. 

There  is  miich  valuable  nutriment  in  the  whey  after  cheese-making,  but  the  fat 
and  casein  extracted  must  be  supplemented  by  a  sufficient  amount  of  grain  food 
to  supply  the  nitrogencms  elements,  and  thereby  reudei-  the  mixture  an  equivalent 
to  normal  milk.     Add  a  little  salt  to  each  feed. 

FoKMl  I..\     KOI;    Yor.VO    CALK. 

Whey 1  gal. 

Oil  Cake \    lb. 

.Mix  when  hot.  and  feed  at  I(»L>^ 

I'oRMri.A     KoK    CAl.l-    AT    ONK    MONTU     or,I>. 

AVhey 1  gal. 

Oil  Cake i    lb. 

Oatmeal \    lb. 

Mix  hot,  and  feed  at  1(»2°. 


JERSEY   VATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  279 

HAY  TEA  RATION  FOE  CALVES  ONE  MONTH  OLD. 

Skim-Milk 1  gal. 

Hay  Tea  (decoction  of  early  cut  hay) 1  gal. 

Flaxseed  (decoction) \    lb. 

Wheat  Middlings \    lb. 

Mix  the  milk  after  boiling  the  other  ingredients  well  and  straining,  and  feed 
at  102°. 

Gradually  increase  with  age  the  grain  elements.     Add  a  little  Salt. 

RATION    FOR    CALF    FROM    FOURTH    TO    SEVENTH    MONTH. 

10  lbs.  Skim-Milk. 

2  lbs.  Oatmeal. 

1  lb.  Linseed  Oil  Meal. 
Add   \   teaspoonful   of    Prepared    Rennet ;  and   Whole  Oats  to  eat  midway 
between  feeds.     Give  a  little  Salt. 

(>K    THIS. 

20  lbs.  Skim-Milk,  | 

1  lb.  Oatmeal, 

1  lu   -PI  ,  -   Two  Feeds. 

I  lb.  Flaxseed, 

20  drops  Prepared  Rennet.      ) 

A  haH  pint  Whole  Oats,  dry,  at  noon.     Add  a  small  quantity  of  Salt. 

This  is  a  ration  for  a  very  large  Jersey  calf ;  a  small  calf  may  thrive  on  much 
less  than  this.  During  the  first  year  or  from  six  months  onward  the  young  heifer 
should  be  fed  chiefly  on  hay,  so  as  to  expand  and  develop  the  digestive  organs  to  a 
capacious  size.  Many  breeders  prefer  to  keep  calves  from  grass  until  a  year  old. 
Some  jirefer  to  keep  them  upon  whole  milk  for  three  months,  gradually  intro- 
ducing skim-milk  until  the  calf  is  six  months  old,  returning  to  whole  milk  if  the 
calf  scours,  always  reducing  the  quantity,  and  giving  it  at  a  higher  temperature,  from 
125°  to  130°  Fahrenheit.  Bran  has  an  irritant  effect  on  the  bowels  of  a  calf 
and  should  not  be  used.  The  greatest  care  in  raising  calves  is  necessary,  that  they 
may  always  have  just  enough,  and  never  too  much.  Hundreds  of  valuable  calves  are 
killed  by  overfeeding ;  especially  by  persisting  in  the  overfeeding  after  serious 
disorder  of  the  bowels  threatens  to  destroy  the  animal.  It  is  the  most  important 
de]3ai"tment  of  feeding.  Some  breeders  rarely  or  never  lose  a  calf,  others  have 
continual  disasters  from  their  own  niismanagement. 

ENSILAGE. 

The  storing  of  green  forage  crops  in  water-tight  vats  under  eiKjrmons  pressure 
is  the  invention  of  M.  Goffart,  of  France. 


280  JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 

For  centuries  green  crops  had  been  buried  in  ditches  and  caverns  and  subject  to 
great  loss  by  fermentation  and  decay.  The  method  of  Goffart,  although  a  great 
improvement  upon  the  old,  by  largely  excluding  the  air  and  arresting  the  fermenta- 
tion at  a  certain  point,  still  has  many  serious  objections.  Its  inventor  and  some  of 
its  advocates  have  undoubtedly  claimed  too  much  for  the  system.  For  if  all  their 
clai:ns  are  just  and  tenable,  then  all  fodder  should  be  put  into  the  silo,  and  every 
available  crop,  including  apples,  squashes,  roots,  and  every  grain  and  grass,  would 
be  improved  by  this  process  of  jiartial  decomposition. 

Some  claim  that  it  is  analogous  to  the  art  of  canning  fruit  and  vegetables  for 
human  consumption  and  as  successful,  and  tliat  in  ensilage  they  are  providing  a 
canned  fodder  for  their  cattle. 

If  this  comparison  were  true  the  silo  and  its  products  would  be  all  and  nioi'e 
than  any  one  has  claimed  for  them.  But  from  the  chemical  analysis  of  ensilage  and 
the  strenuous  opposition  which  many  breeders  offer  against  adopting  it  because  of 
that  analysis,  and  also  because  of  ill  effects  observed  from  its  use,  it  is  considered  to 
be  a  very  defective  fodder  for  the  butter  or  milk  dairy  when  fed  in  any  consider- 
able quantity. 

According  to  analyses  made  at  the  Connecticut  Experiment  Station,  188:i,  the 
best  sample  ever  offered  contained  acetic  acid  and  alcohol  equivalent  to  "  a  quart  of 
strong  vinegar"  and  a  pint  of  rum  for  each  hundred  pounds  of  ensilage.  In  the 
United  States  Agricultural  Report  for  1882  it  is  stated  that  "  the  aciditj-  and  alcoholic 
nature  of  the  ensilage  has  been  of  universal  remark,  and,  to  a  certain  extent,  of 
exaggeration.''  In  the  sample  from  C.  H.  Roberts,  of  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  the 
conditions  had  been  such  as  to  make  the  alcoholic  fermentation  most  prominent, 
but  even  under  these  circumstances  alcohol  was  only  recognized  in  the  distillate  from 
the  juice  by  the  iodoform  test.  The  juice  expressed  from  the  specimen  amounted 
tij  forty  and  a  half  per  cent,  of  the  substance  taken.  The  following  determinations 
were  made  : 

Specific  gravity,  15°  C 1.0335 

Total  solids 8.  U 

Glucose l>4 

Sucrose 13 

Total  acid  as  acetic 2.71 

Total  acid  as  lactic 3.08 

This  sample  may  be  regarded  as  an  extreme  of  acidity,  owing  to  its  having  been 
out  of  the  silo  two  days  before  examination.  As  it  requires  one  tenth  of  a  pound 
of  acetic  acid  to  make  one  quart  of  the  strongest  vinegar,  one  hundred  poimds  of 
this  ensilage  would  contain  twenty-seven  quarts  of  the  very  harshest  vinegar,  beside 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  A3fERICA.  281 

the  three  pounds  of  lactic  acid.  A  specimen  from  Alexandi-ia,  Va.,  contained 
acid  equivalent  to  twenty-one  quarts  of  sharjj  vinegar  to  the  hundred  pounds. 

It  is  the  vinegar  and  alcohol,  and  other  products  of  fermentation,  that  render 
ensilage  unacceptable  as  a  food  for  winter  soiling.  If  these  products  could  be 
avoided  or  prevented,  then  winter  soiling  would  be  as  successful  as  the  summer 
soiling  for  dairy  cattle.  If  acetic  acid,  lactic  acid,  butyric  acid  and  alcohol  in  great 
or  small  anaounts  improve  the  fodder,  as  some  claim,  why,  then  the  whole  world  will 
have  the  benefit  of  it  as  soon  as  it  can  become  generally  adopted.  It  is  a  matter  of 
great  consequence  to  breeders  of  thoroughbred  Jerseys  that  they  adopt  nothing  that 
shall  hinder  the  progress  of  successful  breeding  and  dairying. 

Some  have  boldly  risked  and  lost  much  in  testing  the  ensilage  experiment 
during  recent  years,  while  many  of  the  best  breeders  and  feeders  in  the  Jersey  world 
cannot  be  induced  to  try  the  experiment. 

When  the  silo  shall  have  become  as  successful  in  its  purpose  as  the   canning   of 

pears  or  peaches  in    culinary  art   all    Jersey   breeders    will    adopt   ensilage.     The 

feeding  is  just  as  important  as  the  breeding.     Proi^e  and  holdfast  that  alone  ivh/'ch 

Is  best. 

TRAINING  HORNS. 

One  Jersey  breeder  is  very  successful  in  producing  cattle  of  fine  form  and 
beautiful  colors ;  another  cares  little  for  form,  much  less  for  color,  but  gives  his 
whole  attention  to  filling  the  churn,  while  a  third  is  a  dabster  at  training  horns. 

The  horns  of  a  Jersey  are  ornamental  and  give  a  certain  character  to  the 
animal,  varying  according  to  their  size,  color,  shape  and  texture. 

It  is  best  to  have  Jerseys  that  breed  the  true  Jersey  horn,  or  at  least  it  is 
desirable  to  have  something  like  imiformity  in  the  herd.  Some  horns  crumple, 
others  are  tossing,  and  a  few  are  angular.  It  is  supposed  that  about  one  fourth  of 
the  Jerseys  have  horns  that  either  turn  inward  and  downward,  or  inward  and 
slightly  upward,  while  about  three  fourths  have  horns  that  either  flare  or  assume  a 
nearly  vertical  direction.  It  is  desirable  that  they  occupy  as  little  space  as  possible, 
and  also  that  they  be  rendered,  as  far  as  practicable,  harmless  from  goring.  The 
crumpled  form  is  the  best,  turning  inward  and  downward. 

The  process  of  training  should  begin  at  an  age  before  the  horn  is  too  hard, 
usually  about  one  year  old. 

Bore  through  the  horn  half  an  inch  from  the  tip  with  a  small  gimlet.  Tie  a 
piece  of  catgut  or  a  copper  wire  securely  through  these  holes.  With  some  heifers 
the  weight  of  the  string  and  its  slight  pressure  may  be  sufficient ;  if  not,  hang  a 
little  bag  from  the  centre,  having  a  few  birdshot  for  weight,  allowing  it  to  rest  upon 
the  forehead  of  the  animal.  The  weight  of  the  shot  must  be  adjiisted  to  the  stiffness 
of  the  horn.  A  young  bull  might  require  from  half  a  pound  to  two  pounds,  and  in 
rare  cases  three  and  four  pounds.     The  process  must  be  watched  and  the  weight 


282  JERSEY    CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

adjusted  according  to  the  conditions,  [f  out'  Imrii  is  stiffer  tiian  its  mate  it  may  be 
nicived  with  a  file  or  rubbed  witii  saud-piipL^r  on  tlie  inner  surface  ;  at  the  same  time 
a  daily  oiling  will  hasten  somewhat  the  operation.  Too  iiuu-h  weight  or  too  violent 
a  strain  on  the  wire  or  catgut  will  cause  a  tiiickening  nf  the  liorn  at  the  base.  The 
trainer  simply  needs  to  exercise  judgment  and  will  soon  acquire  skill  in  his  work. 
While  the  training  of  horns  is  progressing  the  animals  should  be  kept  in  their 
stanchions,  as  that  secures  them  from  any  damage  by  cntanglenieiit  or  hooking  or 
colliding  M-itli  fences. 

When  the  horns  have  the  desii'ed  turn  remove  the  apparatus  and  tile  off  and 
])olis]i  the  tips  of  the  horns,  so  iis  to  obliterate  the  gimlet-holes. 

The  work  will  well  repay  the  care  and  skill  expended  by  a  more  attnactive 
appearance.  Recent  improvements  in  horn-training  apparatus  obviate  the  necessity 
of  boring  the  horn,  a  button  being  adjusted  to  the  tip  of  the  horn  as  a  support  to 
the  tension  and  weights. 

CARE   OF   THE   RFLL. 

The  bull  is  ••half  the  herd."  and  if  in  himself  he  is  worthy  of  the  place  he 
occupies,  must  command  the  most  skilful  care  and  attention  to  preserve  his  potency 
and  keep  him  in  condition  for  the  transmission  of  his  best  qualities  to  all 
his  progeny.  The  bull  is  the  l)reed,  and  transmits  his  race  characteristics  and 
individual  (jualities  in  a  greater  degree  than  the  female.  It  is  important  that  he 
should  be  kei)t  in  a  uniforndy  healthful  condition  by  proper  exercise  and  feeding, 
and  in  no  case  allowed  to  impair  his  potency  by  any  excess  or  too  fre(|uent  use. 

The  best  bull  must  ]>ossess  a  vast  amount  of  latent  energy  and  neural  force,  and 
consequently  should  lie  of  a  very  lively  dispufition.  lie  therefore  needs  much 
exercise  in  the;  open  air  and  suidiglit  and  kind  treatment,  or  he  may  become  surly 
and  fierce.  He  should  be  nind)le  in  his  movements  and  never  lazy,  high-spirited 
and  never  dull,  always  ivady  to  respond  when  properly  called  u])on  for  service,  and 
unfailing  in  every  effort,  pnividecl  that  the  cow  is  in  gond  healtli. 

He  must  be  kept  in  a  lean  and  active  condition,  and  yet  he  well  nourished.  \i 
he  becomes  fat  impotency  will  follow.  His  first  service  may  be  at  about  the  age  of 
fifteen  months,  and  may  be  repeated  monthly  until  he  is  two  years  of  age.  From  two 
to  tliree  years  old  he  may  give  a  service  bi-monthly,  and  after  three  years  of  age  one 
weekly  ser\  ice  is  enough  to  require,  if  offspring  possessing  the  requisite  neural  energy 
is  to  be  seemed.  The  service  might  be  less  frequent  to  the  advantage  of  the  progeny, 
male  or  female  ;  and  in  service  the  bull  should  never  be  allowed  to  repeat  his  efforts 
after  one  suc-cessful  copulation,  but  always  removed  immediately  to  his  own  stiill. 
Nothing  is  worse  than  repeated  copulations  at  one  interview,  or  on  the  same  daj',  for 
destroying  the  potency  of  the  male  or  for  tending  to  produce  degenerate  offspring. 
The  best  progeny  must  always  be  procreated  when  the  male  is  in  perfect  vigor.     One 


JERSEY    CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  383 

service  supplies  a  superabundance  of  the  sperm  cells ;  a  second  is  less  likely  ti>  hold, 
and  may  be  of  inferior  vital  quality. 

The  question  is  not  how  much,  but  how  good  service. 

BULL  e.xeecise;. 
The  bull  should  have  a  variety  of  exercise.  The  running  of  an  empty  tread 
jjower  at  a  low  rate  of  speed  for  one  hour  or  even  a  half  hour  each  day  is  of  great 
benefit.  He  should  not  be  compelled  to  follow  too  long.  In  pleasant  weather  he  may 
be  turned  into  an  open  field  that  is  guarded  by  a  barbed  wire  fence.  The  bull  pays 
a  profound  respect  to  barbed  wire.  It  is  a  good  plan  to  tether  him  in  a  pasture  a  few 
hours  each  day,  as  advised  in  chapter  on  Pasturing,  using  a  strong  iron  post,  which 
may  be  driven  into  the  ground  to  the  depth  of  two  feet  or  more.  On  the  top  of  this 
post  a  sliding  ring  and  swivel  admit  of  the  requisite  freedom  of  movement.  To 
this  ring  is  attached  a  chain,  which  may  be  about  twenty -five  feet  long,  and  composed 
of  steel  in  fine  links,  of  which  a  sufficient  part  are  swivelled  to  prevent  kinking  while 
the  bull  walks.  Such  a  tether  gives  a  circuit  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet.  The 
fastenings  must  be  secured  by  a  steel  spring  or  clasp,  which  may  be  passed  upward 
through  the  nose-ring,  and  secured  to  the  steel  ring  in  his  head-stall,  that  is  firmly 
buckled  about  the  base  of  the  horns. 

KINGING    THE    BULL. 

The  ring  ought  to  be  of  the  best  quality  of  steel,  or  of  pure  copper,  and  of  a  size 
having  an  outside  diameter  of  two  and  one  half  inches. 

It  is  well  to  apply  it  when  the  animal  is  about  one  year  old,  or  during  the  time 
of  his  horn-training. 

To  perform  the  operation,  be  provided  with  the  trocar  and  canule  and  a  ring  of 
the  right  quality.  Secure  the  bull  in  the  stanchion  of  his  stall,  or  turn  his  head  and 
secure  him  firmly  to  the  post  by  a  strong  halter.  Grasp  the  cartilage  of  the  nose  and 
carefully  select  the  point  for  insertion,  which  must  be  as  high  as  possible,  so  that  the 
ring  shall  be  out  of  the  way  of  liability  to  catch  upon  snags  or  nails,  and  also  to  guard 
against  its  tearing  out,  as  may  occur  in  powerful  bulls  when  set  too  low.  Take  a 
good  hold  upon  the  nasal  cartilage,  pass  the  canule,  with  the  trocar  point  slightly 
projecting  through  the  cartilage,  let  the  open  ring  follow  the  canule  through  the 
incision,  clasp  it,  and  insert  the  screw,  turning  it  down  firmly  in  its  place. 

For  leading,  a  short  steel  chain  may  be  attached  to  the  staff  hook,  always  well 
secured  to  both  hook  and  ring  by  a  strong  lock  snap. 

The  staff  needs  to  be  of  the  finest  quality  of  straight-grained,  thoroughly  seasoned, 
well-tested  timber. 

Care  must  be  observed  in  the  operation  of  ringing  that  the  trocar  and  canule  are 
of  the  best  pattern  and  quality  and  the  trocar  always  kept  sharp  and  smooth,  as  a 


284  .//■:j!s/:)-  cattli-:  i\  ameiika. 

rough  or  dirty  iiistniiiu'iit  may  cause  hlood-poisoiiintr  ,ir  other  iiiiscliief  by  a  rairsrol 
incision. 

KIND     TK'KATMKXT     llF     TIIK     lU'r.I,. 

Tiie  hull  isassusceptiMf  to  kind  trcatiiicnt  and  ])ettinjr  as  any  otiicr  animal,  and 
he  resents  cruel  treatnieut,  oftentimes  with  the  traditional  persistency  of  a  bear  or  the 
iwengefulness  of  a  savage.  Instances  ai'e  recorded  where  a  bull,  having  been  beaten 
or  abu.sed  in  his  stall  by  a  stranger,  always  entertained  a  hatred  for  the  person,  anil 
knew  his  step  so  well  that  whenever  he  came  within  hearing,  although  he  could  not 
see  him,  he  would  manifest  his  displeasure  in  the  most  unmistakable  manner. 

Always  treat  a  bull  kindly  and  manage  liim  with  iirmness  and  caution.  Never 
])resume  upon  liis  friendship,  for  he  sometimes  takes  a  sudden  freak  of  j^layfulness  oi- 
a  passion  for  combativeness,  and  in  either  case  wishes  to  try  the  force  of  his  neck, 
head  and  horns.  Treat  him  as  a  pet.  and  at  the  same  time  let  him  very  early  be 
taught  to  recognize  you  as  his  master  ami  to  yield  iini)lieit  ol)e(lience  to  your  will 
and  your  commands.  The  bull  is  in<'Hned  to  resent  a  elnl) — at  least  he  cannot  he 
beaten  back  with  a  clnh  if  he  is  determined — hut  he  ])aysresi)ect  to  the  tingling  of  a 
tough  switch  orwhi[)  when  ap])hed  to  his  muzzle.  If  early  trained  he  dreads  the 
whip,  and  pays  it  as  much  respect  as  he  does  a  barbed  wire  fence  that  is  properly  con- 
.sti-ucted,  for  that  is  a  barrier  he  doesn't  care  to  light  against,  even  under  the  extremest 
provocation  of  the  charms  of  a  matable  heifer  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  fence. 

Treat  the  bull  kindly  and  compel  kindness  from  all  his  attendants,  but  allow  no 
man  to  have  charge  of  him  who  is  a  poltroon  or  a  coward. 


If  a  valnal)le  l)u]l  becomes  excitable  and  hard  to  manage  ho  may  be  controlled  l)y 
the  Bull  Helmet.  This  may  be  made  of  strong  leather  and  formed  to  cover  the  fore- 
head and  eyes,  and  secured  firmly  around  the  horns,  and  l)y  a  strong  throat-latch  made 
to  buckle  under  the  cheeks.  The  eyes  are  protected  from  contact  by  conical-shaped 
leather  goggles,  which  are  firmly  fastened  in  the  helmet.  This  helmet  is  a  complete 
blinder,  and  the  bull  wearing  it  is  subject  to  his ma-ster's  hand,  and  maybe  led  quietly 
wherever  desired.  The  helmet  ouglit  to  be  used  on  all  bulls  above  two  years  old  with 
absolute  safety,  and  might  have  saved  many  a  valuable  bull  from  slaughter,  as  it  is  the 
lively  fellows  that  get  good  stock  and  transmit  neural  force  to  their  progeny,  and 
such  a  buU  may  remain  potent  for  fifteen  years  or  more  if  rightly  used. 

UABE     OF     HKEKUrNO      nKIKKKS     AND     COWS. 

The  Jersey  breeds  at  an  early  age. 

The  lieifer  should  be  bred  when  fifteen  months  old,  as  nearly  as  ])ractical)le.  Mr. 
J.  W.  Vance,  Cantrall,  111.,  reports  heifer  dropping  calf  when  eleven  months  and 
eighteen  days  old.     It  is  desirable  to  havi-  uniformity  of  size  in  a  herd  and  to  have 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  285 

Jersey  cows  of  about  nine  hundred  pounds  weight,  but  it  is  also  desirable  that  they 
have  the  characteristic  Jersey  traits  of  early  development,  persistent  milking,  and 
cream-prodiicing  richness.  It  seems  necessary  to  breed  at  the  age  named  to  secure 
and  perpetuate  these  qualities.  If  bred  later  they  are  inclined  to  lose  the  Jersey 
quality  and  take  on  fat.  If  thought  desirable,  the  time  of  the  second  calf  may  be 
delayed  so  as  to  give  time  for  a  larger  growth  of  the  young  cow,  but  the  cow 
character  is  to  be  established  as  early  as  the  growth  and  constitution  of  the  animal 
admit  of  it.  The  aptitude  for  milk  production  early  established,  the  after-growth 
and  management  depend  somewhat  on  the  time  of  the  second  calf,  which  it  may  be 
well  to  have  timed  to  the  age  of  three  and  a  quarter  or  three  and  a  half  years,  so 
that  the  second  breeding  should  be  from  six  to  nine  months,  or  even  a  year  from 
the  time  of  dropping  the  first  calf.  The  cow  should  be  treated  with  the  utmost 
gentleness,  and  the  Jersey  heifer  makes  the  most  attractive  pet  in  the  world.  Every 
farm  attendant  should  have  the  characteristics  of  a  gentleman,  and  in  his  mind 
anything  like  cnielty  or  even  rudeness  to  a  Jersey  cow  should  be  abhorrent,  and  any 
person  practising  such  cruelty  by  a  kick  or  a  blow  should  be  banished  from  the  farm 
at  once. 

THE     PAETUKIENT    COW. 

Two  weeks  or  more  before  calving  the  cow  should  be  put  in  a  box-stall  where 
she  may  have  quiet  and  especial  care  as  to  her  diet  and  bedding.  The  food  should 
be  palatable,  cooling,  and  sufficiently  laxative  to  preclude  any  danger  from  constipa- 
tion. The  bedding  should  be  sufficient  to  give  her  comfort  and  rest.  If  the  cow  is 
in  perfect  health  she  will  pass  through  the  ordeal  in  safety,  and  afterward,  under  the 
right  management,  give  her  owner  the  full  benefit  of  her  productive  powers  in  milk 
and  butter. 

It  may  not  always  be  easy  to  say  that  a  cow  is  in  perfect  health,  but  if  she  has 
been  properly  cared  for  and  had  proper  feed  she  will  not  need  any  assistance  in 
parturition.  Any  mechanical  interference,  unless  very  skilfully  managed,  is  hazardous, 
and  may  destroy  the  calf  and  permanently  injixre  the  cow.  There  should  always  be 
present  a  man  of  experience,  who  is  properly  informed  in  regard  to  the  necessary 
treatment  in  case  of  emergencies,  and  he  should  have  the  good  sense  to  refrain  from 
all  unnecessary  interference,  and  yet  know  how  to  afford  proper  aid,  either  mechanical 
or  medicinal,  when  such  is  needful. 

The  approach  of  parturition  is  indicated  by  the  soft  and  swollen  vulva,  the  fully 
distended  udder,  and  the  day  previous  a  sinking  in  about  the  pelvic  bones.  The  cow 
should  now  have  a  quiet  stall  and  no  one  allowed  to  come  near,  except  the  persons 
who  liave  charge  of  her  feed  and  her  safety.  Her  drink  must  be  warm  ;  no  cold 
drinks  should  be  within  reach,  but  pure  water  65°  or  upward,  or  warm  gruels  of 
flaxseed  and  bran  mashes,  and  cooling,  laxative  food. 

As  labor  approaches  the  first  stage  is  ushered  in  by  uneasiness,  which  gradually 


286  JERSEY   (LITTLE  nY  AMERICA. 

increases.  The  animal  must  be  screened  from  view  by  a  curtain,  and  kept  from  all 
annoyance.  After  a  few  hours  the  dilatation  of  the  uterine  ring  is  complete,  the 
contractions  become  violent,  the  cow  gets  up  and  lies  down  frequently,  the  belly 
becomes  lank,  the  cow  utters  a  slow,  fretjuent  mcjan,  the  expulsive  efforts  becoming 
gradually  more  forcible,  and  the  breathing  is  (piicker. 

The  bursting  of  the  sac  and  the  discharge  of  watery  tluid  imlicatc  tliat  the  labur 
should  terminate  reasonably  within  two  or  three  hours.  The  efforts  now  proceed  in 
progressive  rapidity,  till  at  length  a  protrusion  of  the  vulva  indicates  a  near  termina- 
tion of  labor.  The  parts  gradually  dilate  with  each  expulsive  pain,  the  calf  presents 
at  the  opening  vulva  in  its  natural  position,  the  head  stretclied  forward  and  resting 
upon  and  between  the  knees  ;  the  labor  is  progressing  naturally  ;  let  the  cow  alone  and 
keep  away  any  intr.iders,  but  be  ready  to  attend  to  the  calf,  which  in  a  little  while  is 
safely  expelled  and  becomes  at  once  a  breathing,  independent  existence.  See  that 
the  cow  is  protected  from  currents  of  air. 

THE  CAKE  OF  THE  YOUXtt  CALF. 

Examine  the  navel-cord  to  see  that  it  does  not  bleed.  If  it  bleeds  tie  it  with  a 
ligature  of  soft  thread.  Place  the  calf  in  front  of  the  dam,  that  she  may  lick  it- 
When  this  natural  and  beneficial  process  is  completed  the  calf  will  after  a  few 
attempts  rise  upon  its  feet  and  instinctively  search  for  the  udder.  Allow  it  for  the 
first  day  to  suck  the  dam  three  or  more  times,  and  after  each  sucking  milk  the 
udder  empty. 

Afterward  milk  the  cow  i-egularly  three  times  a  day,  and  tea(!h  the  calf  to  drink 
as  directed  in  the  chapter  on  Feeding  Calves.  It  is  very  important  that  the  pails 
buckets  and  feeding-troughs  of  calves  should  be  kept  scrupulously  clean  by  daily 
rinsing  in  cold  water  and  scalding  in  hot  water,  and  a  subsequent  airing  and  sun- 
drying.  The  calves  should  be  kept  in  separate  pens  or  stalls,  as  they  annoy  each  other 
by  sucking.  Bull  calves  should  not  pasture  with  heifers  at  any  time,  as  after  three 
months  old  they  are  liable  to  breed.  After  ten  months  old  bulls  annoy  each  other 
and  should  be  kept  apart. 

Difficulties  of  parturition  will  be  treated  of  in  another  chapter  on  Casualties. 

The  afterbirth  should  be  conveyed  to  the  manure-house  as  soon  as  it  is  exjjelled. 
Never  allow  the  animal  to  go  tlirough  the  revolting  ])roeess  of  trying  to  hide  it  by 
swallowing. 

CARE  OP  THE  CALF  AT  BIKTH. 

In  cold,  wet,  or  chilly  weather  many  a  young  calf  is  lost,  or  stunted,  for  want 
of  the  requisite  attention  during  the  few  hours  subsequent  to  its  birth.  Have  several 
boxes  provided  of  a  size  large  enough  to  hold  the  calf,  so  that  it  can  lie  comfortably 
at  rest.  When  the  birth  of  a  calf  is  expected  have  a  dozen  bricks  heating  in  an  oven 
or  furnace.     As  soon  as  tlie  calf  is  born  place  the  bricks  evenly  over  the  floor  of  the 


JERSEY    CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  287 

box,  cover  them  with  three  or  fmir  iiiclies  of  tinely-cut  sti'aw,  placinii;  a  hhmket  over 
the  straw. 

Lay  the  calf  upon  the  blanket  and  cover  with  another.  Rub  the  calf  dry  with 
a  coarse  towel.  Such  care  insures  against  much  loss  that  would  otherwise  accrue 
during  cold  or  inclement  weather.  Calves  that  were  so  feeble  as  to  require  feeding 
wifcli  a  spoon  and  constant  artificial  heat  to  keep  them  alive  have  become  wonder- 
fully robust  animals. 

In  one  case  a  birth  at  the  seventli  month  of  a  choicely-bred  calf  required  such 
treatment,  and  the  owner  was  well  repaid  tVtr  liis  care  in  the  saving  of  the  life  of  a 
valuable  Jersey  bull. 

Calves  need  as  much  of  sunshine  as  adult  animals.  The  sun  must  always  be 
admitted  freely  to  their  stalls  by  very  large  windows,  and  their  exercise  should  be 
sufficient  to  keep  them  in  good  health  and  prevent  the  accumulation  of  fat,  a 
condition  iinallowable  in  a  Jersey  of  any  age,  whether  bull,  cow  or  calf. 

Never  allow  any  animal  to  be  imprisoned  in  a  dark  stall. 

Teach  every  animal  to  lead  by  halter,  from  calfhood. 

CASUALTIES. 

There  is  no  calling  without  its  casualties. 

As  in  all  other  human  occupations,  so  in  the  breeding  and  management  of 
cattle  there  are  accidents,  unforeseen,  improbable  and  strange  ;  accidents  from 
negligence  or  from  carelessness ;  from  ignorance  or  from  improvidence ;  from 
mistaken  kindness  ;  from  overfeeding  and  from  medical  malpractice  or  neglect 
of  correct  medical  practice. 

STRANGE     CASUALTIES. 

A  choice  Jersey  bull  died  from  swallowing  a  piece  of  Ijale  wire  in  cut  feed. 

A  farmer  having  a  herd  of  clioice  Jerseys  pastui-ed  them  in  a  river  meadow. 
On  a  day  when  one  of  the  herd  stood  quietly  chewing  her  cud  upon  the  river  bank 
a  passing  steamer  blew  its  whistle,  at  which  sound  the  cow  was  so  suddenly  startled 
that  her  one  impulse  from  fear  caused  the  bank  to  cave  in,  and  she  was  drowned  in 
a  depth  of  two  feet  of  water. 

A  farmer  turned  a  heifer  (not  a  Jei'sey)  alone  into  a  pastm'e,  and  a  few  days 
afterward  found  her  with  a  broken  horn  which  had  bled  excessively,  and  for  which 
no  treatment  that  was  used  caused  any  check,  the  animal  at  last  dying  from  loss  of 
blood.  The  injury  was  probably  caused  while  rubbing  herself  against  a  rough  rail 
fence  or  while  attempting  to  get  out  from  loneliness. 

The  same  farmer  left  a  calf  (not  a  Jersey)  tied  to  a  stanchion  by  a  rope  around 
its  neck,  and  turned  the  dam  into  the  adjoining  stanchion  to  give  the  calf  suck. 
Returning  after  a  little  while,  what  was  his  astonishment  to  find  the  cow  quietly 


288  JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMEIiKJA. 

standing  in  her  stall,  while  lier  calf,  with  his  ro])u  nooso  acros-s  liei-  hack,  was  hanged 
hv  the  neck,  dead  I 

How  many  s])ecific  errors  can  you  discover  in  the  management  of  each  of  the 
above  cases '. 

"When  the  cow  lay  down  and  tlie  frisky  calf  jumped  over  her  back  he  might 
not  liave  been  strangled  if  he  had  worn  a  head-stall  instead  of  a  noose  ;  hut  who 
would  think  of  allowing  a  calf  to  suck  when  hampered  by  any  kind  of  a  halter '{ 

A  famous  prize  cow  in  a  noted  herd  was  one  day  missing.  Search  was  made  in 
every  field  and  building.  She  was  a  gentle  and  sagacious  creature,  and  could  opeu 
any  gate  or  door,  and  at  last  in  a  little  colt  barn  the  searchers,  peering  down  a 
hatchway  into  the  deep,  dark  cellar,  saw  tlie  favorite  cow,  all  in  a  heap,  and  grieved 
to  think  her  dead. 

They  got  her  out  and  found  her  yet  ])reatliiug,  and  with  good  care  she  soon 
began  to  mend,  but  her  fine,  sliapely  rumj)  was  broken,  and  it  took  nearly  a  year  to 
heal.  Although  she  was  within  three  months  of  calving,  she  carried  her  calf  to  full 
term,  and  has  since  had  several  choice  calves,  and  at  sixteen  years  of  age  is  jjroducing 
a  large  quota  of  butter,  with  a  prospect  of  several  more  valuable  calves. 

A  wealthy  gentleman,  who  might  be  characterized  as  more  wise  than  pnident, 
having  a  large  estate  and  rich  farm  which  he  wished  to  stock  with  choice  cattle, 
procured  at  a  large  expense  two  young  bulls  and  several  heifers. 

He  desired  that  the  bulls  should  be  kept  in  vigor  by  abundant  exercise,  and 
concluded  to  break  them  at  once  to  the  yoke.  To  make  them  speedily  familiar  ^vith 
this  ancient  implement  of  service  he  turned  them,  yoked,  into  a  river  pasture,  to 
enjoy  close  companionship  in  eating  and  drinking. 

The  heifers  were  also  turned  into  a  river  pasture.  It  re(piired  but  l)rief  Hfec 
to  l)ring  disaster  ui)on  disaster,  which  almost  wi]ied  out  of  existence  the  new  young 
herd.  The  hulls  waded  the  stream  to  drink  anil  ])lay,  when  one  of  them  fioundered 
and  was  drowned,  and  his  yoke-fellow  was  but  just  able  to  keep  his  head  above  water. 

The  heifers  discovered  upon  the  river's  brink  some  freshly  painted  boats  and 
paint-pots  partly  filled  with  paint,  and,  having  a  great  relish  for  linseed  oil  and  the 
aromatic  turpentine  with  the  eondjination  of  white  lead,  were  soon  eagerly  engaged 
in  licking  off  or  lapping  up  the  fresh  paint. 

Result :  all  that  got  access  to  the  paint  were  speedily  attacked  with  intestinal 
spasms,  colic,  general  convulsions,  and  paralysis,  which  soon  put  an  end  to  life. 

Foresiglit  is  better  than  hindsight.  Those  who  attempt  to  breed  and  nuuiage 
herds  of  cattle  should  be  able  as  far  as  possible  to  foresee  and  forefend  all  such 
accidents,  and  also  manv  violent  diseases. 


SULTAN    OF   ST.   SAVIOUR'S   5328. 

SuWin   Type. 
M    II.  Messciiekt,  Douoi.Assvii.i.E,  Pa. 


SULTANE   2d    11,373. 

S„ll,u,    Tiii'i. 
TESTED    IX   3    DAYS,    10    I.IiS.    1    OZ. 

M.  H.  Messciikut,  Doici.assvii.i.e,  Pa. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IJST  AMERICA.  289 

LEAD    COLIC    FKOM    PAINT. 

Several  very  choice  animals  have  died  from  colic  by  licking  fresh  paint  in  their 
stables,  or  from  barns  and  fences.  A  very  choice  bull,  son  of  tiie  best  Jersey  cow 
ever  known,  was  thus  destroyed.  He  could  not  have  been  purchased  from  his 
owner  for  any  amount  of  money,  and  was  of  more  value  to  the  Jersey  interest  in 
America  than  the  cost  of  all  the  paint  on  all  the  barns  of  the  whole  country  for  a 
century. 

THE   DEADLY    AESENITES. 

The  practice  of  using  Paris  green  to  destroy  insects  is  a  reprehensible  one,  in 
that  it  not  only  endangers  the  lives  of  valuable  animals,  but  also  human  lives.  The 
system  cannot  be  too  strongly  condemned.  It  should  be  abated,  and  other  means  as 
effective,  but  without  hazard  to  life,  substituted  therefor. 

OVEEFEEDING. 

Indigestion  from  overfeeding  is  very  common  and  fatal  among  calves,  while 
bulls  and  cows  not  infrequently  die  from  the  evil  effects  of  the  same  system  of 
injudicious  cramming  with  ill-assorted  rations  of  rich  or  indigestible  foods. 

FATTY    DEGENERATION. 

Many  breeds  of  cattle  have  suffered  much  deterioration  from  habitual  over- 
feeding, perhajjs  none  more  than  the  Short-horn. 

It  has  frequently  been  noted  that  a  Short-horn  bull  kept  in  full  flesh  or  fat  enough 
for  the  butcher  failed  to  get  any  calves,  but  with  gradual  decrease  of  ration  and 
gradual  increase  of  exercise,  health  was  restored  and  potency  returned.  Barren  cows 
by  being  worked  in  the  yoke  were  freed  from  surplus  fat,  and  became  prohfic  again. 
Nothing  has  been  so  ruinous  as  overfeeding  for  fairs.  It  destroys  the  milking 
properties  of  a  breed  and  induces  a  disease,  Fatty  Degeneration  of  all  the  Muscular 
Tissues.  Many  choice  Jerseys  have  been  killed  by  overfeeding  for  shows  and  for 
tests,  and  much  damage  has  been  done  by  presenting  stock  at  public  sales  in  a 
pampered  and  extremely  deHcate  condition.  Such  cattle  suffer  deterioration  in 
quality  and  may  require  a  year  in  the  new  owner's  hands  to  recover  ;  some  are  never 
restored  to  a  normal  condition  of  health.  The  coat  becomes  dull,  the  appetite 
capricious,  the  milk  falls  off  in  quantity  and  quality,  or  fails  entirely,  and  the 
purchaser  suffers  great  loss. 

Skilful  feeding  is  needful  for  health  and  success. 

HOOVE METEOEISM — TYMPANITIS. 

The  overfeeding  of  cattle  upon  succulent  food  like  green  clover  or  the  exces- 
sively heating  maize  meal  or  cottonseed   meal,  causes  very  dangerous  attacks  of 


290  JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

indigestion.  The  filling  up  with  green  foods  produces  a  gastric  irritation  and  a 
rapid  fermentation  in  the  rumen,  with  enormous  distention  from  food  gases,  a  severe 
and  dangerous  affection. 

GARGET. 

Inflammation  of  the  udder  may  be  caused  from  improper  food,  as  ensilage,  cotton- 
seed meal,  or  excess  of  corn  meal,  or  by  incomplete  milking  or  too  seldom  reheving 
of  the  udder ;  from  taking  cold  in  a  blast  of  cold  air ;  from  dampness  and  cold ; 
from  wading  in  cold  brooks  or  ponds  ;  by  injury  to  the  udder  from  briers  in  the 
pasture  ;  from  bites  of  animals  or  stings  of  insects  ;  from  attempting  to  force  dry  ; 
from  acclimation  fever  or  other  illness  ;  and,  worst  of  all,  from  kicks  or  blows  given 
by  brutal  attendants.  It  often  renders  one  or  more  quarters  of  the  udder  useless. 
Feed  wilted  grass,  warm  bran  mash,  and  linseed  gruel. 

LIGHTNING. 

A  spark  of  electricity  passing  down  a  tree  in  a  storm  is  often  sufficient  to 
destroy  a  herd  gathered  there  for  shelter  from  the  rain. 

So  in  a  barn  unprotected  by  a  rod,  a  bolt  may  take  in  its  course  the  bodies 
of  several  cattle,  or  burn  the  barn  and  its  stored  crops,  with  the  cattle ;  or  a  rod 
unskilfully  set  may  conduct  the  bolt  to  the  cattle  instead  of  the  earth. 

Any  man  is  culpably  negligent  who  does  not  see  that  his  buildings  and  cattle 
are  properly  protected  from  any  stray  thunderbolt  that  chances  to  come  witliin  liis 
dominions. 

In  a  city  most  buildings  are  well  protected  by  the  great  amount  of  metal  in 
them,  especially  of  waste-pipes,  water-pipes,  and  gas-pipes,  but  in  the  country  barns 
and  stables  are  very  prone  to  be  struck  by  lightning,  with  great  loss  to  farmers.  Wii'c 
fences  also  conduct  the  lightning  to  cattle  lying  near  them.  The  greatest  losses  from 
lightning  occur  in  the  tornado  region  of  the  United  States. 

Rules  for  Ad-justing  Ligiitnjng-Rods. 
by  professok  j.  k.  macomhek,  iowa  aokicultural  college. 

"  1.  The  l)est  material  for  the  rod  is  injiL  Copper  is  a  better  conductor,  but 
more  costly. 

"  2.  The  size  of  the  rod  should  not  be  less  than  three  quarters  of  an  incli  for  solid 
roimd  iron.  A  hollow  pipe  would  do  equally  well  if  it  contained  as  much  metal. 
Rods  usually  sold  are  too  light. 

"  3.  Insulators  of  glass  or  otlier  material  are  worse  than  useless.  They  increase 
the  expense,  weaken  the  support  of  the  rod,  and  actually  do  liai-m  by  preventing  tlie 
induced  electricity  from  being  drawn  from  the  building  by  means  of  the  rod. 

"  4.  The  rod  should  be  fastened  to  the  building  by  staples,  and  be  laid  up 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IJV  AMERICA.  291 

against  it  as  closely  as  possible.  No  sharp  turns  should  be  made  by  the  rod.  All 
turns  should  be  made  by  smooth,  long  cm-ves. 

"  5.  The  rod  should  he  continuous  throughout.  If  too  long  to  be  welded  into 
one  rod  let  it  be  made  in  four  or  five  sections,  with  screws  cut  so  that  the  parts  can 
be  piit  together  strongly.     The  end  should  be  pointed. 

"  6.  Each  prominent  chimney  or  gable  should  have  a  rod  running  to  it  and  a 
point  i-unning  up  from  six  to  eight  feet  above  the  building. 

"  7.  Thfi  rod  should  he  well  grounded  and  also  be  metallically  connected  with 
all  masses  of  metal  within  or  on  the  building  at  their  highest  points.  Eave  spouts 
and  metallic  roofs  should  be  connected  by  soldering  copper  straps  thereto.  The 
point  most  important  and  generally  neglected  is  the  ground  connection.  It  is  the 
universal  custom  for  those  who  put  up  rods  to  simply  drive  a  bar  of  iron  into  the 
dry  earth  a  few  feet,  and  shove  the  rod  into  it,  and  call  that  a  sufiicient  ground 
connection. 

"  A  rod  put  ?«/)  in  such  a  manner  is  of  no  value.  A  hole  should  be  dug  until 
permanently  moist  earth  is  reached ;  the  rod  should  run  down  into  this  and  then 
bend  away  from  the  house. 

"  Several  square  feet  of  metal  should  l)e  placed  in  this  hole  and  the  rod 
terminate  in  this  metal.  An  old  copper  wash-boiler  is  a  good  terminal.  One 
hundred  feet  of  three-quarter-incli  iron  costs  $7.50  ;  painting,  ft ;  couplings,  $2  ;  labor 
for  one  day  in  erecting,  $2.     Total,  $12.50. 

"  A  fancy  tip,  or  gilded  vane  or  ball,  can  be  added  at  a  small  cost." 

Large  trees  in  pastures  where  cattle  remain  during  storms  are  sources  of  danger. 
A  single  tree  of  great  size  in  a  pasture  should  have  a  rod  passing  well  down  beneath 
its  roots. 

The  barbed  wire  fence  should  be  made  safe  by  a  rod  at  each  corner  of  the  field 
and  at  each  gateway.  These  rods  should  also  be  set  deep  enough  to  reach  moist 
earth.  The  wires  should  be  wound  around  or  soldered  to  the  rods  and  all  stapled  to 
the  fence-posts. 

LICE    UPON    CATTLE. 

That  farmer  cannot  be  called  civilized  who  would  allow  cattle  to  become 
infested  with  such  a  pest  as  Hce  while  in  his  own  stable.  If  cattle  are  kept  in  clean 
stables,  fed  upon  suitable  rations,  and  have  a  good  brushing  once  a  day,  they  will  not 
be  so  afilicted.  But  if  cattle  have  in  any  way  been  subjected  to  such  a  nuisance,  it 
should  be  remedied  as  quickly  as  possible.  A  decoction  of  Y&r^s^wc  {Delphinium 
staphisagrid)  applied  daily  imtil  all  signs  of  annoyance  disappear  is  a  very  effective 
remedy.  The  tincture  of  larkspur  can  be  procured  at  the  pharmacies.  If  of  full 
strength  it  can  be  used  by  mixing  one  part  to  nine  parts  of  hot  water,  and  applying 
at  a  temperature  of  about  130°, 


292  JERSEY   CATTLE  JX  AMERICA. 

Pyrcthnim  powder,  a  teaspoonful  to  a  gallon  of  hot  water,  is  also  effective  for 
the  same  use. 

The  cattle  should  be  brushed  in  a  room  set  a])art  for  that  purpose,  daily.  The 
Universal  Joint  Brush  is  very  expeditious  l)y  the  use  of  steam  power  oi-  an  ordinary 
tread  power.     Such  brushing  and  cleanliness  are  of  great  benefit  to  the  cattle. 

HEALTH    AND    rrS    CONDITIONS. 

In  perfect  health  all  bovine  animals  are  sprightly  in  disposition,  good  feeders, 
regularly  chew  the  cud  with  enjoyment,  have  a  normal  pulse  and  respiration, 
uniform  temperature,  soft,  mellow  skin,  and  glossy  hair,  void  urine  at  regular 
intervals,  and  also  moderately  soft  fecal  excretions. 


The  bovine  pulse  is  naturally  full,  soft  and  rolling  to  the  finger-touch.  In 
disease  it  may  become  more  frequent  or  slower  ;  it  may  have  a  sharper  stroke  or  a 
lagging  impulse ;  it  may  be  full  and  strong,  or  weak,  small  and  thread-like  :  hard  or 
soft,  oppressed,  jerking,  intermittent,  unequal  and  thrilling. 

The  pulse  may  be  felt  on  the  border  of  the  lower  jaw  ;  beneath  the  bony  ridge 
which  extends  upward  from  the  eye  ;  over  the  middle  of  the  first  rib  or  under  the 
tail. 

In  adult  animals,  while  lying  at  rest,  the  nuniber  of  beats  jxn-  minute  vary  from 
thirty-eight  to  forty-two.  But  after  a  full  feed  and  in  a  high  temperature  the  pulse 
may  be  excited  to  sixty  or  seventy.  In  young  animals  it  is  much  more  rapid,  wliile 
in  old  age  it  may  lessen  by  five  or  more  beats.  Small  animals  have  a  faster  pulse  than 
larger  of  the  same  breed. 

The  pulse  is  increased  l)y  fear,  exertion,  nervous  exaltation,  by  jiregnancy,  in 
hot,  foul  air,  and  by  overfeeding.  Aside  from  these  conditions,  a  rapid  ])ulse  indicates 
either  fever,  debility  or  some  inflammatory  action. 

The  unequal  and  irregular  pulse  may  indicate  a  fatty  degeneration  of  the  heart 
and  otlier  organs,  or  dilatation  of  the  heart,  or  some  disease  of  the  lieart- valves  of  the 
left  side  of  that  organ. 

The  intermittent  pulse  may  indicate  merely  a  disturbance  of  the  heart's  action 
throtigh  some  disoi-der  of  the  system ;  it  sometimes  accompanies  organic  disease  of 
the  heart. 

The  jerking  pulse  indicates  disease  of  the  valves  at  the  left  side  of  the  heart,  and 
is  usually  accompanied  by  a  hissing  or  sighing  murmur  with  the  second  heart-sound, 
heard  by  placing  the  ear  as  near  to  the  region  of  the  great  vessels  as  possible. 

The  action  of  the  heart  may  be  detected  by  applying  the  palm  of  the  hand 
lichind  the  left  elbow. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  A3IERICA. 


By  frequent  practice  one   may   learn  to   detect  the  slightest  variation  from 
healthy  standard,  and  apply  the  sanitary  and  medicinal  remedies  as  needed. 


RESPIRATION. 

There  should  l^e  nine  or  ten  full  respirations  each  minute.  The  nostrils,  dilating 
easily  and  regularly,  admit  the  air  to  the  larynx,  trachea  and  bronchi,  a  complex, 
flexible,  and  elastic  apparatus,  retaining  a  tubular  form,  and  conveying  an  ample 
supply  of  air  to  the  two  large,  spongy,  elastic  bodies  called  lungs,  which  occupy  the 
right  and  left  portions  of  the  thorax.  The  lungs  are  about  one-thirtieth  of  the  weight 
of  the  body,  and  are  for  the  absorption  of  oxygen  and  expulsion  of  carbonic  acid  and 
other  impurities,  or  the  transformation  of  vitiated  or  venous  blood  into  bright  red 
arterial  blood. 

The  process  of  maintaining  animal  heat  is  carried  on  in  the  minute  vessels  called 
capillaries,  where  the  waste  of  the  tissue  cells  is  oxygenated  or  burned  in  the 
processes  of  repair,  and  it  is  in  the  cells  and  capillaries  of  the  body  that  animal  heat 
is  produced.     The  normal  bovine   temperature  does  not  vary  much  from  101^°. 

ACCLIMATION    OF    .JERSEYS. 

If  Jerseys  are  taken  into  the  Southern  or  (iulf  States  from  the  Northern  States 
and  Canada,  they  must  necessarily  suffer,  according  to  the  change  of  conditions  of 
climate  and  soil,  for  some  months,  during  the  process  of  acclimation,  a  degree  of 
disturbance  sometimes  rising  to  quite  a  high  febrile  reaction. 

It  is  best  to  bring  animals  into  the  South  in  the  autumn  and  always  locate  them, 
if  possible,  during  the  first  year  iijion  high  lands.  The  higher  and  drier  the  land, 
the  nearer  will  their  condition  approximate  to  that  from  which  they  came.  Those 
breeders  living  upon  high  and  elevated  districts  are  best  situated  for  the  importation 
of  Jerseys  either  from  the  Island  of  Jersey  or  the  Northern  States  and  Canada. 

It  is  also  advisable  to  select  young  animals,  from  six  to  twenty  months  old,  as 
they  endure  the  change  better  than  adult  animals  or  very  young  calves. 

ACCLIMATION    FEVER. 

Acclimation  fever  is  a  term  applied  to  the  very  marked  disturbance  of  the 
system  caused  by  a  change  of  climate.  Jersey  cattle  are  as  easily  acclimated, 
perhaps,  as  any  bovine  race. 

They  thrive  with  wonderful  vigor  in  Canada  and  are  fast  becoming  favorites  in 
our  Southern  States  and  California.  Acclimation  fever  is  most  violent  at  low 
altitudes  in  hot  weather.  Cattle  improve  when  taken  from  low  hot  districts  to 
moimtain  altitudes. 


J^:/l,sh'V   CATTLE  IX  AMERK'A. 


ABOKl'In.N    (sLIXKIXCi). 


Abortion  is  tlie  woi-st  of  all  the  fusualtics  that  affect  the  Jersey  breeder,  because, 
if  not  properly  understood  and  guarded  against,  lie  is  liable  to  suffer  the  greatest  loss 
and  disapijointnient  from  this  dire  disaster. 

Abortion  is  the  separation  and  expulsion  of  the  immature  ovum  from  the  womb. 
It  may  occur  at  any  time  between  fecundation  and  the  time  of  normal  fultilment  of 
utero-gestation. 

During  the  fii-st  month  it  is  called  ovular  abortion  ;  from  the  fii'st  to  the  third 
month  it  is  called  embryonic  abortion ;  from  tlie  third  to  the  sixth  month  it  is  called 
fcBtal  abortion;  from  the  sixth  to  the  ninth  month  premature  birth. 

This  casualty  is  mentioned  in  the  oldest  literature  of  the  world  which  we 
possess.  Moses  in  the  book  of  Genesis  makes  Jacob  allude  to  the  subject  in  his  last 
interview  with  Laban.  Speaking  of  the  prosperity  of  the  flocks  and  herds  under  his 
care,  he  mentions  that  they  had  been  exempt  fi-ona  this  scourge  during  his  long 
sojourn  of  twenty  years,  and  attributes  tliis  secui-ity  to  the  favor  of  Almighty  God. 
Moses  in  the  book  of  Job,  where  he  utters  his  complaint  in  his  terrible  affliction  and 
makes  allusion  to  the  unaccountable  prosperity  of  the  wicked,  says,  "  Their  bull 
gendereth  and  faileth  not,  their  cow  calveth  and  casteth  not  her  calf."  From  this  it 
would  appear  that  abortion  is  not  a  new  thing,  but  was  an  old-time  calamity  among 
the  bovine  races. 

Abortion  is  very  frequent  in  all  breeds  of  cows,  and  not  more  common  among 
Jerseys  than  among  scrubs.  It  is  an  evil  the  more  to  be  dreaded  by  the  Jersey 
breeder  as,  besides  the  loss  of  a  valuable  calf,  it  sometimes  occasions  also  the  loss  of 
the  dam,  or  renders  her  barren  by  some  uterine  injury,  or  subject  to  repeated 
abortions. 

Thecau.sesof  abortion  are  very  various,  such  as  :  l)odily  injury  by  shar])  goring ; 
kicks  or  blows  from  cruel  attendants  ;  fast  driving,  or  running  to  and  from  ])asture  ; 
plunging  or  jumping  down  embankments  ;  injury  by  transportation  in  carts  and  rail- 
cai's  ;  from  violent  efforts  at  riding  with  rutting  animals  ;  from  fright  by  thunder 
and  lightning,  barking  dogs  and  wild  animals  or  any  startling  sight ;  from  the 
nervous  excitement  caused  by  company  of  al)orti!ig  cows;  from  pasturing  with 
horses ;  from  electric  shock  by  proximity  of  lightning-stroke ;  from  foul  air  of 
non-ventilated  stables  ;  from  "  malaria"  or  swamp  air  ;  from  pungent  or  offensive 
odors,  such  as  carbolic  acid  or  chlorine  gas  ;  from  sour,  fermented  food,  as  brewers' 
grains,  apple  pomace,  distillery  slumj)  and  ensilage  ;  from  excess  of  laxative  food ; 
from  insulflcient  or  poor  quality  of  food  ;  from  excessively  rich  or  stimulating 
food,  as  cottonseed  meal ;  from  impure  water ;  from  mineral  waters ;  from  insuf- 
ficient exercise ;  from  standing  on  sloping  iloor ;  from  confinement  in  dark 
stables ;  from  lonesomeness  ;  from  "  acclimation  fever  ":  from  many  acute  diseases  ; 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  A3IERICA.  295 

from  poisoning  by  "smut"  of  Poa  grass,  corn  smut  {Ustilago  maydis),  rye  spur 
{Secale  cornutum),  and  other  fungous  growths ;  from  other  poisonous  plants ;  from 
the  malpractice  of  using  cathartics,  salts  and  various  nostrums  ;  by  contagion  from 
impure  vaginal  discharges  ;  from  being  forced  dry ;  and  from  a  specific  infection  which 
may  be  communicated  from  herd  to  herd  by  the  transjiortation  of  animals  out  of 
infected  herds  to  healthy  herds.  This  contagion  is  so  virulent  that  every  member  of 
the  largest  herd  may  become  infected  from  one  animal. 

SYMPTOMS    OF    THREATENED    ABORTION. 

Sometimes  the  symptoms  are  so  slight  as  to  be  unobserved  previous  to  the 
culmination  of  the  disaster,  especially  before  the  third  month  ;  but  in  general  it  is 
announced  by  great  disturbance  of  the  system,  anxious  look,  depression,  sudden 
diminution  of  the  milk,  and  by  offensive  muco\is  vaginal  discharge.  It  may  occur  at 
any  period  of  pregnancy,  but  especially  about  the  twentieth  week,  and  from  that  to 
the  thirty-second  week.  The  approach  of  abortion  will  be  noticeable  in  the  languid 
gait  of  the  animal,  the  less  active  movements  of  the  fetal  calf,  the  diminished 
appetite,  the  loss  of  the  cud,  the  lank,  drooping  belly,  irregular  breathing,  a 
yellowish  or  bloody  discharge  from  the  vulva,  an  irregular  or  feeble  pulse,  a 
springing  of  the  bag  and  increase  of  milk. 

Always  isolate  a  cow  at  the  first  symjrtoms  and  give  her  a  separate  attendant. 

COLOSTRUM    AI'OPLEXY. MILK    FEVER. 

These  are  names  applied  to  one  of  the  most  fatal  of  maladies  affecting  the  cow. 
The  best  cows  are  liable  to  be  destroyed  by  it  within  three  days  from  calving.  Cows 
seldom  have  it  with  the  first  calf.  Yery  poor  milkers  never  have  it.  The  danger 
increases  in  great  milkers  as  they  attain  the  period  of  their  greatest  productiveness, 
usually  from  seven  to  ten  years  of  age. 

An  excess  of  fat  upon  the  internal  organs  aiid  the  habit  of  constipation  are 
conditions  which  strongly  predispose  the  cow  to  a  fatal  attack. 

"Within  twenty-four  hours  after  calving  the  cow  may  suddenly  fall  without  any 
premonitory  symptoms  having  attracted  the  attention,  and,  remaining  unconscious 
and  unable  to  swallow,  dies  in  a  few  hours. 

The  cases  vary  much  in  the  severity  of  the  onset,  but  very  few  recover  sponta- 


Many  show  a  condition  of  languor  or  great  depression,  cease  to  chew  the  cud, 
and  lose  all  relish  for  food,  and  hang  the  head  with  a  dull  expression  of  countenance ; 
the  muzzle  is  dry  and  hot,  the  horns  also  hot,  the  bowels  constipated,  the  urine 
scanty  or  suppressed,  the  pulse  fast,  and  the  breathing  rapid,  with  heaving  flanks,  the 
milk  diminished  or  checked  altogether,  the  temperature  high.     If  these  symptoms 


296  JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 

are  not  soon  remedied  the  cow  gets  rapidly  worse.  The  eyes  glisten  and  become 
congested,  and  the  white  is  of  a  leaden  color  streaked  with  the  red  blood-vessels. 
The  eyes  protrude  from  their  sockets,  the  cow  is  uneasy,  the  legs  are  weak,  she 
continually  changes  her  position,  the  liind  legs  become  tremulous  and  can  scarcely 
support  her.  The  discharge  (lochia)  from  the  vulva  ceases,  the  pulse  becomes  slower 
and  the  breathing  more  and  more  labored  ;  the  udder  is  hard  and  swollen  ;  the  weak- 
ness in  the  hind  legs  increases,  the  feet  are  spread  wide  apart ;  she  staggers  and  falls 
heavily  upon  the  floor,  then,  struggling  to  recover  herself,  is  unable  to  rise.  In  this 
condition  she  tosses  and  writhes,  with  lashing  of  the  tail  and  frequent  moaning  or 
bellowing,  seems  in  the  greatest  distress,  the  breathing  becomes  a  labored  panting,  the 
body  is  covered  with  a  cold  sweat,  and  the  rumen  is  enormously  distended  with  gas, 
which  more  and  more  increases  the  difficulty  of  breathing.  The  pulse  flags,  the 
legs  become  cold,  the  cow  belches  a  fetid  gas,  and  life  is  extinguislied. 

In  other  cases  the  cow  may  lie  stretched  upon  her  side,  with  the  head  turiicd 
looking  backward  and  resting  upon  the  floor,  or  the  head  is  thrown  upward  and 
backward  in  a  rigid  position  with  the  horns  pointing  over  the  shoulders,  the  eyes  are 
glassy  and  sightless,  the  pupil  widely  dilated,  the  ears  limp,  the  jaw  drooping,  and 
the  cow  scarcely  able  to  swallow  and  fast  losing  all  sense  of  touch ;  the  pulse  is 
scarcely  perceptible  or  intermits,  the  horns,  legs  and  skin  become  cold,  the  breath 
rattles,  the  belly  distends,  the  udder  is  swollen  and  sometiiiK's  red,  tlie  (iiiiii;-  and 
urine  suppressed.  The  cow  dies  within  two  days,  often  in  a  few  lioiirs.  Tlic 
pathology  of  this  disease  is  not  yet  fully  understood.  It  is  not  yet  docided  wlK'thtT 
it  is  a  disease  of  debility  or  of  congestion  of  the  brain,  ur  wlietlier  it  may  nut  1)0 
complicated  with  meningitis.  It  seems  to  be  the  result  of  the  profound  disturbance 
caiised  by  the  sudden  effort  of  the  system  to  transform  a  large  part  of  its  tissues  into 
nulk.  It  is  remarkable  also  that  the  disease  occurs  only  during  the  colostniiu  stage, 
wliile  the  milk  is  yet  incomjilete,  and  while  the  disruption  of  membrane  from  tlie 
follicles  of  the  udder  glands  is  one  of  the  results  of  the  intense  and  mighty  change, 
prior  to  the  normal  shedding  of  milk  globules  and  the  well-established  flow  of  perfect 
milk. 

Pi'oI)ahly  in  all  c-ases  of  colostrum  apoplexy  there  is  a  cliock  of  juTspiration 
following  labor — in  other  words,  ''taking  cold." 

I3y  a  reference  to  the  analysis  of  colostrum*  given  below,  and  comjjarison  of 
its  elements  with  those  of  milk  analysis  in  aiiother  part  of  this  volume,  it  does  not 
require  very  profound  reasoning  to  determine  that  the  organism  of  the  cow,  during 
the  week  of  the  colostrum,  ntfuje,  endures  a  great  physiological  change,  wliicii 
requires  but  a  slight  disturbance  to  become  a  serious  one,  bordering  on  fatally 
diseased  conditions. 


*  First  Annual  Report  N.  Y.  State  E.xperimeut  Stiition,  1883. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMEIilC'A.  297 

According  to  the  amount  and  ricliness  of  the  colostnmi  is  the  degree  of  nervous 
vital  expenditure  and  the  danger  of  a  violent  irregular  circulation  of  the  blood. 
Consequently  the  feed  and  all  the  sanitary  conditions  should  be  regulated  for  one 
month  before  and  after  parturition  with  a  view  to  the  preservation  of  a  normal 
action  of  the  whole  system. 

COLOSTRUM    ANALYSIS.* 

"  Meg,  a  Jersey  cow,  calved  December  4th.  The  colostnmi  was  orange  yellow, 
of  acid  reaction.  Specific  gravity  by  weight,  1063.  It  coagiilated  into  a  solid  mass 
by  boiling. 

Fat 5.22 

Casein 7.87 

Albumen 7.81 

Milk  sugar 2.94 

Ash 1.23 

Loss,  etc 21 

Total  solids 25.28 

Water 74.72 

Per  cent,  nitrogen  by  combustion,  2.35 100.00" 

GENEEAL  SUMMARY  OF  CAUSES   OF  ACCIDENTS  AND  DISEASES. 

1.  Diseases  of  the  bowels  and  kidneys  ordinai-ily  jjroceed  from  improper  feeding 
and  watering  or  bad  forage. 

2.  Diseases  of  the  chest  from  insufficient  or  improper  ventilation,  overcrowding, 
neglect  and  exposure. 

3.  Abortion  from  carelessness  of  attendants,  blows,  alnise,  or  eating  smut  of 
grass  or  maize. 

4.  Diseases  of  the  skin  from  want  of  cleanliness,  and  sometimes  from  using 
barley  straw  for  bedding.     Some  skin  diseases  are  contagious. 

5.  "Wounds  and  broken  horns  usually  arise  from  carelessness  of  management. 
If  horns  are  broken  in  fighting  it  is  often  by  the  introduction  of  a  stranger  into  the 
herd.  The  Jersey  horn  is  fragile,  so  that  special  care  is  needed  to  guard  against  an 
accident  that  mars  the  beauty  so  greatly  and  gives  the  animal  the  appearance  of  a 
cripple. 

6.  Garget  and  foul  foot  are  often  caused  by  wet  yards,  muddy  pastures,  or 
wading  in  brooks. 

It  is  best  to  forefend  all  such  accidents,  even  including  "  milk  fever,"  by  being 

*  Report  N.  Y.  State  Experiment  Station,  1883. 


298  JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  A. UE  It  TV  A. 

well  guarded  at  all  times  against  any  form  of  neglect  or  carelessness  in  the  rontine 
of  management. 

TliEATilEXT    OF   DISEASES   AND    SERIOUS   CASUALTIES. 

"By  medicine  life  may  be  prolonged, 
Yet  death  will  seiz.e  the  doctor,  too." — S/mk-exprinr. 

An  ounce  of  prev^cntion  is  worth  va.stly  more  than  a  jjonnd  of  cm-e,  but  when 
all  the  precautions  of  wise  forethought  and  good  judgment  and  well-trained  sanitary 
skill  have  failed  to  ward  off  a  much-dreaded  malady,  then  is  the  opportunity  to  test 
the  potency  of  scientific  medical  skill.  The  readiness  to  practice  is  almost  universal, 
but  the  skill  is  miich  more  of  a  rarity. 

Let  any  man  or  animal  fall  a  victim  to  any  disease,  and  every  casual  visitor  of 
the  multitude  has  a  prescription  to  offer  to  thrust  upon  the  jjatient.  Everybody 
likes  to  doctor  except  the  skilful  physician ;  he  holds  back  until  called  upon  and 
urged  to  give  advice,  which  with  true  modesty  and  many  misgivings  he  humbly 
proffers.  The  world  is  advancing  in  civilization,  and  of  all  the  discoveries  of 
modern  times  the  most  beneficent  has  been  that  of  the  great  German  physician 
Hahnemann,  whose  law  of  ciire  with  its  small  dose  has  revolutionized  the  practice  of 
medicine.  But  all  people  have  not  yet  availed  themselves  of  the  mild  beneficence  of 
scientific  medicine.  Hahnemann's  discoveiy  consisted  :  First,  in  finding  a  universal 
law  for  the  selection  of  cures ;  second,  in  noting  the  wonderful  susceptibility  of  the 
diseased  organism  to  the  effects  of  minute  doses ;  third,  a  system  of  preparing 
medicines  so  that  they  may  be  taken  in  doses  of  any  degree  of  division  or  attenuation 
desired. 

The  law  for  the  selection  of  cures  always  takes  the  drug  that  has  the  greatest 
affinity  for  the  organ  or  organs  diseased,  and  is  capable  of  producing  a  similar 
disturbance  in  the  healthy  organi.sm.  Similars  to  cure  similars.  This  law  will 
doubtless  be  demonstrated  in  the  future  as  an  electrical  affinity.  The  small  dose 
avoids  aggravation  or  poisonous  effects,  but  induces  a  6})eedy  and  wonderful  reaction. 
Neither  Hahnemann  nor  any  of  his  followers  have  been  able  to  ascertain  a  limit  to  the 
curative  powers  of  a  drug  by  any  degree  of  attenuation,  and  no  man  is  able  to  say 
of  any  drug  properly  selected  that  a  dose  of  any  degree  of  limitation  ceases  to  have 
curative  jjower  by  reason  of  its  smallness,  nor,  on  the  other  hand,  that  any  dose  has 
curative  power  because  of  its  comparative  largeness.  In  other  words,  the  curative 
power  of  a  drug  lies  in  its  quality  rather  than  in  its  quantity.  It  is  not  the  purpose 
of  this  work  to  su]j])ly  a  text-book  on  the  practice  of  Veterinary  Medicine,  but  to 
offer  a  few  suggestions  by  which  breeders  will  be  enabled  to  combat,  with  some 
degree  of  success  atid  satisfaction,  diseases  that  have  hitherto  baffled  the  skill  of  the 
old  barbaric  system  that  is  hajjpily  soon  to  be  among  the  things  of  the  historic  past, 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IJST  AMERICA.  299 

while  a  happier  day  awaits  those  who  shall  enjoy  the  advantages  of  a  higher 
civilization  and  a  better  system  of  medicine. 

Those  who  would  have  all  the  necessary  equipments  for  treating  the  diseases 
cf)mmon  to  all  domestic  animals  must  provide  their  sanitarium  with  the  best 
text-book  extant,  Boericke  &  Tafel's  "  Homoeopathic  Veterinary  Practice,"  and  a 
full  list  of  medicines  to  meet  the  requirements  of  all  common  diseases.  There 
should  be  the  necessary  sanitary  apparatus,  means  for  heating  water,  rubber  bags 
for  immersing  the  udder,  rubber  sheets  or  blankets  to  be  used  in  (milk  fever) 
colostrum  apoplexy,  sponges  of  various  sizes,  air  thermometers  (accurate)  to  note  the 
temperature  of  the  stalile,  hot-water  thermometers  to  test  the  temperature  of 
external  applications  and  drinks,  a  fever  thermometer  to  note  the  animal  tempera- 
ture in  each  case,  an  elastic  syringe  for  hot-water  injections.  Hot-water  bags  may 
be  useful  in  various  diseases ;  a  rubber  probang  in  case  of  choking ;  trocar  and 
cauida  for  dropsy  and  hoven ;  and  a  medicator  for  placing  doses  upon  the  tongue. 

All  breeders  who  adopt  the  medical  practice  herein  set  forth  will  be  glad  that 
they  live  in  the  nineteenth  century  rather  than  the  ninth.  After  a  faithful 
following  of  the  principles  and  doses  as  given  by  the  great  Hahnemann,  both  for 
their  animals  and  themselves,  they  will  never  desire  to  return  to  the  barl)aric 
methods  which  we  have  inherited  as  a  legacy  from  the  Dark  Ages. 

PREVENTIVE  TREATMENT  FOE  ABORTION. 

Preventive  treatment  requires  one  to  guard  against  all  the  causes  which  produce 
this  terrible  scourge. .  Strange  cows  always  have  to  meet  the  attacks  of  the  fighting 
or  boss  cows.  Keep  them  apart,  especially  if  either  the  stranger  or  the  boss  cow  is 
pregnant.     A  timid  cow  is  sure  to  be  gored  ;  keep  her  apart  from  the  others. 

Transport  cattle  by  steamers  when  it  can  be  done.  Never  allow  pregnant  cows 
or  heifers  to  be  in  the  company  of  non-pregnant  cows  or  in  the  company  of  aborted 
cows.  Protect  animals  from  lightning  as  far  as  possible  by  good  rods  on  buildings. 
Never  allow  any  man  or  boy  to  make  a  cow  move  faster  than  a  moderate  walk.  A  mau 
that  rims  the  cows  for  fear  of  getting  his  shirt  wet  in  a  shower  may  destroy  a 
thousand-dollar  calf  and  permanently  injure  a  valuable  cow.  Such  a  man  should 
be  discharged  from  your  service  at  once  for  any  disobedience  of  orders. 

The  stables  should  always  be  sweet  with  a  perpetual  ventilation  and  perpetual 
cleanliness.  Offensive  odors  by  all  means  are  to  be  avoided.  Fermented  foods  are 
a  curse  in  any  dairy.  The  breeding  cow  should  be  kept  in  good  health  and  given 
wholesome  food  at  all  times.  All  smut  plants  must  be  collected  if  practicable  and 
burned.  A  field  of  green  meadow  grass  or  other  soil  infected  with  this  fungus  should 
be  plowed  and  the  groiind  planted  to  root  crops  for  two  years.  To  prevent  fungous 
growths  all  pastures  ought  to  be  mowed  before  the  grasses  mature  their  seed. 
Cathartics   or  drugs   for  producing   artificial  diarrhoea   and  dysentery   and   other 


300  JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

inflammatory  diseases  of  tlie  digestive  organs  should  not  be  tolerated  in  any 
form ;  it  is  mischievous  malpractice.  All  breeders  should  be  cautious  about 
spreading  contagion.  Those  who  have  abortion  in  their  herds  and  continue  to  buy 
and  sell  are  contributing  to  spread  the  disease  by  every  animal  that  leaves  the  herd. 
The  period  of  incubation  after  exposure  is  from  three  to  six  months.  All 
cows  that  abort  should  be  quarantined  for  from  nine  to  twelve  months  before 
being  bred  again.  It  is  safest  to  withhold  from  breeding  more  than  one  year 
rather  than  less.  All  strange  animals  should  be  quarantined  before  introducing 
them  to  the  herd  stable  at  least  three  months,  if  there  is  any  uncertainty  in 
regard  to  their  freedom  from  exposure. 


TKKATMENT    OF    Til  KKATKNKI)    AlfOKTION. 

Aconite.  If  the  animal  has  ItecTi  frightened  and  tlic  fear  remain.-;,  or  slie  .shows 
serious  after-effects,  give  a  dose  or  two  of  the  sixth  dilution  of  aconite. 

Aletl'is  fariiiosa.  For  habitual  abortion.  Give  five  drops  of  the  first 
dilution  twice  a  day  during  gestation. 

Apis  mel.  Scanty  urine  with  frequent  urging  to  urinate.  Constipation. 
Give  sixth  or  thirtieth  dilution. 

Arnica.  From  any  mechanical  injury,  such  as  goring  or  any  hurt,  give  ten 
drops  of  the  first,  third  or  sixth  dilution  every  two  hours.  Bathe  the  bruised 
parts  with  a  lotion  of  arnica  tincture,  one  part  to  ten  parts  of  liut  watei'. 

Asafoetida.  If  the  cow  is  very  nervously  excitable  at  any  time  during 
pregnancy  give  this  remedy  daily  in  the  sixth  dilution. 

Cinchona.  Give  after  abortion  to  check  hemorrhage  aiul  to  enal)le  tlie  animal 
to  recover  from  the  debility  caused  by  abortion.  Ten-drop  doses  of  the  first  or 
third  dilution. 

Helonias.  Very  important  in  ca.ses  of  threatened  abortion  and  for  enlarged 
uterus  after  abortion  or  parturition. 

Opium.  From  great  disturbance  by  fright  give  fre(pient  doses  of  the  thirtieth 
dilution. 

Pulsatilla.  If  the  vulva  is  swollen  and  there  is  an  intermittent  red  fiow  give 
the  thirtieth  dilution   every  two  hours. 

Rhus  toxicodendron.  If  the  animal  is  subject  to  rheumatism  or  has  taken 
cold  in  wet  weather,  subsequent  to  an  injury,  give  the  sixth  or  thirtieth  dilution  every 
four  houi-s. 

Ruta.     Give  to  habitual  sHnkers,  in  alternation  witii  Saliina. 

Sabina.  For  abortion  at  the  third  montli.  For  ivi)eateil  early  abortions,  with 
profuse  discharges,  use  the  thirtieth  dilution. 

Secale  corniituni.     For  thin,  scrawny,  sickly-looking  cows,  both  before  and 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  A3IERICA.  301 

after  abortion,  especially  if  there  is  violent  straining,  profuse  flow  and  feeble  pulse. 
Frequent  doses  of  the  thirtieth  dilution. 

Sepia.  This  may  prove  useful  in  restoring  where  there  is  a  tendency  to 
frequent  abortion,  especially  with  disorders  of  the  mucous  membranes.  Give  doses 
once  a  day  of  the  thirtieth  dilution. 

Sulphur.  Give  a  dose  of  this  remedy  in  the  sixth  or  thirtieth  dilution  when 
the  system  does  not  respond  to  any  of  the  above  remedies. 

Vibiirniim  opiiliis  is  also  of  great  value  for  abortion  and  hemorrhage. 

Viburuiini  prunifolium.  This  is  a  very  useful  remedy,  and  may  be  given 
as  a  preventive  of  abortion.  Give  once  a  day  ten  drops  of  the  first  or  third  dilution 
at  any  stage  of  pregnancy.  Many  are  in  the  habit  of  giving  enormous  doses  of  this 
drug,  a  dram  or  more  of  the  fluid  extract  daily,  through  the  whole  period  of  gestation, 
but  this  is  inexpedient.  Do  not  make  your  animals  dmg-sick  with  even  a  mild 
remedy.  Try  the  eflicacy  of  this  remedy  if  you  will  in  ten-drop  doses  of  the  tincture 
or  one-drop  doses  of  the  fluid  extract,  and  also  the  first,  third,  sixth  and  thirtieth 
dilutions.     This  will  prove  useful  in  hemorrhages  after  abortion. 

FORMULA     FOR    TREATMENT     OF    ABORTION. 

If  your  cow  has  aborted  prepare  one  gallon  of  the  Hyposulphite  of  Mercury 
solution  as  directed  under  Germicides,  then  scrub  the  floor  with  the  disinfectant,  or 
saturate  the  surface  of  the  ground  with  the  sohition.  If  the  cow  does  not  clean 
readily  give  her  ten  drops,  three  times  daily,  of  Pulsatilla,  third  dilution,  mixed 
with  four  times  its  bulk  of  water. 

ITse  the  medicator  and  inject  it  upon  the  tongue  if  the  cow  does  not  drink  it 
in  water.  The  placenta  will  probably  come  away  early  enough  without  mechanical 
interference.  If  the  medicine  does  not  bring  it  away  within  three  days  it  may  be 
carefully  removed  by  the  placenta  forceps.  When  she  comes  in  heat  give  her  a 
vaginal  injection  of  hot  water  130°  Fahr.  and  follow  with  another  of  Hydrastis 
Can.,  |-  ounce ;  Listerine,  ^  ounce ;  Water,  8  ounces.  Mix.  Keep  the  hind  feet 
elevated,  and  fill  the  vagina  with  the  injection  from  an  elastic  syringe.  When  her 
full  time  of  heat  is  passed  give  her  another  vaginal  injection. 

Then  give  her  three  times  daily  until  her  next  period,  Sabina,  third  dilution,  ten 
drops  of  a  mixture  containing  four  times  its  bulk  of  water.  If  she  comes  in  heat 
regularly  every  twenty-one  days  you  need  not  delay  service  with  this  treatment 
more  than  three  months,  but  let  it  be  given  as  soon  as  the  first  symptom  is  observed. 
The  bull  used  should  not  be  allowed  to  serve  other  than  "  sUnkers." 

SPECIAL     RULES     RELATING    TO    ABORTION. 

1.  Remove  from  the  herd  at  once  a  cow  that  shows  any  symptom  of  impending 
abortion. 


302  JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

2.  Quarantine  all  aborted  cows  and  all  threatening  abortion  (the  t\vt>  classes  in 
separate  buildings)  for  one  year  or  until  ])roducing  a  healthy  calf. 

3.  Employ  special  hands  to  attend  each  class  of  cows,  and  quarantine  these 
worlimen  froin  the  rest  of  tJi£  herd. 

4.  Use  no  quack  nostninis  in  treating  such  cows,  but  f(illt)W  carefully  the 
directions  given  in  this  work. 

5.  If  the  afterbirth  does  not  come  away  within  three  days  let  a  skilful  veterinary 
carefully  remove  it.  If  a  veterinary  cannot  be  had,  the  herdsman,  if  he  be  intelligent, 
may  be  able  to  do  it.  The  arm  and  hand  being  well  oiled  with  vaseline  or  almond 
oil,  introduce  the  liand  and  pass  it  gently  forward  to  the  womb.  If  the  hand,  or 
even  two  fingers  can  be  introduced  within  the  M'omb,  the  adhering  substance  can 
be  gently  separated  by  pressing  the  edge  of  the  fingers  along  the  inner  wall  and  by 
rotating  the  cord  and  membranes,  remove  it  without  any  tearing  or  wounding  of 
the  parts. 

BARREN NKSS    IN    COWS. 

Barrenness  is  doubtless  most  frequent  as  a  sequel  of  abortion. 

Inflammatory  action  within  the  litems  or  the  small  tubes  which  receive  and 
convey  the  ovides  from  the  ovaries  to  the  uterine  cavity  may  result  in  producing 
adhesions  of  the  surfaces  of  the  lining  membrane,  thereby  making  obstructions  or 
strictures  which  prevent  either  the  semen  or  ovules  from  entering  the  organ,  so  that 
a  union  of  the  male  and  female  germs  is  impossible. 

The  only  cure  for  such  a  condition  is  effectual  dilatation  of  all  the  strictures. 

Dr.  A.  D.  Newell,  of  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  has  devoted  much  attention  to  the 
study  and  surgical  treatment  of  barrenness,  and  has  treated  several  cases  successfully. 

I  (piote  from  an  article  published  by  him  in  the  Jerseij  Bnllelin  of  February  loth, 
1885  : 

"  In  almost  every  herd  there  are  one  or  more  cows  that  tlicir  owners  fail  to  get 
with  calf,  even  after  the  cow  has  calved  once,  and  often  using  various  bulls,  large 
and  small,  usually  throwing  the  blame  on  the  bull.  I  am  of  the  opinion  that  it  is 
seldom  the  fault  of  the  bull,  but  almost  always  the  relative  location  of  the  male  germ 
and  ovum  in  the  cow.  The  male  germ  must  meet  the  ovum  beyond  the  osniteniuin 
or  conception  will  not  take  place.  I  will  mention  only  two  of  the  main  causes  and 
opposite  conditions  of  the  cervic  ■uteri,  os  tincte  and  os  inter?!  a  in  that  I  find  prevent 
conception.  There  are  other  minor  causes.  Conception  cannot  take  place  if  either 
of  these  two  conditions  e.xist.  One  is  where  the  cei'vix  uteri  is  patulous  or  relaxed 
and  lets  out  tlu;  male  germ  and  ovum  before  it  makes  vital  connection  with  the 
internal  mucous  membrane  of  the  womb.  The  other  is  where  the  os  tinea  or  the 
OS  internum  is  closed,  or  so  small  as  not  to  admit  the  male  germ  to  the  womb  easily, 
and  thus  cannot  reach  the  ovmn  to  impregnate  it  in  the  womb.  The  usual  length 
of  the  cervix  of  a  cow  is  about  one  and  a  half  inches.     In  a  post-mortem  examina- 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  303 

tion  of  a  cow  killed  for  beef  I  found  the  cervix  uteri  full  five  inches  long  from  os 
tinccB  to  OS  internum,  a  very  unusual  length.  I  have  found  quite  a  number  that 
measure  three  and  four  inches,  and  with  the  os  intermim  completely  closed,  some 
with  OS  internum  open  and  os  tinccB  closed.  This  great  distance  of  ee7'vix  uteri  to  os 
i7iternu7n,  and  its  firm  closure,  with  open  os  ti7icce,  has  deceived  me,  and  no  doubt 
others,  the  os  tinooe  often  being  easily  opened  with  the  finger,  and  the  extra  depth 
of  the  cervix  causing  the  operator  to  think  he  was  through  both  sphincters  and  into 
the  womb. 

TREATMENT    OF    CLOSUSE    OF    THE   OS   TINC.E    AND    OS    INTERNUM. 

"  Extract  of  belladonna  will  relax  the  cervix  ute7'i  when  the  tube  is  pervious, 
but  no  medicine  will  open  the  internal  os  when  closed  by  a  cicatrix  caused  by 
abortion  or  the  rupture  and  tear  of  the  mucous  membrane  near  the  os  internum  at 
natural  calving. 

"  The  whole  mucous  membrane  that  lines  the  womb  is  thrown  off  every  time  a 
cow  aborts  or  calves,  except  just  at  the  internal  neck.  I  believe  this  torn  condition 
of  the  membrane  and  its  heahng  causes  this  cicatrix  and  closure. 

"  The  canal  to  the  womb  must  be  opened  by  mechanical  means.  The  parts  are 
of  a  very  delicate  structure,  and  this  must  be  done  by  very  gradual  easy  dilators  and 
a  day  or  two  before  the  cow  comes  into  heat. 

"  I  have  not  been  able  to  find  any  dilators  or  sponge  tents  that  will  answer  the 
purpose  fully.  The  sponge  tents  were  too  soft,  and  gave  before  they  could  be  got 
inside. 

"  The  instrument  had  to  be  used  with  one  hand,  and  that  in  the  vagina,  and  so 
could  not  handle  the  instrument  and  at  the  same  time  keep  the  finger  at  the  os  tincce, 
and  thus  prevent  the  instrument  from  catching  into  the  folds  and  fossse,  and  could 
not  use  gradual  continuous  pressure,  and  was  uncertain  when  the  canal  was  tortuous. 

"  To  overcome  these  defects  I  made  a  metallic  bougie  two  feet  long,  the  end 
of  flexible  metal  that  could  be  bent  to  any  sweep  by  the  end  of  the  right  forefinger 
acting  as  a  hve  guide  to  the  os  tinccE.  With  an  arrangement  at  the  end  out  of  the 
v.agina  I  can  make  the  flexible  point  sweep  to  any  course,  and  at  the  same  time  keep 
up  a  steady,  continuous  pressure  at  the  obstractions. 

"  Some  points  are  made  of  soft  material,  strengthened  by  internal  broken  joints 
that  adjust  themselves  to  any  course  by  a  simple  rotation,  so  that  there  is  no  danger 
of  wounding  the  canal.  As  soon  as  the  canal  is  pervious  I  introduce  sponge  tents 
to  make  the  canal  larger  and  remain  open.    • 

"  These  tents  should  be  made  of  tough  sponge  well  saturated  with  gum-arabic 
and  bound  tight  over  a  steel  knitting-needle,  to  be  removed  when  dry. 

"  Many  of  the  worst  cases  of  barren  cows  can  be  made  to  breed." 

The  above-mentioned  instruments,  consisting  of  a  soft  metal  stylet,  and  a  hollow 


304  JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

flexible  bougie,  the  doctor  kindly  sent  to  me  for  inspection.  In  the  hands  of  a 
skilful  operator  and  with  the  use  of  properly  prepared  sponge  tents,  doubtless  many 
barren  cows  could  be  made  to  breed.  But  not  until  we  have  colleges  which  will 
develop  the  genius  for  surgical  skill  that  lies  dormant  in  possible  ve^rinary  surgeons, 
and  a  new  order  of  surgical  instrument-makers  has  been  trained,  can  we  look  for  many 
cures  of  these  internal  deformities.  Under  the  best  conditions,  with  trained  surgeons, 
ingenious  devices,  rare  instruments,  and  consummate  skill  in  applying  them,  it  may 
be  possible  that  bovine  uterine  surgery  will  yet  become  a  popular  art. 

In  all  cases  of  barrenness  arising  from  fimctional  derangement  the  cure  must  be 
sought  by  either  sanitary  or  medicinal  treatment,  or  both. 

If  all  the  conditions  of  healthful  air,  feed,  exercise,  warmtli,  dryness  and 
sunlight  are  secured,  and  it  is  found  that  there  is  no  stricture  in  the  uterus  or 
Fallopian  ducts,  the  breeder  must  resort  to  medicines. 

We  have  much  to  learn  in  this  department  of  medication,  but  will  offer  to 
suggest  a  few  remedies  for  investigation. 

Aleteis  faeinosa  ;  Damiana  ;  Lachesis  ;  Pulsatilla  ;  Ruta  geaveolens  ; 
Sabina  ;  Secale  coenutum  ;  Sepia  ;  Ustilago  maydis  ;  Vibuenum  opulus  ;  Vibue- 
NUM  PEUNiFOLiuM,  and  Xanthoxylum. 

Use  only  oneremedij  at  a  time.  Give  Aletris,  Damiana  and  the  Viburnums  in 
the  mother  tincture,  from  one  to  three  droj)s  daily,  as  uterine  stimulants. 

Give  Xanthoxylum  where  the  animal  does  not  come  into  heat,  using  live  drops 
of  \\\&fivst  or  third  dilution. 

Give  Sabina,  30,  where  you  suspect  abortion  in  the  first  to  the  thinl  month. 

Give  Secale,  30,  and  Ustilago,  30,  in  lean,  scrawny,  sickly  animals. 

Give  Ruta,  30,  in  all  cases  where  you  suspect  a  tendency  to  a  persistent  habit  of 
abortion. 

Give  Lachesis,  30,  and  Sepia,  30,  for  fetid  vaginal  discharges  or  suspected 
diseases  of  the  mucous  membranes.  Always  mix  the  medicine  in  a  little  water,  and 
insert  it  in  the  mouth  of  the  cow  by  the  injector,  if  she  will  not  drink  water. 

A  cow  that  is  barren  from  an  enormous  accumulation  of  fat  may  perchance 
become  fruitful  by  reducing  her  to  the  condition  of  flesh  requisite  in  a  milking 
animal.  This  may  be  accomplished  by  abundant  exercise  and  suitable  feeding  with 
hay  and  straw. 

PEOLAPSUS    rXEEI — EXTEUSION    OK   THE    WOMB. 

This  is  a  displacement  wliich  is  sometimes  very  troublesome,  and  unices  properly 
treated  may  cause  the  death  of  the  animal  or  become  a  chronic  ailment. 

It  most  frequently  occurs  in  an  aggravated  form  in  those  cows  having  a  badly 
formed  rump.  The  ligaments  of  the  utenis,  from  various  causes,  become  relaxed  or 
stretched,  the  vagina  loses   its  elasticity,  and  the  uterus  during  gestation   almost 


^4 


«ei 


m^] 


LA    FINANCIERE    11  970. 

AT    8    YEAHS  OLD. 

Orey  King  Type. 
FAIRVIEW  HEED. 

G.  AND  H.  B.  Cromwell,   New  Dorp,  P.  O.  Staten  Island,  N.  Y. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IiY  AMERICA.  305 

protrudes  from  the  vulva.  Parturition  may  be  passed  safely  and  the  uterus  completely 
extruded  within  a  few  hours  afterward. 

The  uterus  should  always  be  immediately  returned  liy  a  hand  and  arm  Avell 
anointed  with  vaseline  and  pressed  forward  to  its  place. 

The  cow  should  stand  with  the  hips  elevated.  Hot-water  injections  at  130° 
should  be  given  once  a  day,  cleaning  out  the  vagina,  while  the  discharge  lasts. 
Several  quarts  may  be  used  each  time. 

The  cow  should  receive  internal  medical  treatment  for  several  months,  and 
ought  not  to  be  admitted  to  service  again  within  nine  months. 

REMEDIES. 

Calc.  carb.  For  general  ilabbiness  and  relaxed  condition.  One  dose  daily  of 
the  thirtieth  dilution. 

Coiiiuiu  iiiaculatiim.     Chronic  enlargement  and  hardening  of  the  womb. 

Helonias  dioica.  A  very  important  remedy  for  chronic  jyrolapsus  uteri, 
with  enlarged  uterus.     Give  the  thirtieth  dilution,  a  dose  of  ten  drops  once  a  day. 

Nux  vomica.  Constipation,  or  alternate  diarrhoea  and  constipation  accom- 
panying the  conditions.  Use,  as  above,  the  thirtieth  dilution,  to  give  tone  to  the 
uterus. 

Tabaciim.  Excessive  relaxation  of  the  whole  system ;  it  seems  impossible 
to  keej)  the  organs  in  place.  Use  one  dose  daily  of  the  thirtieth  dilution,  and  apply 
a  bandage  or  truss  if  necessary. 

Viburnum  prun.     Chronic  hemorrhage  from  womb. 

H.EMATURIA REDWATER BLACKWATEE. 

Bloody  urine  is  coinmon  among  cattle  in  certain  localities  where  the  land  is  wet 
and  the  pasture  poor,  and  is  especially  prevalent  in  rainy  seasons  with  animals  that 
are  badly  nourished.  It  is  characterized  by  an  impoverished  condition  of  the 
system. 

The  disease  may  also  be  caused  by  eating  many  plants  that  have  an  inflammatory 
action  upon  the  kidneys  and  bladder. 

Oftentimes  inflammatory  action  with  this  condition  of  urine  may  result  from  a 
mechanical  injury,  by  sprain  or  by  blows,  or  various  other  causes. 

Acute  Redwater  is  always  an  inflammatory  condition  of  the  kidneys  resulting 
from  one  of  the  above-named  causes. 

Chi'onic  Redwater,  a  still  more  common  disease,  is  characterized  by  inflam- 
mation of  the  kidneys,  and  is  more  difiicult  to  remedy. 

Acute  Redwater  may  result  from  injury  or  neglect  during  calving,  or  bad  results 
following  delivery. 

It  occurs  rarely  on  well-drained  lands  with  well-fed  cattle., 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERKJA. 


SYMPTOMS   OF   ACUTE   KEDWATEK. 


Fever ;  rapid  breathing  ;  cold  ears,  feet  and  legs  ;  dry,  hot  n)uzzle  ;  tenderness 
over  loins  ;  loss  of  appetite  and  end  ;  bent  back  :  straining  to  discharge  urine,  which 
is  very  scanty  or  bloody. 

There  is  at  lirst  a  bloody  diarrhoea  or  dysentery,  afterward  obstinate  constipation 
of  the  bowels  and  pure  bloody  discharge  from  the  bladder,  which  gradually  becomes 
darker  or  c^uite  black,  and  may  become  fetid  because  of  gangrene  of  the  i)arts. 

SYMPTOMS    OF    CHRONIC    EEDWATER. 

Jaundice;  languor;  collapsed  belly;  animals  want  to  be  alone;  the  ears  are 
cold  and  drooping ;  eye  turgid  and  yellow ;  quick  pulse ;  diarrhosa,  followed  by 
constipation ;  emaciation ;  urine  at  first  yellow-brown,  then  red,  dark  brown,  and 
finally  black ;  the  discharge  is  by  a  fine  stream,  but  copious,  with  or  without 
straining;  milk  brown-yellow  and  lessened,  with  bad  flavor.  Sudden  remissions  and 
recurrences  may  continue  for  months. 

TREATMENT. 

Remove  the  animal  to  dry,  comfortable  qiiai-ters,  and  give  gnod  rations, 
accompanied  with  linseed  gruel,  three  times  daily. 

Arsenicvim.      In  advanced  stages  with  fetid  diarrlnea. 

Camphor.  For  chilliness  and  prostration  give  drop  doses  of  the  third  dilution 
every  hour. 

Cannabis  sativa.  For  bright,  bloody  discharges  of  urine  use  drop  doses  of 
the  third  dilution  every  hour. 

Cantharis.     Terrible  straining,  with  bloody  urine. 

Terebinth.     Bloody  urine.     Third  dilution,  one  drop  every  two  hours. 

TREATMENT    OF    DIFFICULT    I'ARTUKITION. 

The  too-long-continued  pains,  the  convulsive  violence  of  the  efforts,  the 
straining  after  delivery,  excessive  hemorrhage,  and  any  otlier  irregularities  call  for 
medical  treatment. 

Pulsatilla.  When  the  pains  are  slow  in  developing,  or  there  is  fear  of  a 
mal-preseutation  in  the  first  stage  of  parturition,  give  ten-drop  doses  of  the  third, 
sixth  or  thirtieth  dilution  every  hour  to  facilitate  delivery.  It  is  always  safe  and 
often  greatly  aids  delivery. 

Chanioniilla.  If  the  animal  is  irritable  because  of  the  pains  and  the  labor  is 
very  slow,  give,  after  Pulsatilla,  a  dose  of  the  thirtieth  dilution. 

Opium.  If  the  jJains  are  very  sluggish  or  cease  for  very  long  intervals 
give  the  sixth  dilution. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMEBIC  A.  3U7 

Vibvirnum  prviiiifoliuin.  For  lack  of  tone  in  the  ntenis,  or  for 
hemorrhage  resulting  tlierefroni,  give  five-drop  doses  of  the  tinctnre  every 
three  hours. 

Vibiirmiin  opulus.     Tliis  may  be  preferred  by  many  to  the  above. 

Secale  coriiut.  Tlie  paius  are  accompanied  with  excessive  straining.  Or 
the  pains  are  intense  with  straining  after  the  placenta  has  been  several  honi-s 
delivered  (after-pains).     Give  doses  of  the  thirtieth  dilution  after  each  pain. 

Pulsatilla  and  Secale  in  the  thirtieth  dilution  promote  delivery  of  the 
afterljirth.  Any  serious  delay  in  the  delivery  of  the  calf  nr  of  the  placenta  requires 
manual  interference,  which  should  be  given  with  the  utmost  care  and  gentleness. 
If  the  womb  is  inverted  or  extruded  from  the  vulva  it  should  be  very  gently 
returned  with  a  well-oiled  hand.  The  cow  sliould  be  kept  standing  for  many 
hours  or  a  supporting  bandage  applied.  Doses  of  arnica  should  be  always 
administered  after  parturition,  ten  drops  of  the  third  dilution  every  three  hours, 
and  if  the  vulva  has  been  bruised  or  lacerated  lotions  of  arnica  should  he  applied 
to  the  parts.     Sixteen  parts  of  hot  water  to  one  part  arnica  tincture. 

Helonias.  This  remedy  should  follow  arnica  for  extrusion  or  falling  of  the 
womb.     Use  the  third  or  sixth  dilution. 


COLOSTRUM    Al>0rlj;XV '•  MILK    FEVKK. 

If  the  COW  has  beeu  properly  fed  and  not  too  fat,  and  the  digestive  organs  are 
in  full  health  and  free  from  constipation  and  flatulence,  and  care  is  given  to  protect 
from  taking  cold,  she  is  not  liable  to  colostrum  fever  or  apoplexy. 

"Watch  the  pulse  by  placing  the  finger  on  the  temporal  artery  near  the  outer 
angle  of  the  eye,  or  by  applying  the  hand  to  the  left  side  of  the  chest  beneath  and 
behind  the  elbow.  The  normal  pulse  of  the  cow  may  vary  from  thirty-five  to  forty- 
two  beats  a  minute.  If  the  pulse  rises  rapidly  to  fifty  or  sixty  beats  there  is  much 
constitutional  disturbance;  if  it  rises  to  ninety  or  one  hundred  beats  the  case 
indicates  peril.  Apply  the  fever  themiometer  to  the  rectum ;  if  the  temperatiire  is 
101|°  or  102°  there  is  no  danger,  but  if  it  suddenly  rises,  and  the  rise  is  progressive, 
tlie  danger  increases  with  each  degree  and  fraction  of  a  degree.  The  udder  should 
be  relieved  of  its  colostrum  after  the  calf  has  sucked,  by  a  thorough  stripping. 


noT-WATKR    TKEAT>[ENT. 

If  the  udder  is  hard  and  swollen  it  should  be  immersed  in  a  bag  containing 
hot  water  at  a  temperature  of  125°.  Hot  water  should  be  applied  to  the  crown  and 
najie  of  the  neck  and  the  spine  by  saturated  sponges  or  cloths  at  a  tenqierature 
(jf  140°  or  as  hot  as  can  be  used. 


308  JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 

I>KV    t'ALoUK'    TKKAniKNT. 

The  following  is  coiiiiminicated  for  this  work  l>v  ]\Ir.  F.  Looser,  New  York, 
who  translated  it  from  the  German  : 

"The  W&noycY  Agriculhiral  Gazette  contains  tlie  followinf^  article  rc<rar(ling 
the  treatment  of  milk  fever  from  Mr.  von  Rhedn  : 

"  'A  few  days  ago,  in  one  of  my  stables  one  of  my  hest  cows  was  taken  with 
Tuilk  fever,  a  violent  and  apjjarently  hopeless  case.  I  called  veterinarj'  Meinberg 
(Tr()nau.  He  ordered  treatment  used  by  a  veterinary  with  success  in  Baden,  and 
pulilished  in  the  Veterinary  Journal. 

"  '  The  cow  was  covered  with  a  woollen  blanket,  and  a  common  smoothing-iron 
lieated  very  hot  was  passed  along  tiie  s])ine,  and  repeated  continuously  at  the 
highest  degree  of  heat,  from  lo  a.m.  until  s  p.m..  when  the  cow  arose  and  com- 
menced to  eat. 

"  '  During  the  niglit,  in  spite  of  the  constant  use  of  the  iron,  a  relapse  occurred, 
but  the  persistent  use  of  the  treatment  was  successful  in  the  recovery  of  the  cow. 

"  '  The  success  is  explained  by  the  supposition  that  there  is  a  collection  of  fluid 
along  the  spine,  and  that  this  excess  of  fluid  is  dissipated  by  the  heat.  The  woollen 
blanket  is  essential  to  protect  the  cow  from  injury.  Veterinary  Gronau  treated  four 
cases  successfully.  The  Baden  veterinary  claims  a  recovery  of  three  fourths  of  all 
cases  thus  treated.' " 

MKDICAL    TREATMENT. 

Aconite.  If  the  cow  is  an  extraordinary  milker  watch  her  closely  ;  if  she 
refuses  food,  the  horns  become  hot,  the  muzzle  dry  and  hot,  and  the  pulse  increases, 
continue  to  apply  the  hot  water  to  the  head  and  the  udder,  and  give  Aconite 
every  fifteen  minutes,  five  dro]>s  of  the  sixth  dilution. 

Aininoiiiuiii  causticuin.  If  the  rumen  becomes  distended  and  the 
breathing  diflicult,  the  pulse  weakens,  and  the  cow  seems  in  pain,  give  this  remedy, 
ten  drops  every  fifteen  minutes  until  the  swelling  subsides.  Use  the  first  watery 
dilution. 

Belladoiiua.  If  the  cow  seems  wild  or  furious  and  tlie  j)ii])i]s  (iiiate  give 
ten  drops  of  the  sixth  dilution  every  fifteen  minutes. 

Gelseniiuui.  If  the  pupils  are  widely  dilated,  so  tliat  the  animal  cannot  see, 
and  the  eyes  are  bloodshot,  give  every  ten  minutes  a  dose  of  the  third  dilution.  Tiie 
medicine  is  to  lie  administered  in  a  spoonful  of  water  without  elevating  the  cow's 
head  too  high,  for  fear  of  strangling. 

Arsenicum.  In  the  drowsy  stage ;  insensible  to  pain ;  glassy  eyes ; 
open  mouth  ;  inability  to  hold  up  the  head.  Give  a  dose  of  the  thirtieth  dilution 
everj'  fifteen  minutes.  In  all  cases  if  decided  imi)rovement  follows  a  dose  lengthen 
the  time  of  administering  medicines. 


JERt<EY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  :509 

Khus  toxicocleiidroii.  For  a  total  suppression  of  the  lochia,  or  discharge 
from  vulva,  or  for  signs  of  paralysis  of  back  and  legs,  give  frequent  doses  of  the 
sixth  or  thirtieth  of  this  valuable  remedy.  It  should  restore  the  discharge  in  a  little 
while.  If  the  discharge  afterward  lasts  too  long,  and  becomes  offensive  and 
ichorous,  or  bloody,  give  the  Rhus  again. 

Nux  vomica.  If  the  fever  has  subsided,  and  the  cow  lies  comparatively  at 
ease,  but  with  loss  of  muscular  power,  give  a  dose  of  the  sixth  dilution  in  water  every 
four  hours. 

SPECIAL    DIRECTIONS. 

The  cow  should  be  treated  in  a  well-bedded  box-stall,  with  abundance  of  fresh 
air  of  the  right  temperature.  If  in  the  iirst  stages  the  fever  and  temperature 
threaten  to  reach  a  high  figure  the  cow  should  be  enveloped  in  a  rubber  lilanket 
and  wet  with  water  at  102°,  or  the  normal  temperature,  while  water  at  liO°  is 
applied  to  the  head  and  also  to  the  udder. 

All  excretions  should  be  removed  at  once. 

The  temperature  of  the  stable  should  be  kept  at  about  (')5°. 

The  udder  should  be  milked  out  every  four  hours. 

If  the  cow  cannot  pass  urine  the  catheter  must  be  used  every  six  hoiirs. 

Her  head  should  be  supported  with  bundles  of  clean  straw. 

In  no  case  should  she  be  allowed  to  get  cast  or  to  lie  extended  with  the  legs 
stretched  out ;  but  she  should  be  placed  in  such  position  as  to  favor  easy  respiration. 

The  water  if  used  as  directed  at  the  right  temperature  will  greatly  assist  in 
allaying  congestion,  restoring  a  normal  circulation,  and  abating  the  fever.  Especially 
excellent  is  the  apphcation  of  hot  water  to  the  head  and  neck  in  conjunction  with 
such  remedies  as  Aconite^  Gelsemium  and  Rhus.  Hot  injections  will  sometimes 
prove  useful. 

MILK    DISEASES — KED    MILK. 

Galactohfemia  is  an  imperfect  secretion  wherein  milk  or  colostrum  and  a  red 
secretion  are  commingled.  From  some  defect  in  the  udder,  or  from  a  diseased 
condition  resulting  from  over-stimulation  by  improper  food,  the  secretion  becomes 
imperfect  and  the  organs  are  unable  to  secrete  milk  liy  \\\q  proper  transformation 
of  the  blood. 

It  is  the  theory  of  some  physiologists  that  food  which  is  radically  deficient  in 
potash  may  be  a  cause  of  the  disorder.  The  cow  should  always  be  well  fed  on  the 
most  wholesome  food  in  order  to  avoid  the  development  of  this  disease.  When  the 
disease  occurs  put  her  on  a  diet  of  good  clover  or  cow-pea  hay,  cut  and  moistened, 
and  give  with  it  twice  a  day  one  quart  of  rye  bran  and  one  pint  of  linseed-cake  meal, 
or  pea  or  bean  meal. 


.IKRSK  y    (A  TTL  K  J\  .  1  J//.' A'  /  < ' 


MEUICAI,    TKKA-IMKNT. 


Argeiltuiu  ilitricuiii.      The  calf  does  nut  thrive  or  refuses  tlie  milk. 
•     Asafoetida.      Dt-ticieiicv  uf  milk  with  over-seusitiveness. 

Borax  veiieta.      ililk  curdles  soon  after  being  drawn,  tastes  badly  or  has  an 
offensive  odt)r.     Give  tliird  to  sixth  dilution  three  times  a  day. 

Calcarea  carbonica.       Deficient  or  very  scanty   milk,  with  a   distended 
udder. 

Calcarea  pliosphorica.     ililk    tastes   saltish ;    milk    acid,  thin,  watery, 
neutral ;  udder  sore  to  the  touch  ;  teats  sore  on  pressure. 

Causticuiu.     Milk  almost  disappears  from  fatigue  after  long  driving.    Sixth 
dilution. 

Cheliduuium.     Milk  diminished. 

Cinchona.     Debility  from  excessive  flow  of  milk.     Third  dilution. 

Dulcamara.     Sui)pres8ed  milk  from  taking  cold. 

Ferri  phosplioricum.     Debility ;  want  of  appetite ;  cough. 

Ignatia.     Milk  sujipressed  ;  homesickness;  lowing  for  loss  of  calf.     Third 
dilution. 

Kali  hydriodiciini.     Bloody  milk,  witli    wasting  or   diminishing  of   the 
udder.     Third  dilution. 

Kali    carboiiicum.     Give  ten  dn>])s  three  times  daily  of  the  first  dilution 
in  the  water  drank,  as  long  as  the  milk  is  bloody  in  appearance. 

Lachesis.     Milk  thin  and  blue.     Thirtieth  dilution. 

Millefolinni.     Total   suppression    of    milk.     Drop    doses   of    the   mother 
tincture. 

Phosphoric  acid.     Scanty  milk,  with  apathy  and  great  duluess ;    debility 
from  excessive  milking.     Give  drop  doses  thrice  daily  in  the  water  drank. 

Phytolacca.     Stringy  milk  ;  offensive  odor  in  milk.     Always  give  in  garget 
or  threatened  garget.     Give  first  or  thii-d  dilution  three  times  a  day,  ten  drops. 

Pulsatilla.      Sudden  sup|>ressi(iii  of  milk.     Sixth  dilution. 

Urtica  urens.      Entire  want  of  secretion  of  milk  after  j)arturition. 


Constijjation  is  a  term  applied  to  a  loss  of  ])ower  in  the  intestines  by  which  the 
stools  are  difficult,  or  altogether  obstructed. 

The  dung  may  become  dry,  hardened  or  impacted,  or  it  may  lie  soft  and 
adhesive. 

Among  the  sources  of  constipation  in  cattle  is  a  diseased  condition  of  the 
intestine  caused  by  poisoning  or  frequent  irritation  by  the  use  of  "'  cathartic"  drugs. 
One  dose  is  sometimes  a  sufficient  cause  to  induce  the  habit. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  jUfERICA.  311 

Constipation  may  be  habitual  in  an  animal  of  feeble  constitution.  It  may  occur 
as  a  result  of  many  acute  diseases.  It  is  frequently  caused  by  improper  feeding,  as 
giving  dry  rations  of  woody  bay,  or  in  the  reaction  after  an  excess  of  laxative  food. 
It  may  be  induced  from  imjjure  air  in  a  close,  dark  stable,  from  insufficient  exercise, 
or  from  any  cause  that  impairs  tlie  nervous  force  of  the  animal.  Cows  are  especially 
prone  to  constipation  in  the  last  month  of  gestation.  This  should  be  avoided,  as  it 
is  one  of  the  conditions  tending  to  produce  apoplexy  in  the  colostmm  period,  or  the 
three  days  after  calving.  Give  a  sufficient  amount  of  laxative  food,  such  as  sweet 
grass  or  green  forage  plants  or  cabbages,  carrots  and  sugar  beets,  and  linseed  meal. 

MEDICINES    FOE    CONSTIPATION. 

Aconite.  Dryness  of  the  nose ;  much  thirst ;  constant  restlessness,  especially 
if  the  animal  has  had  a  fright.     Dose,  ten  drops  of  thirtieth  dilution. 

Alumina.     Great  straining,  with  soft  adhesive  stool ;  torpor  of  the  rectum. 

Belladonna.  Congestion  to  the  head ;  injected  eyes ;  intolerance  of  noise 
and  light.     In  acute  diseases.     Dose,  ten  drops  of  thirtieth  dilution. 

Bryonia.  Stools  dark,  dry  and  hard ;  much  thirst.  Especially  if  the  animal 
is  lame  or  dreads  to  move  because  of  soreness  of  any  part,  or  in  rheumatism  or  simple 
fever.     Dose,  ten  drops  of  the  sixth  or  thirtieth  dilution. 

Lycopocliuin.     Great  gurgling  of  wind  in  the  bowels.    The  thirtieth  dilution. 

Nux  vomica.     After  use  of  cathartics ;  alternate  constipation  and  diarrhoea. 

Opium.  Stools  very  small,  hard  and  black ;  general  torpor  of  the  system. 
Use  the  thirtieth  or  two  hundredth  dilution. 

Plumbum  acet.  Stools  compacted  like  sheep's  dung,  accompanied  with 
violent  colic  pains.     Use  the  two  hundredth  dilution. 

Pulsatilla.  Obstinate  constipation  after  a  severe  attack  of  diarrhcea, 
especially  in  calves. 

Ratanhia.  Most  obstinate  and  k>ng-continued  constipation.  Use  the  sixth 
dilution. 

Selenium.  Stool  so  large  and  hard  that  it  has  to  be  removed  by  mechanical 
aid ;  shreds  of  mucus  that  look  like  hair  in  stool. 

Sepia.  Terrible  straining ;  stool  covered  with  mucus.  Especially  in  calves 
or  for  cows  in  last  month  of  gestation.     Thirtieth  dilution. 

Silicea.  The  stool  is  lumpy  and  requires  a  number  of  severe  efforts  before  it 
can  be  expelled.     Thirtieth  dilution  once  a  day. 

Suljjliur.  In  all  cases  where  other  remedies  fail  to  act  give  once  a  day  a 
dose  of  the  thirtieth  dilution. 

Zinc.      Stools  remarkably  dry,  hard  and  insufficient. 

It  may  sometimes  be  found  necessary  to  remove  fecal  matter  by  a  small  scoop 
or  by  the  introduction  of  the  hand,  well  oiled.     Or  an  injection  of  warm  water  and 


312  JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMEIifrA. 


may  be  thrown  well  into  the  rectum  by  a. long  flexible  tube  attached  to  the 
syringe.  But  it  is  best  to  so  care  for  the  health  of  all  animals  that  such  severe  cases 
of  constipation  shall  never  occur.  "With  a  sufficient  knowledge  of  feeding  and  by 
avoiding  the  old-fashioned  cruel  dosing  it  will  be  rare  to  meet  with  a  severe  case  of 
constipation.  Nothing  more  laxative  than  a  little  boiled  flaxseed  should  ever  be 
allowed  in  the  treatment  of  cattle,  and  that  with  caution.  Use  carrots  and  other 
roots  when  they  are  in  season. 

The  drugs  for  constipation  are  given  in  minute  doses  and  ;it  long  intervals. 
They  induce  reaction  by  gently  stimulating  those  portions  of  the  nervous  and 
muscular  sj-stemsthat  are  impaired  or  hulking  in  tone. 

Extreme  care,  guided  by  knowledge  and  experience,  with  good  judgment  and 
])rompt  decision,  are  necessary  factors  in  a  good  stock  feeder.  If.  added  to  this,  he 
can  gain  a  fair  knowledge  of  drugs  and  their  use  as  cures  he  becomes  well  fitted  to 
be  the  friend  of  good  animals. 

KHEUMATISXI. 

Ulienraatism  is  a  disease  wliicli  attacks  cattle  more  frecpieiitly  tlian  other 
domestic  animals.  The  malady  arises  from  malarial  blood-poisoning  in  conjunction 
with  a  cold,  moist  atmosphere,  or  cold  basement  stables.  The  conditions  are 
identical  with  those  of  the  same  disease  in  the  human  subject.  A  pei-son  who 
perspii'es  easily  and  lives  in  a  damp  dwelling  will  scarcely  escape  rheumatism  in 
some  form.  To  prevent  the  disease  is  better  than  to  try  its  cure.  To  guard  against 
rheumatism  in  choice  Jerseys,  have  only  dry  stables  above  groiind.  A  barn  with  a 
basement  will  do  more  annual  damage  to  a  good  herd,  liy  causing  rheumatism  and 
other  maladies,  than  it  would  cost  to  l)uild  an  cxjx'nsive  sanitary  stal)le. 

Cn.\KA(TKK    AND    SVMI'TOMS. 

Rheumatism  irritates  and  inflames  the  joints,  muscles,  tendons,  sheaths  of 
nerves,  and  particularly  the  heart  and  heart-sac  and  pleura.  It  is  ])aiiitul  in  tlie 
highest  degree,  and  may  attack  the  healthiest  animals,  and  become  clironic.  It 
is  commoTdy  of  the  chronic  form  in  cattle,  owing  chiefly  to  lack  of  proper  care  and 
right  treatment.  In  the  acute  form  it  may  prove  speedily  fatal,  especially  if  it 
attacks  the  heart.  In  acute  rheumatism  the  animal  is  very  restless,  loses  apjietite, 
has  dry  skin,  constipation,  and  apparent  stiff'ness  of  joints  and  muscles. 

The  force  of  tlie  disease  may  be  cxjicndcd  chiefly  upon  one  joint,  with  more  or 
less  painful  swelling.  The  disease  may  move  to  other  joints  and  muscles  or 
suddenly  change  from  part  to  part.  This  sudden  transition  from  one  part  to  another 
is  characteristic  of  acute  rheumatism. 

Chronic  rheumatism  causes  extensive  structural  changes  in  one  or  more  joints, 
and  sometimes  causes  abscesses,  espe(;ially  in  the  knee,  wlu'n  the  joint  may  become 
enormously  enlarged. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


TREATMENT. 


Aconite.  Very  useful  in  the  acute  form  when  there  is  much  fever  and 
soreness,  especially  if  the  disease  is  ushered  in  by  shivering  with  great  disturbance  of 
the  pulse.  Give  five  drops  of  the  third  dilution  every  two  hours  until  improvement 
begins. 

Amnion,  plios.  Pain  in  the  joints  and  spine,  with  great  nervous  irri- 
tability. 

Give  drop  doses  in  water  every  four  hours. 

Arsenicum.  Where  there  is  great  debility,  with  anxiety  and  restlessness, 
especially  at  night,  and -when  hot  applications  relieve  ;  ^/y>/We  ^fz-s/^-iVa^^OT*,  and 
change  to  the  heart.     Use  the  third,  thirtieth  or  two  hundredth  dilution. 

Belladonna.  High  fever,  hot,  dry  skin,  and  extreme  soreness  to  the  touch. 
Use  the  third  to  thirtieth  dilutions. 

Bryonia.  Pain  that  is  continually  worse  from  the  slightest  motion ;  pains 
affect  the  legs,  shoiilders  and  ribs ;  thirst ;  stools  very  dry ;  breathing  short ; 
urine  very  red ;  great  dread  of  tnomng.  Use  the  third  or  thirtieth  dilution  in 
frequent  doses.     A  very  valuable  remedy. 

Coniocladia.     Great  languor  ;  painful  swellings.     Sixth  dilution. 

Cimicifnga.  Very  important  for  pains  in  the  side  and  chest,  as  well  as  in  all 
the  joints.     Use  the  first,  third  or  thirtieth  dilution. 

Calcarea  carb.     Useful,  and  is  needed  in  chronic  rheumatism  of  the  joints. 

Calcarea  phosph.  Needful  to  complete  a  cure  after  other  remedies 
have  failed. 

Chamomilla.  Muscular  pains,  with  great  irritability  of  disposition,  and 
especially  to  restore  tlie  milk  which  is  usually  suppressed  in  cows.  Give  the  thirtieth 
dilution. 

Gelsemiiim.  Often  a  great  relief  for  the  severe i}ains  at  night,  for  partial 
paralysis,  or  great  loss  of  muscular  power ;  rheumatism  of  the  legs,  with  great 
weakness,  and  little  fever. 

Give  the  first,  third  or  thirtieth  dilution,  ten  drops  three  times  daily. 

Phytolacca.  C!hronic  rheumatism  in  damp  weather;  swollen  glands, 
bone  pains  worse  at  night.  Give  the  first  or  third  dilution,  three  times  daily,  in 
ten-drop  doses. 

Rhus  tox.  Pains  caused  by  wet  weather  or  damp  stables  or  from 
straining  or  injuries  ;  the  pains  are  worse  during  rest  or  when  first  beginning  to 
move  ;  better  from  exercise,  warmth,  external  applications.  There  is  always  great 
la/tiguor  and  excessive  restlessness. 

Give  the  sixth  or  thirtieth  dilution,  in  ten-drop  doses. 

Rhododendron.     Bone  pains  in  stormy  weather. 


314  JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

liiita.      Pains  in  spine  and  legs. 

Silieetl.  Chronic  swelling  of  the  joints  and  for  abscesses  or  diseases  of  the 
bones  in  old  cases.     Give  the  thirtieth  dilution  once  a  day. 

Spigelia.     Inflannuation  of  the  heart  and  heart-sac. 

In  all  cases  the  animal  should  be  put  into  a  dry,  warm  stable  and  have  extraor- 
dinary care.     The  food  should  be  very  light  until  recovery  is  complete. 

HOOVE — TVMl'ANITIS. 

Ainmoniuin  causticuiu.  Violent  spasms  of  the  stomach ;  difficult 
swallowing;  panting  breatliing;  violent  trembling;  rapid  pulse;  sudden  starting. 
Give  from  five  to  ten  drops  of  the  watery  solution  in  half  a  ])int  of  water  every 
fifteen  minutes  until  reUef  is  produced. 

Ill  all  cases  use  JmI  injections  at  140°  Fahr. 

From  two  to  eight  quarts  of  hot  water  may  be  gently  injected,  using  an  elastic 
syringe  with  a  long  flexible  tube,  to  be  passed  into  the  rectum.  This  will  speedily 
allay  the  pain  and  inflammation. 

Colcliicuin.  Swelling  and  puffiness  of  the  belly ;  alternate  heat  and  coldness  ; 
scanty,  red  urine  ;  stool  very  hard  and  dry  or  loose,  with  mucus  and  blood,  preceded 
by  severe  colic  pains.  Uneasy,  constantly  changing  position  ;  pawing  the  ground  ; 
stamping  the  hind  feet ;  lies  down  and  gets  up,  turns  from  side  to  side ;  the  hair 
stands  on  end ;  great  distress  when  the  animal  attempts  to  iirinate ;  tender  to  the 
touch  ;  full  of  wind ;  great  distention.  Give  ten  drops  of  the  first  or  third  dilution 
every  fifteen  minutes. 

Colocynth.  Paroxysms  of  violent  colic  every  half  liour  or  at  sliorter 
intervals.     Loose,  thin  stools. 

Give  the  sixth  dilution,  ten  drops  at  each  paroxysm. 

Hyposulphite  of  Soda.  Give  first  trituration  for  fermentation  of  food 
in  stomach. 

Lycopodiuni.  Weak  stomacli  ;  animal  has  fre(pient  attacks  of  indigestion; 
great  rumbling  and  rolling  of  wind  in  the  bowels.  Give  a  dose  of  ten  drops  of  the 
thirtieth  dilution  every  half  hour  in  acute  cases,  and  once  a  day  for  chronic 
indigestion.     This  remedy  should  cause  fiatulence  to  be  discharged  freely. 

Niix  vomica.  Give  during  last  stages  or  for  chronic  indigestion,  especially 
if  the  animal  has  had  cruel  treatment  by  excessive  dosing  with  violent  medicines. 
One  dose  a  day  at  night  of  the  third,  sixth  or  thirtieth  dilution. 

When  remedies  fail  to  relieve  the  lioove,  and  the  rumen  remains  inflated  or  the 
tympanitis  increases,  a  trocar  and  canula  must  be  inserted,  after  making  a  small  cut 
through  the  skin,  and  penetrate  to  the  interior  of  the  rumen  and  allow  the  gas  to 
escape.  The  opening  slioidd  be  made  midway  between  the  last  rib  and  the  hi]), 
and  about  nine  inches  below  the  transverse  lumbar  bones. 


JERStJY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA.  315 

ACCLIMATION    FEVKK. 

Aconite.  Simple  fever  ;  restlessness  ;  thirst ;  timidity.  A  dose  of  the  thirtieth 
dilution  daily. 

Nux  vomica.     Depraved,  fastidions  or  capricions  appetite,  with  constipation. 

SUN-STROKE. 

Glonoine.  If  a  cow  seems  dizzy  or  falls  off  in  her  milk,  or  stops  her  cud  after 
being  a  few  hours  exposed  to  the  sun  in  very  sultry  weather,  there  is  danger  of 
great  injury.  She  should  be  treated  precisely  as  for  sun-stroke  in  the  human  subject, 
by  applying,  every  five  or  ten  minutes,  to  the  crown  and  neck  sponges  saturated 
with  water  at  from  130°  to  140°  temperature,  and  a  dose  of  Glonoine,  thirtieth  dilution, 
every  fifteen  minutes  until  all  signs  of  danger  are  passed. 


Pliytolacca.  Udder  distended,  hard  and  hot.  Give  every  two  or  three 
houivs  ten  drojjs  of  the  first,  thii-d,  or  sixth  dilution  in  a  little  water.  Wash  the  bag 
with  a  lotion  of  hot  water  and  Phytolacca,  using  one  teaspoonful  of  the  tincture  to  a 
pint  of  water.  After  bathing  the  udder  for  ten  or  fifteen  minutes  with  gentle 
friction  and  manipulation  of  the  milk -glands,  immerse  the  whole  udder  in  hot  water 
(125°)  by  means  of  a  rubber  bag.  The  process  of  bathing  and  immersing  should 
be  repeated  several  times  a  day  until  the  udder  recovers  a  normal  condition. 
Milk -tubes  may  be  used  to  advantage  in  some  cases. 

SORE    TEATS. 

Arnica.  The  teats  have  been  scratched  or  bruised.  Give  the  first  dilution 
internally  and  a  weak  lotion  externally.     Milking  tubes  may  be  necessary. 

Cliauioniilla.  The  teats  are  inflamed  and  very  tender  ;  hard,  knotty  tumors 
in  the  udder.     Give  a  dose  of  the  sixth  dilution  three  or  more  times  a  day. 

Hydrastis.  Ulcers  on  the  teats  which  will  not  heal.  Use  the  sixth  dilution 
internalh',  and  for  a  lotion  one  part  of  Hydrastis  tincture  to  a  hundred  parts  warm 
(102°)  water.     Apply  three  or  more  times  daily,  and  follow  with  Vaseline. 

WARTS    ON    TEATS. 

Thviya.  Give  a  dose  of  the  sixth  or  thirtieth  dilution  daily.  Apply  a  lotion 
of  one  part  Thuya  tincture  to  sixteen  parts  warm  (102°)water  daily.  Always  give 
Thuya  internally  for  warts,  and  continue  the  remedy  for  six  weeks,  one  dose  daily. 
If  the  warts  do  not  disappear  they  may  be  carefully  touched  with  chromic  acid  or 
with  nitric  acid,  using  the  point  of  a  small  wooden  toothpick,  always  taking  care 
that  the  teat  is  covered  by  slipping  a  piece  of  kid  leather  over  the  wart.     The  warts 


316  JEliSJ-JY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

may  also  be  destroyed  by  applying  a  concentrated  solution   of  wood  jifili  lye  in  tli 
same  way.     Always  nse  the  Thuya  internally,  however. 

Ol.  Kiciui.      Castor  Oil  a])plie(l  externally  twice  a  day  is  often  I'tlVctivc. 


Owing  to  the  artiticial  inetliod.s  wliicli  ol)tain  in  tlie  rearing  of  (mIvcs  it  will 
readily  be  seen  that  there  arc  many  causes  for  indigestion.  From  tlie  use  of 
artiticially  prepared  food  and  the  too  rapid  swallowing,  and  the  numerous  incidental 
changes  that  accrue,  disordered  assimilation  and  indigestion  may  de])end  uj)on, 
1.  Insufficient  or  altered  saliva  ;  2.  Belident  action  of  the  gastric  juice  ;  3.  De- 
ficient action  of  ths  pancreatic  juice  ;  4.  Dixonlered  liver;  5.  Dejieient  art  ion  of 
the  intestinal  juice  ;  6.  JVervoiis  irrittifioii  ;  7.  Altered  Mood  supply. 

I'KKVKNlIoN    Ol-    IXDKJESTIOX    IN    CAI.VKS. 

It  is  of  the  highest  importance  tliat  the  digestive  organs  of  the  young  Jersey 
should  always  remain  in  the  normal  state  of  perfect  healtli. 

The  breeder,  to  be  successful  in  the  management  of  his  young  stock,  cannot 
neglect  tliis  j)oint  without  suffering  disastrous  conseipiences,  in  the  loss  of  his  most 
valuable  animals  and  the  deterioration  in  <piality  and  vigor  of  his  whole  herd. 

The  powers  of  digestion  and  assimilation  must  have  their  fidl  development  in 
the  young  calf  through  good  management.  Serious  diseases,  accruing  from 
carelessness  and  ignorance,  will  surely  follow  even  slight  neglect. 

Milk,  according  to  the  eminent  cliemist,  E.  Duclaux,  is  oidy  assimilati'd  by 
animals  after  it  has  received  treatment  by  two  ferments — rennet  and  cukiu-^i  . 

This  noted  chemist  has  not  only  di-monstrated  this  proposition  by  numerous 
experiments,  but  practical  breeders  and  others  have  shown  that  calves  may  l)e  kept 
from  indigestion,  and  the  violent  diseases  resulting  therefrom,  by  the  punctual 
addition  of  a  small  (puuitity  of  prepared  rennet  after  the  milk  has  been  warmed  for 
feeding.  It  is  well  to  liave  some  arrangements  by  wliicli  the  calf  will  be  compelled 
to  drink  the  milk  slowly,  so  as  to  mix  it  with  the  secretions  of  the  mouth. 

For  this  purpose  an  artificial  teat,  made  of  rubber,  and  attached  to  a  Moodi'U 
float,  is  placed  upon  the  surface  of  the  milk,  and  tlie  calf  sucks  tlie  fluid  at  leisure. 

It  is  necessary,  however,  to  pay  strict  attentii  )n  to  the  cleansing  of  this  instrument, 
by  washing  and  scalding,  after  each  feeding. 

The  calf  must  also  be  placed  in  a  very  dry,  well-ventilated  stall,  ])rovi(]ed 
with  plenty  of  soft  bedding  and  an  abundant  adudssion  of  sunliglit.  If  all  tliese 
retpiirements  are  met  and  steadfastly  followed  by  all  Jersey  breeders  the  results 
will  be  of  immense  beneflt  to  every  one  of  them,  and  the  Jersey  interest  in  America 
will  be  greatly  promoted  and  rendered  highly  remunerative. 

With  tlie  above  treatment  of  the  milk,  calves  will  require  full  rations,  according 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  317 

to  size  and  rapidity  of  growth.  But  if  from  climatic  or  other  unknown  causes 
gastric  disorders  appear,  diminish  the  ration  from  one  half  to  two  thirds,  and  give, 
in  addition  to  the  rennet,  the  medicines  prescribed  for  indigestion,  constipation  or 
diarrhoea,  according  to  the  indications  given  in  those  sections  of  this  work  relating 
thereto.  In  addition  to  the  foregoing,  let  it  be  remembered  that  calves  require  the 
free  use  of  soft,  pure  water  to  quench  thirst,  and  this  must  be  amply  provided  for 
them,  and  always  at  a  temperature  of  about  from  65°  to  70°  Fahr. 

In  addition  to  the  former  simple  preparation  of  rennet  I  would  suggest  that  a 
preparation  be  made  which  can  be  used  in  the  form  of  a  powder,  making  a  permanent, 
long-keeping  article,  which  may  be  styled  Lacto-Rennetine. 

FOEMTJLA.. 

Pui-e  milk  sugar 40  ounces. 

Pure  rennet 10  ounces. 

Pancreatine 5  ounces. 

Ptyalin 4  drachms. 

Lactic  acid 5  iluid  drachms. 

Hydrochloric  acid 6  iluid  drachms. 

I  believe  that  such  a  preparation,  if  made  of  pure  articles,  would  excel,  in 
beneficial  effects,  the  rennet  alone,  and  produce  always  uniform  resiilts. 

DIAEEHCEA    IN    CALVES. 

Aconite.  Stool  bloody,  slimy,  mucus,  small,  frequent ;  worse  after  exposure 
to  cold,  dry  winds  ;  after  fright ;  after  being  overheated  ;  after  getting  wet  in  rain ; 
in  simimer  after  cool  nights  ;  restlessness  ;  great  thirst ;  dry  heat ;  quick  pulse.  Dose 
of  sixth  dilution  after  each  stool. 

Aloe.  Involuntary  stools  after  feeding  ;  pain  in  stomach ;  loud  gurgling  in 
the  belly,  like  water  running  out  of  a  bottle.     Sixth  dilution. 

Arsenicvim.  Stool  thin,  watery,  frequent,  scanty  ;  worse  after  feeding  with 
cold  milk;  great  restlessness  ;  great  thirst ;  weakness;  emaciation ;  raj^id  exhaustion. 
Thirtieth  dilution. 

Baptisia.     Stool  of  pure  blood  ;  low  states ;  fevers.     Tincture,  five  drops. 

Benzoic  acid.  Stool  watery  and  white  ;  copious ;  very  offensive  and  pungent 
odor  ;  urine  dark  colored,  and  very  strong  smelling. 

Bryonia.  Undigested  stools;  aggravated  by  warm  water  and  by  moving 
about.     Desire  to  be  quiet. 

CamiJhor.  Stools  involuntary  ;  attack  very  sudden ;  worse  from  hot  sun  ; 
sudden  collapse,^  with  coldness  of  the  whole  body.     Use  first  or  third  dilution. 


318  .HJIiSHV   (ATTIJ-:  IS    AMFJIKA. 

Capsicum.  Stool  of  U-nacions  miiciis.  friMjiioiit,  sin;i!l  :  worsu  after 
feeding,  with  cutting  colic- ;  difficult  uriiiatiou  ;  .-shivering  after  drinking. 

Carbo  vegetabilis.  Stools  thin,  frequent,  putrid;  worse  from  cold  milk 
or  cold  water  ;  flatulent  distention  of  the  belly  ;  coldness  ;  collapse. 

Chamoiiiilla.  Stools  hot,  small,  frequent,  with  smell  like  rotten  egg.s ; 
worse  from  taking  cold  ;  colic. 

Ciiiclioiia.  Undigested  stools;  fre(juent,  involuntary,  painless ;  worse  after 
feeding ;  colic  from  gas  in  belly  ;  distention  of  the  belly  ;  great  weakness  ;  sweating. 

Cilia.     Diarrluea,  with  pin-worms. 

Cistiis.     Thin,  hot,  squirting  .stools. 

Colcliicuni.  Stools  watery  or  mixed  with  white  mucus ;  ))rofuse :  worse  in 
hot,  moist  weather;  straining;  colic;  <listenti(in  of  the  belly  with  gas ;  weakness; 
prostration. 

Cotoill.      Where  Arsenicum  temporarily  rt'lieves  ;  persistent  chronic  diarrluea. 

Colocyiith.  Frothy,  liquid  stools;  sour,  putrid,  musty;  worse  from  cold 
milk.  CitttltKj,  violvtif  n,r,i\  irlurl,  nial-en  the  anirrMl  helloio  loith  pain.  Give 
frequent  do.ses  of  the  third  or  si.xth  dilution  until  colic  is  relieved.  Use  injections 
of  hot  water  at  13(1°. 

Crotoii  tigliuin.  Watery  stool,  coniiiii/  nuf  lil:e  a,  xhot ;  womc  qftfr 
drinking  cohl  in'tU-.  Better  from  a  moderate  (piantity  of  hot  milk  at  from  120°  to 
130°.  Colic,  with  writhing  pains  ;  sorene.-^s  of  the  intestines.  Add  rennet  to  milk 
at  time  of  feeding. 

Dioscorea.  Watery  stools ;  profuse ;  violent,  twisting  colic,  occurring  in 
regular  paro.wsms  with  remissions;  colic  relieved  by  pressure  on  the  l)elly,  by 
walking,  and  by  rubbing.     Use  injections  per  rectum  at  130°. 

Ilainainelis.     Stool  of  pure  blood.     Tincture,  five  drops. 

Ilepar  sulpli.  Whitish, .sour-smelling stools  ;  painless;  indigestion  ;  chronic 
diarrhea.  Use  the  si.xth  or  thirtieth  dilutit)n.  A  grand  remedy.  Add  a  little 
rennet  before  feeding  the  milk. 

Lycopodium.  Stools  thin,  fetid,  j^ainless ;  worse  after  a  feed  of  milk ;  the 
l)elly  fills  with  gas  from  very  little  food  ;  rimibling  of  wind  in  the  belly ;  weakness, 
emaciation,  prostration. 

Nux  vomica.  Stools  thin  or  bloody,  alternating  with  constipation  ;  woi-se 
from  too  much  drugs  ;  urging  and  straining  constant ;  colic  and  gri])ing;  much  gas 
in  belly  ;  emaciation. 

Opium.  Offensive,  involuntary  stools;  worse  from  fright  or  any  excitement. 
Use  third  or  sixth  dilution. 

Phosphoric  acid.  AVhite,  watery  diarrheea,  painless.  Dilute  acid,  one 
tenth  in  water.     Add  a  little  rennet  to  the  warm  milk. 

Podophyllum.     Profuse,  frequent,  gushing  stools. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN'  A3IERICA.  319 

Pulsatilla.  Stools  ii^jtcr;/,  ijrriiiisJi,  yelhw  or  venj  rhaiojiiilil,' ;  vertj 
frequent;  loss  of  appetite  ;  emaciation  ;  c/u'//i/)esN  ;  worse  at  night ;  worse  from, 
poor  milk  y  jjaiiiful,  I'uinbling  flatulence. 

Sepia.     Worse  from  boiled  milk ;  rapid  exliaTistion  ;  clironic  diarrliosa. 

Silicea.  Li(^nid,  slimy,  frothy  stools ;  worse  from  exposure  to  cold  air ; 
better  from  warmth  ;  milk  not  digested  ;  hard,  hot,  distended  helly  ;    emaciation. 

Sotlse  hyposiilph.     For  fermented  stools  give  the  first  trituration. 

Sulphur.  Watery,  undigested  stools ;  changeable,  frothy,  sour,  fetid. 
Expulsion  sudden  or  involuntary  ;  worse  in  tlie  early  morning  ;  worse  after  a  feed 
of  milk ;  colic ;  straining ;  should  be  givini  when  other  remedies  fail  to  produce 
their  usual  effects.     Give  doses  of  the  thirtieth  dilution  in  a  little  water. 

Thuya.  Stool  forcibly  expelled ;  copious ;  gurgling,  like  water  from  a 
bunghole ;  worse  after  feeding ;  rapid  exhaustion ;  rapid  emaciation. 

Veratruni  album.  Stools  frequent,  profuse,  thin  ;  worse  at  night  in  hot 
weather ;  preceded  hy  pinching  colic ;  great  sinking  and  weakness  ;  skin  cold ; 
prostration ;  collapse. 

Calves  should  be  put  upon  a  smaller  allowance  of  milk  as  soon  as  indigestion 
or  diarrhoea  is  indicated.  The  milk  slwuld  always  he  sweet,  the  feeding  vessels 
scoured,  rinsed,  scalded,  rinsed  again,  and  dried  in  the  sun.  If  colic  occurs  the 
animal  should  be  fed  but  very  lightly  twice  a  day.  Every  effort  should  be  made  to 
bring  the  calf  back  to  good  health  as  soon  as  possible.  As  soon  as  the  first  signs  of 
diarrhoea  occur  a  dose  of  sulphur  (sixth  dilution)  may  be  given,  unless  the  symptoms 
indicate  some  other  remedy,  and  a  raw  egg  may  be  beaten  and  mixed  with  the  milk. 
If  the  case  of  any  calf  seems  desperate  do  not  give  it  up  till  every  effort  fails.  If 
there  is  violent  colic  and  collapse  apply  hot-water  bottles  to  the  belly,  legs  and  back. 
Rub  the  belly  with  a  roller  and  give  the  remedies  as  described  above  as  long  as  the 
calf  will  swallow.  You  will  probably  save  the  calf  by  such  persistent  effort  and 
careful  nursing,  with  the  medicines  given  as  directed.  Keep  the  calf  blanketed  in 
cold  weather. 

SELF-ABUSE    IX    THE    BULL- — SPEEMATOREHtEA. 

This  bad  habit  of  self -abuse  in  bulls  is  very  common,  and  the  results  are  disastrous 
to  the  breeder.  The  conditions  are  owing  to  an  excessive  irritability  of  the  seminal 
vesicles,  or  to  a  general  disorder  of  the  sexual  system. 

Among  the  causes  of  this  form  of  spermatori'luEa  are  too  early  service  ;  excessive 
service ;  solitude  in  dark  stable ;  insufficient  daily  exercise  in  the  open  air ;  worms 
in  the  intestines  or  rectum.  The  animal  becomes  so  excitable  that  the  sight  of 
another  animal  or  the  presence  of  a  human  being  causes  a  siidden  effort  and  an 
ejaculation.  Such  a  frequent  drain  from  the  system  of  this  important  vital  secretion 
soon  produces  a  change  of  character  in  the  animal.     If  he  does  not  become  speedily 


JERSEY   CATTLE  JX  AMEliK 


impotent  he  is  an  uncertain  sender  and  slow,  his  disposition  heeonies  eitlier  very 
sluggish  or  very  des])erately  ugly  and  tierce,  and  his  j)rogeny  are  necessarily 
inferior.  He  becomes  susceptible  to  acute  and  fatal  diseases,  and  sooner  or  later 
becomes  permanently  impotent. 


TREATMENT. 

Avoid  all  causes  of  self-alnise,  and  stop  the  cause  that  induces  it  as  soon  as  it  can 
be  ascertained.  As  soon  as  the  lirst  indications  of  such  a  habit  present  themselves 
prepare  and  adjust  a  broad  leather  girth  around  the  loins,  with  a  piece  of  fine  steel 
cliain  about  a  foot  long  set  in  the  girth  so  as  to  cro.ss  the  spine  in  front  of  the  hips. 
This  must  have  a  bxickle  and  be  so  arranged  as  to  fit  just  tight  enough  to  bring  a 
strong  pressure  of  the  chain  upon  the  back  at  the  first  effort. 


T  would  recommend  trial  of  the  following  remedies  to  assist  in  curing  the  bad 
habit  at  its  very  beginning : 

Camphora.  Great  depression  inid  lark  of  ])o\vcr.  (iivc  first,  third  and 
thirtieth  dilutions  in  rotation  daily. 

Cciiitharides.  Great  irritability  of  tlie  sexual  organs.  Give  ten  drops 
tiiird  dilution  three  times  a  day. 

Cilia.  Irritability  from  wonns  in  rectum.  Give  first,  third  or  thirtieth 
dilution  daily.  Also  inject  into  the  rectum  a  pint  of  warm  milk  in  which  has  been 
mixed  a  drachm  of  tincture  of  aloe  ;  once  a  week  it  may  be  repeated. 

Dainiana.     (Treat  seminal  excitability.     Use  the  sixth  dilution. 

Gelseiiiiiiiii.  "Want  of  irritability;  rela.xation  ;.  lack  of  tone.  Give  ten 
drops  of  first  or  third  dilution  three  times  a  day. 

Nlix  voiuiea.  Indigestion  ;  constipation  ;  lack  of  vital  force.  Give  first 
third  and  thirtieth  dilutions  in  rotation  daily. 

Phosphoric  Acid.  Very  fre(iuent  emissions  on  the  .slightest  excitement. 
Use  the  jjure  acid,  one  part  to  one  hundred  parts  of  pure  water,  ten  drojis  of  mixture 
twice  a  day. 

Picrate  of  Zinc.  When  the  lack  of  energy  and  true  vigor  threaten 
impotency.     Give  the  sixth  or  thirtieth  dilution  in  ten-drop  doses  twice  a  day. 

Sulphur.  When  irritability  increases  in  spite  of  the  use  of  any  remedy,  or 
when  the  system  does  not  respond  at  once  to  the  remedy  selected.  Give  the  first 
and  third  or  thirtieth  triturations  in  rotation  once  a  day. 

The  Butcher  is  the  last  remedy  and  a  sure  cure. 


EUDORA    1863. 

AT   18  YBARS    OLD. 

BILLINGS    HERD. 

Frederick  Billings,  Woodstock,  Vermont. 


JERSEY   (J A  TTLE  IN  A3IEMIGA.  321 


COUGHS. 

BEONCHITIS. 

Lung  diseases  are  too  common  among  dairy  cattle.  A  proper  attention  to  the 
ventilation  and  temperature  of  stables,  and  the  protection  of  cattle  from  rain  and  cold 
winds,  would  prevent  the  majority  of  cases  of  bronchitis,  pneumonia  and  tuberculosis, 
and  also  render  cattle  less  susceptible  to  contagious  pleuro-pneumonia. 

Ample  provision  must  be  made  for  a  pei-petual  supply  of  pure,  unadulterated, 
ozonized  air  in  the  stable  for  every  hour  of  every  day  of  the  year,  and  also  for 
rendering  such  air  of  the  proper  temjierature,  so  that  the  animals  may  never  be 
chilled  by  cold  currents  or  oppressed  by  too  high  a  temperature. 

Bronchitis  is  acquired  from  chilling  air  impinging  upon  animals  while  standing 
in  their  stalls,  or  from  exposure  to  cold  rains  or  to  dry  cold  winds  in  autumn  and 
winter.  The  cough  is  at  first  short,  hard  and  dry,  but  soon  becomes  moist  and  more 
prolonged,  with  a  varying  degree  of  mucous  secretion.  This  may  become,  if  not 
properly  treated,  a  chronic  cough  and  last  for  months  or  years.  Oftentimes  a  chronic 
dry  cough  is  the  result  of  nervous  irritation,  sympathetic  or  otherwise,  and  may  be 
the  result  of  worms  or  other  parasites  that  excite  a  reflex  action  in  various  nerves. 

TEEATMENT. 

Aconite.  Fever ;  dry  nose ;  restlessness ;  use  in  the  first  stages,  especially 
if  caused  by  exposure  to  cold,  dry  winds.     Use  the  third,  sixth  or  thirtieth  dilution. 

Apis  inellifica.  The  cough  is  suffocative,  painfiil,  with  much  difficulty  of 
breathing. 

Arsenicum  albvim.  Cough  remaining  after  influenza  or  catarrh ;  dry 
cough,  with  watery  discharge  from  the  nostrils.  Give  the  sixth  or  thirtieth 
dilution. 

Belladonna.  Cough  in  the  larjnix  or  in  the  windpipe ;  painful  cough 
from  inflammation  of  the  bronchial  membranes,  with  fever  and  depression ;  dry 
cough. 

Bryonia.  Cough  in  larynx,  windpipe  and  the  large  bronchial  tubes ;  dry 
cough  from  irritabihty  of  the  upper  air  passages,  especially  in  morning ;  cough  from 
pressure  on  windpipe ;  from  exposure  to  cold  wind  or  from  the  least  exercise ; 
cough  that  causes  pain  ;    breathing  quick ;   phlegm  frothy.     Thirtieth  dilution. 

Causticuni.     Persistent  hacking  cough.     Thirtieth  dilution. 

Hydrastis.  Debility;  mucus  thick  and  ropy.  Use  the  third  or  sixth 
dilution. 

Ipecac.     Rattling,  convulsive  cough,  with  difficult  breathing. 

Drosera.     Deep,  hollow,  groaning  cough. 


322  JEJisar   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

Kali  carb.     Chronic  cough. 

Cilia.     Cough  arising  from  woriiK;.     Animal  presses  its  nose  against  the  wall. 

Iodide  of  Ar.seiiic.  AVindpipe  cough,  with  thin  discharge  from  nostrils. 
Sixth  or  thirtieth  dilution. 

Merciiriiis  sol.  Catarrh  of  all  the  respiratory  mucous  membranes,  but 
especially  the  larynx  and  nasal  region.     Third,  sixth  or  thirtieth  dilution. 

Nux  vomica.  Nervous,  spasmodic  cough;  a  chronic  cough,  arising  from 
irritability  of  the  digestive  organs ;  discharge  of  flatulence  from  the  rectum  wliile 
coughing.     Third  or  sixth  dilution. 

Opium.     Convulsive,  dry  cough  in  paroxysms  at  night. 

Pinus.  Chronic,  short,  feeble,  hacking  or  grunting  cough.  Use  drop  doses 
of  the  mother  tincture,  or  a  decoction  of  white  pine  needles  and  the  tree  bark. 

Phosphorus.  Cough  arising  from  inflammation  of  the  snudl  bronchial  tubes 
or  lung  substance.  Chronic  cough  ;  dry,  short,  frequent,  racking  cough  ;  distress 
from  difficult  breathing,  with  discharge  of  reddish  or  yellowish  mucus.  Third, 
sixth  or  thirtieth  dilution. 

Populus  balsamifera.  Chronic  catarrhal  cough.  Use  drop  doses  of  the 
saturated  tincture. 

Rumex  crispus.  Cough  in  throat  and  windpipe;  frequent  cough  from  the 
slightest  exertion. 

Sulphur.  When  otlier  remedies  do  not  produce  the  expected  result.  Third, 
sixth  or  thirtieth  dilution. 

Spoil^^ia.  Sharp,  shrill,  ringing  cough,  or  dry,  hollow,  barking  and  hooping 
cough. 

Tartar  emetic.  Chronic  cough,  where  the  whole  respiratory  organs  seem 
loaded  with  a  loose,  rattling  mucus. 

PNEUMONIA. 

Bulls  seem  to  be  especially  prone  to  attacks  of  pneumonia.  Alternate  heat  and 
coldness  of  the  ears  and  horns  ;  costiveness  or  diarrlioea  ;  short,  oppressed  breathing ; 
dry  muzzle ;  dry,  harsh,  frequent  cough ;  loss  of  cud  ;  intense  thirst ;  lassitude  ; 
discharge  of  water  and  mucus  from  the  nostrils,  and  later  on  bloody  or  rusty  discharges  ; 
brilliancy  of  the  eyes;  sensitive  tenderness  of  the  spine;  continual  change  of  heat, 
with  or  without  shivering  ;  partial  or  general  sweating.  In  severe  cases  the  jianting 
becomes  laborious  ;  the  flanks  heave  ;  the  nostrils  expand,  emitting  discolored,  fetid 
mucus ;  the  strength  fails  ;  the  legs  are  drawn  under  the  belly,  which  is  contracted 
and  puckered ;  the  evacuations  become  putrid  ;  the  eyes  have  an  offensive  discharge  ; 
the  pupils  are  dilated ;  the  breath  becomes  cold,  and  the  animal  sinks. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  A3IERICA.  323 

TREATMENT. 

Aconite.  In  the  first  stage,  especially  if  the  auinial  has  been  exposed  to  cold, 
dry  wind,  and  is  very  restless. 

Arseiiicviiu.     Great  thirst ;  prostration. 

Belladonna.  Congestion  of  brain  ;  dilated  pupils  ;  drowsiness,  with  frecjiient 
starting,  as  fi-om  fear. 

Bromine.  "When  the  lungs  become  solid  like  livei-.  Give  the  second,  third 
or  sixth  watery  dilution,  ten  drops  every  hour. 

Bryonia.  Pain  and  dread  u]ion  the  slightest  motion  ;  great  thirst  for  large 
draughts. 

Carbo  vegetabilis.  Rattling  in  hings ;  great  prostration  ;  fetid  discharges, 
especially  in  last  stage.     Use  third  or  sixth  trituration. 

Cnpriim  nitrate.     Suffocative  spells  ;  diarrhoea. 

Ferri  plios.  In  first  stage.  A  very  important  remedy.  Use  third  or  sixth 
trituration. 

Lycopodiiini.  Sweat  without  relief;  fan-like  movement  of  the  nostrils; 
rumbling  of  wind  in  the  bowels.     Use  sixth  or  thirtieth  dilution. 

Phosphorus.  In  catarrhal  pneumonia.  Give  the  sixth  or  thirtieth  dilution, 
ten  drops  every  two  or  four  hovirs. 

Sangninaria.  Extreme  difficulty  of  breathing ;  tough,  rust-colored  mucus  ; 
pulse  weak ;  extremities  cold.  Use  the  third,  sixth  or  thirtieth  dilution,  with 
frequent  doses. 

Tartar  emetic.  Great  rattling  of  mucus  ;  much  coughing ;  great  suffoca- 
tion.    Sixth  or  thirtieth  dilution,  ten  drops  every  hour. 

Veratrum  viride.     When  the  pulse  is  hard  and  renj  slow.     Sixth  dilution. 

Sulphur.  "When  there  is  heard,  by  applying  tha  ear  to  the  chest,  ajine 
crackling  or  crepitcmt  rattle. 

Give  the  sixth  tritui-ation,  a  teaspoonful  of  the  powder  every  two  or  three 
hours. 

TUBERCULOSIS CONSUMPTION. 

Limg  tubercle,  abortion  and  apoi^lexy  are  the  three  scourges  (jf  the  dairy 
cattle-breeder. 

"When  the  diagnosis  of  consumption  is  clear  the  animal  should  be  slaughtered 
and  buried  deep  in  dry  soil.  Such  animals  must  not  be  used  for  breeding,  as  the 
defect  would  thereby  be  propagated,  wliile  the  milk  and  flesh  will  be  hable  to 
communicate  the  disease  to  the  human  subject.  This  disease  is  most  frequently 
generated  by  close,  dark,  non-ventilated  stables,  especially  in  malarial  regions. 

To  prevent  lung  tubercle  supply  the  stables  with  proper  ventilation ;  every 
animal  requires  twelve  hundred  cubic  feet  of  fresh  air  each  horn-.     The  disease  is 


324  JERSEY   (ATrLE  IX  AMEllKA. 

contjigiou.*  to  a  (rrtain  degree.  Quarantine  doubtful  cases,  hut  do  nut  fail  to  use 
the  knife  in  every  instance  uf  tubercular  development. 

Among  the  remedies  to  be  used  upon  doubtful  cases  are  the  following  : 

Calcarea  oarbonica.  Loose,  rattling  cough :  dulness  of  lung  upon 
percussion.     Thirtieth  dilution. 

Ferri  plios.     Congestion  of  the  lungs,  with  dulness  ami  frequent  cough. 

Hepar  siilpliuris.     (!ough,  excited  by  cold  air.     Thirtieth  dilution. 

Iodine.      Emaciation  :  cough.     Thirtieth  dilution. 

Iodide  of  Pota.sh.  Dulness  of  lung ;  cough,  with  thin  discharge  from 
no.'strils.     Thir.l  dilution. 

Jaboraiidi.     Very  profuse  sweating.     Third  dilution. 

Lycopodium.  Fandike  motion  of  nostrils  ;  rattling  of  flatulence  in  bowels ; 
dulness  of  lung.     Thirtieth  dilution. 

Pinus.     (Chronic  hacking,  or  racking,  dry  cough. 

Phosphorus.     Dry,  tight,  tonnenting  cough  ;  loose  stools ;  sweat. 

Sambucus.     Profuae  sweat. 

CONTAC.IOIS    I-I.KUKO-rNK.rMONIA. 

This  is  not  a  common  disease,  and  under  our  efficient  quarantine  regulations  it  is 
not  probable  that  the  (tountry  will  ever  suffer  very  seriously  from  this  much- 
dreaded  malady. 

Gamgee  gives  the  following  description  of  the  symptoms  of  this  disease :  "  From 
the  time  that  an  animal  is  exposed  to  the  contagion  to  the  first  manifestation  of  the 
symjjtoms  a  certain  period  elapses  :  this  is  the  period  of  incubation.  It  varies  from 
a  fortnight  to  forty  days,  or  longer.  The  firet  signs  pro^-ing  that  the  animal  has  been 
seized  can  scarcely  be  detected  by  any  but  a  professional  man  ;  though,  if  a  proprietor 
were  extremely  careful,  and  had  painstaking  individuals  about  Lis  stock,  he  would 
invariably  notice  a  slight  shiver  usher  in  the  disorder,  which  for  several  days,  even 
after  the  shivering  fit,  would  limit  itself  to  slight  interference  with  the  breathing, 
detected  readily  on  auscultation  (by  the  ear). 

"  Perhaps  a  cough  might  be  noticed,  and  tlie  appetite  and  milk  secretion  diminisji. 
Tlie  animal  becomes  costive  and  the  shivering  fits  recur.  The  cough  becomes  more 
constant  and  oppressive,  the  pulse  full  and  frequent,  usually  uundjeriug  about  80 
per  minute  at  first,  and  rising  to  upward  of  100.  The  temperature  of  the  body 
rises,  and  all  the  symptoms  of  acute  fever  set  in.  A  moan  or  a  grunt,  in  the  early 
l)art  of  the  disease,  indicates  a  dangerous  attack,  and  the  alfe  nasi,  or  nasal  cartilages, 
rise  spasmodically  at  each  inspiration  ;  the  air  nishes  through  the  inflamed  windpipe 
and  bronchial  tubes,  so  as  to  produce  a  loud,  coarse,  respiratory  murmur;  and  the 
spasmodic  action  of  the  abdominal  muscles  indicates  the  difficulty  the  animal 
experiences  in  the   act   of   expiration.     Pressure    over    the    intercostal    spaces   and 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AlfERTVA.  325 

pressing  on  the  sjaine  induce  the  pain  so  characteristic  of  plenrisy,  and  a  deep  moan 
not  infrequently  follows  such  an  experiment. 

"  The  eyes  are  bloodshot,  the  mouth  clammy,  skin  dry  and  tightly  hound  to  the 
sub-cutaneous  textures,  and  the  urine  is  scanty  and  high-colored. 

"  On  auscultation  the  characteristic,  dry,  sonorous  rale  of  ordinary  Itronchitis 
may  be  detected  along  the  windpipe  and  in  the  bronchial  tubes.  A  loud  sound  of 
this  description  is  not  unfreqiiently  detected  at  the  anterior  part  of  either  side  of  the 
chest,  while  the  respiratory  murmur  is  entirely  lost  posteriorly,  from  consolidation 
of  the  lung.  A  decided  leathery  friction-sound  is  detected  over  a  considerable 
portion  of  the  thoracic  surface.  As  the  disease  advances,  and  gangi'ene,  with 
the  production  of  cavities  in  the  lungs,  ensues,  loud,  cavei-nous  rales  are  heard, 
which  are  more  or  less  circumscribed,  occasionally  attended  by  a  decided  metallic 
noise.  When  one  lung  alone  is  affected  the  morbid  sounds  are  confined  to  one 
side,  and  on  the  healthy  side  the  respiratory  murmur  is  unifonuly  loitder  all 
over. 

"  By  carefully  auscultating  diseased  cows  from  day  to  day  interesting  changes 
can  be  discovered  during  the  animal's  Ufe-time.  Frequently  the  abnormal  sounds 
indicate  progressive  destruction  ;  but  at  other  times  portions  of  lung  that  have  been 
totally  impervious  to  air  become  the  seat  of  sibilant  rales,  and  gradually  a  healthy 
respiratory  murmur  proves  that,  by  absorjjtion  of  the  materials  that  have  Ijeen 
plugging  the  hing-tissue,  resolution  is  fast  advancing. 

"  Unfortunately  we  often  find  a  rapid  destruction  of  lung  tissue  and  speedy 
dissolution.  In  other  instances  the  general  symjjtoms  of  hectic  or  consumption 
attend  lingering  cases,  in  which  the  temperature  of  the  body  becomes  low ;  the 
animal  has  a  dainty  appetite,  or  refuses  all  nourishment.  It  has  a  discharge  from 
the  eyes  and  a  fetid,  sanious  discharge  from  the  nose,  but  imfrequently  it  eoiighs  up 
disorganized  lung  tissiie  and  putrid  j^us.  Grreat  prostration,  and,  indeed,  t^q^hus 
symptoms  set  in.  There  is  a  fetid  diarrluea,  and  the  animal  sinks  in  the  most 
emaciated  state,  often  dying  from  suffocation,  in  c(jnsequence  of  the  comjjlete 
destruction  of  the  respiratory  structures." 

Dr.  James  Moore  thus  describes  the  disease  : 

"  First  stage.  It  begins  in  one  of  three  ways  :  Firstly,  it  may  attack  the  cow 
suddenly,  and  run  a  rapid  coui-se  in  spite  of  all  treatment ;  secondly,  it  may  come  on 
slowly  and  insidiously,  the  cow  appearing  not  to  be  very  ill,  while  the  lungs  are 
becoming  diseased  beyond  the  hope  of  restoration  ;  and,  thirdly,  it  sometimes  begins 
with  violent  purging,  followed  by  great  weakness  and  loss  of  flesh.  The  majority 
of  cases,  however,  present  the  following  symptoms :  a  short,  dry,  husky  cough, 
which  is  heard  only  occasionally  ;  it  is  highly  characteristic  of  this  disease,  and  when 
once  heard  cannot  be  mistaken  again.  The  owner  says,  perhaps,  that  he  has  heard 
this  '  hoose '  for  two  or  three  days,  but  thought  no  more  about  it.     On  inquiiy  it  will 


326  JhnsKV   CATTLE  IX  AMKIUCA. 

be  found  tliat  tlie  beast  docs  not  jrivu  as  inucli  milk  as  usual,  and  that  lias  a  slightly 
ytdlowish  tinge  ;  tiie  ajj^etite  is  not  much  worse,  yet  still  she  is  careless  about  her 
food,  and  tloes  not  lick  iter  disii  clean  ;  when  at  rest  the  breathing  may  uot  show 
any  departure  from  its  healthy  play,  but  when  the  animal  is  moved  and  walked  some 
distance  it  becomes  more  frequent,  labored  and  difficult ;  the  pulse  is  often  healthy 
in  cliaracter,  although  sometimes  it  is  weak  and  slightly  increased  in  frequency  ; 
the  bowels  may  either  be  confined  or  [)urged,  or  quite  regular;  the  body  is  sometimes 
hot,  sometimes  cold. 

"  The  cow  appears  dull  and  listless ;  when  at  grass  she  separates  herself  from  the 
others,  and  lies  on  the  ground  while  they  are  browsing, 

"  Second  stage.  The  cough  is  now  more  frequent,  and  thick,  frothy  phlegm 
dribbles  from  the  mouth ;  the  breathing  is  short  when  the  air  is  taken  into  the 
hmgs,  and  long  when  it  is  pressed  out  of  thena ;  the  inward  breathing  is  attended 
with  mucli  pain,  which  causes  the  animal  to  grunt  and  to  grate  her  teeth  ;  the  gmnt 
is  heard  when  the  animal  is  pressing  the  air  out  from  tlie  lungs  ;  the  pain  is  much 
increased  l)y  coughing  and  diange  of  position,  and  to  lessen  it  the  cough  is  now 
suppressed,  or  held  back  and  short,  and  the  cow  stands  fixed  in  one  place.  The  pain 
is  owing  to  the  pleura  being  inflamed,  and  the  position  of  the  diseased  place  may  be 
ascertained  by  pressing  the  side,  between  the  ribs,  with  the  jioint  of  the  thumb ; 
when  pressed  on  the  animal  will  flinch  and  grunt. 

"  The  pulse  is  quickened  and  oppressed  ;  the  skin  is  hard,  tight,  and  bound  to  the 
ribs  ;  the  horns  are  hotter  and  the  muzzle  dryer  than  usual ;  the  head  is  lowered  and 
thrust  forward,  with  the  nose  poked  out ;  the  back  is  raised  up  ;  little  or  no  food  is 
eaten;  the  cud  is  seldom  or  never  chewed;  the  milk  is  stopped;  the  bowels  are 
bound,  and,  when  moved,  the  dung  is  in  hard,  dry  lumps. 

"Third  stage.  The  breathing  is  much  quickened,  very  difficult,  labored  and 
even  gasping  ;  the  breathing  is  carried  on  partly  through  the  mouth,  partly  through 
the  nostrils ;  the  breath  lias  a  bad  smell ;  a  stringy,  frothy  fluid  constantly  dribbles 
from  the  mouth ;  the  cow  groans  loudly  and  frequently,  while  the  grunt  is  either 
gone  or  subdued  ;  the  jmlse  is  (|uick,  weak,  and  in  some  cases  imperceptible  or 
intermittent ;  the  horns,  eai-s  and  legs  are  cold,  the  skin  covered  with  cold  sweat, 
the  head  and  neck  stretched  out,  with  the  nose  poked  into  the  corner  of  the  manger  ; 
the  fore  legs  are  separated  from  one  another  and  fixed  in  one  ])lace,  unless  the  cow 
is  restless  and  uneasy  ;  sometimes  the  hind  legs  are  crossed  over  each  other,  or  the 
hind  fetlock  joints  are  knuckled  forward;  the  stoppage  of  milk  is  complete;  the 
animal  is  reduced  to  a  skeleton  ;  the  strength  is  also  of  course  greatly  impaired,  and 
the  beast  can  scarcely  cough ;  insensibility  sometimes  steals  over  her  ;  the  urine  is 
very  highly  colored  ;  toward  the  last  violent  purging  comes  on,  the  discharged  matter 
being  quite  watery,  blackish,  highly  offensive,  and  sometimes  mixed  -with  blood  ; 
eventually  the  cavity  of  the  chest  becomes  so  full  of  fluid,  or  so  much  of  the  lung  is 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  327 

condensed,  that   the  breathing,  from   being  more   difficult   and   frequent,  at  last 
ceases,  and  tlie  animal  is  dead." 

TREATMENT. 

Aconite.  Pulse  hard  and  quickened  ;  shivering  or  trembling,  attended  with 
coldness  of  the  legs  or  the  horns,  and  dry  heat  of  the  skin  ;  breathing  short,  painful, 
anxious,  attended  with  open  mouth  and  groans.  Give  the  third  or  sixth  dilution,  ten 
drops  every  hour. 

Aininoiiiuin  causticuiu.  Quick,  difficult  breathing,  with  rattle  ;  inhala- 
tion of  air  very  short,  from  pain  ;  fi-equent  cough,  with  discharge  of  mucus ;  great 
languor  and  listlessness  ;  pulse  feeble  and  quick  ;  frequent  shivering ;  skin  at  first 
hot  and  dry,  afterward  moist. 

Give  five  drops  of  the  watei-y  solution  in  a  little  water  every  two  (^r  tln-ee  hours 
till  improvement  begins. 

Arsenicuiii.  Wheezing ;  hurried  breathing ;  small,  quick  pulse ;  great 
weakness  ;  cold,  clammy  sweats  ;  frequent  short  cough ;  purging  in  every  stage. 

Give  ten  drops  of  the  sixth  or  thirtieth  dilution  every  two  hours. 

Baptisia.  Stupor ;  listlessness ;  restless,  but  too  lifeless  to  move ;  eyes 
congested,  look  red  and  inflamed ;  thick  mucus  from  nose  ;  fetid  odor  from  mouth  ; 
can  only  swallow  water  ;  distended  abdomen  ;  mushy  stools  or  dark,  very  offensive 
stools  ;  great  prostration  ;  urine  scanty  and  dark ;  oppressed  breathing,  with  cough  ; 
pulse  at  first  accelerated,  afterward  slow  and  faint ;  pain  along  the  back ;  restless, 
.uneasy,  or  drowsy  and  stupid  ;  chilly  ;  great  prostration,  with  tendency  of  the  fluids 
to  decompose.  Discharges  and  exhalations  fetid  ;  ulceration  of  mucous  membranes, 
especially  of  mouth,  with  tendency  to  putrescence  ;  intolerance  of  pressure  ;  constant 
change  of  position. 

Give  drop  doses  of  the  saturated  tincture,  or  of  the  first  and  third  dilution,  every 
two  hours,  in  a  little  water. 

Bryonia.  Frequent,  short,  suppressed  cougli,  which  seems  to  cause  sharp 
pain  in  the  chest ;  breathing  short,  with  characteristic  grunt ;  when  the  ribs  are 
pressed  by  a  hand  or  a  finger  the  cow  flinches  and  utters  the  short  gnmt,  as  if  the 
pain  were  very  acute  ;  the  animal  di-eads  to  move  from  pain. 

Give  ten  drops  of  the  third,  sixth  or  thirtieth  dilution  every  two  to  four  hours. 

Lycopocliiiin.  Fan-like  motion  of  the  nostrils  ;  loose  stools ;  rumbling  of 
flatulence  in  tlie  bowels.  Give  ten  droj)*  of  the  thirtieth  dilution  every  two  to  four 
hours. 

Phosphorus.  Difficult,  obstructed  breathing ;  pains  in  chest ;  pain  between 
ribs  ;  frequent  short  cough,  with  slimy  phlegm,  sometimes  mixed  with  blood  ;  violent 
purging,  like  gushes  of  water  ;  wasting,  weakness  and  prostration.  Give  ten  di'ops 
of  the  sixth  or  thirtieth  dilution  every  two,  three,  or  four  hours. 


328  JKUSEY    VATTLK  IX  AMERICA. 

Sulphur.  Diiriii-;  c.nivalesceiice,  ur  when  the  (jther  remedies  do  not  act 
promptly. 

Give  ten  drops  of  the  sixth  or  tliirtieth  dihition  in  a  little  water  three  times  a  day. 

The  diet  should  be  oat-meal  gruel  and  boiled  carrots.  All  animals  should  be 
quarantined  most  securely  for  ninety  days.  Xo  healthy  animals  that  have  been  in 
the  same  stable  should  be  allowed  to  mingle  with  healthy  cattle  within  a  period 
of  ninety  days.  A  cow,  whether  in  sickness  or  health,  needs  one  thousand  two  hundred 
cubic  feet  of  air  per  hour,  and  the  system  of  ventilation  should  admit  of  a  constant 
change  of  air  to  that  amount  without  subjecting  the  animal  to  chilly  currents. 

LOCK.IAW TKTANIS. 

This  disease  is  usually  tlie  result  of  a  slight  wound,  and  in  some  localities  is  very 
common  to  man  and  beast,  especially  if  the  wound  is  caused  by  some  blunt  instrument 
and  does  not  bleed  nmcli.  Exposure  to  wet  and  cold  increases  the  liability  of  attack. 
There  is  also  some  uninvestigated  source  of  aggravation,  as  evidenced  Ijy  the  varying 
prevalence  of  the  disease  or  its  aptitude  for  certain  localities. 

Among  cattle  the  pulse  may  be  at  first  apparently  normal,  presenting  Imt 
little  disturbance  until  the  disease  has  become  perilous  ;  the  muzzle,  horns  and  ears 
are  also  normal ;  the  animal  stands  rigidly  fixed,  or  appears  afraid  to  move ;  the 
head  is  extended  horizontally  forward ;  the  nostrils  dilated ;  the  eyes  bulging 
outward,  or  sunken  and  reti-acted,  the  membrane  at  the  corners  partly  covering  the 
eyeball ;  the  tail  elevated  and  tremulous  ;  the  legs  splayed  out ;  the  quarters  depressed  ; 
all  the  muscles  rigidly  fixed,  so  that  the  animal  cannot  bend;  the  muscles  of  the  belly 
and  neck  tense,  stiff,  and  in  hard  ridges ;  the  teeth  convulsively  clinched  or  slightly 
I)arted.  The  Country  Gentleman  of  July  31st,  1884,  gives  this  case,  which  conveys 
a  moral :  "  Beware  of  Pitchforks. — Died,  of  lockjaw,  July  lltli,  188-1:,  Signalda  2d 
6748.  Signal  1170  is  close  on  both  sides  of  his  pedigree,  and  he  was  no  mean 
representative  of  that  long  line  of  fine  breeding.  About  a  month  before  his  deatli 
he  was  pricked  with  a  pitchfork  for  breaking  up  his  water-tub.  He  was  kind  and 
gentle." 

TKKATMKNT. 

Arnica.  After  all  wounds,  however  slight,  give  this  remedy,  eitlicr  in  drop 
doses  of  the  tincture  or  the  third,  sixth  or  thirtieth  dilution. 

Arsenicum.  Great  thirst;  restlessness;  rigidity  remaining  after  the  use 
of  other  remedies. 

Give  drop  doses  of  the  tliirtietii  dilutinn  on  the  tongue  three  or  more  times 
a  day. 

Bellailonua.  AVhere  wimiids  are  greatly  inflamed,  with  great  beat  and  inucli 
fever. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  A3IERICA.  329 

Bryonia.     The  animal  dreads  to  move  or  be  touched. 

Caiuplior.  Great  prostration ;  languor.  Give  the  tincture  or  first  dilution, 
one  drop  every  hour  iipon  the  tongue  or  by  olfaction. 

Gelsemium.  Great  debility ;  convulsive  spasm ;  congestion  to  head. 
Give  the  tincture  or  first  dilution,  one  drop  every  half  hour  upon  the  tongue. 

Nitrate  of  Amyl.  This  remedy  may  be  used  as  a  palliative  where  the 
spasms  are  desperately  rigid.  It  is  given  by  inhalation,  ten  to  twenty  drops  upon  a 
small  sponge  enclosed  in  a  napkin  folded  in  conical  form. 

Nux  voiuica.  This  is  the  most  important  and  distinctively  homoeopathic 
remedy.  Give  the  sixth  or  thirtieth  dilution,  ten  drops  upon  the  tongue  every  tliree 
or  four  hours.  Some  cases  may  require  the  saturated  tincture  in  doses  of  from  one 
to  five  drops,  while  others  may  do  better  when  given  the  two  hundredth  or  one 
thousandth  dilution. 

Passiflora  incarnata.  A  very  important  remedy  in  the  first  stage.  Give 
one  drop  of  tincture  every  hour,  or  as  Nux  vomica. 

In  all  cases  where  practicable  immerse  an  inflamed  limb  in  hot  water  (130°  to 
l-t()°),  or  apply  saturated  cloths  or  sponges  of  the  same  temperature.  There  is 
nothing  like  hot  water  to  relieve  inflammation,  congestion,  and  the  agonizing  pain 
resulting  from  wounds. 

BROKEN    HOEN. 

The  Jersey  hoi-n  is  fine  and  fragile,  rendering  it  liable  to  fracture  and  casting  of 
the  shell  upon  slight  provocation.  When  fighting,  or  even  rubbing  against  a  fence 
or  tree,  a  shell  may  be  broken  or  knocked  off,  and  followed  by  a  severe  hemorrhage 
from  the  vessels  at  or  near  the  liase  of  the  horn,  and  sometimes  a  very  slow 
recovery. 

TKEATMENT. 

To  check  hemoi-rhage  apply  the  solution  of  subsulphate  of  iron  [Liq.  Ferri 
suhsulph.)  to  the  bleeding  parts  until  a  clot  is  formed.  When  the  clot  falls  off  and 
there  is  no  more  bleeding  apply  bandages  saturated  with  a  dilution  of  tincture 
Calendula  officinalis  in  water,  one  part  tincture  to  sixteen  parts  of  water.  The 
Calendula  is  the  best  lotion  for  all  forms  of  lacerated  wounds  in  any  part  of  the 
body.  Continue  the  application  imtil  the  healing  of  the  parts,  which  will  be 
rapid  if  the  cow  is  otherwise  in  good  health. 

"  Styptic  cotton,"  or  cotton  saturated  with  the  subsulphate  of  iron,  is  convenient 
for  application  to  most  conditions  of  heniorrhage. 

LOTIONS  AND  UNGUENTS. 

Calendula.     For  lacerated  wounds  this  is  a  rapidly  heahng  wash. 
Dilute  with  twenty  parts  water  and  keep  the  parts  wet. 


330  JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

Haniamelis,  or  Witch  Hazel.  For  iiiriamed  surfaces  and  inflamed  veins 
the  bust  application.  Also  valualilc  in  liemorrliages.  Apply  diluted,  one  to  ten, 
with  hot  water. 

Arnica.  For  all  l)ruises  and  si)niins  without  laceration.  Dilute  with  hot 
water,  one  part  tincture  to  ten  parts   water. 

Pliytolacca.     For  garget.     Dilute  witli  hot  water,  one  to  sixteen. 

Hydrastis.  For  old  ulcers,  for  eruptions  by  poisoning,  like  poison  sumach, 
or  rhus-poisoning.  Dilute  with  hot  water,  one  part  tincture  to  one  hundred  pai-ts 
water. 

Thuja.     Use  for  warts  at  any  time  the  pure  tincture. 

Castor  Oil.      For  warts  apply  pure  when  the  cows  are  dry. 

Listeriiio.     Use  for  vaginal  injections  and  for  deodorizer. 

Calendula  Vaseline.     Apply  to  all  wounds  or  burns. 

Mutton  Tallow.     Apply  melted  to  sore  teats  and  ulcers. 

Vaseline.     \\:y\  useful  for  many  eruptions  and  sores. 

Crude  Petroleum.      I'seful  in  alternation  with  Phytolacca  for  garget. 

DISINFECTANTS. 

Tlie  best  disinfectant  is  absolute  cleanliness. 
Remove  all  discharges  and  wash  the  stalls  each  day. 

If  there  is  any  evidence  of  contagious  disease  tlie  cattle  that  are  infected  should 
be  (juarantined  at  a  distance  from  all  others. 

DISINKI'X'TION    WITir    PIKK    mi.OKINE    GAS. 

For  the  destruction  of  the  germs  of  disease  in  buildings  where  contagious  pleuro- 
pneumonia and  other  dreaded  destructive  maladies  have  existed,  the  most  effective 
method  of  disinfection  is  probably  with  pure  chlorine  gas.  This  method  is  recom- 
mended by  Professor  Doremus  for  old  hospitals  where  the  walls  are  permeated  with 
tilth,  and  for  the  destruction  of  the  cholera  germ,  and  other  disease  elements. 

Dr.  Dorennis  says :  "  The  gas  must  be  used  in  large  quantities.  We  spread  out 
large  sheets  of  lead  and  turned  up  the  edges  so  that  they  would  hold  the  chemicals 
for  generating  the  gas.  I  woiikl  have  three  or  four  assistants,  and  wlien  ready  the 
word  was  given  to  '  pour.'  Then  all  would  run  out  and  the  door  would  be  fastened, 
ajid  the  gas  jienetrated  everything.  To  have  entered  the  room  during  the  time 
would  have  been  certain  death."  Chlorine  gas  may  be  made  in  large  quantities,  by 
pouring  slightly  diluted  sulphuric  acid  upon  a  mixture  composed  of  common  salt  and 
oxide  of  manganese  in  large  leaden  vessels.  Its  development  requires  care.  It  is 
safer  to  have  the  pouring  done  automatically  than  to  risk  human  life  in  the 
experiment. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  iTV^  A3IERJVA.  331 

GERMICIDES. 

The  method  of  Dr.  Doremus  is  expensive  and  only  advisable  in  special  cases. 

Mr.  John  C.  Pennington,  chemist,  of  Paterson,  N.  J.,  who  has  made  thorough 
and  persistent  experiments  in  the  propagation  of  various  forms  of  bacteria,  in  his 
studies  of  the  germ-theory  of  disease,  has  found  that  the  salts  of  mercury  are  the 
most  effective  germicides  or  disinfectants.  He  uses  the  bichloride  of  mercury  in  a 
solution  of  one  part  to  a  thousand  of  water,  sprinkhng  it  in  the  air  and  upon  walls 
with  a  brush  or  whisk-broom.  He  also  uses  the  hyjjosulphite  of  mercury  in  the 
same  manner,  with  similar  results,  in  annihilating  the  bacteria  which  float  in  the  air  or 
contaminate  almost  every  substance.  It  must  ever  be  borne  in  mind  that  these 
powerful  mineral  salts  are  very  violent  agents,  and  must  be  used  in  very  dilute  form, 
and  with  great  caution.  Never  venture  to  apply  any  of  the  mineral  salts  where  they 
will  fall  upon  the  bedding  or  feed  of  animals.  Mr.  Pennington  finds  that  the 
burning  of  sulphur  will  not  destroy  bacteria,  and  therefore  condemns  the  use  of  any 
such  means,  as  well  as  all  the  so-called  germicides  which  by  experiment  have  proved 
to  be  less  effective  than  the  hyposulphite  of  mercury  and  the  corrosive  subHinate. 

These  mineral  salts  must  not  be  used  for  injections  in  the  treatment  of  any 
disease  unless  further  diluted. 

If  your  walls  are  tinted  with  "  alabastine  "  once  in  two  or  three  years,  a  mild 
blue  color,  they  will  be  very  pleasant  for  the  eyes  of  animals,  a  cheap  and  tasty 
finish  for  a  brown  wall.     If  not,  apply  lime  whitewash  semi-annually. 

The  agents  that  destroy  every  form  of  disease  germs  in  the  air,  in  all  discharges, 
and  in  the  walls  of  buildings,  are  the  only  true  disinfectants.  The  number  of  these 
is  very  limited.  For  ordinary  use  the  hyposulphite  of  meecuky  is  probably  the 
best.  Prepare  a  solution  in  the  proportion  of  TFrnrtl^  ™  water,  or  sixty  (60)  grains 
of  the  hyposulphite  to  one  gallon  of  the  latter,  and  sprinkle  it  in  the  air  and  upon 
the  walls  of  the  building,  and   apply  to  all  the  fetid  excretions  of  diseased  organs. 

The  chlorine  gas  method  of  Professor  Doremus  may  be  adopted  wherever 
there  has  been  infection  oi  pleuro^ieu7nonia  and  the  Texas  fever.  The  authorities 
should  see  that  this  method  of  disinfection  is  employed,  and  a  competent  chemist 
given  charge  of  the  work. 

Caution  :  These  germicides  are  fatal  poisons  to  every  living  organism,  and 
should  he  used  intelligently  in  every  instance,  knoioing  that  chlorine  gas  is  deadly  if 
inhaled,  a/nd  the  m,ercurial  salts  unsafe  to  he  taken  into  the  stomach  of  any  animal 
except  in  a  smaller  quantity  than  used  above.     Use  no  vessel,  containing  them 

FOE    ANY    other    PURPOSE    WHATSOEVER. 

hypochlorite     OF     SODA.* 

Hypochlorite  of  soda  may  be  used  as  a  germicide,  and  can  be  safely   applied  to 
ulcers  and  putrid  eruptions,  in  dilution  of  1  to  60  of  water,  or  used  as  an  injection 
*  Reed  &  Carnrick. 


332  JERSEY   CATTLE  J X  AMERICA. 

for  diseased    raucous   meinbrdues,  1  to  10(J    of  water.     As  a  germicide   apply  to  all 
infectious  matter  1  to  16. 

DKODOKIZEES. 

For  every  offensive  odor  in  the  stable  seek  out  and  remove  the  cause.  Keep 
the  air  as  sweet  as  a  pasture-tield.  There  is  no  better  deodorizer  than  a  hot  roasting 
pan  of  cofe^-beans  carried  through  the  building  so  as  to  freely  give  the  fumes  of 
parched  coffee,  while  the  grains  also  act  iis  an  absorbent.  Among  the  commercial 
compounds  Listerine  will  prove  useful  and  pleasant  as  a  deodorizer  for  the  hands 
after  operations. 

GENERAI,    SIMMAKY    F(iK    DISINFECTION. 

A  radical  discriniiiiatiuii  must  be  made  between  deodorizers,  disinfectants,  and 
germicides. 

Use  each  of  these  for  special  jnirposes  in  the  stable,  just  as  in  the  human 
dwelling  and  hospital. 

Listerine,  a  fragrant  antiseptic  mixture,  may  be  found  useful  in  deodorizing 
the  foul  discharges  that  follow  abortion,  parturition,  and  those  excretions  accom- 
panying various  diseases.  It  is  a  mixture  of  oils  and  extracts  from  Thyme,  Eucalyptus, 
Baptisia,  Gaultlieria  and  Mentha  arvensis.  Each  drachm  contains  two  grains  of 
retined  benzo-boracic  acid. 

The  Listerine  when  well  diluted  is  useful  as  an  injection  where  the  vaginal 
discharges  are  very  fetid.  It  is  useful  for  deodorizing  when  a  thorough  washing  with 
hot  water  and  soap  fails  to  remove  offensive  odors. 


SUMMARY   OF   PRACTICAL   USE   OF   DISINFECTANTS. 

FOK    EXCKETIONS. 

1.  Chloride  of  Mercury  in  solution,  1  to  500. 

2.  Hyposulphite  of  Mercury  in  solution,  1  to  500. 

FOR    INFECTED    CLOTHS    OR    SPONGES. 

1.  Destniction  by  tire  if  of  little  value.     The  combustion  must  be  total  and 
complete. 

2.  Boiling  one  hour. 

3.  Immersion  in  a  solution  of  Chloride  of  Mercury  of  the  strength  of  1  to  1000 
four  hours. 

FOR    CLOTniNG    OF   ATTENDANTS. 

1.  Exposure  to  dry  heat  at  a  tem])erature  of  23ii°  F.  for  two  hours. 

2.  Destruction  by  lire  if  of  little   value  and    badly  infected  with  contagion 
spores. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  333 

3.  Immersion  in  boiling  water  for  one  hour. 

4.  Immersion  in  solution  of  Chloride  of  Mercury  of  1  to  2000  for  four  hours. 

FOE   THE    PEESON. 

1.  Wash  the  hands  and  surface  of  the  body  in  a  ten  per  cent,  solution  of 
Chlorinated  Soda. 

2.  Wash  the  hands  in  a  solution  of  Chloride  of  Mercury  or  Hyposulphite  of 
Mercury  1  to  1000. 

FOE   THE    WALLS    OF   THE    STABLE. 

1.  Wash  all  surfaces,  while  occupied,  with  a  solution  of  Chloride  of  Mercury 
of  1  to  1000. 

2.  When  vacated  use  Prof.  Doremus's  method  with  Chlorine  Gas. 

3.  For  instruments  and  all  metallic  surfaces  a  solution  of  the  Hyposulphite  of 
Mercury  of  1  to  1000. 


PART   THIRD. 


THE   DAIRY 


THE    DAIRY     BUILDING. 


The  plan  of  a  dairy  will  vary  according  to  its  iiurp(jses,  wlietlier  it  is  for  canniui!; 
or  bottling  inilk  for  market,  for  butter-making,  for  canning  or  bottling  sweat  cream, 
or  for  a  fancy  cheese  dairy.  The  essentials  of  a  good  dairy  building  are  the  means 
for  controlling  the  temperature  of  the  milk  and  cream  to  any  desired  degree  in 
winter  and  summer,  ample  ventilation,  sufficient  north  light,  abundant  supply  of  hot 
and  cold  water,  an  ice-house,  means  of  cleanliness,  absolute  exclusion  and  prevention 
of  all  offensive  odors,  exclusion  of  flies  and  other  insects,  exclusion  of  dust,  together 
with  all  the  best-improved  machinery  used  in  every  process. 

The  building  should  be  conveniently  arranged  for  work  and  as  compact  as 
possible,  and  all  the  attendants  held  responsible  for  a  certain  share  in  the  i-outine, 
which  must  always  be  perfectly  performed,  and  the  quahty  of  product  of  the  highest 
excellence. 

There  is  an  ever-increasing  class  of  discriminating  customers  who  are  willing  to 
pay  an  increased  price  for  articles  of  rare  quality,  purity  and  absolute  cleanliness, 
especially  when  furnished  in  attractive  form,  and  of  such  unvarying  sameness  that 
the  brand  of  the  dairy  shall  always  justify  confidence. 


The  system  in  every  dairj^,  large  or  small,  shoiild  be  thoroughly  organized  and 
complete.  Whether  it  be  the  little  spring-house  with  its  primitive  methods  or  the 
large  establishment  equipped  with  steam-engine,  separator,  ice- water  tanks,  elevators, 
rotary  churns,  and  all  the  apparatus  for  making  fancy  butter  pats,  or  bottling  sweet 
cream,  or  making  fancy  cheeses,  every  person  employed  should  be  thoroughly 
familiar  with  liis  work  and  all  its  requirements,  and  held  responsible  for  all  the  duties 
of  his  department  or  share  in  the  work.  Each  milker  must  be  an  expert  and  held 
strictly  accountable  for  the  healthy  condition  of  the  cows'  udders  and  the  cleanliness 
of  the  milk.  The  feeder  shoiild  be  held  responsible  for  the  condition  and  appetite 
and  productive  power  of  the  cows.  The  man  who  has  charge  of  the  milk-room 
should  be  held  responsible  for  the  cleanliness  of  all  the  utensils,  the  temperature  of  the 


330  JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

air,  milk  aiul  cream  ;  tlie  engineer  respousible  for  all  the  machinery  and  the  heating 
of  the  building  and  sfcible  ;  the  man  in  charge  of  the  separator  responsible  for  the 
churn,  shafting  and  other  utensils ;  the  dairy  woinau  responsible  for  the  washing, 
working  and  salting,  moulding  and  printing  of  the  butter.  The  men  employed 
should  all  wear  clean  white  overalls,  frocks  ;iii(l  aprons,  and  spotless  cleanliness  and 
purity  must  be  the  rule  in  every  department.  Xn  loud  talking,  no  profanity,  no 
smoking  or  drinking ;  but  everywhere  sweetness,  which  must  be  encouraged  by  an 
abimdant  supply  of  steam,  hot  and  cold  water,  for  all  purposes  of  cleanliness. 
Vessels  are  to  be  scalded  with  steam,  rinsed  in  hot  and  cold  water,  the  floors  to  be 
kept  polished,  and  all  metal-work  bright  and  shining,  the  stables  and  the  dairy  as 
clean  as  a  parlor  at  all  times. 

1'lan  oi-  Daihv   i-ok  Fifty  Cows. 


General  plan  of  Dairy.     Main  dairy  Iniildintr,  16  x  32  feet.     Ice-house,  16x20   feet.     Ensine-room 
12x14  feet. 


WESTPHALIA    24,384. 

AT    4    YEARS   OLD. 

Welcome  Type. 
CREAM     C0TTAC4E     HERD. 
S.  RooEUs,  Patekson.  New  .Th 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IJV  A3IERICA. 


Main  part  divided  into  five  rooms.  Receiving-room,  7x16  feet,  with  slanting 
floor  and  drain.  Can  be  used  for  receiving  milk,  a  cabinet  creamery  or  centrifuge, 
and  for  washing-pails,  cans  and  utensils.  The  floor  elevated  four  feet  above  sills, 
or  built  upon  terraced  ground  and  jjaved  with  concrete. 

Cream-room,  10x16  feet,  with  slanting  floor  draining  on  to  churn-room 
floor ;  used  as  a  cream  tempering-room ;  floor  elevated  two  feet  above  sills  or 
terraced  groimd.     Two  fifty-gallon  cream  vats. 

Churn-room,  8x16  feet,  has  floors  on  a  level  with  sills,  or  terraced  ground, 
slanting  toward  cream-room,  with  drain  at  the  junction  of  the  elevated  floor  of 
the  cream-room. 

Butter-room,  7x16  feet ;  slanting  floor  drain  connects  with  main  drain  in 
chum-room. 

Cold-room,  7x8  feet,  is  built  in  ice-house  and  is  covered  with  galvanized 
iron  and  surrounded  with  ice  ;  this  is  for  butter  storage. 

CONSTRUCTION     OF     DAIRY. 

The  dairy  is  built  in  the  following  manner  : 

Sills,  6x8,  on  stone,  brick  or  concrete  foundation ;  joist  for  elevated  floor,  2x8, 
spiked  to  studs  supported  in  centre  with  4x6  timbers,  shored  up  on  pillars.  Ends 
shored  up  with  2x4  studs  ;  outside  walls  2x4  studding,  twelve  feet  long.  Upon 
outside  of  studs  nail  rough  inch  boards  ;  cover  them  with  building  paper  ;  fur  on  it 
with  inch  strips  ;  side  with  drop-siding,  or  stock  boards  stripped  ;  on  inside  of  studs 
rough-board,  paper  ;  fur  out  with  inch  strips,  and  ceil  vidth  fence  flooring ;  ceiling 
overhead  with  fence  flooring ;  floor  laid  with  clear  flooring  or  terraced  with 
concrete ;  partitions  ceiled  on  studs  set  flatwise,  on  both  sides,  leaving  a  two-inch 
air-space.     Cream  and  churn-rooms  can  be  in  one,  or  partitioned,  as  desired. 

To  enlarge  the  capacity  of  the  dairy  add  to  the  width  of  the  main  building. 
The  raised  or  terraced  floors  are  constructed  for  convenience  in  handling  cream  ;  cream 
strained  and  carried  into  vats,  through  conductor  pipes  ;  also  from  vats  to  churns, 
through  conductor  pipe,  saving  all  the  lifting  of  cream  in  cans,  and  rendering  it 
possible  for  one  man  to  do  one  half  more  work  than  in  a  dairy  without  terraced  floors. 

DAIRY     DRAINAGE — PLAN    OF    DAIRY. 

To  avoid  dampness  and  mould  the  first  requisite  in  the  structure  of  the  dairy  is 
thorough  drainage,  combined  with  provision  for  thorough  ventilation  and  abundance 
of  light. 

The  key  to  good  drainage  is  a  good  foundation.  Select  a  site  where  the  soil  is 
sandy  and  having  a  good  fall. 

Build  the  foundations  of  good  cement  wall  laid  below  the  frost  line,  and  allow  a 


338  JERSEY   CATTLE  I.Y  AMEBIC  A. 

basement  fotir  feet  deep.     Lav  drains  two  feet  heluw   tlie  funndation,  even   in  the 
dryest  soil. 

Tlie  basement  floor  is  tlien  built  in  terraces,  according  to  following  jjlan  :  laid  of 
broken  stone  and  concrete  three  inches  thick,  and  coated  with  cement  one  inch  thick, 
made  of  one  part  hydraulic  cement  and  three  parts  of  sand.  The  foundation  walls 
need  coating  without  as  high  as  the  ground  surface  with  hot  asphalt,  and  a  space 
twelve  inches  wde  upon  the  outside,  filled  in  with  broken  stone  and  topped  with 
flagging,  to  keep  out  the  rain.  The  windows  of  the  milk,  cream,  and  butter 
apartments  should  all  l.)e  double  and  face  northward.  The  system  of  ventilation 
should  l)e  independent  of  the  windows,  as  the  latter  ought  always  to  be  closed. 
Admit  air  at  night  or  by  subterranean  tunnel.  Always  use  a  hygrometer.  Three 
pounds  of  fresh  lime  will  absorb  one  pound  of  water,  and  the  hygrometer  will 
measure  the  efficiency  of  this  extractor. 

MILK. 

Milk,  the  special  secretion  of  all  female  animals  for  the  sustenance  of  their  young, 
has  l)een  wonderfully  increased  in  quantity  and  improved  in  quality  in  the  cow  by 
the  skill  of  man,  so  as  to  become  one  of  the  most  important  articles  of  human 
subsistence.  It  has  the  appearance  of  an  opaque,  creamy  Avhite  fluid,  l)ut  is  in 
reality  a  turbid,  almost  transparent  senim,  with  numerous  fat  globules  floating  therein 
which  create  an  optical  illusion  of  oijacity. 

TUE    UDDKR. 

The  udder  of  the  cow  often  attains  an  immense  size,  rendering  the  cow  the 
greatest  food- producer  in  the  world. 

The  udder  is  divided  into  four,  rarely  six,  distinct  compartments  or  quarters. 
The  milk  is  secreted  from  glandular  organs  whose  structure  is  very  simple.  Each 
gland  is  composed  of  several  separate  glandules,  which  are  connected  by  certain  fibrous 
or  binding  structures  in  such  a  way  as  to  admit  of  quite  a  degree  of  mobility  of  its 
parts,  one  upon  another ;  and  the  glandules  are  also  connected  l)y  the  branching  of 
the  milk-tubes,  wliieli  intermingle.  The  tubes  are  abundantly  supplied  with  valves. 
The  terminal  ducts  contained  in  the  teat  are  straight  but  of  variable  size,  aiid  their 
orifices  are  narrower  than  the  tubes.  At  the  base  of  the  teat  these  tubes  dilate  into 
reservoirs,  which  extend  some  distance  into  the  gland.  From  each  of  these  reservoirs 
commence  several  branches  of  the  milk-bearing  tubes,  each  of  which  speedily  sub- 
divides into  smaller  ones  ;  and  these  again  branch  until  their  size  is  very  minute  and 
their  extent  vastly  increa.sed.  These,  like  the  reservoirs  and  terminal  ducts,  are 
composed  of  a  fibrous  coat  lined  with  a  mucous  niembrane  ;  the  latter  is  very 
vascular,  and  forms  a  secretion  of  itself  when  the  milk  ceases  to  be  secreted. 

The  smaller  divisions  of  the  milk-tubes  proceed  to  distinct  minute  lobules  in  each 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IJV  A3IERICA.  339 

glandule.    These  milk-tubes  terminate  in  follicles  or  minute  cups,  wliicli  are  lined  Ijy 
the  same  membrane  as  the  ducts. 

The  arteries  which  supply  the  glandules  with  blood  become  very  large  during 
lactation,  and  their  divisions  are  very  minutely  spread  upon  the  follicles.  From  the 
blood  which  they  convey  the  milk  is  secreted  in  some  way  not  yet  understood,  and 
poured  into  the  follicles,  and  thence  into  the  tubes,  ducts  and  reservoirs,  distending  the 
udder,  when  fully  active,  in  about  eight  hours  to  its  full  capacity.  The  resei-voir  at  the 
base  of  the  teat  is  about  the  size  of  a  large  egg,  and  is  separated  from  a  smaller  reservoir 
in  the  teat  by  a  membranous  valve.  The  lower  orifice  of  the  teat  is  closed  by  a  circular 
elastic  muscle,  the  elasticity  of  which  varies  greatly  in  easy  or  hard  milkers.  The 
udder  is  siipported  by  a  very  large  and  strong  tendon  leading  down  from  the  muscles 
of  the  belly,  between  the  four  great  lobular  divisions  of  the  udder.  This  tendon  is 
subdivided  into  a  multitude  of  branches,  which  enable  the  vessel  to  sustain  an 
enormous  weight.  In  some  cows  these  ligaments  are  deficient  in  strength  and  by 
stretcliing  allow  the  udder  to  sag.     (See  portrait  of  Eiirotas  2454.) 

ELEMENTS    OF    MILK. 

The  milk  secretion  is  shown  to  be  an  emulsion  of  fat  globules  suspended  in  water, 
with  a  mixture  of  fixed  salts,  sugar  of  milk,  and  a  peculiar  substance,  casein. 

The  fat  globules  are  formed  in  the  follicles  of  the  milk  glands,  and  vary  in  size 
from  the  most  minute,  4-oVo^^^  ^f  an  inch,  to  medium,  about  2-7*0^*'^^  of  an  inch,  and 
largest,  Yso^o't'i  of  ^^  iweh.  in  diameter.  Their  size  and  quality,  according  to  Dr. 
Sturtevant,  vary  greatly  in  different  breeds  and  according  to  feed  and  the  health  of 
the  animal.  The  Jersey  cow  has  a  very  large  cream  globule ;  the  Dutch,  or  Holstein- 
Friesian,  has  exceedingly  minute  cream  globules,  and  small  in  amount ;  the  Ayrshire  a 
mixture  of  medium  and  small,  also  in  moderate  amount.  Bran  is  said  to  minify 
them  and  maize  meal  to  increase  their  size. 

The  large  globules  rise  first  in  the  form  of  cream,  the  smallest  globules  last,  the 
former  churning  easily,  and  yielding  butter  of  the  finest  grain  and  quality. 

Milk  is  the  only  secretion  of  the  body  and  the  only  article  supplied  by  nature 
for  the  young  combining  the  three  elements  required  for  human  food — j^rotein,  fat 
and  sugar. 

Of  all  secreted  fluids  milk  is  most  nearly  allied  to  blood  in  its  composition. 

The  chemical  composition  of  milk  considered  in  its  relation  to  human  food, 
especially  the  nutrition  of  children,  is  a  most  important  study,  not  alone  for  the 
physician,  but  for  the  practical  dairyman  and  farmer. 

The  first  question,  in  the  study  of  the  quality  of  milk  pertaining  to  different 
races  or  breeds,  is  the  amount  and  proportion  of  the  solid  constituents.  "Water,  the 
most  abundant  element  in  milk,  is  simply  a  vehicle  for  the  suspension  and  diluti(jn  of 
the  solids,  and  constitutes  an  average  of  seven  eighths  of  the  total  milk. 


340  JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

Butter  is  the  milk  fat  mixed  with  about  ten  to  lifteen  per  cent,  of  water  and 
one  lialf  per  cent,  of  the  fixed  salts  and  casein  with  what  chloride  of  sodium  or 
common  salt  is  used  in  the  making. 

Cheese  is  the  casein  and  albumen  of  tiie  milk  in  combination  with  a  portion  or 
all  of  the  fat,  the  fixed  salts  and  a  variable  ciuantity  of  water. 

Buttermilk  consists  of  the  water  of  milk  with  a  large  part  of  the  casein  and  a 
remnant  of  the  fat. 

Wliey  is  the  water  of  milk  with  tJio  chief  part  of  the  milk-sugar,  and  small 
portions  of  the  other  solids. 

The  value  of  milk  depends  on  the  amount  of  solids  it  contains. 

In  estimating  the  excellence  of  a  breed  of  cattle  we  must  consider  the  quantity 
of  milk,  the  proportion  of  water  and  solids,  the  relative  amount  of  the  different  solids, 
the  period  of  lactation  and  gestation,  the  kind  and  amount  of  food,  the  weather,  the 
climate,  the  health,  the  age,  and  any  other  conditions  that  may  affect  the  proportion 
of  the  ingredients.  The  eye  is  unable  to  judge  by  the  color  of  the  milk  or  the  bulk 
of  cream  of  its  richness  in  composition.  The  test  by  chemical  analysis  is  the 
al)solutely  conclusive  means  of  ascertaining  the  quality  of  miUc. 

The  specific  gravity  test  is  an  aid  in  judging  of  the  purity  of  milk,  and  is  made 
by  an  instrument  called  the  lactodensimeter,  which  consists  of  a  glass  spindle  having 
a  slender  stem  marked  with  a  scale  of  degrees  and  a  bulb  containing  mercury  ;  this 
sinks  in  the  milk  and  can  be  read  with  accuracy  at  once.  Milk  is  a  little  heavier  than 
water.  A  vessel  holding  one  thousand  grains  of  water  will  hold  from  one  thousand 
and  twenty-nine  to  one  thousand  and  thirty -six  grains  of  milk. 

Milk  is  made  heavier  than  water  by  its  casein,  sugar  and  salts,  and  lighter  than 
water  by  its  cream,  so  that  its  specific  gravity  is  diminished  by  adding  water  and 
increased  by  taking  away  cream. 

If  milk  be  both  watered  and  skimmed  it  may  show  a  nearly  normal  specific 
gravity,  but  the  chemical  test  will  ascertain  the  exact  composition  of  the  lifpiid. 

Analysis  of  Milk  kv  IIaidlku,  France. 


cow  S    MILK. 

Water 87.300 

Fat 3.000 

Casein 4.820 

Milk-Sugar 4.390 

Phosphate  of  Lime 231 

^  I  Phosphate  of  Magnesia 042 

Phosphate  of  Iron 007 

Chloride  of  Potash 144 

tZ;  /  Chloride  of  Soda 024 

Soda  combined  with  Casein 042 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


The  forty-two-tliousandths  of  one  per  cent  of  soda  combined  witli  casein  is 
sufBcient  to  render  new  milk  slightly  alkaline.  On  standing  it  very  soon  develops 
lactic  acid,  an  acid  that  never  exists  in  the  fresh  condition.  The  soda  holds  the  casein 
in  solution,  vi^hich  gives  casein  power  to  take  up  and  retain  a  quantity  of  phosphate  of 
lime. 

The  average  weight  of  milk  is  2.15  pounds  per  wine  quart. 

Milk  Analysis  by  D.  W.  Voyles,  M.D. 


Margarine . . 

j  Glycerine. 

1  Margario  Acid. 

Solid  Fats.... 

Butter 

.  Stearine .... 

j  Glycerine. 
1  Stearic  Acid. 

Liquid  Fats.. 

Oleine 

Butyrine. 

J  Glycerine. 
1  Oleic  Acid. 

f  Caseum 

(Jlycerine. 

Butyric,  Capric  and  Caprylio  Acids. 

.  Buttermilk.. 

Milk  Sugar. 

Whey 

Osmozene. 

f  Alkaline  and  Earthy  Lactates  and  Phosphates. 

Salts 

•I  Alkaline  Sulphates  and  Phosphates. 
1,  Ferruginous  Phosphates. 

f  Caseum,  coagulable  by  Rennet,  as  above. 
Skim  Milk.  -I  Zeiger,  coagulable  by  Acetic  Acid. 
L  Serum,  or  Whey,  as  above. 


VARIATIONS    IN    MILK    OF    BREEDS   OF    CATTLE. 

Milk  varies  so  greatly  in  its  composition  in  diiferent  breeds  of  cattle  that  it  will 
fiu'nish  many  useful  lessons,  if  breeders  will  make  systematic  chemical  tests  of  rich 
cows.  Numerous  chemical  tests  have  l>een  reported  which  are  suggestive  and 
instructive,  although  incomplete  in  a  majority  of  cases.  In  a  chemical  test  the 
breed  should  always  be  stated  and  the  date,  with  the  following  heads :  Specific 
Gravity,  "Water,  Total  Solids ;  Fat,  Casein,  Albumen,  Sugar,  Fixed  Salts ;  Age  and 
Weight  of  Cow,  Daily  Eation,  Weight  of  Daily  Yield  of  Milk  ;  Time  from  Calving ; 
How  Long  Pregnant ;  Weather,  and  Other  Incidents ;  also  state  whether  there  are 
two  or  three  daily  milkings. 

The  elements  of  milk  vary  widely  not  only  in  breeds,  but  in  the  individuals 
of  the  same  breed,  in  one  cow  at  various  times,  and  in  the  four  separate  quarters  of 
the  udder  of  the  same  cow.     Each  breed  has  its  general  peculiarities  of  quality  in  milk 


342  .JER!<EY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

secretion.  Jersey  milk  differs  from  that  of  all  other  breeds,  as  one  variety  of  peach, 
apple  or  pear  differs  from  all  others  in  having  a  tixed  individual  character.  There 
is  a  wide  difference  in  quality  between  the  Ansault,  the  Bosc,  and  the  Sheldon 
pears,  but  they  are  all  e.xcellent ;  there  is  a  wider  difference  between  all  these  and 
the  "  Choke  "  pear.  There  is  as  wide  a  difference  between  the  milk  of  the  Jersey 
and  some  of  the  coarse  breeds  of  cattle,  a  difference  that  is  much  wider  than  the 
art  of  the  chemist  can  show,  because  there  are  qualities  too  delicate  to  be  appre- 
hended by  the  chemist's  crucible. 

There  is  not  alone  a  great  variation  in  the  combinations  of  elements,  and  the 
proportions  of  fat,  casein,  sugar  and  mineral  matter,  but  the  inherent  quality  of  all 
these  parts  is  more  or  less  varied.  For  the  milk  is  affected  by  the  character  of  the 
animal,  its  odor  and  taste  being  varied  much ;  also  the  kind  of  food  used  makes 
differences  so  great  as  to  produce  results  affecting  the  health  and  life  of  a  child,  or  even 
a  young  animal  fed  thereon.  The  study  of  milk  is  deserving  of  more  attention  in 
minute  details  because  of  its  importance  in  relation  to  the  artiiicial  feeding  of 
children.  The  mineral  substances  of  the  milk  also  vary  greatly  in  proportion  and 
possibly  in  the  quality  of  their  combinations.  Here  are  combinations  formed  from 
phosphoric  acid,  chlorine,  the  oxides  of  potassium,  calcium,  iron,  soda,  magnesia  and 
sulphur.  These  mostly  exist  in  the  form  of  phosphates,  of  which  the  most  important 
is  the  phosphate  of  lime,  the  latter  constituting  about  half  the  ash  of  milk.  Milk 
contains  several  gases  in  small  amount,  including  a  small  amount  of  carbonic  acid, 
oxygen  and  nitrogen,  which  make  up  about  .002  of  the  bulk  of  new  milk,  but  escape  by 
exposure.  Cow's  milk  also  contains  a  small  amount  of  pepsin,  which  aids  in  its  digestion 
and  in  cheese-making.  A  temperature  of  145°  destroys  the  pejisin  and  greatly  injures 
the  milk.     Coloring  matter  and  various  volatile  oils  give  character  to  the  milk. 

Jersey  cows  produce  a  milk  which  differs  greatly  from  almost  all  other  breeds. 
By  the  reports  of  chemical  analysis  and  by  the  actual  tests  of  milk  as  food,  and  in 
the  production  of  butter  and  cheese,  the  Jersey  milk  is  unrivalled  in  quality  and 
richness  by  that  of  any  otiier  breed  of  cattle  in  the  world. 

The  following  comjianitive  analyses  show  the  chemical  variations  between  the 
milk  of  Jerseys  and  other  breeds  : 

Analyxes  of  Milk  made  in  188-1:  hy  Profemor  II.  W.  Smith,  Cliemist  for  Iloughton 
Farm,  Mountalnville,  iV.  Y.,  and  contributed  for  this  toork  by  Major  Henry  E 
Alvord,  Manager  : 

MILK    OK    .IKKSKVS nolUJHToN    FA.KM    UKKI). 

Mixed  milk  of  lierd  of  twenty -eight  cows,  morning  and  evening,  in  July,  1884: 
Water.      Total  Solids.        Fat.  Casein.  Sugar. 

Morning S.5..3  14.7  5..5  3.9  4.3 

Evening s.'i.t;  1 4.4  4.s  ,3.9  4.8 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  343 

Milk  from  fourteen  selected  cows  : 

Water.  Total  Solids.  Fat.  Casein.  Sugar. 

Extreme 84.1             15.9  &.Q  3.9  6.2 

Extreme 86.3             13.7  4.3  2.7  4.3 

Average 85.6             14.4  4.93  3.3  5.1 

Jersey  Tests. 

MILK  OF  cow  Maid  of  Five  Oaks  7178,  eight  yeaes  old. 

Water.  Total  Solids.  Fat.  Casein.  Sugar. 

85.7  14.30  5.20  3.S0  5.0 

Date,  July,  1884.     Last  calf,   April,  1884.     In  calf  thirty  days.      Milk  yield 

day  of  sampling,  25  lbs.  12  oz. 

MILK    OF   JERSEY    HEIFER   VaLLEY    LasS    20,050.       BORN    NOVEMBER    10,    1882. 


Water. 

Total  Solids. 

Fat. 

Casein. 

Sugar. 

83.18 

16.82 

7.12 

4.20 

4.1 

MILK    OF    RajIETTE    20,051.       BORN    DECEMBER    18,    1882. 
Water.  Total  Solids.  Fat.  Casein.  Sugar. 

87.80  12.20  4.57  3.90  4.3 

These  two  heifers,  daughters  of  the  Jersey  bull  Ramapo  4679,  came  into  milk 
while  in  pasture,  July,  1884,  neither  having  had  service  by  a  bull. 

MILK    OF     HOLSTEINS,    MEADOWBROOK     HERD. 
JOHN  MITCHELL,   PKOPKIETOR,    ORANGE   CO. 

Mixed  milk  of  herd  July,  1884,  noon  milking,  milked  thrice  daily : 

Water.  Total  Solids.  Fat.  Casein.  Sugar. 

88.0  12.0  4.3  2.6  4.1 

Milk  of  eight  selected  cows  : 

Water.  Total  Solids.  Fat.  Casein.  Sugar. 

Extreme 87.20  12.8  4.0  3.8  5.8 

Extreme 88.50  11.5  3.3  1.5  4.7 

Average 87.70  12.3  3.6  2.8  4.3 

HOLSTEIN    COW    JAMAICA    1336    II.  H.  B.       BORN    1881. 
Total  Solids.  Fat.  Casein.  Sugar. 

12.6  3.5  3.8  4.7. 

July,  1884 ;  had  calf  early  in  spring ;    in  calf ;  milk  yield  day  of  sampling, 
noon  milking,  41  lbs. 


344  JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

Correct.  October,  1884.  From  Records  of  E.xperiineutal  Departiiieiit  of 
Houghton  Farm  ;  Henry  E.  Alvord,  Manager. 

Milk  analyses  from  Jersey  cows  at  the  Xew  York  State  Agrictiltural  Experiment 
Station,  hy  S.  Monlten  Bahcock,  A.M.,  Ph.D.,  Chemist  {Report  for  year  1882) : 

"  Four  Jersey  cows  arrived  at  the  station  November  30tb,  after  a  two  days'  trip. 
Three  of  these  were  giving  milk,  and  these  were  milked  in  the  morning,  and  were 
not  again  milked  imtil  the  evening,  and  the  mixed  milk  was  at  once  carefully 
sampled  for  purposes  of  analysis.  "We  had,  hence,  the  milk  of  fatigued  and 
harassed  cows.  It  would  scarcely  answer  to  generalize  from  one  case,  yet  we 
would  call  attention  to  the  general  belief  that  harassing  of  cows  diminishes  the  fat 
of  the  milk.     The  results  of  the  analysis  are  phenomenal  in  their  character." 

MIXED    EVENINO    MILK    FKOM    THREE    FATIOUED    JERSEY    COWS. 

1.  Specific  Gravity 1.0226 

2.  Per  cent.  Cream  after  iifteen  lioiirs 80.30 

3.  Fat 10.50 

4.  Casein    3.09 

5.  Albumen 70 

6.  Sugar 3.23 

7.  Ash 59 

8.  Loss 62 


Total  Solids 18.73 

Water 81.27 

100.00 
Per  cent,  nitrogen  by  combustion 0.60 

TOTAL    SOLIDS. 

"  In  the  milk  from  fatigued  cows  the  solids  were  largely  increased,  the  increase 
being  wholly  due  to  increased  amount  of  fat,  the  other  solids  being  lessened.  More 
influence  must  be  attributed  to  insufficient  food  and  deprivation  of  water  than  to 
any  mechanical  effect  of  the  journey."     (Report  of  1883.) 

"  Commencing  January  2d,  1 883,  and  extending  over  a  period  of  forty-seven 
days,  daily  examinations  of  the  milk  of  four  Jersey  cows  were  made,  for  the  purpose 
of  ascertaining  the  influence  of  different  rations  on  the  quantity  and  quality  of  the 
milk.  The  composition  of  the  milk  from  the  herd  of  four  Jersey  cows  kept  at  the 
station  ae  determined  by  analyses  made  during  the  feeding  experiments  is  given 
below." 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


SUMMARY    OF    JERSEY    ANALYSES. 


Elements. 

Highest. 

Lowest. 

Average. 

Specific  Gravity 

Cream 

Solids     

1.0336 

!       17.5 

'       15.90 

1.0296 
10. 
13.26 

4.47 

.3.25 

4.64 
.56 

1.0315 
13.80 
14.47 

Fat 

Casein 

Sugar 

Ash 

6.02 

3.93 

5.56 

74 

5.09 

3.57 

5.15 

.67 

Two  analyses  of  Milk  from  Holstein  cows  helongmg  to  the  herd  of  G.  S.  Miller 
Peterhoro,  JV.  T. : 


Elements. 

Milk  from 

Holstein  Cow 

"Nannie  Smith." 

Milk  from 

Holstein  Cow 

"Gem." 

Specific  Gravity        

1.0319 
12.11 
3.40 
2.47 
5.69 
.55 

1.0305 

Solids 

13.61 

Fat 

4.41 

3.10 

5.34 

Ash 

.76 

ABSTRACT    FROM    REPORT. 

In  the  experiments  with  the  four  Jerseys  they  were  fed,  preceding  the 
analysis,  four  pounds  each  of  wheat  bran  and  four  pounds  corn  meal,  with  hay 
ad  lihitum,  and  the  four  cows  averaged  in  weight,  from  December  10th  to  January  1st, 
seven  hundred  and  nine  pounds. 

From  January  2d  to  7th  each  cow  received  twenty  pounds  hay,  eight 
pounds  corn  meal,  and  eight  pounds  of  shorts,  and  averaged  in  weight  seven 
hundred  and  five  pounds,  and  the  average  solids  in  the  milk  was  14.52  percent. 

January  8th  to  14th  each  cow  had  twenty  pounds  hay,  and,  with  the  exception 
of  three  days,  sixteen  pounds  of  shorts,  the  three  days  fourteen  pounds  of  shorts  and 
fifteen  pounds  hay ;  the  cows  averaged  seven  hundred  and  twenty-two  pounds  in 
weight,  and  gave  their  highest  yield  in  solids  and  in  butter.  Highest  solids,  15.90 
per  cent. ;  average,  15.05. 


340  JERSEY  CA  TTLE  IJV  AMERICA. 

January  15tli  to  19th  each  cow  had  fifteen  pounds  hay  and  twelve  pounds 
gluten  meal,  and  averaged  seven  hundred  and  thirteen  pounds.  The  yield  of  milk 
was  greatest,  but  the  solids  were  14.05  per  cent. 

January  20th  to  25th  each  cow  had  fifteen  pounds  of  hay  and  ten  pounds  corn 
meal,  and  weighed  six  hundred  and  ninety-seven  pounds.  The  solids  averaged 
14.27  per  cent. 

January  26th  to  2Sth  each  cow  had  five  jxninds  hay  and  four  pounds  corn 
meal,  four  pounds  shorts  and  ten  pounds  ensilage.  The  average  weight  of  the 
cows  was  six  hundred  and  ninety-seven  pounds.  The  solids  averaged  14.61  ])er 
cent. 

January  29tli  to  31st  the  feed  was  five  pounds  hay,  four  pounds  corn  ineal,  and 
twenty  pounds  ensilage  to  each  cow.  Their  weight  fell  to  six  hundred  and  ninety- 
one  pounds,  the  milk  greatly  lessened  in  quality,  and  the  solids  averaged  14.83 
per  cent. 

February  Ist  to  3d  each  cow  was  fed  four  pounds  corn  meal  and  thirty  pounds 
ensilage,  with  a  falling  to  six  hundred  and  eighty  pounds  in  average  weight,  a 
lessening  of  milk,  and  an  average  of  14.25  per  cent  of  solids. 

From  February  4th  to  11th  each  cow  had  an  average  feed  of  fifty-five  pounds 
of  ensilage.  They  gave  the  lowest  yield  of  milk  during  the  experiment,  9.41  pounds 
daily ;  the  cows  averaged  six  hundred  and  ninety-three  pounds  in  weight,  and  the 
percentage  of  milk  soHds  was  14.23. 

From  February  12th  to  ISth  each  cow  had  fifteen  pounds  hay,  four  pounds 
corn  meal,  and  four  pounds  shorts.  The  average  weight  was  six  hundred  and 
eighty-five  pounds,  and  the  percentage  of  solids  14.27,  with  an  increase  to  10.59 
pounds  of  milk  daily. 

ANALYSES    MADE    AT    THE    NEW    .lERSEY    STATION,    1880. 


Elements. 

Jersey. 

Native. 

Ayrshire. 

Water 

6  Cows. 

85.28 

14.72 

3.67 

6.21 

4.93 

.91 

21  lbs.  3  oz 

6  Cows. 
86.43 
13.57 
3.34 
4.49 
4.82 
.92 
22  lbs.  9  oz. 

5  Cows. 
8715 

Solids 

12.85 

3.20 

Fat 

4  33 

Sugar 

4.60 

Ash 

.72 

21  lbs.  4  oz. 

JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 

ANALYSES    AT    THE    CONNECTICUT    STATION.* 


347 


Elements. 

Guernseys. 

Guernsey  Cow 
Ceres. 

Ayrshire. 

Specific  Gravity 

3  Cows  7  mos.  from 
Calf. 

1.0337 

85.49 
14.84 
4.12 

4.68 
4.44 

1.08 

8i  mos.  from  Calf. 

1.0368 
82.94 
17.06 

4.60 

6.74 

4.52 

1.20 

3  Cows. 

Water 

87.87 
12  16 

Solids 

Casein 

3  12 

Fat 

3  59 

4  69 

Ash.   .            

76 

MILK    OF    DUTCH    COWS.f 

Dr.  Schmoeger  (Milch-Zeitung,  1881)  gives  the  results  of  extended  obser- 
vations on  the  yield  and  quality  of  milk  from  a  herd  of  forty-five  Dutch  cattle 
in  Proskau,  from  October  15th,  1878,  to  March  31st,  1881.  The  average  yield 
per  head  from  October,  1878,  to  October,  1879,  was  two  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
sixty-four  quarts ;  from  October,  1879,  to  April,  1880,  was  one  thousand  four 
hundred  and  eighteen  quarts ;  and  from  April,  1880,  to  April,  1881,  was  two  thousand 
nine  hundred  and  seventy-three  quarts. 

The  cows  were  milked  three  times  daily :  at  4  and  11  a.m.  and  6  p.m.  The 
observations  on  the  quality  of  the  milk  are  as  follows : 

Morning.  Noon.  Evening. 

(  Minimum 1.0292  1.0291  1.0299 

Specific  Gra^^ty.  J  Maximum 1.0340  1.0340  1.0345 

(  Average 1.0320  1.0312  1.0319 

Average.  Average.  Average. 

Solids 11.31  11.85  11.77 

Fat 2.79  3.41  3.26 

AYRSHIRE    MILK.:]: 

Analysis  of  milk  from  Ayrshire  cow.     Evening  milk,  August  6th,  1876  : 

1.  Right  forward  teat,  yield 2    lbs. 

2.  Left  forward  teat,  yield li    " 

3.  Eight  rear  teat,  yield \\   " 

4.  Left  rear  teat,  yield li    " 

*  From  Connecticut  Annual  Report,  1883.         \  Report  of  Connecticut  Experiment  Station,  1882. 
X  Dr.  Sturtevant,  in  U.  S.  Agricultural  Report,  1880. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


Elements. 

No.  1. 

No.  2. 

No.  3. 

No.  4. 

Specific  Gravity 

1.025 

1.024 

1.026 

1.028 

Fat  .... 

5.59 

4.09 

4.48 

.68 

4.43 

2.18 

6.58 

.61 

4.39 

3;44 

5.00 
.66 

3  84 

Sugar  

4  20 

Casein  and  Alhuincn 

Asli 

5.59 
.67 

Total  Solids 

14.84 
85.16 

13.80 
86.20 

13.49 
86.51 

14.30 

Water 

85.70 

Cow  eleven  years  old ;  seven  months  from  calf.  Feed,  pasture,  fodder-corn, 
and  six  quarts  of  shorts. 

Milk  of  Ayrshire  heifer  two  and  one  half  years  old ;  six  months  from  calving ; 
stabled  and  fed  on  com  fodder,  hay  and  oatmeal. 

1.  Right  forward  teat,  yield If  lbs. 

2.  Left  forward  teat,  yield If    " 

3.  Right  hind  teat,  j-ield 1^    " 

4.  Left  rear  teat,  yield If    " 


Elements. 

No.  1. 

No.  2. 

No.  3. 

No.  4. 

Specific  Gravity 

1.032 
14 

1.0316 
11 

1.030 
13 

1.0315 

10 

Sugar 

Casein  and  Albumen 

Ash 

4.90 

3.53 

.59 

3.32 

5.00 
3.42 

.57 
3.00 

4.72 

3.61 

.61 

2.73 

4.88 

3.48 

64 

Fat 

2.13 

Total  Solids 

12.34 

87.66 

11.99 

88.01 

11.67 

88.33 

11 13 

Water 

88  87 

S.  p.  Sharples,  Chemist. 


The  average  for  the  two  Ayrshires  is  as  follows: 


Specific  Gravity. 

Water. 

Solids. 

Ciisein. 

Fal. 

Sugar. 

Ash 

1.028 

87.05 

12.94 

4.41 

3.67 

4.17 

.62 

JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  349 

EFFECT    OF    WORRY    UPON    QUALITY    OF    MILK.* 

A  pet  COW,  breed  not  stated,  was  purchased,  and  turned  in  with  the  herd  of  the 
new  owner,  and,  although  represented  to  be  a  good  milker,  the  quality  was  poor  and 
almost  creamless.  On  May  14th,  1883,  a  sample  of  her  milk  was  analyzed  at  the 
Connecticut  Station,  with  the  following  results : 

TESTS    OF    MILK. 

Specific  Gravity 1.031 

Solids 11.28 

Fat 2.16 

At  later  dates : 

Aug.  1st,  1883.  Jan.  15th,  1884. 

Water 87.50  84.92 

Sohds 12.50  15.08 

Casein  and  Albumen 2.81  3.34 

Fat 3.94  5.54 

MILK    ANALYSIS    IN    PLEURO-PNEUMONIA. 

From  United  States  Agricultural  Keport  for  1878  is  derived  this  analysis  of  milk 
from  a  grade  Shorthorn  cow  suffering  with  pleuro-pneumonia  : 

Specific  Gravity  at  59°  Fahr 1.033 

Water 86.42 

Fat 2.28 

Sohds  not  fat 11.30 

Casein 4.60 

Albumen 1.23 

Sugar 4.63 

Ash  (insoluble)  .626  "i 

Ash  (soluble)     .213  / 

TESTS  OF  MILK. 

Jersey  Cow  Honey.    Holstein  Cow  Itzehoe. 

(Both  owned  by  W.  8.  Tilton,  Mass.) 

Water 83.55  85.80 

Total  Solids 16.45  14.20 

Fat 5.24  3.94 

Casein  and  Sugar 10.44  9.60 

Mineral  Salts .77  .66 

Per  cent.  Cream  by  vohune 25.75  15.00 

*  Annual  Report  Connecticut  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  1883.     Abstract. 


350  JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 

Analysis  of  six  samples  of  Dutcli  (or   IIolsteiu-Friesian)   milk   by  Professor 
Voelcker,  of  London,  England  : 
Water,  88.20. 
Total  Solids,  11.80. 
Fat,  2.90. 

COMPAKATIVE   CHEMICAL   TKSTS    OF   MILK    OF   DIFFERENT    BREEDS. 

Name  of  Breed.  Total  Solids. 

Jersey,  one  cow *21.43 

Jersey,  three  cows *18.73 

Guernsey,  one  cow 17.15 

Jersey,  one  cow 16.23 

Jersey,  one  heifer  (virjiin) 16.82 

Jersey,  one  cow 16.59 

Jersey,  one  cow 16.33 

Ayrshire,  one  cow 14.76 

Devon,  one  cow 14.75 

Native,  si.\  cows 13.57 

Ayrshire,  seven  cows 12.85 

Short-horn,  one  cow 12.96 

Dutch  (Ilolstein),  one  cow 12.60 

Dutch,  forty-five  cows  for  two  and  a  half  years'  test 11.77 

Breed.  Per  cent,  of  Fat. 

Jersey,  one  cow 12.53 

Jersey,  three  cows 10.50 

Jersey,  one  cow 8.58 

Jersey,  one  virgin  heifer 7.12 

Guernsey,  one  cow 6.74 

Jersey,  one  cow 6.59 

Devon,  one  cow 5.28 

Ayrsliire,  one  cow 4.96 

Swiss  (liighest) 4.50 

Native,  six  cows 4.49 

Shorthorn,  one  cow 3.85 

Dutch  (Ilolstein),  one  cow 3.50 

Dutch  or  Holstein,  forty-five  cows,  two  and  a  half  years'  test 3.26 

*  New  York  State  Expcrimrnt  Station. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  351 

Breed.  Casein. 

Jersey,  one  cow 4-9" 

Jersey,  one  virgin  heifer -i-^O 

Guernsey,  one  cow -i-tiO 

Guernsey,  three  cows ■t.12 

Jersey,  four  cows <^-93 

Jersey,  three  cows 3.61 

Jersey,  six  cows 3.67 

Ayrshire,  one  very  extra  cow 3.26 

Ayrshire,  five  cows 3.20 

Dutch  (Holstein),  one  very  extra  cow 2.78 

RELATIVE    RICHNESS   OF    MILK   IN    BREEDS. 

As  far  as  I  am  able  to  determine  by  the  limited  number  and  incomplete 
character  of  milk  analyses  yet  made,  the  various  breeds  of  cows  deserve  to  rank  for 
richness  in  solids  and  utility  for  the  dairy,  whether  as  butter,  cheese,  cream,  or 
milch  cows,  as  follows : 

1.  Jersey  (always  First). 

2.  Guernsey. 

3.  Angler. 

4.  Ked  Poll. 

5.  Devon. 

6.  American  Eed  (Native). 

7.  Swiss. 

8.  Ayrshire. 

9.  Shorthorn. 

10.  Dutch  (or  Holstein  Friesian). 

"  An  experiment  with  two  Jersey  and  two  Holstein  cows  required  forty-eight 
pounds  of  food  for  Holsteins  and  twenty-four  pounds  for  Jerseys  to  produce  a 
pound  of  butter." 

As  corroborative  evidence  that  tlie  above  tabulation  is  approximately  correct  in 
all  its  parts  and  as  a  whole  essentially  so,  I  quote  from  an  article  written  by  Mr. 
Yalancey  E.  Fuller,  in  the  Cotmtnj  Gentlemmi,  November  26th,  1885,  in  which  he 
says :  "  I  now  desire  to  call  attention  to  a  series  of  public  tests  at  the  Dominion 
Exhibition  in  London,  Ontario,  in  September  last.  It  was  the  boast  of  the  Holstein 
breeders  that  they  had,  in  point  of  numbers  (about  two  hundred,  including  heifers 
and  young  bulls)  a  grand  representative  display ;  and,  as  compared  to  Jerseys,  they 
were  three  to  one. 

"  Tests  were  made  by  Professors  Brown  and  Barre  for  milk,  butter  and  cheese 


353 


JERSEY  CA  TTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


combined,  according  to  the  plan  and  connt  of  points  adopted  in  Eiiirhind  and 
Scotland  at  the  dairy  fairs,  as  follow  : 

" '  1.  MTeiff/d  of  milk.  One  point  (count)  is  allowed  for  every  pound  given  in 
twenty-four  hours.  2.  Quantitij  of  butter.  In  England  the  standard  is  three  pounds 
to  every  one  hundred  pounds  of  milk.  In  Canada  the  standard  is  3.5  pounds  to 
every  one  hundred  pounds  of  milk.  Add  or  deduct  ten  points  (counts)  for  every  one 
above  or  below.  3.  Cheese  curd  per  one  hundred  pounds  of  milk.  Allow  one  point 
(count)  for  every  pound.  4.  Time  since  calving.  Add  one  point  (count)  for  every 
ten  days.' 

"  All  the  cows  were  judged  by  the  same  count  of  points,  and  under  similar 
circumstances,  but  in  different  classes  ;  eight  Holsteins  entered  in  their  class,  three 
Ayrshires  in  theirs  ;  two  grade  Shorthorns  in  theirs,  and  two  Jerseys  in  their  class. 

"  The  Jersey  cow  Rose  of  Eden  led  them  all,  making  the  largest  score  ever 
made  by  any  cow  of  any  breed  in  the  world  for  a  similar  contest — namely,  one 
hundred  and  nine  points  [counts]  for  butter,  milk  and  cheese  combined. 

"  An  Ayrshire  was  second  (83.85) ;  a  grade  Shorthorn  third  (81.52) ;  the  other 
Jersey  fourth  (78.10) ;  Ayrshire  iifth  (68.27) ;  Ilolstein  sixth  (64.29) ;  Holstein 
seventh  (59.07) ;  grade  Shorthorn  eighth  (55.07) ;  Holstein  ninth,  tenth,  eleventh, 
twelfth,  fourteenth,  fifteenth,  and  sixteenth,  and  Ayrsliire  thirteenth  (49.42). 

"  The  Jersey  excelled  the  highest  combined  score  of  the  Ayrshire  twenty- one 
points  [counts]  and  the  highest  of  the  Holsteins  by  forty-five  points  [counts]. 

"The  lowest  Jersey  excelled  the  highest  Holstein  by  over  thirteen  points 
[counts]. 

"  The  averages  of  each  breed  were  as  follow  : 


Milk  in  34  hours 


Jersey 

Ayrsliire 

Holstein 

Grade  Shorthorn 


25.56 
24.51 
32.19 
35.52 


Butter  per 
100  lbs.  of  Milk, 


4.24 
2.9S 


Wet  Cheese 

Curd  per  100  lbs. 

of  Milk. 


20.30 
22.70 
16.59 
20.62 


"  The  highest  milk  record  is  that  of  a  grade  Shorthorn,  46.80  jwiinds.  The 
best  milk  record  of  Holstein  is  37.60  pounds,  and  the  lowest  23.60  pounds.  Highest 
and  lowest  Ayrshire,  29.50  pounds,  and  18.12  pounds. 

"  Highest  and  lowest  Jersey,  twenty-seven  pounds,  and  24.12  pounds.  Quantity 
of  milk  required  to  make  one  pound  of  Imtter:  Jersey,  less  than  fourteen  pounds; 


^^^^ 


ROSE   OF    EDEN   13,437. 

AT  G  YEARS  OLD. 

A  Champion  Prize  Winner. 

oaklands  herd. 

Valancey  E.  Puller,  Hajiilton,  Ontario,  Canada. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IJST  A3IEEICA.  353 

Ayrshire,  over  twenty -three  pounds ;  grade  Shorthorn,  over  twenty -nine  pounds ; 
Holstein,  over  thirty-three  pounds. 

"  Unfortunately  the  Holstein  breeders  did  not  enter  into  direct  competition 
with  other  dairy  breeds  in  a  similar  test  under  like  rules  at  the  Toronto  Exhibition 
in  the  following  week,  and  thus  here  no  comparison  can  be  made,  but  I  may  say 
that  those  competing  ranked  as  follow  :  Jerseys  first,  second,  third,  fifth,  sixth  and 
seventh  places  (there  were  six  Jerseys  entered) ;  Ayrshire  fourth,  ninth,  and  tenth  ; 
Devon  eighth." 

This  evidence  is  cumulative.  The  Jersey  is  always  the  l)est,  the  Ayrshire 
uneven  in  quality,  the  Holstein  always  the  poorest. 

The  Holstein  approaches  nearest  to  a  hydrant,  in  the  quality  of  her  jJroductions, 
of  any  living  creature.  The  best  thing  for  the  Netherlanders  and  the  American 
importers  of  this  breed  to  do  is  to  forthwith  inaugurate  an  improvement  by 
introducing  to  all  their  herds  the  best-bred  American  Jersey  bulls,  so  that  in  six 
generations,  when  their  cattle  shall  have  become  fullbred,  ||th  Jersey  and  -g^th 
Holstein,  they  will  be  possessed  of  a  breed  of  cattle  from  which  to  make  selections 
that  will  astonish  the  world  for  productiveness  and  rich  quality. 

HUMAN     MILK. 

A  comparative  study  of  human  milk  and  cuw's  milk  is  of  great  importance  in 
the  artificial  feeding  of  young  children.  Some  accounts  state  that  "  the  casein  of 
human  milk  is  much  less  precipitable  by  acids  than  is  that  of  the  cow,  very 
commonly  resisting  the  action  of  the  mineral  acids  and  that  of  the  acetic,  but  being 
always  coagulated  by  rennet,  though  the  curd  is  long  in  collecting."  Others  state  that 
"  rennet  does  not  seem  to  act  upon  human  milk  unless  an  acid  be  also  present."  It 
obtains  that  one  of  the  chief  difficulties  in  the  feeding  of  children  with  cow's  milk  is 
the  character  of  the  casein  and  its  formation  of  a  curd  much  denser  than  that  of 
woman's  milk.  Of  the  many  devices  for  correcting  or  overcoming  the  peculiar 
effects  of  the  amount  and  the  density  of  the  bovine  curd,  the  best  is  a  proportional 
dilution  with  a  solution  of  gelatine  and  milk  sugar,  adding  a  small  quantity  of 
rennet  or  lacto-rennetine. 

The  milk  of  women  differs  as  much  in  different  individuals  of  the  same  race  as 
that  of  cows  of  the  same  breed. 

The  dilution  for  -children  should  be  made  proportional  according  to  the 
following  analyses,  regard  being  exercised  to  select  milk  according  to  era  of  calving 
and  age  of  infant,  and  always  from  non-pregnant  cows. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN^  AMEBIC  A. 

Analyses  of  Human  Milk, 
bt  simon. — fourteen  analyses  from  the  same  woman. 


Elements. 

Average. 

Extreme. 

Extreme. 

Water 

88.99 
11.01 
2.53 
3.43 
4.82 
0.23 

83.57 
16.43 
5.40 
4.52 
6.24 
0.27 

93.16 

6.84 

Fat                                                     

0  80 

Casein                        

1.96 

Sugar 

3.92 

Fixed  Salts                              

016 

The  quantity  of  casein  is  least  at  the  beginning  of  lactation,  and  gradually 
increases  to  a  standard  proportion. 

Milk  sugar  is  in  greatest  amount  at  the  commencement  of  lactation,  and  gradually 
decreases.  The  amount  of  butter  fat  is  the  most  variable  constituent.  The 
proportion  of  casein  is  increased  by  exercise,  as  in  animals. 

HUMAN   MILK. 


Elements. 

QOOTID  BT  TaNNBB. 

WObtz'8 
Amaltsis. 

LiBDS'  AUALYSIS  OF 

EioHTT  Samples. 

Blonde. 

2. 
Brunette. 

3. 

Average. 

Average. 

Extreme. 

Extreme. 

Average. 

Water 

89.20 
10.80 

5.85 
3.55 
1.00 
0.40 

85.33 
14.67 
7.12 
5.48 
1.62 
0.45 

88.90 
11.10 
4.36 
2.69 
3.92 
0.13 

87.81 
12.19 
5.78 
3.90 
2.18 
0.33 

87.02 
12.98 
7.05 
4.06 
1.67 
0.20 

91.51 

8.49 
5.40 
2.11 
0.85 
0.13 

79.96 
20.02 
7.92 
6.89 
4.86 
0.37 

86.73 

Solids 

13.26 

Suirar 

6.94 

Fat 

4.13 

Casein 

Salts     . . 

2.00 
0.20 

JERSEY     COWS     AS     MILKERS. 

From  a  record  by  Dr.  Sturtevant,  published  in  United  States  Agricultural 
Eeport  for  1880,  the  Jersey  herd  of  Mr.  Edward  Burnett,  Southborough,  Mass., 
shows  the  following  averages,  which  included  all  the  cows  in  milk,  with  the  young 
heifers,  some  of  which  calved  toward  the  close  of  the  year  in  which  their  first  yield 
appears. 


JERSJEY  CATTLE  IJV  AMERICA.  355 

Deerfoot  Herd. 
Tears.  Qts.  per  Cow. 

1873 2050 

1874 2377 

1875 2215 

1876 2712 

1877 2475 

1878 2404 

1879 2726 

Average  for  seven  years 2423 

''  DEEEFOOT"   herd — INDIVIDUAL  YIELDS. 


Year. 

Pink  3d. 

Pink  4th. 

Susie. 

Mab. 

1873 

Quarts. 
2594 
3118 
3348 
3922 
3827 
3660 
3130 

Quarts. 
2076 
2566 
3143 
3879 
3895 
2820 
2210 

Quarts. 
1988 
2298 
2922 
3476 
3576 
3495 
4524 

Quarts. 
1950 

1874 

2463 

1875 

3028 

1876 

3384 

1877 

2991 

1878 

1879 

2978 
3935 

Average  for  seven  years. . 

3371 

2941 

3182 

2933 

The  cow  Siisie  gave  in  her  seventh  year  an  average  of  12.39  quarts  for  three 
hundred  and  sixty-five  days. 

Deerfoot  Maid  gave  3592  quarts  in  1879. 

Julia  3510  gave  3593  quarts  in  1876. 

Patty  2d  of  Deerfoot  gave  3083  quarts  in  1879. 

Princess  of  Southborough  gave  3043  quarts  in  1879. 

ECHO    FAEM    HERD. 


Records  of  "  Echo  Fann  "  Herd,  Litchfield,  Conn. 

Filbert  3630  at  five  years  old  gave  in  eight  months  8466^  pounds  of  milk, 
or  more  than  eight  times  her  weight. 

Locust  3631  at  six  years  old  gave  during  August  1274  pounds  of  milk,  and  for 


356  JERSEY  CA  TTLE  IN  AMERICA. 

eleven  months  after  calf  gave  9528  pounds,  and  in  the  latter  part  of  the  twelfth 
month,  on  hay  ration,  while  being  forced  dry,  gave  8  pounds  daily. 

Nellie  131  at  sixteen  years  old  had  not  been  dry  in  nine  years,  and  gave  in  lier 
fifteenth  year  7412J  pounds  of  milk,  equivalent  to  3447  quarts. 

Mel  3d  127  when  eleven  years  old  gave  7354^  ])(ninds  of  milk.  (Cherry  18S7, 
her  daughter,  gave  for  Mr.  Durand  44  pounds  a  day.  i 

Clemmy  450  when  fourteen  years  of  age  gave  055  pounds  of  milk  in  one  month. 

Dash  3060  when  eight  years  old  gave  8453  pounds  of  milk  ;  at  nine  years  old 
7848  pounds,  and  at  ten  years  of  age  8937^  pounds,  or  4156  quarts. 

Norton's  Peggy  2811  when  seven  years  old  gave  8550  pounds  of  milk,  and  at 
nine  years  old  7782  pounds. 

Viviane  6866  at  ten  years  old  gave  7271  pounds  of  milk. 

Arawana  Belle  3277  at  eight  years  old  gave  8060  pounds  of  milk  in  ten  months. 

Quakeress  1861  gave  at  nine  years  old  8414  pounds,  or  3913  quarts. 

Myrtilla  2898  at  nine  years  old  gave  in  less  than  five  months  3556  pounds  of 
milk. 

lUid  i)f  Glastonbury  4652  at  seven  years  old  gave  in  five  months  twenty -two 
days  4081^  pounds  of  milk. 

MILK    OF   FAMOUS    BUTTER    COWS. 

Jersey  Belle  of  Scituate  7828  when  making  her  test  of  705  pounds  of 
butter  in  a  year  had  ordinary  pasture  and  two  quarts  of  bran  daily  in  summer, 
rowen  hay  and  two  quarts  of  bran  in  winter.  She  made  a  pound  of  buttei-  from 
five  and  one  half  quarts  of  milk  at  the  flush  and  from  four  quarts  later  in  her 
seasoTi,  thus  giving  from  20  to  21  quarts  a  day  at  the  flush,  and  was  never  dry, 
yielding  25  pounds  of  milk  ten  hours  before  calving. 

Mary  Anne  of  St.  Lambert  9770  when  five  years  old  produced,  between 
calves,  8470  pounds  12f  ounces  of  milk,  which  made  867  pounds  14|  ounces  of  salted 
butter,  and  in  her  oflicial  test  of  seven  days,  when  six  yeai-s  old,  produced  36  pounds 
12J  ounces  of  salted  butter  from  245  pounds  of  milk,  or  a  pound  of  butter  from  si.\ 
and  two  thirds  pounds  of  milk  (three  and  one  seventh  quarts),  an  average  daily  )-ield 
of  35  pounds,  or  16^  quarts  of  milk.  Her  daily  feed  was  withered  clover  pasture, 
from  thirty-five  to  fifty  quarts  of  grain,  a  small  quantity  of  roots,  cabbages,  and  a 
few  apples,  divided  into  from  five  to  seven  feeds. 

Eprotas  2454,  between  two  calves  dropped  within  one  year,  yielded  in  340  days 
7525  pounds  of  Tnilk,  which  made  778  pounds  1  ounce  of  butter  ready  for  market. 

Masena  25,732,  between  calves  dropped  a  year  and  fifteen  days  apart,  yielded 
in  376  days  9101  jwunds  of  milk,  which  made  9t)2  pounds  3  ounces  of  l)utter  ready 
for  market. 


JERSEY   CA  TTLE  IN  AMERICA.  357 

Average    Milk    Yield   of  Houyhton  Farm  Herd  for  One  Year — Fifteen  Goios, 

including  Two  Aged  Cows  and  Three  Undeveloped  Heifers* 

Herd  Book 
Number.  Lbs.       Oz. 

7.177    ti,077     1-i 

7.178   6,505       4 

7.280  6,081  5 

7.281  5,131  11 

7,283  5,64-7  13 

9,127  6,151  8 

12,560  4,901  1 

12.574  4,611  . . 

12.575  5,062  9 

12,578  6,176  15 

14,432 5,600  02 

14.992  5,048  14 

14.993  6,899  8 

6,560  3 

7,207  8 

Fifteen  cows 87,663       3 

Average  5844  pounds  3  ounces  =  2,718^  (juarts. 

Hon.  Thomas  Allen's  "  Maplehurst  Herd,"  reported  by  D.  G.  Roberts  in 
Scientific  Farmer,  1878,  Panthea,  a  heifer  very  remarkable  for  productiveness, 
richness  and  persistent  milking,  dropped  her  first  caK  when  twenty-one  months  and 
twenty-seven  days  old,  in  the  year  1875,  October  10th,  and  has  given  milk  as 
follows  :  From  that  date  up  to  January  1st,  1876,  gave  1205  pounds.  During  the 
year  ending  December  31st,  1876,  she  gave  a  total  of  4136  pounds,  and  during  the 
year  1877  she  gave  as  follows :  January,  373  ;  February,  337 ;  March,  367  ;  April, 
207 ;  May,  178  ;  June,  176  ;  July,  526  ;  August,  732  ;  September,  609  ;  October, 
876;  November,  771;  December,  548 — making  a  total  of  11,041  pounds  of  milk 
given  before  she  was  forty-nine  months  old.  She  was  tested  at  butter-making  when 
twenty-three  months  old  (one  month  from  first  calf),  the  first  seven  days  of  Novem- 
ber, 1875.  Gave  114  pounds  of  milk,  and  made  8i  pounds  of  butter,  a  poimd  of 
butter  from  13.41  pounds  of  milk.  The  first  seven  days  of  November,  1877,  gave 
161  pounds  of  milk,  and  made  12^  pounds  of  butter,  a  pound  from  12.9  pounds  of 
milk.  Taking  these  averages,  she  must  have  made  over  850  pounds  of  butter  before 
the  first  of  January,  1878.  Previous  to  this  date  she  has  given  milk  eight  hundred 
and  eleven  days ;   consequently  she  has  made  an  average  of  more  than  a  pound  of 

*  Reported  for  this  work  by  Henry  E.  Alvord. 


358  JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMEJilCA. 

butter  a  day.  Panthea  lias  steadily  given  milk  siuce  she  caine  in,  and  has  dropiK'd 
three  calves. 

Mr.  11.  Saltonstall  reported  in  Scientijic  Fai-mei' :  Yield  of  imported  Jei-seycow 
Snowdrop  569  for  one  year,  9085  pomids  of  milk,  and  succeeding  year  9(>'23  pounds. 

Buttercup  2d  5G32,  with  second  calf,  1877.  ^nelded  9080  pounds  of  milk ;  Mr. 
F.  Davis's  cow.  Belle  of  Newton  1747,  gave  in  three  hundred  and  fifty-three  days, 
1874,  10,085  pomids  of  milk. 

PROSPECT    HILL    FAKM    HKKD.* 

The  largest  yield  ever  i-ejjorted  from  a  heifer  with  first  calf,  Fawx  <>f 
St.  Lambert  27,942,  making  10,101^  pounds  with  ordinary  feed. 

La  Petite  More  2d  12,810  yielded  10,329  pounds  of  milk  in  one  year  on 
ordinary  feed  of  pasture  and  hay. 

Matilda  4rH  12,816  yielded  from  April  1st  to  December  1st,  18S5,  11,167^ 
pounds  of  milk,  and  is  still  yielding  about  40  pounds  daily,  with  a  prospect  of 
reaching  over  15,000  in  a  year. 

T<sf.'<  i)f  Three  Cowx — Feed:    Hay,  Corn-stalks,  a7id  not  more   than    27  Pounds 

Mixed  Ground  Feed. 

Matilda  4th  12,816.  La  Petite  M6re  2d  12,810.  Ida  of  St.  Lambert  24.990. 

Last  calf,  April  1,  1885.  Last  calf,  October  30,  1885.  Last  calf,  November  16,  1885. 

Lbs.                                                     Lbs.  Lbs. 

38  December  11    56  December  11    63^ 

40  "  12   53  '•  12   67 

39  "  13   53  "  13   67 

39  "  14  50J  "  14  63 

40  "  15  52i  "  15  65 

38  "  16  54  '•  16  6.3i 

38  "  17  52  "  17  65 

272  1m  454 

LOESER    FARM    HERD,    SOMERVILLE,    N.    J. 

Jenny  Pogis  22,984  yielded  at  two  years  old  5877^  pounds  of  milk  and  a 
calf  in  less  than  one  year,  11|^  pounds  of  milk  making  a  pound  of  butter;  or  at  the 
rate  of  505  pounds  of  butter  in  the  year. 

Daisy  Pogis  23,015,  at  two  years  old,  yielded  6S77  pounds  of  milk  in  twelve 
months. 

PERSISTENCY    OK    JERSEYS    IN    MILK. 

The  Jersey  breed  is  the  most  remarkable  for  persistency  in  milking,  many 
cows  being  perpetual  milkei-s.     The  Jerseys,  as  far  as  I  have  observed,  illustrate  the 

*  Miller  &  Sibk-y,  Fruukliu,  Veuaiigo  Co.,  Pa. 


December 

11    

12   

13   

" 

14   

■    " 

15    

16   

17   

Total 

JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  A3IERICA. 


theory  of  Guenon  in  respect  to  tliis  quality  with  ahnost  absohite  accuracy,  cows 
escutcheons  of  the  first  order  being  perpetual  milkers  when  they  are  not 
by  bad  milking  ;  those  of  the  second  order  going  dry  one  month,  and  those 
of  the  third  order  from  two  and  one  half  to  three  months.  The  cow  that  never 
goes  dry  is  oftener  a  Jersey  than  of  any  other  breed. 

Major  Henry  E.  Alvord  reports  in  Jersey  Bulletin,  October,  1884,  two 
illustrations  of  persistency  in  Houghton  Farm  herd.  "  As  good  examples  of  this 
excellent  habit,  I  give  the  records  of  two  heifers.  The  first  is  Amalgam  15,360,  bred 
by  T.  J.  Hand,  bom  September,  1881,  a  granddaughter  of  Eioter  2d  469.  The  other 
is  Mrs.  Laugtry  14,994,  born  at  Houghton  Farm,  December,  1881.  Mrs.  Langtry 
took  first  prize  in  her  class  (seventeen  entries)  at  the  last  New  York  State  Fair. 
Amalgam  dropped  her  first  calf  August  18th,  1883,  and  her  second  August  29th,  1884. 

"  The  following  is  the  record  of  her  milking  between  these  dates.  She  was 
milked  every  day,  but  the  milk  was  not  weighed  in  August,  1884,  nor  for  five  days 
after  her  first  calf. 

"  Mrs.  Langtry  dropped  her  first  calf  December  19th,  1883,  and  is  due  again 
December  20th,  1884. 

"  Her  product  from  October  1st  is  estimated  : 


xlMAMAM   15,360. 

August 124  lbs. 

September 498  " 

October 480  " 

November 452  " 

December 483  " 

January 473  " 

February 447  " 

March 477  " 

AjDril 441  " 

May 451  " 

June 422  " 

July 402  " 

Total 5,155  lbs. 


1  oz. 


Mrs.  Lakgtry  14,994. 

December 152  lbs.  1  oz. 

January 608  "  6  " 

Feljruary 544  "  4  " 

March 548  "  13  " 

April 504  "  4  " 

May 546  "  ..   " 

Jime 544  "  15  " 

July 525  "  10  " 

August 503  "  . .   " 

September 487  "  11  " 

October 400  "  ..   " 

November,  dry. 


Total 


.5,635  lbs.     2  oz. 


"  With  small  allowances  for  the  milk  nut  used,  the  product  for  the  year  after 
the  first  calf  is,  for  one,  over  2400  quarts,  and  for  the  other  2500  quarts.  This  is  a 
good  record,  and  the  quality  is  equal  to  the  quantity.  But  the  point  especially  to  be 
noted  is  the  very  even  and  persistent  product,  which  I  deem  of  the  greatest  value. 

"  Both  heifers  were  brought  to  calf  first  at  a  suitable  time  to  develop  this 
important  habit.  Amalgam  in  particular.     She  had  the  fine  nutritious  pasturage  of 


360  JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERFCA. 

September  and  October  to  give  her  a  start,  and  then,  just  as  she  would  be  tending  to 
diminished  yield,  when  five  or  six  niontlis  in  calf,  fresh  spring  pasture  started  her  up 
again  and  kept  her  in  milk  right  along  to  second  calf.  This  calf  is  strong  and 
hearty,  and  the  dam  in  Septeml)er  gave  more  inilk  than  in  any  month  of  her  first 
year.  .  .  .  Give  me  the  little  Jersey,  yielding  a  good  mess  of  rich  milk  nearly  every 
day  I  have  to  feed  her,  and,  pro])erly  handled,  most  jirofitable,  while  many  other 
cows  are  dry. 

"When  a  robust  cow  keej)s  up  lier  How  and  shows  no  signs  of  entire  drying 
before  she  'springs'  f(jr  a  new  calf,  I  lia\e  never  gained  anything  by  struggling 
to  make  her  dry  off,  and  never  experienced  any  l)ad  result  to  cow  or  calf  by  a 
continuous  yield." 

UNRIVALLED    RICHNKSS    OF   JKKSETS. 

j'y  reference  to  the  tallies  of  butter  tests  in  another  part  of  this  work  it  will 
be  seen  that  nearly  eleven  hundred  cows  have  made  14  pounds  of  butter  or  u]>ward 
in  seven  days.  Of  these,  ninety-eight  cows  have  made  20  pounds  or  upward,  and  the 
highest  record  is  an  oflicial  test  of  46  pounds  12i- ounces  in  seven  days.  Of  tlie 
one  thousand  and  eighty  tests,  as  far  as  has  been  ascertained,  more  than  two  liundivd 
cows  have  made  a  pound  of  butter  from  less  than  14  poinids  or  (U  cjuarts  of  milk  ;  and 
of  this  number,  one  hundred  and  forty  cows  have  made  a  })ound  of  l)utter  from  less 
than  13  pounds  or  OgV  quarts  of  milk;  one  Inmdred  cows  have  made  a  pound  of 
butter  from  less  than  12  pounds  or  of  quarts  of  milk ;  si.xty  cows  have  made  a  pound 
of  butter  from  less  than  11  jiounds  or  5^'^  quarts  of  milk  ;  thirty  cows  have  made  a 
pound  of  butter  from  less  than  10  poimds  or  4f  quarts  of  milk  ;  nineteen  cows  have 
made  a  poiiiid  of  butter  from  less  than  9  pounds  or  4^  quarts  of  milk ;  ten  cows 
have  made  a  pound  of  butter  from  less  than  7  pounds  or  SJ  quarts  of  milk  ;  four 
cows  have  yielded  a  pound  of  butter  from  less  than  6  pounds  or  2f  quarts  of  milk  : 
and  one  cow,  Ethleel  2d  32,291,  by  ofiicial  test  with  first  calf,  yielded  a  pound  of 
butter  from  5^^;^  pounds  or  2f  quarts  of  milk. 

THE    AKT    OF    Mir.KINO. 

Milking  is  an  art  wholly  to  be  learned  by  practice,  and  cxjHM-t  skill  is  developed 
only  in  the  one  who  has  natural  adaptation. 

The  secretion  of  the  udder  glands  fills  the  tubes  and  reservoirs  to  distention  in 
from  eight  to  twelve  hours,  when  the  cow  desires  natural  relief  by  the  sucking  of 
her  calf  or  the  artificial  gratification  furnished  by  the  hand  of  the  milker.  The 
calf's  mouth  fits  the  teat,  so  that  the  palate  forms  a  ])oint  of  resistance  in  one 
direction,  while  the  mol)ile  tongue  gives  an  undulatory  pressure  along  the  teat 
channel,  forcing  the  fluid  contents  against  the  lower  elastic  ring,  which  opens  to  give 
vent  to  a  flowing  jet,  and  closes  again  while  the  upper  elastic  ring  opens  to  allow  the 
enq)ty   teat    to  be    filled    l)y  the   j)ressure    from    the    reservoir    above.     Tlie    hand 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  361 

assimilates  the  action  of  the  calf's  mouth,  the  palm  taking  the  place  of  the  palate, 
and  the  pliant  fingers  being  substituted  for  the  tongue.  Only  by  much  practice  can 
the  delicate  manipulation  requisite  be  attained,  which  shall  rapidly  drive  the 
alternate  jets  into  the  foaming  pail  with  the  utmost  celerity.  When  the  hand  is  at 
first  applied  to  the  teats  the  cow  involuntarily  tightens  the  upper  elastic  ring,  which 
seems  to  make  the  udder  fuller  and  harder,  and  the  milker  gets  only  the  fluid  lying 
in  the  channel  of  the  teats. 

But  in  two  or  three  seconds,  if  the  cow  is  in  good  health  and  on  friendly  terms 
with  the  milker,  she  gives  a  free  relaxation  of  the  upper  sphincter,  and  the  teats  are 
quickly  swollen  with  the  milk  that  is  pressed  from  the  distended  reservoirs,  and  the 
cow  yields  herself  and  the  whole  contents  of  the  udder  unreservedly  to  the  milker's 
hands.  Now  is  the  milker's  opportunity  to  obtain  all  the  milk  secreted,  provided 
his  movements  are  dexterous  and  speedy,  for  the  milk  must  all  be  drawn  during 
this  mood  of  yielding  relaxation  of  the  cow.  Any  interruption  of  the  steady  flow 
or  any  slacking  of  the  speed  of  the  jets  induces  a  contraction  to  shut  off  the  flow, 
and  tends  to  lessen  the  amount  secreted,  so  that  the  moderate  or  lazy  milker  never 
gets  the  whole  mess,  because  he  never  allows  the  cow  to  yield  her  full  amount,  and 
the  habit  confirmed  makes  a  great  difference  in  the  annual  yield  of  a  cow. 

The  milker  should  know  that  the  cow  yields  her  milk  readily  and  continuously 
as  long  as  she  feels  a  sense  of  relief  at  his  hands,  and  that  the  more  expeditious  he  is 
in  gratifying  the  cow  the  greater  will  be  the  yield.  But  if  the  cow  is  offended  or 
her  quietude  and  comfort  disturbed  she  may  refuse  to  yield  her  milk  altogether 
until  her  mind  is  diverted  by  feeding,  and  even  then  a  stranger  or  offensive  person 
will  fail  to  ol)tain  all  the  milk. 

It  should  also  be  borne  in  mind  tliat  tlie  udder  and  teats  are  of  a  delicate 
structure,  and  consequently  may  be  permanently  injured  by  casual  violence  or  any 
harsh  usage.  No  other  method  of  drawing  the  milk  except  by  well-trained  hands  is 
to  be  tolerated,  unless  it  be  in  a  case  of  disease  where  the  ordinary  hand  pressure 
cannot  be  endured  or  fails  to  draw  the  milk.  In  such  instances  a  milking-tube  may 
be  used  until  the  disease  is  remedied.  The  tube  must  Ije  of  a  good  pattern,  perfectly 
smooth,  and  always  well  oiled  at  the  time  of  its  introduction,  when  it  may  be  passed 
slowly  and  gently  through  the  sphincters  to  allow  a  steady  flow  from  the  reservoir. 

In  any  case  the  milking-tube  is  a  necessary  evil,  and  must  only  be  used  in  an 
emergency,  and  immediately  discarded  when  the  emergency  is  passed. 

Good  milkers  are  hard  to  find.  The  skill  and  thoroughness  with  which  the 
milking  is  done  is  one  of  the  most  important  factors  in  successful  dairying  and 
breeding.  Milking  must  be  done  gently,  quickly,  thoroughly,  and  with  all  cleanliness. 
The  structure  of  the  lacteal  organs  is  so  delicate  that  without  the  requisite  gentleness 
the  teats  and  udder  are  liable  to  serious  injury. 

The  milk  cannot  be  drawn  too  quickly  or  the  udder  stripped  too  thoroughly,  and 


362  JERSEY  CA  TTLE  IN  AMERICA. 

unless  done  verv  quickly  and  very  thoroughly  loss  and  injury  are  sure  to  follo-n-,  for 
the  cow  that  is  milked  properly  gives  her  full  quantity  with  due  persistency,  while 
the  cow  that  falls  to  the  hands  of  an  indolent  and  careless  milker  will  fall  off  in 
quantity  and  persistency,  often  to  her  permanent  injury.  Many  cows  are  utterly 
ruined  by  ignorant,  lazy  and  vicious  milkers.  Cleanliness  of  character  and  cleanliness 
of  person  shine  forth  in  t^je  stable  and  the  dairj-  as  cardinal  virtues,  while  filthiness 
of  person,  filthy  character,  filthy  language  and  slovenly  work  are  intolerable  soiirces 
of  moral,  pliysical  and  financial  degradation.  The  milker  must  have  a  love  for  all 
the  cattle  under  his  care,  a  love  that  would  shield  them  from  all  injury  and  every 
hurt ;  he  must  treat  a  Jersey  cow  as  gently  as  he  would  a  lady,  and  her  calf  as 
tenderly  as  a  child.  He  must  be  cleanly  in  dress,  with  clean  linen,  clean  jacket,  clean 
overalls  and  clean  shoes,  and  never  a  dirty  hat.  He  must  not  chew  or  smoke  tobacco, 
or  drink  whiskey.  No  pipe  or  cigar  should  ever  be  allowed  inside  the  stable  or  the 
dairv.  The  man  who  drops  a  pipe  into  the  milk  is  quite  as  dangerous  as  the  one 
wiio  allows  (lung  and  dirt  to  accumulate  in  the  pail. 

The  milker  should  have  soft  hands  and  quick,  strong  muscles.  The  cow  should 
be  bruslied,  the  udder  and  teats  carefully  wiped  with  a  clean,  moist  cloth  previous  to 
each  milking,  and  a  little  vaseline  applied  if  the  teats  are  sore  or  chapped.  The 
"  Perfect  Miikpail  "  or  its  equivalent  is  essential  to  avoid  all  dust  and  dandruff,  and 
to  strain  tlie  milk  as  it  is  drawn.  In  this  pail  the  lid  is  used  for  a  seat,  while  the 
milk  falls  upon  a  strainer  in  the  spout  of  the  pail.  A  narrow-mouthed  can  with  two 
or  more  thicknesses  of  fine  cloth  tied  across  for  a  strainer  may  be  used,  laying  a  small 
plate  or  saucer  in  the  centre  to  receive  the  stream  and  prevent  the  wear  of  the  cloth, 
as  well  as  to  insure  clean  straining. 

KICKING  cows. 

Kicking  cows  should  be  treated  with  great  gentleness,  as  their  tendency  to  kick 
is  usually  the  effect  of  sore  teats  or  a  peculiar  nervous  excitability.  Cruelty  and 
punishment  only  confirm  the  habit.  Any  arrangement  which  compels  the  cow  to 
stand  upon  three  legs  will  ensure  safety  to  the  milker.  Bending  up  a  foreleg  and 
slipping  on  a  link  of  rope  or  a  rubber  elastic,  or  drawing  up  one  hind  leg  by  a  fi.xed 
pulley,  are  convenient  means  for  controlling  any  valuable  cow  that  lias  tliis  unfortunate 
habit.  The  hocks  may  also  be  firmly  bound  together  by  buckling  a  pair  of  leather 
stockings  upon  the  legs,  like  the  manner  of  handcuffs. 

MILKING    MACHINES. 

In  milking,  no  machine  will  ever  be  able  to  compete  M'itli  the  human  hand.  All 
attempts  to  use  mechanical  appliances  are  sure  to  result  in  serious  injury  to  the  cow 
and  financial  loss  to  the  owner.     Good  milking  should  be  cultivated  as  a  fine  art  in 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  363 

every  dairy,  and  those  cows  should  be  bred  which  yield  the  greatest   returns  for  so 
laborious  an  occupation. 

Between  the  rich  milk  secretion  of  the  best  strains  of  Jerseys  and  the  excessively 
watery  secretion  of  the  Dutch  or  liolstein  breed,  there  is  the  widest  possible  diii'erence. 
It  is  much  easier  to  draw  water  from  a  hydrant  by  the  force  of  gravity  than  to 
laboriously  pull  it  from  the  teats  of  a  Dutch  cow. 

CLEANLINESS     IN    MILKING. 

The  stable  should  have  a  dressing-room  where  the  milkers  can  wash  their  hands, 
black  their  shoes,  and  tidy  themselves.  Every  operation  in  the  dairy  should  be 
absolutely  cleanly,  and  the  milker  always  tidy  enough  to  enter  a  parlor  or  to  sit  at 
the  dinner-table  whenever  he  presents  himself  to  the  task  of  milking.  Whether 
this  branch  of  work  can  best  be  done  by  men  or  women  is  a  question  unsettled. 
Women  have  softer  hands,  but  men  have  more  of  the  necessary  muscular  power. 
Perhaps  the  singing  dairy-maid  will  yet  reappear  in  the  American  Jersey  dairy  as  a 
necessary  element  of  success. 

PERPETUAL    MILKEES. 

The  Jersey  cow's  habit  of  persistent  milking  should  be  cultivated.  Perpetual 
milkers  cannot  be  forced  dry  without  injury. 

Some  cows  yield  as  high  as  from  ten  to  twenty  pounds  of  milk  daily  at  calving 
time  without  any  interruption  to  the  habitual  flow.  Such  cows  sometimes  have  small 
calves  needing  special  care,  that  grow,  however,  to  full  size  and  vigor,  and  inherit 
the  family  propensity  of  perpetual  milking.  It  is  worse  than  useless  to  attempt  to 
force  such  animals  into  the  habits  of  other  breeds  that  go  dry  from  three  to  six 
months.  Good  Jerseys  will  not  adopt  the  habit.  Heifers  of  persistent  families  may 
require  milking  for  one  month  before  the  first  calf,  when  the  udder  is  early  in  its 
distention,  in  order  to  .prevent  garget. 

SELF-SDCKING    COWS. 

By  the  customary  performance  of  licking  and  dressing  herself  a  cow  may 
acqiiire  the  habit  of  relieving  her  own  udder  of  its  contents,  nmeh  to  her  enjoyment 
and  the  dissatisfaction  of  her  owner.  Many  cruel  devices  have  been  invented  to 
cure  the  habit,  but  most  of  them  injure  the  cow  without  attaining  the  desired 
result. 

The  sim]3lest  way  to  treat  such  a  cow  is  to  keep  her  in  the  stall  and  milk  her  three 
times  a  day.  Whenever  she  is  let  out  for  exercise  give  the  teats  a  coating  of  the 
following  mixture :  fluid  extract  of  wormwood  one  fluid  ounce,  and  gum  arable 
mucilage  two  fluid  ounces.  Apply  with  a  mucilage  brush,  covering  the  teats.  This 
is  exceedingly  bitter,  and  the  cow  ought  to  be  fully  satisfied  with  one  attempt,  but  it 
may  be  well  to  repeat  it  until  the  habit  is  thoroughly  disrelished  and  forgotten. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMEKTC. 


For  an  involuntary  liowiiig  of  milk  the  e^;sontial  remedy  is  frenueut  milking. 
If  the  udder  is  relieved  three  or  four  times  daily  at  regular  intervals  it  is  indeed  a 
bad  case  that  cannot  be  thus  remedied.  An  extra  good  cow  that  has  this  fault  may 
be  milked  five  times  a  day,  and  that  would  prove  profitable  not  alone  l)y  saving  the 
milk,  but  also  largely  increasing  the  yield  of  cream. 

THE    ESCUTOHEOX    AX    INDEX     OF     PERSISTENCY. 

Instead  of  trying  to  force  cows  dry,  if  one  desires  to  have  his  herd  rest  for  one, 
two,  or  three  months,  upon  the  supposition  that  the  calves  will  develop  more  vigor 
of  constitution,  let  him  rather  follow  the  Guenon  schedule  and  make  his  pick  of 
cows  that  will  go  dry  spontaneously  when  wanted  to  do  so.  If  one  wishes  his  cows 
to  go  dry  three  months  let  him  select  and  save  all  the  cows  and  heifer  calves  haNdng 
hind  escutcheons  of  the  third  order.  There  will  be  some  exceptions  of  course  to 
this  law,  but  even  among  a  race  of  persistent  milkers  like  the  Jerseys  the  Guenon 
index  is  a  fair  guide  as  to  the  time  a  cow  will  go  dry. 

If  you  wish  cows,  however,  that  will  do  their  utmost  in  the  production  of  milk 
and  butter,  it  would  be  well  to  cultivate  the  ideal  escutcheons  as  illustrated  in  another 
part  of  this  work.  Those  cows  that  have  a  perfect  hind  escutcheon  and  a  broad 
belly  escutcheon  extending  to  or  beyond  the  navel  will  not  only  do  the  utmost 
consistent  with  their  race,  family  and  breeding,  in  quantity  and  quality,  but  will  be 
almost  certain  to  never  go  dry  unless  forced  dry  at  tlie  risk  of  oi-gauic  injury. 

FREQUENCY    OF    MILKING. 

Large  producers  ought  to  have  the  udder  completely  emptied  and  thoroughly 
stripped  thrice  daily,  at  equal  intervals  of  eight  hours.  The  punctuahty  of  the 
milking  hour  is  also  of  great  importance,  for  punctuality  cannot  be  violated  without 
affecting  unfavorably  the  habits  of  secretion  in  the  cow.  For  this  reason  it  is  a 
great  injury  to  the  udder  to  allow  it  to  become  distended  and  painful  far  beyond 
the  usual  milking  time,  "  stocked,"  as  we  often  see  at  public  sales,  where  an  udder 
is  sometimes  allowed  to  become  so  strained  as  to  l)e  deformed  and  unsightly  in 
carrying  more  than  nature  designed  it  should  hold.  Three  milkings  daily  increase 
the  secretion  of  milk  and  cream  so  as  to  add  a  large  percentage  of  profit  above  two 
milkings. 

NIMBER    OF    cows    TO    A    MII.KEK. 

In  large  herds  it  becomes  an  inqiortant  consideration  to  limit  the  number  of 
cows  to  be  apportioned  to  each  milker,  and  to  confine  each  milker  to  the  cows 
selected  for  him.     Milking  being  the  most  important  work  in  the  dairy,  in  that  it 


JJSRSEY  CATTLE  IJV  A3IEIiICA.  365 

requires  a  special  skill  in  delivery,  great  s^jeed,  and  uufoinjiroinisiiig  punctuality  in 
its  performance  every  day  in  the  year,  the  milker  should  nut  he  overtaxed,  and,  as 
far  as  practicable,  he  should  always  milk  the  same  coivs  and  in  the  same  order  and 
by  t/ie  dock,  on  time. 

In  every  dairy  there  is  the  continual  variation  from  flush  yields  to  the  minimum 
or  dry  state.  It  is  possible  for  an  expert  to  milk  twenty  cows,  but  with  extra  good 
milkers  better  results  will  be  obtained  by  allowing  not  more  than  ten  cows  to  each 
milker.  Much  depends  upon  the  men  and  the  cows.  If  a  milker  is  given  too  many 
cows  he  will  be  apt  to  acquire  habits  of  slackness,  to  the  loss  of  tJie  owner  in  many 
ways,  by  reducing  their  productive  capacity,  or  preventing  their  complete 
development  as  dairy  cows.  The  better  the  cows  the  greater  the  numljer  of  milkers 
required,  in  projjortion  to  the  herd  number.  As  a  matter  of  economy  Jerseys  are 
the  cheapest  milkei's,  because  thej'  give  a  much  greater  value  in  cream,  butter, 
cheese,  and  all  the  nutritive  elements  of  milk,  for  a  given  amount  of  labor  of  all 
kinds,  than  any  other  breed  of  dairy  cattle. 

It  is  very  expensive  labor  when  men  are  hired  to  di'aw  watej-ed  milk  from  cows' 
udders,  and  the  manipulation  of  the  dilution  is  also  very  expensive  after  it  is  drawn. 
The  best  breed  is  that  which  gives  condensed  milk  in  large  quantities,  rather  than 
an  immense  quantity  of  watered  milk. 

Every  dairy  should  have  a  tabulated  set  of  rules  posted  in  the  milking-room, 
requiring  cleanliness,  punctuality,  alertness  and  thoroughness  in  every  milker.  The 
cows  ought  to  be  inspected  by  the  owner  or  his  herdsman  after  each  milking,  to  see 
that  they  are  thoroughly  stripped. 

TREATMENT  OF  MILK  FOR  HOME  USE  OK  TRANSPORTATION. 

Milk,  to  be  in  good  condition  for  use  at  the  farm,  or  to  bear  transportation, 
needs,  at  all  seasons  of  the  year,  a  special  preparation.  As  soon  as  it  is  drawn  it 
Tuust  be  quickly  reduced  to  a  temperature  below  60°.  This  is  readily  done  by  placing 
it  in  tin  cans,  which  are  set  into  cold  spring  water.  The  water-line  must  always  rise 
higher  than  the  milk,  and  the  mouth  of  the  can  protected  by  a  cover  of  muslin.  If 
desired,  the  milk  may  be  gently  stirred  for  a  half  hour  before  putting  on  the  muslin 
cover,  as  the  stirring  facilitates  the  cooling.  In  no  case  must  the  milk  be  as  high  as 
the  water  in  the  tank  or  spring,  for  it  must  be  e(£ually  cooled  throughout.  Never 
mix  milk  of  different  temperatures.  The  large  cans  may  be  transported  in  coolers 
that  keep  the  temperature  below  62°,  or  the  milk  maybe  transferred  to  glass  bottles, 
which  can  be  sent  to  market  in  refrigerator  cars  or  wagons  suitably  provided  with 
cooUng  boxes.  Milk  may  be  cooled  by  running  it  through  a  spiral  pipe  immersed 
in  a  tank  of  spring-water  fed  from  a  pipe  passing  beneath  tlie  ice-house.  Otherwise 
cover  the  cans  with  wet  blankets. 

It  is  essential  that  the  first  cooHng  be  done  promptly,  to  insure  keeping  quality. 


3G6  JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

Tlie  flavor  of  the  milk  is  also  greatly  improved.     The  stirring  prevents  the  cream 
from  rising,  and  is  essential  where  the  milk  is  to  be  used  by  young  children. 
The  stirring  is  important  with  Jersey  milk. 

CREAM. 

Sweet  Cream,  soft,  smooth,  palatable  and  of  delicate  flavor,  is  tlie  clioicest 
element  in  every  sumptuous  repast  and  the  most  delicious  luxury  of  the  civilized  world. 
It  gives  a  most  agreeable  flnish  to  the  best  productions  of  the  culinary  art,  so  that 
many  of  the  most  wholesome  dishes  are  incomplete  without  its  crowning  excellence. 

Stewed  celer}',  sweet  com,  lima  beans,  cauliflower,  sweet  peas,  asparagus, 
artichokes,  baked  potatoes  and  spinach  are  all  enhanced  in  richness  by  the  addition 
of  this  barmonizer. 

The  Garden  Royal,  the  Pippin,  the  Mother  Apple,  and  all  the  rich  aromatic 
apples  when  roasted  or  baked  mate  well  with  sweet  cream. 

The  melting  flesh  and  rich,  racy  flavor  of  the  Nectarine  Peach,  and  the  superb, 
meaty  Melocoton,  are  never  so  well  appreciated  as  when  mingled  in  a  bath  of  cream. 

The  strawberry  amateur  will  readily  admit  that  the  spicy  flavor  of  Belle 
Bordelaise  or  Triumph,  and  the  mild  flavor  of  the  Downing  are  enhanced  by  the 
same  means,  while  the  Brinkle  raspberry  or  the  Carohne,  the  Turner,  or  the  wild 
"  black  cap"  temper  most  deliciously  dulcet  creams. 

The  Jersey  cow  is  the  most  noted  producer  of  cream,  and  that,  too,  of  a  very 
fine  quality. 

The  best  cream  has  the  peculiarity  of  being  developed  in  large  globules,  and  this 
is  one  of  the  characteristics  of  Jersey  cream. 

PHYSICAL    QUAUTIES    OF   CREAM. 

Cream,  like  milk,  varies  greatly  in  character  with  different  breeds  of  cows,  and 
almost  as  widely  with  individual  cows  of  the  same  breed,  and  responds,  in  its 
elements,  to  various  vital  and  food  changes  influencing  its  secretion.  Its  chemical 
composition  consists  of  fat,  casein,  albumen,  sugar,  fixed  salts,  and  about  fifty  per 
cent,  of  water. 

Pen-y  gives  analyses  of  cream  as  follows  : 

Water.  Fat.  Casein,  etc.        Sugar.  Ash. 

Jersey  Cream 36.40  56.80  3.80  2.80  0.20 

Country  Cream 49.00  42.00  4.20  3.80  0  60 

Sharpie's  analysis  of  centrifugal  cream  from  Shorthorn  and  Ayrshire  grades 
gives : 
Specific  Gravity.  Water.  Fat.  Casein.  Sugar.  Ash. 

956.4  49.45  43.14  3.31  3.70  ().4n 

The  cream  of  the  Jersey  breed  has  large  globules  of  remarkable  unit'oriiiity  in  size. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IJST  AMERICA. 


367 


The  cream  of  all  breeds  varies  greatly  in  density,  as  also  in  different  individuals 
of  the  same  breed,  so  that  the  so-called  creamometer  is  exceedingly  misleading  hi 
regard  to  determining  the  amount  or  quality  of  cream  and  butter  to  be  obtained 
from  diilerent  specimens  of  milk.  Some  cows  produce  cream  that  is  very  Light  and 
fluffy,  while  that  of  others  may  be  very  dense,  giving  as  much  or  more  butter  from 
half  the  bulk  of  the  former.  This  variation  of  density  is  very  clearly  set  forth  in  the 
report  of  the  Maine  Experiment  Station,  1883,  showing  a  test  of  twenty  cows  as 
follows  (I  have  rearranged  the  table  in  order  to  give  the  column  of  cubic  density  in 
the  order  of  arithmetical  progression) : 


TWENTY  SAMPLES  OF  CREAM. 


Number  op  Cows. 


Pounds  of 

Milk  per 

Day. 

Cream 
per  cent. 

Pounds  of 

Butter  per 

Day. 

Pounds  of 
Milk  for 
one  pound 
of  Butter. 

Cubic 
Inches  of 
Cream  for 
one  pound 
of  Butter. 

14.93 

18 

1.00 

14.93 

74 

20.06 

21 

1.50 

13.40 

79 

12.00 

18 

.75 

16.00 

84 

32.68 

18 

1.56 

17.65 

89 

20.62 

20 

1.43 

16.35 

92 

13.87 

27 

1.00 

13.14 

99 

20.56 

27 

1.50 

13.70 

104 

14.75 

25 

1.00 

14.75 

104 

22.00 

21 

1.25 

17.60 

104 

15.62 

22 

.87 

17.74 

108 

17.56 

30 

1.37 

12.77 

108 

30.25 

21 

1.62 

19.23 

113 

20.62 

20 

1.00 

20.62 

116 

18.93 

19 

.87 

21.64 

116 

30.75 

32 

2.31 

13.29 

120 

37.43 

25 

2.12 

17.61 

124 

16.31 

28 

1.00 

16.30 

128 

21.75 

16 

.75 

29.00 

130 

16.93 

21 

.75 

22.58 

133 

11.43 

37 

.87 

13.70 

136 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 


Number  1  shows  eighteen  per  cent,  cream,  of  which  seventy-four  cubic  inches 
make  a  pound  of  butter,  while  number  20,  giving  thirty-seven  per  cent,  cream,  or 


368  .TERSE V   VATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

more  than  twice  as  much  as  number  1.  iv(juirc.s  one  hundred  and  thirty-six  cubic 
inches  to  make  a  pound  of  butter. 

Again,  number  18  shows  sixteen  ])i'r  cent,  of  cream,  which  is  exceedingly  light, 
requiring  one  hundred  and  thirty  cul)ic  inchesfor  a  pound  of  butter  and  twenty-nine 
pounds  of  milk  for  the  same. 

Number  11  is  the  richest,  where  thirty  pei' cent,  of  cream  reciiiircs  one  hundred 
and  eight  cubic  inches  for  a  pound  of  butter  from  12.77  pounds  of  milk. 

The  breeds  of  cows  are  not  stated  in  the  i-epoi-t. 

These  figures  are  suiKcient  to  show  tluit  meclianical  tests  for  cream  are 
entirely  misleading. 

Chemical  analysis  alone  can  determine  the  essential  riclmoss  of  milk  and  give 
the  relative  proportions  of  constituents. 

The  chum  rightly  used  is  the  test  for  the  amount  of  l)uttcr  obtainable 
from  milk  or  cream. 

At  the  De  Kalb  creamei-y,  Illinois,  each  test  of  milk  from  separate  farms  is  made 
by  a  sample  measuring  one  hundred  and  thirteen  cubic  inches. 

The  milk  is  rated  for  each  farm  according  to  the  amount  of  butter  in  tliesamjile 
tested. 

Taking  one  hundred  as  the  standard,  the  variation  intliat  creamery  ranges  from 
sixty-two  to  one  hundred  and  seventy-two,  thus  sluiwing  that  some  samples  of  cream 
produce,  bulk  for  bulk,  three  times  as  much  butter  as  others. 


METHODS    OF    SEPARATION. 

The  Centrifuge. 

The  globules  of  cream,  which  are  simply  suspended  in  the  watery  solution 
containing  the  other  milk  elements,  and  having  a  specific  gravity  of  956  to  1(»20  as 
compared  with  1035  of  skim-milk,  at  once  the  fluid  is  at  rest  after  removal  from  the 
cow,  begin  to  float  to  the  surface,  the  largest  globules  moving  to  the  top  and  the 
snuillest  rising  last.  The  speed  with  which  the  globules  separate  from  tlie  milk 
depends  upon  a  number  of  causes. 

One  of  the  great  discoveries  of  modern  times  is  the  a]>]>iication  of  centrifugal 
motion  to  produce  a  rapid  separation  of  cream  from  milk.  \]\  machines  of  this 
character  have  been  invented  within  the  i)ast  twenty-flve  years. 

Among  the  machines  that  have  been  successfully  employed  are  the  Danish,  the 
Swedish,  by  De  Laval,  and  the  Nakskov,  of  Denmark.  In  these  three  the  cream  and 
skim-milk  are  separated  by  their  velocity  while  in  rotation.  The  Pape  machine 
accomplishes  the  separation  by  hydrostatic  pressure.  It  is  claimed  for  the  Pape 
machine  that  the  milk  and   cream  leave  the  drum   in  (luiet  currents,  without  anv 


|4aA^ 


BONSILENE    9811. 

Black  Bess— Pilot  Type. 

HIGHLAND   HEED, 

James  N.  Smith,  Litchfield,  Connecticut. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  369 

foaming  or  squirting,  and  tliat  it  performs  a  greater  amount  of  work  tlmn  any  other 
separator. 

The  Nakskoy  is  the  clieapest,  and  it  is  claimed  that  one  horse  will  run  two 
macliines,  each  capable  of  five  hundred  pounds  an  hour.  The  Danish -Weston  is 
used  in  many  large  creameries.  The  De  Laval  centrifuge  has  l:)een  introduced  into 
several  American  dairies. 

The  leading  points  of  a  good  centrifuge  are  : 

1.  It  must  be  of  first-class  workmanship,  running  snH>othly,  safe  from  explosion, 
and  resting  upon  a  firm  and  solid  foundation. 

2.  It  must  be  accessible  for  complete  cleanliness  in  all  its  parts. 

3.  Simplicity  of  construction,  so  as  to  be  easily  understood  by  farm  helj). 

4.  The  milk  must  be  under  control  at  all  stages  of  separation. 

5.  It  should  be  of  a  size  suited  to  one  or  two  hours  of  work  daily. 

6.  The  separated  cream  and  skim-milk  should  be  discharged  in  sound  condition, 
with  no  foaming  nor  any  rise  of  temperature. 

7.  The  machine  should  be  cheap  and  easily  set  iip. 

THE    POWER. 

The  power  required  is  a  steam-engine  for  the  larger  sizes  ;  the  smaller  centrifiige 
may  be  run  ])y  from  one  to  four-horse-power  low-pressure  engine. 

The  De  Laval  makes  seven  thousand  revolutions  a  minute,  with  seven  hundred 
pounds  of  milk  an  hour,  at  an  indicated  1.03  horse-power. 

The  small  machines  are  safer  and  more  desirable,  and  in  a  large  dairy  it  is  better 
to  have  several  small  than  one  or  two  large  machines. 

The  milk  must  be  passed  through  the  De  Laval  centrifuge  as  soon  as  it  is 
drawn  and  while  it  has  the  animal  heat,  because  great  loss  results  from  cooling.  Or 
if  the  milk  has  been  cooled  it  must  by  artificial  heat  be  restored  to  its  natural 
temperature  of  aboiit  102°  Fahr.  The  cream  must  be  cooled  as  quickly  as  possible 
after  separation,  to  fit  it  for  keeping,  or  carrying,  or  making  good  butter. 

ADVANTAGES    OF    CENTRIFUGE    CREAMER. 

1.  The  cream  can  be  separated  as  soon  as  it  is  drawn  from  the  cow. 

2.  It  saves  the  cooling  of  the  milk. 

3.  It  saves  much  time. 

4.  It  obtains  from  ten  to  fifteen  per  cent,  more  cream. 

5.  It  insures  regular  and  thorough  separation. 

6.  It  gives  the  use  of  both  cream  and  skim-milk,  with  an  advantage  of  freshness, 
from  twelve  to  twenty-four  hours  in  advance  of  natural  separation. 

Y.  It  removes  a  large  percentage  of  the  inevitable  impurities  in  milk  as  well  as 
foul  odors. 


370  JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMEIilVA. 

8.  It  saves  much  room. 

9.  It  gives  eleauer  butter  and  cheese,  as  well  as  clean  cream. 

10.  It  .saves  expense. 

11.  It  increases  profits. 

12.  The  machine  can  be  set  so  as  to  give  a  light  ur  a  heavy  cream. 

18.  The  cream  is  of  uniform  quality,  and  Huid. 

1-1.  The  centrifuge  can  leave  any  desired  proportion  of  cream  in  the  milk  foi- 
the  purjjose  of  cheese-making. 

I.').  The  first,  or  light  cream,  is  of  extra  (juality  for  many  purposes,  and  makes 
a  finer  (juality  of  butter. 

lt>.  The  warm  skim-milk  can  be  fed  at  i>nce  to  calves,  which  is  a  great 
advantage. 

17.  The  quality  of  cream  is  of  the  highest  excellence  for  table  use. 

IS.  Odors  from  feed  and  animal  flavors  are  removed,  either  wholly  or  in  part, 
by  the  rapid  aeration  of  the  cream. 

19.  Ripening  of  cream  is  initiated  by  rajjid  aeration  during  separation. 

CREAM   SEPARATORS   AT   THE   LONDON   DAIRY    FAIR. 
Below  we  give  the  report  of  the  judges  on  Cream  Separators  at  the  late  London 
Dairy  Fair,  published  in  the  English  Agricultural  Gazette.     It  will  prove  of  great 
interest  to  every  butter-maker  in  America,  as  it  answers  every  question  with  regard 
to  this  new  system.     Following  is  the  report : 

CIJKAM    SEPARATORS. 

"  In  reporting  upon  the  separators  first,  they  do  so  feeling  that  that  class 
possesses  more  interest  to  dairy  farmers  than  any  other  classes  of  dairy  utensils,  and 
being  undoubtedly  the  dairy  implement  of  the  future. 

"  In  considering  the  points  that  were  neces.sary  to  be  taken  into  account  in  testing 
the  machines  the  judges  had  to  look  at  what  was  possible  to  be  done  in  the  time  at 
their  disposal,  which  was  necessarily  limited  to  the  days  of  the  show ;  and  they 
thought — rightly  or  wrongly — that  the  council  did  not  require  them  to  enter  into  a 
full  scientific  test,  so  nmch  as  the  more  practical  one  of  saying  which  machine  they 
considered  best  adapted  for  use  by  farmers  for  the  production  of  cream  of  good 
quality  ;  and  to  this  end  the  judges  drew  up  a  list  of  points,  which  they  considered 
the  most  important  to  test  the  machines ;  and,  moreover,  they  took  the  somewhat 
unusual  course  of  giving  a  copy  oi  the  requirements  to  each  exhibitor,  eo  that  they 
might  be  able  to  work  their  machines  to  the  best  advantage  in  exhibiting  these  points. 

"  The  points  were  as  follows  : 

"1.  Con.struction  (endjraciug  simplicity  of  design,  facility  of  cleaning,  emptying 
and  oiling). 


JERSEY    (JATTLE  IN  AMERIiJA.  371 

"  2.  Analysis  of  skiin-inilk. 
"  3.  Analysis  of  cream. 
"4.  Quality  of  cream. 

"  5.  Temperature  at  which  the  milk  was  separated. 
"  6.  The  time  taken  in  separating  a  given  quantity. 
"  7.  The  quantity  of  milk  required  to  work  the  separator. 
"  8.  The  cost  of  the  separator,  including  the  intermediate  motion. 
"  9.  The  cost  of  fixing. 
"  10.  The  revolutions. 
"11.  The  safety. 

"12.  The  convenience  of  delivery  of  the  skim-milk  and  cream  to  a  higher  or 
lower  level. 

"  13.  The  adaptability  for  horse-jjower. 

"  14.  The  intermediate  motion,  embracing  simplicity  of  construction,  readiness  of 
throwing  in  and  out  of  gear,  and  any  arrangement  for  neutralizing  the  effect  on  the 
speed  by  the  stojipage  of  the  horse. 

"  15.  The  power  required  to  work  each  machine. 

"  As  regards  the  last  point,  the  judges  were  informed  the  council  did  not  desire 
the  machines  to  be  tested  on  this  point.  They  further  wished  to  test  the  weight  of 
skim-milk  and  cream,  but  were  prevented  by  the  aljsence  of  the  steward. 

MACHINES    COMPETING. 

"  There  M-ere  four  machines  competing,  three  of  them  being  Danish,  exhibited  by 
the  Aylesbury  Dairy  Company — these  were  exactly  similar  in  design,  and,  in  fact, 
were  three  different  sizes  of  the  same  machine — and  De  Laval's,  exhibited  by 
D.  Hald  &  Co. 

"  For  convenience  it  will  l)e  better  to  distinguish  the  three  Danish  machines  as  a, 
B  and  c ;  a  being  the  largest  machine,  b  the  medium-sized,  and  c  the  smallest. 


"  (1)  Taking  the  points  deemed  most  essential  by  the  judges  in  rotation,  we  have, 
first,  construction.  It  is  not  deemed  necessary  to  give  any  illustration  of  the  two 
separators,  as  they  are  most  probably  familiar  to  all  those  interested.  It  certainly 
seemed  that  in  the  detail  of  points  indicated,  \'iz.,  simplicity  of  design,  facility  of 
cleaning,  emptying  and  oiling,  the  advantages  were  all  on  the  side  of  the  De  Laval. 
On  the  judges  requiring  this  machine  to  be  emptied,  the  drum  was  simply  lifted  out 
of  its  bearings  and  turned  upside  down  by  one  man,  the  contents  being  emptied  into 
a  bucket,  this  occupying  a  very  few  minutes.  In  the  b  Danish  the  milk  had  first  to 
be  removed  by  a  siphon,  and  then  it  seemed  to  require  two  or  three  men  to  undo  the 
several  screws  and  adjustments,  and  to  lift  the  drum  from  its  place.     A  hole  was 


372 


ji:nsi:Y  cattle  rx  amertca. 


provided  in  the  base  of  the  drum,  into  whieli  a  conical  plug  was  driven;  this  plug 
had  to  be  knocked  out  ^vit]l  a  hammer  before  the  milk  left  in  the  drum,  after  the 
siphon  had  extracted  all  it  could  do,  could  be  run  out.  Tiiere  seemed  to  be  great 
difficulty  in  getting  at  this  plug  to  knock  it  out,  when  the  drum  was  in  its  place,  and 
it  seemed  to  be  at  best  a  clumsy  contrivance.  These  remarks  apply  to  all  the  four 
Danish  machines,  whicli  were  of  similar  coiistnictiun. 


"  2,  etc.  Before  considering  the  next  point  of  analysis  it  will  be  ctmvenicut  to  state 
the  course  of  proceeding.  Four  hundred  pounds  of  whole-milk  were  ordered  to  be 
weighed  out  to  each  machine,  the  milk  being  first  mixed  in  a  large  tauk  provided  for 
the  purpose  to  insure  equality  of  sample.  The  judges  wished  tu  try  tlicm  all 
simultaneously,  but,  uufortimately,  only  the  quantity  was  weighed  out  for  two  of  the 
machines — the  De  Laval  and  the  is  Danish — on  the  first  day.  The  a  Danish  and 
the  c  Danish  not  having  their  milk  weighed  out  till  the  next  day  was  unfortunate, 
as  it  somewhat  altered  tlie  conditions  of  tiie  contest ;  but  in  the  absence  of  the 
steward  it  was  impossible  to  rectify  the  eri'or.  Tlie  temperature  of  the  wliole-milk 
in  the  large  tank  showed  56°.  The  following  table  will  bring  concisely  together 
the  different  jjoints  in  connection  with  each  nuichine  which  were  considered 
important.  It  is  not  thought  necessary  to  give  the  different  totals  of  the  complete 
analysis,  as  only  the  item  '  butter  fat '  is  important.  The  effect  of  the  action  of 
the  separator  on  the  '  solids  not  fat,'  or  cheese-making  matters  in  milk,  is  a  ])oint 
that  has  not  yet  been  tested,  tliough  it  is  undoubtedly  an  important  one,  as  certain 
curious  facts  in  connection  with  them  have  been  observed : 


Name  and  Maciiinb. 

2    . 
H 

i| 

1 
"S 
S   . 

II 

.11 

■a  2 

P 

1 

.a 

L 

a 

'I 

1 

is 

I 
■B 
.s 

Is 
1'^ 

1 

If 

c  9 

^ 

n 

^ 

» 

P 

^ 

- 

^ 

Deg. 

Min. 

Lbs. 

^ 

De  Laval's 

4.32 

.67 

47.36 

62 

40 

12.25 

V 

6,234 
2,800 
1,600 
3,400 

6,000 
3,000 
2,000 

4  39 

.18 

l.fi  fi.*! 

88 

A^, 

30.75 

41 

3.60 
3.60 

.32  26.42 

62 

74 

*32 

68 

128.75 
5.25 

73 
26 

c  Danish 

1.62 

33.12 

3,600 

By  an  error  of  the  steward  six  hundred  pounds  were  weighed  out  to  this  niiiehine. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  A3IERICA.  373 

"  It  Avill  be  observed  that  the  bTitter-fats  in  the  whole-milk  supplied  showed  au 
excellent  quality  of  milk,  and  as  the  most  important  point  of  a  separator  is  to  separate 
the  cream  from  the  skim-milk,  the  analysis  of  the  skim-milk  and  of  the  cream  must 
be  compared  to  see  what  quantity  of  fat  is  left  in  the  skim-milk,  and  what  quantity  of 
skim-milk  is  left  in  the  cream ;  and  it  will  be  noticed  that,  though  the  De  Laval  left 
a  somewhat  lai'ge  percentage  of  fat  in  the  skim-milk,  it  left  little  or  no  skim-milk  in 
the  cream,  the  cream  from  this  machine  Ijeing  far  above  the  standard  of  ordinary 
cream. 

"  The  B  Danish,  though  showing  only  an  average  percentage  of  fat  in  the 
skim-milk,  showed  a  remarkable  result  in  the  cream,  being  considerably  below  the 
standard  of  ordinary  cream  ;  and  the  explanation  of  this  is  that  a  large  percentage  of 
skim-milk  passed  into  the  cream,  probably  about  fifty  per  cent,  of  the  whole-milk 
supplied  to  it.  In  plain  language,  this  machine  absolutely  failed  to  carry  out  the 
very  first  element  in  a  separator,  viz.,  to  separate  the  skim-milk  from  the  cream  ;  and, 
for  the  purposes  of  butter-making,  it  would  have  been  cheaper  to  have  churned  the 
whole-milk  instead  of  having  the  expense  of  separating. 

"  The  A  Danish,  showing  rather  above  the  standard  of  fat  left  in  the  skim-milk 
— though  not  so  high  as  the  De  Laval  in  the  cream — there  is  still  a  large  percentage 
of  skim-inilk,  leaving  the  cream  of  poor  quality. 

"  The  c  Danish,  being  the  smallest  of  the  Danish  machines,  and  looking  like  a  toy 
beside  the  leviathan  a  machine,  shows  a  very  large  percentage  of  fat  in  the  skim-milk 
(about  two  and  one  half  times  as  much  as  the  De  Laval) ;  and,  though  the  cream  is 
better  in  this  than  in  either  of  the  other  Danish  machines,  it  must  still  be  declared 
poor,  considering  the  quality  of  the  whole-milk  separated,  and,  like  the  a  and  b 
machine,  shows  skim-milk  mixed  with  the  cream.  From  what  has  been  said  about 
the  mixture  of  skim-milk  with  the  cream  in  the  Danish  machines,  it  will  be  apparent 
that  the  quality  of  the  cream,  as  it  ran  from  these  separators,  M^as  decidedly  inferior. 
This  point  had  the  special  attention  of  the  judges,  as  it  is  an  important  one  where  the 
sale  of  cream  is  an  object.  The  machines  were  tried  as  to  their  capability  of 
producing  thick  or  thin  cream  at  pleasure ;  and,  whilst  the  De  Laval  proved  itself 
capable  of  doing  this,  the  Danish  proved  themselves  incapable  of  doing  it ;  in  fact, 
the  operator  tried  to  produce  thick  cream  at  the  request  of  the  judges,  but  failed. 


TEMPERATURE. 

"  5.  The  next  point  was  the  temperature  at  which  the  milk  was  separated.  This  is 
a  very  important  one,  as  upon  the  lowness  of  the  temperature  at  which  the  milk  is 
separated  depends  the  keeping  quality  of  the  skim-milk  and  of  the  ci'eam  ;  and  where 
the  sale  of  the  skim-milk  and  cream  is  an  important  item  the  lowness  of  temperature 
in  separating  is  a  sine  qua  noii,  as  where  the  milk  is  separated  at  a  high  temperature 


374  .lEllSKY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

(as  was  done  in  the  »  and  c  Danisln  tin-  skiin-milk  and  civani  will  he  lialtle  to  go 
sour  very  ijuiekly. 

'•  The  De  Laval  and  the  a  Danish  separated  the  milk  at  the  low  temperature  of 
62°,  but  the  b  and  c  Danish  separated  at  the  liigh  temperatures  of  88°  and  74° 
respectively.  It  is  claimed  that  these  Danish  machines  can  separate  at  40°.  If  so, 
then  why  was  it  necessary  to  separate  at  the  high  temperature  thej'  did  ?  and  how 
was  it  that  at  these  temperatures  they  turned  out  such  inferior  work,  as  it  is  a 
well-known  fact  that  separators  do  their  work  more  completely  under  a  high  than 
under  a  low  temperature  ? 

TIME. 

"  6.  As  regards  the  next  point — the  time  taken  in  separating — the  judges 
prefeiTed,  under  the  circumstances,  to  have  a  given  quantity  passed  through  the 
sejjarators  instead  of  separating  by  time.  The  objection  urged  against  this  is,  that 
whilst  it  is  the  specialite  of  one  macliine  to  show  the  best  results  in  a  short  working, 
the  other  only  does  it  in  a  long  working.  But  surely  this  reasoning  is  false.  The 
machine  that  gets  quickest  into  its  working  is  the  best  for  farmers. 

"  7.  The  seventh  point — the  quality  of  milk  required  to  work  each  separator — is 
practically  not  of  so  mucli  importance,  because  each  separator,  whatever  its  size,  works 
out  the  last  contents  by  using  skim-milk  to  finish  with.  But  the  judges  thought  it 
necessary  to  weigh  the  last  contents  for  information,  and  to  see  huw  easily  the  drum 
could  be  emptied  if  it  was  found  necessary  to  do  so. 

"  S.  As  regards  the  uiulitli  point — tlie  cost — having  regard  to  the  quality  of  the 
work  done,  the  De  Laval  was  the  c-hcapest,  or  rather  the  most  worth  the  money; 
and  as  regards  the  cost  of  fixing  them,  there  seemed  little  to  choose  between  them. 
All  machines  travelling  at  a  high  rate  of  speed  require  a  firm  foundation,  and  it  is 
very  false  economy  to  pinch  the  cxjicnsc  in  this  particular. 

"  9.  The  ninth  point — revolution — there  seems,  so  far  as  experience  has  gone,  no 
practical  evil  resulting  from  the  high  speed  at  M-hich  the  De  Laval  machine  rotates, 
and  we  are  rather  inclined  to  regard  the  difference  in  speed  between  De  Laval  and 
the  Danish  as  more  apparent  than  real,  depending  upon  the  size  of  the  drum.  But 
this  is  a  question  more  for  mechanical  engineers  to  solve.  But  with  this  high  speed 
comes  the  question  of  safety,  and  all  the  machines  were  made  strong  enough  for  the 
work  they  liad  to  perform. 

"In  the  A  Danish  was  exliil)ited  a  contrivance  for  raising  the  skim-niilk  to  a 
higher  level,  and  succeeded  in  lifting  it  nine  feet  two  inches,  and  it  probably  would 
have  been  able  to  have  lifted  it  higher  had  pipes  been  prei)ared  for  that  puqiose.  It 
is  simply  the  elongation  of  the  pi])e  that  conveys  the  skim-milk  from  the  separator 
drum.  This  power  of  raising  the  milk  would  be  very  useful  in  factories  where  large 
bodies  of  milk  arc  in  daily  passage,  but  what  effect  the  weight  of  such  a  column  of 
milk  -would  have  upon  the  separating  power  of  the  machine  there  was  no  time  or 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IJST  AMEBIC  A.  375 

opportunity  for  testing.     This  raising  the  millv  seemed  to  be  applicable  to  all  the 
Danisli  machines,  and  was  a  point  in  their  favor. 

POWER. 

"  10,  etc.  On  the  question  of  the  adaptability  for  working  by  horse-power,  it 
was  not  thought  necessary  to  test  the  machines,  as  the  council  did  not  desire  that  the 
power  required  to  work  each  machine  should  be  noticed  ;  and  there  is  no  doubt  that 
all  the  machines  are  suitable  for  working  l^y  horse-power,  as  at  the  Royal 
Agricultural  Show  at  Shrewsbury  this  year  both  the  De  Laval  and  the  Danish  were 
worked  by  horse-power  satisfactorily,  and  the  judges  therefore  confined  their  attention 
to  examining  the  intermediate  motion,  with  a  view  to  seeing  what  arrangement  was 
made  for  counteracting  the  effect  of  the  uneven  paces  of  the  horse.  In  the  De  Laval 
this  was  met  by  the  arrangement  of  two  friction  pulleys,  which  worked  together 
or  independently,  according  to  circumstances,  and  seemed  to  answer  the  purpose.  In 
the  Danish  there  was  a  simple  clutch  action  on  the  shafting,  which  also  answered 
perfectly  the  object  desired. 

THE    DE     LAVAL    BEST. 

"  In  summing  up  the  results  of  these  remarks,  it  will  be  noticed  that,  though  the 
De  Laval  and  the  Danish  machines  are  on  an  equality  as  regards  some  of  the  minor 
points,  in  regard  to  the  essential  points  of  construction,  separation,  temperature  and 
quality  of  cream,  and  analysis  of  cream,  the  De  Laval  was  far  ahead  of  its  opponents, 
and  quite  deserved  the  gold  medal  given  by  the  council.  The  j^ower  of  raising  the 
skim-milk  after  separation  to  a  higher  level  seemed  to  entitle  the  large  a  Danish  to 
a  second  prize,  but  the  failure  to  separate  the  milk  satisfactorily  debarred  the  other 
Danish  machines  from  any  further  recognition." 

THE    pan    system. 

The  setting  of  milk  in  shallow  pans,  wooden  tubs,  or  delf  crocks  is  the  oldest 
method  of  all.  In  this  method  the  cream  varies  greatly,  according  to  the  weather 
and  other  conditions.  This  is  the  poorest  method  for  the  production  of  marketable 
cream,  as  the  cream  becomes  quite  sour  if  left  until  wholly  separated  from  the  milk. 
If  exposed  to  currents  of  air  the  surface  of  the  cream  becomes  dry  and  leathery, 
requiring  a  system  of  ventilation  that  prevents  the  possibility  of  such  a  result.  The 
temperature,  if  controlled,  should  be  at  about  62°  to  64°  Fahr. 

the   ice-cooling  system. 
By  submerging  deep  cans  in  ice-water  a  quicker  separation  is  obtained  than  by 
the   open   pan  method.        The   submerging  is    generally   conducted   at   a    lower 
temperature   than   the  open   pan  system  admits,  being  about  40°  to  50°  Fahr.  for 


376  JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 

about  twelve  hdiirs.  Tlie  pan  and  the  deep  setting  produce  about  the  same  amount 
of  cream. 

According  to  Professor  Fjord,  who  made  extensive  experiments  with  the  three 
systems  in  Denmark,  the  centrifuge  produced  a  more  complete  separation  of  cream 
than  the  other  methods,  wliile  the  deep  ice-water  setting  was  for  a  part  of  the  year  a 
failure.  "With  his  experiments  the  skim-milk  of  the  ice  system  contained  an  average 
of  0.53  per  cent,  fat  against  0.11  ]K'r  cent,  for  the  centrifuge. 

Several  analyses  of  skim-milk  from  tiie  centrifuge  in  Mr.  Burnett's  dairy  at 
Soutldaorough,  Mass.,  gave,  by  analysis  of  Lawrie  and  Terry,  after  milk  had  been  in 
machine  fifteen  minutes,  0.90  per  cent,  of  fat.  Tiiree  analyses  by  Mr.  Shaqjles  gave 
0.07  per  cent.,  0.05  \)gv  cent,  and  O.lO  per  cent,  of  fat. 

By  the  later  improved  separators  a  still  more  thorougli  removal  oi  the  cream 
is  secured,  specimens  of  skim-milk  showing,  by  analysis  of  Professor  Fjord,  (1.2 
per  cent,  of  fat. 

Some  of  the  I'esults  have  been  computed  and  comparisons  made  to  show  that  an 
average  gain  of  fifteen  per  cent,  is  the  net  gain  of  the  centrifuge  over  other  methods 
of  gathering  cream,  a  great  saving  for  the  creamery  or  the  butter  dairy. 

Average  good  skimming  by  the  centrifugal  separator  is  to  leave  from  0.15  to 
0.25  of  one  per  cent,  of  fat  in  the  skimmed  milk. 

The  centrifuge  or  separator  may  eventually  become  of  vast  importance  in  our 
dairy  system,  by  immensely  improving  the  methods  for  marketing  a  superior  quality 
of  sweet  cream,  by  the  increase  of  facilities  for  making  a  finer  quality  of  butter, 
and  by  giving  an  impetus  to  every  department  of  dairy  business  and  the  raising  of 
the  l)est  dairy  cattle. 

OriEESE. 

In  our  own  country  a  vast  quantity  of  cheese  is  made  for  the  export  trade. 
For  our  domestic  use  cheese  is  considered  a  condiment  or  a  relish,  rather  tiian  a 
staple  article  of  food.  Consequently  a  taste  is  cultivated  for  choice  quality  and 
rare  flavors,  which  requires  a  corresponding  improvement  in  methods  of  cheese- 
making.  There  are  of  necessity  various  orders  of  taste  and  many  oddities,  \niX 
the  popular  taste  is  for  cheese  of  the  very  best  quality  in  any  class  or  style  of 
manufacture. 

Good  cheese  may  vary  greatly  in  density  and  flavor,  but  for  a  general 
description  we  may  say  that  it  should  have  a  substantial  body,  not  too  dense,  of  a 
plastic  and  satiny  feel,  and  readily  melting  upon  mastication.  The  flavor  should  be 
clean,  clear  and  cheesy,  and  its  odor  rich  and  aromatic,  with  sufticient  cream  in  its 
texture  to  be  perceptible  to  the  touch  and  taste  and  give  it  a  decidedly  buttery 
quality. 


JERSEY  CA  TTLE  IN  AMERICA.  37'? 

Such  a  cheese  is  very  palatable,  digestible  and  wholesome,  but  the  ordinary 
article  of  commerce  is  the  reverse  in  every  particular,  and  a  source  of  indigestion 
and  many  gastric  disorders.  That  a  great  advance  will  soon  be  made  among  our 
American  dairies  in  the  production  of  cheese  of  extra  quality  I  lirmly  believe.  The 
Jersey  cow  of  necessity  will  be  a  leading  factor  in  the  improvement,  for  1  think  it 
will  soon  be  demonstrated  that  she  is  the  best  cheese  cow  in  the  world. 

Not  only  miist  the  methods  adopted  be  radical  improvements  in  relation  to  the 
prevailing  customs,  but  they  must  be  in  advance  of  the  best  foreign  processes  from 
which  we  receive  the  popular  imported  cheeses. 

There  are  doiibtless  defects  both  in  the  methods  of  treating  the  milk  previous 
to  and  in  the  various  stages  during  the  progress  of  the  manufacture. 

IMPROVED    CHEESE-MAKING. 

The  Galloway  Advertiser  (1884)  reports  a  meeting  at  Dumfries,  Scotland,  of 
the  Scottish  Dairy  Association  to  listen  to  the  method  of  cheese-making  of  Mr.  J.  B. 
Harris,  of  Antwerp,  N.  Y.,  as  practised  and  taught  by  him  in  America  and  the 
dairy-schools  of  Great  Britain. 

By  answering  questions  of  various  members  the  following  facts  and  statements 
were  elicited :  "  He  had  always  opposed  using  any  foreign  acids.  There  was  acid 
enough  in  the  milk.  If  you  would  only  give  it  time  and  ripen  your  milk  properly 
before  you  commenced  to  make  the  cheese,  there  would  be  no  trouble  in  making  it 
good.  At  Baldoon  last  week — where  they  had  no  steam — he  kept  one  cooler  full  of 
Saturday  night's  milk  and  two  of  Sunday's,  and  worked  the  milk  together  on 
Monday.  It  was  very  ripe  then.  He  got  through  the  work  about  two  o'clock 
without  any  sour  whey.  He  heated  the  milk  very  gradually  up  to  90°,  then  to  100°; 
then  he  added  cold  milk  and  brought  it  down  to  84°,  and  when  it  was  at  that 
temperature  he  put  the  rennet  in  and  set  it.  They  got  through  the  operation  about 
three  o'clock.  Next  day  he  had  the  same  quantity  of  milk,  Sunday  night's  and 
Monday  morning's ;  but  the  air  was  so  changed,  being  much  colder,  that  he  did  not 
get  through  till  half-past  four.  So  it  would  not  do  to  make  cheese  by  the  clock. 
You  must  work  as  the  milk  will.  When  you  put  in  the  sour  whey  the  milk  will 
coagulate  quicker,  and  you  think  it  is  working  faster ;  and  so  it  is,  but  it  will 
spoil  your  cheese. 

"  That  was  the  reason,  probably,  why  their  cheese-making  had  gone  backward 
since  the}^  adoj^ted  the  sour-whey  system. 

"  By  the  ripening  of  milk  he  meant  a  ripening  as  a  pear  or  apple  ripens  that  is 
unlit  to  eat  when  pulled,  but  will  become  ripe  by  lying. 

"  It  is  impossible  to  make  cheese  with  milk  as  it  comes  from  the  cow.  It  must 
be  of  a  certain  age.     You  may  call  it  acidity,  but  it  is  just  ripening. 

"  If  cheese  is  colored  I  put  the  coloring  in  a  good  while  before  the  rennet. 


378  JKllSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMEUK'A. 

Spotti'd  clicese  ucciirs  hecaiise  the  C()li)riiig  is  not  j)ni])iTly  iiiixi-d.      Tim  imicli  acid 

"  If  I  was  inannt'actiirini,''  cliocso  i\\\  a  farm  I  would  ])rL'fiT  my  own  rennet. 
Then  I  would  know  wliat  I  liad.  1  would  not  buy  any  nostrums  or  patent  rennet. 
But  I  would,  in  tlie  first  place,  get  the  calves'  stomachs  right.  Many  people  in 
Scotland  kill  calves  which  have  never  had  a  mouthful  of  milk.  That  is  not  fit  for 
human  food. 

"There  is  nothing  in  the  stomach  excej)t  what  was  in  the  cow  during  gestation. 
It  is  ju.st  poison.  The  calf  ought  to  l)e  three  days  old — better  more.  Feed  the  calf 
in  the  morning  and  kill  it  at  night,  or  at  night  and  kill  in  the  morning.  Kill  it 
just  wlien  it  is  ready  for  feeding.  Don't  let  it  wait  twenty-four  hours,  or  the  calf 
will  lie  hungry  and  its  stomach  intlamed.  You  want  the  stomach  liealthy  and  in 
good  condition.  Turn  tlie  stomach  inside  out,  and  shake  out  all  the  curd.  Some 
people  save  the  curd,  l)ut  that  is  good  for  nothing. 

"Rub  the  stomach  inside  and  outside  witlisalt.  Then  hang  it  up  in  some  place 
where  the  temperature  is  not  too  high,  as  i;!it'  will  spoil  any  rennet. 

"Ilias'e  made  cheese  in  a  ten-t^uart  pail,  and  good  cheese  too.  It  does  not 
matter  what  vessel  you  use  if  you  only  make  cheese  with  common  sense.  I  would 
certainly  prefer  steam  in  making  cheese,  because  it  lessens  the  labor  ;  but  a  small  farm 
can  turn  out  quite  as  good  cheese  as  a  big  one. 

"  To  know  when  milk  lias  reached  the  ])roper  maturity  you  must  ascertain  just 
tlie  amount  of  maturity  you  need  to  make  good  cheese.  You  canarrive  at  it  by  two 
or  three  trial  makes,  and  that  will  last  you  the  whole  season. 

"You  find  out  that  the  milk  is  of  propei-  maturity,  then  take  a  teacup  and 
teaspoon,  fill  the  cup  with  nulk,  put  in  a  teaspoouful  of  rennet,  and  mark  how  long 
it  takes  till  the  milk  is  coagulated.  'J'hat  will  be  your  guidi'  for  the  future.  You 
will  know  how  long  it  takes  for  the  milk  to  ripen.  The  other  morning  a  teacupful 
coagulated  in  ten  seconds,  yestenlay  it  took  twenty-five  seconds.  The  milk  was  so 
much  sweeter,  consecpiently  it  had  to  wait  till  it  matured.  The  more  mature  the 
milk  the  quicker  it  will  thicken.  Milk  just  come  from  the  cow  at  98°  will  take  some 
time  to  coagulate. 

"  Let  it  stand  for  twenty-four  houi-s,  and  then  get  it  up  to  !)S^  again,  and  it  will 
coagulate  more  quickly. 

"  There  is  acid  in  the  milk,  but  not  sour  whey  acid.  I  might  just  as  well  put  in 
a  jug  of  vinegar  as  sour  whey — it  would  give  a  better  flavor. 

"  You  may  know  the  ripeness  of  the  milk  by  tasting  ;  but  itrecpiires  a  very  acute 
taste. 

"  When  the  cows  are  on  grass  I  heat  to  98°,  then  I  sto])  lieating  ;  and  as  soon 
as  I  get  the  heat  assimilated  all  througli  I  stop  stirring  till  it  gets  ready  to  draw  off 
the  whey.     I  stir  about  an  hour,  or  just  the  time  I'm  heating. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMEHICA.  379 

"  Turnips  give  cheese  a  bad  flavor.  The  best  feeding  in  the  world  is  green  cut 
hay.  Put  it  up  green,  cure  it  properly,  and  covs^s  will  do  better  on  that  and  a  little 
bean  meal  or  cotton  cake  than  anything  else. 

"  In  America  we  give  theni  Indian  corn  meal  and  shipping  stuff,  what  they  call 
shorts,  from  the  mill,  with  short  cut  hay. 

"  Ensilage  is  not  fit  to  make  hutter  or  cheese.  Your  cheese  would  he  all  whitish 
trash.  Cheese  will  come  to  the  proper  stiffness  by  putting  in  tlie  cream  the 
last  thing  before  putting  in  the  rennet ;  then  stir  that  around,  and  it  catches  all  the 
cream." 

EUROPEAN    METHODS. 

Summary  of  a  paper  read  hy  Mr.  Harris  hefore  the  Scottish  Dairy  Association,  as 
reported  f 01'  "  Country  Gentleman^''  hy  Mr.  Stephen  Bcale. 

"  The  Cheddar  system  has  been  of  great  service  to  the  country,  but  a  feeling 
prevails  that  it  is  not  at  present  meeting  the  requirements  of  the  market.  This  is 
chiefly  attributable  to  the  way  in  which  the  system  is  practised  in  most  of  the  dairies 
in  Scotland.  A  want  of  knowledge  of  much  of  its  working  has  much  to  do  with  the 
inferior  quality  of  the  goods  produced.  Many  beliefs  and  suggestions  have  been 
written  on  the  siibject  of  cheese-making,  but  I  doubt  if  there  can  ever  be  a  code  of 
rules  laid  down  that  the  maker  can  follow  under  all  conditions  of  weather  and  other 
influences.  The  cheese-maker  must  use  his  own  judgment,  and  vary  his  processes 
as  often  as  the  atmosphere  changes.  Good,  well-ripened  cheese  is  a  help  to  digestion, 
while  bad  cheese  is  a  cause  of  indigestion.  Among  the  causes  of  bad  cheese  are : 
cows  out  of  health,  or  having  access  to  bad  water ;  want  of  cleanliness  ;  setting  the 
milk  at  night  too  thick  or  too  thin ;  heating  the  milk  too  high  or  too  low  ;  too  much  or 
too  little  rennet ;  not  cutting  at  the  proper  time  ;  scalding  too  fast ;  drawing  off  the 
whey  too  soon  or  not  soon  enough ;  not  getting  the  whey  properly  out ;  allowing  too 
much  or  too  little  acid  to  develop  before  salting ;  putting  to  press  too  soon ;  putting  on 
too  much  pressure,  and  having  too  much  or  too  little  heat  in  the  curing-room.  It  is 
of  the  utmost  importance  to  have  the  milk  in  the  right  condition  before  adding  the 
rennet,  as  when  that  is  right  the  cheese  is  half  made.  These  are  matters  which  the 
cheese-maker  has  to  discover  for  himself,  as  the  milk  works  differently  on.  every  change 
of  soil.  There  are  a  hundred  pitfalls  before  the  cheese-maker,  and  it  requires  the 
greatest  care  and  attention,  with  experience,  common  sense  and  skill,  to  accomplish  the 
desired  end.  It  is  possible  to  do  everything  right  and  at  the  proper  time  except 
one,  and  because  of  that  exception  to  have  a  faulty  cheese. 

"  The  active  agents  that  affect  the  character  of  cheese  in  its  making  and  curing 
are  heat,  rennet,  salt,  moisture,  lactic  acid,  and  the  alcoholic  acid  developed  by 
the  action  of  the  air.  Heat  up  to  98°  appears  to  hasten  and  stimulate  the  action  of 
all  the  other  active  agents  ;  above  98°  and  up  to  1-40°  it  has  a  killing  effect. 


380  JKi:sj:y  cattleixamkukw. 

"  I  use  one  third  more  rennet  and  less  salt  in  spring  tlian  snmmer.  The  heating 
of  the  curd  should  be  slow  at  first,  gradually  increasing  as  the  whey  forms  on  the 
outside  of  the  curd  ;  98°  is  the  usual  heat  in  summer,  but  as  the  season  advances  the 
milk  becomes  richer,  and  I  have  found  it  necessary  to  heat  to  102°  in  Scotland. 

"  The  great  secret  of  good  c1iee«e-mahing  is,  that  means  must  he  used  to  expel 
the  whey  before  acid  is  developed.  This  is  best  done  by  stirring.  Lactic  acid  must 
l)e  allowed  to  develop  in  a  very  small  degree  only,  .s(  >  as  t<  >  overcome  the  putrefactive 
ferment,  and  prevent  the  formation  of  gas  in  the  cheese  during  the  time  of 
curing. 

••The  alcoliolic  ncid,  or  tlio  form  of  acid  wliicli  develops  by  tlie  exposure  of 
the  dry  curd  to  the  air  at  a  temperature  of  95°  to  98°,  takes  from  two  to  four  hours' 
exposure  of  the  curd  to  the  fnse  action  of  the  air.  This  exposure  is  done  by 
-grinding  the  curd  and  stirring  until  it  has  the  proper  consistency,  when  it  will  feel 
soft  and  velvet}-.  Curd  should  contain  tliirty-tive  i)cr  cent,  of  moisture  when  pressed, 
and  thirty-three  per  cent,  when  cured. 

"  To  determine  and  retain  this  proper  proportion  of  moisture  requires  good 
judgment  in  the  ojjerator,  the  only  guide  being  observation  antl  common  sense. 

"  Coarse  salt  is  preferable  to  the  fine  kind,  as  the  latter  dissolves  too  rapidly, 
but  it  must  be  the  best  quality  of  salt  that  can  he  gt)t." 

HINTS   ON   CHEESE-MAKING. 

From  ajuqyer  read  hefore  the  JS\no  York  State  Agricidtiind  Society,  January  21.v^ 
1885,  hy  Oeorge  A.  Bonfoy,  of  Herkimer  County. 

"  To  establish  one  set  of  rules  for  making  cheese  from  all  conditions  of  milk 
would  be  like  recommending  one  remedy  for  all  diseases  of  the  human  system.  The 
quality  of  milk  is  very  easily  influenced  by  surrounding  circumstances,  both  natural 
and  unnatural;  therefore  tlie  rule  that  would  be  beneficial  to  one  kind  of  milk  would 
be  detrimental  to  another. 

'•  I  have  adopted  a  few  i-ules  that  I  use  in  nearly  all  cases  for  making  full  cream 
cheese. 

"  First,  ^yarm  the  milk  gradually  to  83°  in  warm  weather,  and  85°  or  8G°  in  cold, 
using  enough  of  sweet  water-soaked  rennet  to  coagulate  in  thirty -five  or  forty  minutes, 
then  cutting  lengthwise  and  crosswise,  letting  it  settle  until  the  curd  has  entirely 
disappeared,  after  which  stir  and  cut  carefully  to  the  desired  fineness,  stirring  and 
warming  to  98°  or  100°,  being  governed  by  the  keeping  qiiality  of  the  milk  as  to  the 
length  of  time  for  heating.  If  the  milk  is  sweet  and  the  curd  cooks  slowly,  then  heat 
slowly,  but  if  it  cooks  fiist,  then  heat  fast. 

"  The  one-year-old  cheese  that  took  the  prize  at  the  New  York  State  Fair  last 
fall  was  made  from  fa\\  cream  milk,  and  in  the  usual  way,  with  the  exception  that  it 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  381 

was  salted  three  and  three  quarter  pounds  of  salt  to  one  thousand  pounds  of  milk, 
instead  of  two  and  one  half ;  the  curd  was  very  fine-flavored,  well  cooked,  and  about 
liaK  inch  acid,  and  was  not  cheddared. 

"  Where  the  curds  are  well  cooked,  are  free  and  not  inclined  to  settle  together, 
and  sweet-flavored,  I  do  not  always  consider  it  necessary  to  cheddar. 

"  It  is  sometimes  difiicult  to  know  just  when  to  salt  and  press  the  curd.  We 
have  to  be  governed  by  the  condition  of  the  curd,  and  whether  it  is  intended  for 
home  trade  or  shipping. 

"A  great  deal  depends  on  having  good  milk  to  make  good  cheese.  Too  much 
pains  cannot  be  taken  in  the  care  of  milk. 

"  I  find  from  personal  e.xperience  and  observation  that  there  is  a  great  difference 
in  localities  as  to  the  quality  of  the  milk. 

"  Where  cows  feed  on  wet,  swampy  lands  that  produce  wild  grasses,  and  have 
poor  water  to  drink,  the  milk  when  made  into  cheese  will  be  spongy  and  difiicult  to 
cook,  of  an  offensive  fiavor,  and  when  aggravated  by  tainted  milk  the  curd  will  float 
on  the  surface  of  the  whey. 

"  I  know  of  no  better  way  to  manage  such  curds  than  to  heat  them  in  the 
usual  way,  and  as  soon  as  the  acid  begins  to  develop  draw  the  whey,  pack  the  curd, 
keep  it  warm,  and  if  it  turns  spongy  and  full  of  pin-holes,  then  let  it  lie  until 
a  sufiicient  amount  of  acid  has  develoj^ed,  so  that  when  ground  and  jn-essed  the 
pin-holes  will  have  entirely  disappeared. 

"  I  have  let  such  curds  string  from  the  hot  iron  five  inches  without  any  injury 
to  the  cheese. 

"  Such  cheese  when  cured  will  be  firm,  meaty,  and  fine-flavored. 

"  Where  cows  fed  on  uplands  have  tame  grasses  to  eat  and  running  water  to 
drink,  the  milk  will  be  of  better  quality,  and  when  heated  will  cook  easier  and  be 
better  flavored.     Such  curds  do  not  require  as  much  acid  as  the  lowland  milk. 

"  I  am  very  much  in  favor  of  cheddaring  cheese,  especially  in  warm  weather,  for 
in  our  factory  system,  where  we  get  a  mixture  of  all  kinds  of  milk,  I  consider  it 
safer  to  draw  the  whey  and  let  the  acid  develop  on  the  dry  curd.  It  takes  the  cheese 
a  little  longer  to  cure,  but  when  cured  the  flavor  is  more  durable. 

"  One  mistake  some  of  our  factory-men  are  making  is  to  make  their  cheese  too 
quickly.  The  object  is  to  get  the  cheese  upon  the  market  as  soon  as  possible,  so  as 
to  save  care  and  shrinkage,  and  that  the  patrons  may  get  the  proceeds  sooner. 

"  These  are  good  arguments  in  favor  of  quick  curing. 

"  Such  cheese  soon  gets  sharj)  and  off  flavor,  and  depreciates  in  value,  bringing  a 
loss  to  the  dealers,  dissatisfaction  to  the  consumer,  and  a  loss  of  our  reputation  abroad  for 
the  production  of  good  cheese.  Cheese-buyers  are  discriminating  more  closely  now 
between  good  and  poor  cheese. 

"  Good  cheese  always  finds  ready  sales  at  good  prices." 


JKRSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMEIUCA. 


MAKING     WHOLE-MILK     CHEESE." 


"  After  making  all  your  apparatus  clean  and  sweet  strain  tlie  milk  into  y()ur 
vat ;  it  will  be  about  the  right  temperature  as  it  comes  from  the  cow  ;  add  one  ounce 
of  annatto  fluid  coloring  to  three  hundred  pounds  of  milk,  and  one  pint  fluid  extract 
of  rennet,  more  or  less,  according  to  strength.  Stir  well,  then  let  stand  thirty  minutes, 
only  slightly  agitating  the  surface  of  the  milk  to  pre%'ent  the  cream  from  rising  ; 
when  a  stiff  curd  is  formed  cut  botli  Mays  with  a  curd  knife  ;  in  ten  minutes  the  whey 
will  start;  then  gently  and  gradniilly  liuat  to  l(iO°,  gently  stirring  and  cutting  with  a 
curd  knife  until  about  as  fine  as  wheat  grains;  draw  off  the  whey,  except  enough  to 
cover  well  the  curd  ;  when  the  curd  has  taken  enough  acid  to  '  hair'  when  applied 
to  a  hot  iron  it  is  ready  to  draw  off  the  remainder  of  the  whey  ;  stir  lively  to  prevent 
the  curd  from  running  together,  add  one  pound  of  fine  salt  to  forty -two  pounds  of 
curd,  bandage  and  press  forty-two  hours,  grease  and  remove  to  the  curing-room, 
which  should  be  kept  at  a  temperature  of  about  55°." 

COOLINc;    MII.K     lOK    CMKKSK.f 

"  Last  week  Wednesday  and  a  part  of  the  night  was  fearfully  hot.  the  storm 
howled,  the  lightnings  blazed  pretty  continuously,  and  the  rains  poured. 

"We  got  a  little  nervous  in  expectation  that  such  a  condition  of  the  atmosphere 
would  caiLse  the  milk  to  sour,  and  that  Thursday  we  might  expect  trouble  in  tlie 
cheese  vat.  Not  so.  The  patrons,  taking  note  of  scorching  heat  and  flashing  skies, 
did,  no  doubt,  double  duty  in  cooling  their  milk,  and,  to  the  surprise  of  all  our 
cheese-makers,  the  contents  of  every  vat  were  an  hour  longer  in  souring  than  is  usual 
for  moderate  weather. 

"  This  shows  in  an  uninistiikal)le  manner  what  we  have  often  tried  to  impress 
upon  patrons,  that  it  is  themselves  wlio  are  the  prime  factors  in  the  making  of  a  high 
quality  of  cheese';  and  it  also  shows  that  if  milk  can  be  safely  kept  on  such  a  night 
as  that,  no  night  will  probably  come  when  it  cannot  be  so  kept. 

"  Another  lesson  it  teaches,  that  more  cooling,  even  in  moderate  weather,  adds 
to  the  quality  and  quantity  of  the  cheese  made.  Nothing  wastes  and  devours  milk 
like  acid,  and  every  added  degree  of  coldness — in  hot  weather— the  milk  gets  through 
care  and  attention,  means  added  cash  to  the  farmer." 

ULUUUESTER  CHEESE. 

The  "  Encyclopaedia  of  Agriculture,"  edited  by  Jolm  Chalmers  Morton,  gives 

the  following  description  of  the  manufacture  of  cheese  in  Gloucestershire,  England  : 

"The  operation  of  inilking  the  cows  commences  in  summer  at  five  o'clock  in 


•F.  M.  Sexton,  First  Prize  Cheese.  Iowa  State  Fair,  1883. 
t  J.  A.  Smith,  in  Cedarbury  (Wis.)  News. 


JERSEY  CA  TTLE  IW  AMERICA.  383 

the  morning,  again  at  three  in  the  afternoon,  and  is  completed  in  about  one  hour  each 
time,  nine  cows  being  allotted  to  each  milker,  the  dairymaid  usually  assisting. 

"  As  soon  as  the  milk  is  drawn  it  is  carried  to  the  dairy-house,  strained  into  the 
cheese  tub,  and  the  rennet  and  annatto  mixed  witli  it.  The  rennet  is  prepared  in 
several  different  ways. 

"In  Gloucestershire  the  cleaned  strtiiiach  of  a  calf  is  salted,  and  pickled,  and 
dried ;  and  when  at  least  a  year  old  it  is  well  sodden  in  salt  water,  half  a  pint  of 
which  becomes  enough  to  coagulate  fifty  gallons  of  milk. 

"  In  autumn  and  winter,  when  the  weather  is  cold,  a  small  portion  of  the  milk 
is  warmed  in  a  tin  pan  or  pitcher,  in  order  to  bring  the  whole  to  the  proper 
temperatui-e  (85°)  before  adding  the  rennet.  The  milk  is  then  allowed  to  remain 
perfectly  still  for  an  hour,  and  during  all  this  time  it  is  kept  carefully  covered  with 
a  woollen  cloth,  to  exclude  currents  of  cold  air.  If  all  has  gone  well  the  curd  will 
then  be  completely  formed,  and  ready  for  being  broken  up. 

"  The  breaking  is  effected  by  passing  a  three-bladed  knife  or  a  coarse  wire  sieve 
gently  downward  to  the  bottom  of  the  tub.  After  the  curd  has  been  cut  through 
and  subdivided  as  equally  and  minutely  as  its  suspension  in  the  whey  will  admit  of 
the  whole  is  allowed  to  remain  undistui'bed  for  ten  minutes  or  so,  in  order  that  the 
broken  curd  may  sink  sufficiently  to  allow  the  whey  to  be  bailed  off  the  top.  As 
soon  as  all  the  elear  whey  has  been  removed,  the  curd,  now  much  more  condensed, 
is  broken  a  second  time,  but  nnicli  moi-e  slowly  than  before,  to  avoid  pressing  out 
any  of  the  butter — which  would  undoubtedly  occur  were  the  cutting  of  the  curd  to 
be  done  roughly  or  rapidly.  "When  the  curd  has  been  properly  broken  and  reduced 
to  an  equal  degree  of  fineness,  it  is  allowed  to  settle  for  a  short  time,  after  which 
more  of  the  whey  is  removed  and  poured  through  a  sieve,  to  retain  any  small 
particles  of  curd  that  may  still  be  suspended  in  it.  When  the  most  of  the  whey  has 
been  removed  in  this  way  the  curd  is  divided  into  lumps,  and  laid  aside  one  upon 
the  other,  in  the  bottom  of  the  tub,  which,  being  placed  a  little  atilt,  allows  the  whey 
to  escape  to  the  lower  side,  and  be  removed. 

"  When  the  whey  has  ceased  to  drain  oft',  the  curd  is  ready  for  I)eing  jjlaced  in 
the  vat. 

"  A  cheese  cloth,  made  of  fine  canvas,  is  spread  across  the  mouth  of  the  vat ;  the 
curd  is  then  lifted  from  the  tub  by  the  hands,  and  laid  upon  the  cloth,  and  pressed 
equally  down.  When  all  the  curd  has  been  placed  in  the  vat  the  ends  of  the  cheese 
cloth  are  tucked  up  and  folded  inward,  with  as  few  creases  as  possible  on  the  top, 
and  covered  with  a  circular  board,  made  exactly  to  fit  the  inside  of  the  vat.  It  is 
then  put  in  the  press  for  half  an  hour  and  lightly  pressed,  after  which  the  partially 
consoHdated  curd  is  taken  out,  cut  in  slices,  and  passed  through  the  curd-breaker, 
which  reduces  it  to  small  crumbs,  without  squeezing  out  the  fatty  matter. 

"  The  comminuted  curd  is  again  returned  to  the  vat,  and  firmly  pressed  into  it 


384  JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

by  tlie  liands  wliile  filling.  A  dry  cheese  cloth  is  then  spread  over  the  mouth  of  the 
vat,  whicli  is  then  turned  upside  down,  and  the  curd  turned  out  upon  the  cloth. 
The  vat  is  now  rinsed  with  wliev,  and  dried,  and  the  curd,  still  in  the  cloth,  placed 
in  it.  The  ends  of  tiie  cloth  are  tlieii  folded  neatly  and  evenly  over  the  top,  as  before, 
and  covered  with  the  cheese  board,  or  another  cheese  vat,  if  more  than  one  cheese  is 
to  be  placed  in  the  same  ])ress.  The  vat  is  allowed  this  time  to  remain  two  hours 
under  the  press,  when  it  is  again  taken  out,  and  the  cheese,  now  in  a  fine,  solid  state, 
is  pared  at  the  upper  edges  if  necessary,  thereafter  inverted,  and  ])ut  in  a  clean  dry 
cloth,  and  again  pressed.  There  are  usually  two  or  three  presses  employed,  each 
heavier  than  the  other,  and  ordinarily  it  takes  about  four  or  five  days  for  a  cheese  to 
go  through  these  presses,  beginning  with  the  lightest  and  ending  with  the  heaviest. 

.SAI.Tl.NO. 

"  After  the  cheese  has  been  twenty-four  hours  in  the  press  it  is  ready  for 
recei\nng  the  salt ;  but  some  apply  the  salt  in  twelve  hours.  As  a  general  rule,  the 
salt  sliould  not  be  applied  until  the  skin  of  the  cheese  is  firm  and  free  from  openings, 
as  these  openings  never  close  completely  after  salting,  however  great  a  pressure  may 
be  applied.  Tlie  salting  is  effected  by  the  hand,  the  salt  being  rubbed  o^^?r  the 
whole  surface  of  the  cheese  us  long  as  it  continues  to  take  it  in,  after  which  it  is  again 
wrapped  in  a  dry  cloth,  and  put  under  the  press. 

"  In  another  twenty-f<jur  hours  it  is  again  salted  as  Ijefore  ;  l)ut  this  time  it  is 
put  in  the  vat,  without  a  cloth,  and  pressed,  in  order  that  a  smooth  and  even  surface 
may  be  obtained. 

"  A  third  and  final  rubbing  with  salt  is  given  at  the  same  interval,  and  the  cheese 
being  pressed  as  before,  it  is  then  ready  for  being  removed  to  the  drying-room.  When 
cheeses  are  salted  in  this  way  it  takes  one  pound  of  salt  to  thirty-two  pounds  of 
cheese. 

nRYING. 

"  A  dry-room  or  loft  is,  or  should  be,  specially  appropriated  to  the  drying  of 
cheeses.  The  cheeses,  as  they  are  removed  from  the  press,  are  laid  either  upon  shelves, 
racks,  or  the  floor,  and  are  well  wiped  with  dry  cloths,  and  turned  every  twelve  hours 
for  two  or  three  days.  After  this  they  are  only  wiped  and  turned  every  twenty-four 
hours,  and  in  a  montli  after  leaving  the  press  they  are  ready  for  being  scraped  and 
painted,  the  latter  operation  being  performed  only  when  the  cheeses  are  intended  for 
the  London  market. 

"The  paint  employed  is  either  Indian  red  <.rS])anish  l)rnwn,  or  a  mixture  of  both 
with  small  beer,  which  is  rubbed  on  with  a  woollen  cloth. 

MARKS     OF     GOOD     GLOUCESTER    CHEKSE. 

"  '  The  blue  coat  which  rises  through  the  paint  on  their  sides,  and,  what  is  a  sure 
sign  of  their  richness  and  sweetness,  the  yellow,  golden  hue  of  their  edges,  a  smooth. 


.i-'S^ 


RIOTER'S    COMBINATION    10,363. 

AT  5  YEARS  OLD. 

Stoke  Porjis— Marjoram— Pride  of  Windsor  Type. 
HIGHLAND  HERD. 

James  N.  Smith,  Litchfield,  Connecticut. 


CARETA    19,092. 

AT  2  YEARS  OLD. 

Stoke  Pogis — Marjoram  Type. 

highland  heed. 

James  N.  Smith,  Litchfield,  Connecticut. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  385 

close  and  waxlike  texture,  a  very  mild  and  rich  flavor,  not  crumbling  when  cut  into 
thin  slices,  nor  parting,  when  toasted,  with  the  oily  matter  they  contain,  but  softening 
without  burning.'  If  cheese  has  been  soured  in  the  making,  either  from  being  too 
long  in  hand  or  from  want  of  attention  in  scalding  the  utensils,  nothing  will  cause  it 
to  assume  the  blue  coat.  '  If  the  curd  is  salted  when  ground  down,  before  being  put 
in  the  vats,  the  salt  has  the  effect  of  giving  a  skin  to  each  of  the  particles  of  the  curd 
it  comes  in  contact  with,  which  prevents  them  from  intimately  uniting ;  and  although 
the  curd  may  be  pressed  together  and  become  good  cheese,  yet  it  never  becomes  a 
close,  smooth,  solid  mass,  like  that  which  is  salted  after  it  is  made,  but  is  of  a  loose 
texture,  and  crumbles  when  cut ;  and  although  it  may  be  equally  fat,  yet  in  toasting 
the  fat  melts  out  of  it,  and  the  cheesy  part  burns.' 

BUTTER-MAKING. 

"  The  quantity  of  cream  butter  in  dairies  where  cheese  of  the  best  quality  is 
made  is  very  small.  About  one  fifteenth  part  of  the  milk  is  allowed  to  remain  one 
meal,  or  twelve  hours,  when  it  is  skimmed  immediately  before  the  making  of  the 
cheese  commences,  and  of  which  it  forms  a  part,  along  with  that  newly  brought  in 
from  the  cows.  The  cream  taken  from  this  small  portion  of  milk  is  shifted  once  a 
day  from  one  vessel  to  another  (to  prevent  a  skin  forming  on  its  surface,  which  is 
considered  to  injure  the  quality  of  the  butter),  and  churned  twice  a  week.  The  whey 
cream  is  also  churned  twice  a  week,  but  it  is  allowed  thirty-six  hours  to  rise  before 
l)eing  skimmed  off.  The  quantity  of  whey  butter  averages  weekly  about  one  pound 
per  cow  during  the  summer  months. 

"  Mr.  Morton  gives  sixteen  pounds  of  cream  butter  and  twenty-five  pounds  of 
whey  butter  as  the  average  annual  produce  per  cow  on  a  large  dairy  farm  in  the 
vale  of  Berkeley. 

.  DAIEY  UTENSILS. 

"  The  dairy  utensils  employed  in  Gloucestershire  vary  little  from  those  used  in 
other  counties. 

"  They  consist  of  the  milk-pail.,  the  cheese  tub,  the  sieve,  the  cheese  vat  and  circular 
hoard,  locally  called  '  suity  boards,'  shimming  dish  and  howl.  The  milk-pail  is 
made  of  maple,  and  will  hold  aboiit  six  gallons.  The  cheese  tub  is  of  a  size  suflicient 
to  hold  the  milk  from  which  a  cheese  is  to  be  made.  The  cheese  vats  are  made  of 
elm,  turned  out  of  the  solid,  and  are  of  various  sizes.  For  '  double  Gloucester '  (five 
cheeses  to  the  hundredweight),  the  vats  are  fifteen  and  one  half  inches  in  diameter  by 
four  and  one  half  inches  deep  ;  and  for  '  single  Gloucester '  (eight  cheeses  to  the 
hundredweight),  fifteen  and  one  half  inches  diameter  by  two  and  one  half  inches  deep. 

"  The  only  difference  in  the  manufacture  of  the  two  kinds  is  that  arising  from  the 
size  of  the  article  ;  and  the  only  difference  of  quality  is  owing  to  the  longer  period 
during  which  the  thicker  cheese  must  be  kept  in  order  to  ripen. 


386  JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


I.KANLINKSS. 


"  The  greatest  attention  is  paid  to  cleanliness  in  the  Gloucestershire  dairies.  The 
floor  is  kept  as  dry  as  possible,  and  the  temperature  as  uniform  as  circumstances  will 
admit  of.  The  proper  temperature  is  considered  to  be  about  60°,  but  this  is  seldom 
attained  in  winter  and  spring." 


GRUYKKE." 


"  Of  all  foreign  kinds  of  cheese  the  Gruyere  is  iirohably  the  best  knt)wn.  The 
familiarity  of  the  consumer  with  the  produce  is  not,  liowever,  accompanied  by  an 
exact  knowledge  of  the  process  of  its  manufacture;  and  I  liave  heard  the  most 
amusing  descriptions  given  ])y  people  who  assume  the  air  of  being  well-informed  on 
such  subjects. 

"  As  an  illustration  of  the  prevailing  ignorance  I  may  cpiote  the  following 
description  of  Giniyere  from  one  of  the  favorite  text-books  still  used  in  the  elementary 
private  schools  :  '  Gruyere — made  in  a  small  town  in  Switzerland,  in  the  Canton  of 
Fribourg.     It  is  a  mixture  of  goats'  and  ewes'  milk,  and  has  a  very  strong  flavor.' 

"  Although  the  Gniyere  is  of  Swiss  origin,  is  in  many  places  known  as  '  Swiss 
cheese,'  and  is  manufactured  extensively  in  Switzerland,  in  France  alone  the  value 
of  Gruyere  cheese,  made  annually,  is  estimated  at  more  than  $3,000,000. 

"  Owing  to  differences  in  the  physical  and  economical  conditions  of  the  districts 
in  which  it  is  manufactured,  there  are  many  variations  in  the  size  and  quality  of  the 
cheese,  as  well  as  in  the  arrangements  under  which  it  is  made,  cured  and  marketed. 
It  would  require  a  lengthy  treatise  to  enter  into  all  these  details,  and  I  therefore 
propose  to  confine  myself  to  a  brief  description  of  the  making  of  the  cheese  as  I 
saw  it  done  at  M.  Le  Comte's  factory,  near  Montereau,  about  fifty  miles  south 
of  Paris. 

"Gniyere  cheeses  have  a  sort  of  cart-wheel  shape ;  thin  cylinders  of  large 
diameter.  In  weight  they  vary  from  under  half  a  hundredweight  to  three  times 
as  much. 

"  M.  Le  Comte  has  four  cheese-tubs  placed  round  a  central  pillar  in  the  middle 
of  his  cheese-room.  Each  tub  holds  nearly  seventy  gallons  of  milk,  and  is  heated 
by  means  of  steam  injected  into  a  coil  of  pipes  An  the  space  in  the  false  bottom. 
The  whey  is  drawn  oif  by  means  of  a  syphon,  and  rims  through  pipes  into  one  of 
three  whey  tanks,  which  have  a  total  capacity  of  nearly  nine  thousand  gallons.  One 
man  has  charge  of  each  tub,  and  if  the  supply  of  milk  is  suflicient  he  can  make  five 
cheeses  per  day. 

"  Each  cheese  is  imnibered,  and  also  branded  witli  the  distinguishiuir  mark  of 


*  Extract  from  a  lecture  on  Dairy  IiiU'resIs  Abroad,  liy  F.  B.  Tliurlier,  at  Internalional  Dairy  Fair, 
New  York,  1879. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN'  AMERICA.  387 

the  dairyman,  who  receives  a  bonus  for  each  really  good  cheese  that  he  makes,  iu 
addition  to  his  daily  wages. 

"  The  milk,  measui'ing  as  nearly  as  possible  sixty-six  gallons,  having  been  -pwt 
in  the  tub,  the  temperature  is  raised  to  95°  Fahr.,  when  about  twenty-one  ounces  of 
rennet  are  added  and  carefully  mixed  with  it,  and  the  tub  is  covered. 

"  The  curd  comes  in  about  forty  minutes,  and  the  whey  is  then  raised  to  a 
temperature  of  from  138°  to  140°,  at  which  it  is  kept  for  another  forty  minutes  to 
cook  the  curd.  Toward  the  end  of  this  period  a  large  flat  wooden  shovel  is  placed 
carefully  upon  the  tojD  of  the  curd,  the  progress  of  which  is  now  and  then  tested  by 
the  attendant  gently  moving  the  shovel  over  its  surface.  If  the  shovel  sticks  or 
hangs  to  the  curd,  the  cooking  process  is  still  incomplete  ;  but  when  it  glides 
smoothly  along,  the  attendant  commences  cutting  the  curd  gently  into  horizontal 
slices,  which  he  removes  toward  the  rim  of  the  tub.  After  this  has  been  done 
sufficiently,  in  his  judgment,  he  uses  one  of  various  forms  of  curd-breakers. 
Amongst  others,  I  noticed  a  wooden  pole  armed  with  a  number  of  projecting 
slanting  spikes,  which  cross  one  another  along  aboiit  two  feet  of  its  length.  Great 
practice  appears  to  be  necessary  in  order  to  acquire  skill  in  this  part  of  the  operation, 
and  the  object  in  view  appears  to  be  to  break  up  the  curd  as  evenly  but  as  ruggedly 
as  possible.  Toward  the  end  of  the  breaking  the  dairyman,  by  varying  the 
movement  of  the  breaker,  collects  all  the  curd  into  the  centre  of  the  vat,  and  then 
allows  a  few  moments  for  the  rotatory  movements  of  the  whey  to  subside. 

"  He  then  takes  a  cloth,  puts  one  corner  between  his  teeth,  holds  the  lateral 
corners  in  each  hand,  holding  at  the  same  time  a  curved  iron  wire  over  which  the 
remaining  comer  of  the  cloth  is  folded.  He  then  bends  over  the  cheese-tub, 
and  by  deftly  passing  the  wire  completely  under  the  heap  of  curd  collects  it  all 
in  the  cloth.  The  clothful  of  curd  is  then  taken  out  and  placed  in  a  frame  the 
size  and  shape  of  the  cheese,  the  ends  are  carefully  folded  over  the  top  of  the  mass 
of  curd,  a  board  is  put  on,  and  the  cheese  submitted  to  pressure  for  twenty-four 
hours,  in  the  course  of  which  it  is  turned  seven  or  eight  times.  After  pressure  it  is 
rubbed  with  salt  and  transferred  to  a  cellar,  where  it  is  turned  and  rubbed  every 
other  day  for  about  three  months,  when  it  is  fit  for  market." 


"  Stilton  cheese,  manufactured  chiefly  in  Leicestershire,  is  made  from  full  milk, 
sometimes  enriched  by  the  addition  of  cream,  and  the  curd  hardens  into  cheese 
without  pressure.  The  cream  of  the  night's  milk  is  added  to  the  new  milk  of  the 
morning,  and  the  rennet  is  mixed  with  it  when  the  whole  is  at  a  temperature  of 


*  Extract  from  a  lecture  on  Dairy  Interests  Abroad,  b}'  F.  B.  Thurber,   at  International  Dairy 
Fair,  New  York,  1879. 


388  .//■:nsj:Y  cattle  ix  America. 

84°  Fahr.,  enough  being  used  to  make   it  coagulate  in  an   hour  and  a   lialf.     If  it 
comes  sooner  it  will  be  too  tough. 

"  The  curd  is  not  drained  of  its  whey  in  tlie  ordinary  manner,  but  is  removed 
ill  slices  with  a  skimming-dish,  and  placed  upon  a  canvas  strainer,  the  ends  of  which, 
when  it  is  full,  are  tied  up  and  the  whey  gently  pressed  out. 

"  It  is  then  allowed  to  drain  until  the  ne.xt  morning,  when  it  is  removed  and 
placed  in  a  cool  dish,  whence,  cut  in  thin  slices,  it  is  put  in  a  hoop  made  of  tin, 
about  ten  inches  high  and  eight  inches  across,  and  pierced  with  holes.  A  clean 
cloth  is  placed  within  the  hoop,  and  as  the  slices  are  laid  in  a  small  quantity  of  salt 
is  sprinkled  between  the  alternate  layers.  It  remains  in  the  hoop  covered  up  but 
without  pressure.  Next  day  the  cheese  is  taken  out  of  the  hoop  and  clean  cloths  are 
applied,  after  which  it  is  inverted  and  replaced,  and  pricked  with  skewers  through 
the  holes  of  the  tin  hoop,  to  facilitate  the  extraction  of  the  whey.  In  four  or  five 
days  the  curd  becomes  firm.  During  tliis  consolidating  process  the  cheeses  are  kept 
in  a  i)lace  wliere  the  temperature  can  be  maintained  at  about  100°  Fahr.  When  the 
cheese  has  become  firm  enough  it  is  firmly  bound  up  in  a  strong  fillet  of  canvas, 
wrapping  it  around  several  times.  The  binders  and  cloths  are  removed  every 
morning ;  cracks  are  tilled  up  with  curd,  and  ultimately  the  coat  becomes  hardened, 
and  the  cheese  is  removed  to  the  curing-room. 

"  Here  they  remain  for  several  iiKjnths,  during  which  time  they  are  turned 
fre(|ueiitly,  and  acquire  a  rough,  firm  rind,  diffei-ent  from  any  other  variety. 

"  A  Stilton  cheese  when  ripe  and  in  condition  for  use  is  rich,  soft,  creamy,  and 
generally  becomes  slightly  mouldy,  the  moulding  evenly  being  facilitated  by  pricking 
it  in  several  places  with  a  sharp-pointed  bodkin,  a  little  larger  than  a  knitting- 
needle,  about  twice  a  week ;  this  is  to  admit  the  air  a  little,  and  in  these  places  it 
soon  begins  to  mould.  The  curing-room  or  cellar  should  have  an  equable  and 
uniform  temperature,  and  the  cheese  should  be  kept  carefully  brushed  to  keep  out 
the  mites  which  are  apt  to  infest  the  rough  coat  or  rind.  Stilton  cheese  sells  readily 
at  high  prices  in  England,  wholesale  quotations  ranging  from  twenty  to  twenty-five 
cents  a  pound,  and  it  would  probably  pay  some  of  our  enterprising  American 
dairymen  to  experiment  in  making  Stiltons  until  they  succeed  in  turning  out  an 
article  as  closely  resembling  the  original  as  they  liave  in  the  Cheshire  and  Cheddar 
styles." 

Soft  Ckeam  Cueesk. 

camkmbeut.* 
"Of  all  the   .soft   kinds   of   cheese    made  in  France,  the  Camembert,  when 
properly  manufactured,  is  no  doubt  the  king.      Its   rivals  are  the  Bi"ie   and  the 
Coulommiers,  but  the  more  unwieldy  shape  and  shorter  season  of  the  former,  and 

*  E.xtract  from  a  lecture  on  Dairy  Interests  Abroad,  by  F.  B.  Thurber,  at  IiiternatioBal  Dairy 
Fair,  New  York,  1879. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  A3IERICA.  389 

the  restricted  manufacture  of  the  hitter,  deprive  their  competition  of  any  serious 
importance. 

"  On  the  other  hand,  the  popuharity  of  the  Camembert  has  so  increased  the 
demand  that  many  of  tlie  smaller  and  especially  of  the  newer  makers  take  too  much 
toll  in  the  shape  of  cream  before  they  commence  the  process  of  cheese-making,  and 
thus  tend  to  kill  the  goose  that  lays  the  golden  eggs.  When  j^roperly  made  the 
Camembert  quite  deserves  the  eulogium  passed  upon  it  by  the  Reporter  of  the  Jury 
at  the  Paris  Dairy  Show,  in  1874:  'It  surpasses  in  delicacy  everything  tliat  the 
ingenuity  of  the  cheese  manufacturer  has  been  able  to  invent  to  flatter  the  most 
fastidious  palate.' 

"  This  result  cannot,  ho-n^ever,  be  obtained  without  great  care,  some  experience, 
and  a  most  watchful  attention  to  the  details  of  the  process  of  curing. 

"  Many  of  the  successful  makers  of  this  kind  of  cheese  believe  that  they  possess 
a  valuable  secret  in  their  method  of  procedure,  and  not  imnaturally  are  averse  from 
giving  technical  information  to  a  possible  competitor,  or  ever  to  an  outsider.  I 
visited  several  Camembert  dairies,  which  are  generally  situated  in  the  Pays  d'Auge, 
although  there  are  some  also  in  Le  Bessin  ;  but  I  have  found  it  necessary  to  discard 
my  notes  on  all  but  three  dairies — namely,  one  in  La  Bessin,  near  Isigny  (that  of 
the  Marquis  de  Cussey  de  Jucoville),  and  two  in  the  Pays  d'Auge,  that  of  M.  Paynel, 
at  Mesnil  Mauger,  near  Lisieux  (whose  grandmother  first  made  this  kind  of  cheese 
in  1791,  at  Camembert,  in  Orne),  and  one  near  Livarot,  where  I  was  taken  by  that 
disinterested  and  enthusiastic  pioneer  of  agricultural  progi-ess,  the  Viscount  de 
Neuville,  President  of  the  Soeiete  d'Encouragement  de  Lisieux. 

"  Even  in  these  dairies  there  are  differences  in  the  details  of  the  various 
processes  of  making  and  curing,  and  it  must  frankly  be  admitted  that  Camembert 
cheese-making  is  still  a  '  i-ule-of-thunib  '  procedure,  and  has  not  yet  been  reduced  to 
scientific  principles. 

"  The  cows  are  generally  milked  three  times  a  day — at  4.30  a.m.,  11.30  a.ji.  and 
6  P.M.  In  most  dairies  the  evening's  milk  is  lightly  skimmed  in  the  morning, 
after  having  stood  twelve  hours,  and  butter  is  made  with  ci'eam.  The  skimmed  milk 
is  divided  into  two  portions,  one  of  which  is  added  to  the  morning's  and  the  other 
to  the  midday's  milking.  The  mixture  of  two  thirds  whole  and  one  third  skim-milk 
is  immediately  put  into  earthenware  vessels,  holding  from  about  twelve  to  fifteen 
gallons  each,  and  sufficient  rennet  is  added  to  make  the  curd  fit  to  be  transferred  to 
the  cheese-moulds  in  about  three  or  four  hours,  or  perhaps  after  a  longer  interval 
in  winter. 

"  It  should  be  mentioned  that,  before  adding  the  rennet,  the  milk  is  brought  to 
about  the  temperature  it  is  supposed  to  have  had  after  being  drawn  from  the  cow,  or 
about  86°  Fahr.  After  adding  the  rennet  its  mixture  with  the  milk  is  insured 
by  a  gentle  stirring,  and  the  pots  are  then  covered  with  a  square  board. 


390  JERSEY   CATTLE  TX  AME/ilCA. 

"  The  curd  is  known  to  be  ready  for  removal  when  it  does  not  adhere  to  tlie 
back  of  the  finger  phiced  gently  upon  it,  and  when  the  li(^uid  which  runs  off  from 
the  finger  is  as  nearly  as  possible  colorless. 

"When  ready  the  curd  is  carefully  transferred,  without  breaking  it  ninre  than 
is  possible,  to  perforated  moulds,  of  the  same  diameter  as  a  Camenibert  cheese  (say 
four  inches),  and  about  three  times  the  height;  or  others  use  a  mould  about  three 
inches  high,  and  ]>refer  to  add  new  curd  from  time  to  time,  as  the  first  shrinks  from 
drainage  of  the  whey.  The  moulds  are  placed  on  reed  mats,  resting  on  slightly  inclined 
slabs  made  of  slate,  cement,  or  other  hard  material,  and  having  a  gutter  near  the  outer 
edge.  The  curd  remains  in  the  moulds  from  about  twenty-four  to  forty-eight  hours, 
according  to  the  season,  being  turned  upside  down  after  an  interval  of  from  twelve 
to  twenty-four  hours — that  is  to  say,  when  sufficiently  drained  at  the  bottom.  After 
the  turning  the  face  of  the  cheese  that  is  then  inside  the  moulds  is  sprinkled  with 
salt,  and  about  twelve  hours  afterward  the  opposite  face  and  the  rim  of  the  cheese 
are  also  salted.  The  cheeses  are  then  placed  on  movable  shelves  round  the  walls  of 
the  dairy  for  a  day  or  two,  according  to  the  season  and  to  tlic  caiiacity  of  the  room, 
in  relation  to  the  number  of  the  cheeses  made  daily  ;  and  thus  cuds  the  first  stage  in 
the  manufacture  of  this  renowned  dairy  product.  It  must  be  understood,  however, 
that  the  above  description  is  merely  general,  and  that  each  maker  knows  by 
experience  how  much  rennet  of  an  ascertained  strength  he  should  add  to  the  milk  ; 
how  long  the  curd  takes,  under  different  circumstances  of  weather,  to  become  fit  for 
putting  into  the  moidds ;  how  large  the  perforations  in  the  moulds  should  be  ;  how 
long  the  cheeses  should  be  left  to  drain  in  the  moulds ;  how  often  they  should  be 
turned  ;  how  much  salt  should  be  used,  and  so  on  through  the  whole  processes 
which  constitute  the  manufacture  and  the  curing  of  the  cheese. 

"  The  curing  of  Camend)ert  cheese  consists  of  two  distinct  stages.  In  the  first 
stage  the  cheeses  are  placed  in  a  thoroughly  well-ventilated  room  (^'drying-room'), 
on  shelves  made  of  narrow  strips  of  wood,  having  narrow  intervals  between  them,  or 
of  ordinary  planks,  covered  with  reed  mats  or  clean  rye  straw.  The  great  point  is  to 
secure  as  dry  an  atmosphere  and  as  equable  a  temperature  as  possible,  and  the  greatest 
ingenuity  is  exercised  in  efforts  to  attain  these  objects.  Generally  the  windows  are 
numerous  and  small,  placed  at  different  heights,  and  furnished  withtiiree  fittings:  viz.. 
glass  to  exclude  air,  but  not  light  when  the  glass  is  shut ;  with  a  wnudcu  shutter,  to 
exclude  both  light  and  air;  and  with  a  wire-gauze  fitting,  wliich  will  admit  botii 
light  and  air,  liut  will  exclude  tiles  and  all  kinds  of  winged  insects,  which  are  the 
great  banc  of  the  soft  cheese  ciirer. 

■■  The  cheeses,  as  a  rule,  are  turned  every  day  at  the  commencement  of  their 
curing,  and  every  other  day  aftei'ward  while  they  are  in  the  drying-room,  except 
in  damp  weather,  when  daijy  turning  is  necessary.  During  the  sojourn  in  the  drying- 
room  the  cheeses  show  the  following  succession  of    appearances:  after  an  interval  of 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IJV  AMERICA.  391 

three  or  four  days  they  become  speckled  ;  in  another  week  they  are  covered  with  a 
thick  crop  of  white  mould  ;  by  degrees  the  color  of  this  mould  deepens  to  a  dark  yellow, 
while  the  outside  of  the  cheese  becomes  less  and  less  sticky.  At  the  end  of  about  a 
month,  when  the  cheese  no  longer  sticks  to  the  fingers,  it  is  taken  to  the  finishing- 
room,  where  light  is  nearly  excluded,  and  where  the  atmosphere  is  kept  very  still  and 
slightly  damp.  Here  they  remain  for  three  or  four  weeks,  being  turned  every  day 
or  every  two  daj's,  according  to  the  season,  and  carefully  examined  periodically. 
"When  ready  for  market — that  is  to  say,  in  winter  when  they  are  rijje,  and  in  summer 
when  they  are  about  half  ripe — they  are  made  up  into  pockets  of  six,  by  means  of 
straw  and  paper,  with  a  skill  and  tidiness  worthy  of  the  reputation  of  the  cheese. 

"  The  prices  of  Camembert  cheese  vary  very  much  according  to  quality  and 
season.  A  really  good  cheese  should  have  a  mottled  external  appearance,  the  colors 
being  a  reddish  brown  and  a  dirty  yellow,  the  fonner  predominating.  If  the  color 
is  too  bright  it  betokens  a  skim  cheese,  as  also  does  an  elasticity  or  toughness  when 
the  cheese  is  pressed  on  the  face  with  the  finger.  The  quantity  of  milk  required  to 
make  a  Camembert  cheese  varies  a  little,  according  to  its  richness  in  cream  when 
used  for  cheese-making.  Thus  the  Marquis  de  Cussey  de  Jucoville,  who  has  a  dairy 
of  thirty  cows  near  Isigny,  makes  eight  cheeses  from  twenty-four  and  one  half  pints 
of  milk,  or  about  three  pints  of  milk  to  a  cheese,  but  he  takes  off  no  cream.  He 
sells  them  at  from  $1.50  to  $1.60  the  dozen ;  and,  assuming  that  his  cows  (which  are 
remarkably  good  ones  and  graze  on  some  of  the  best  pastures  of  Normandy,  having 
a  rent  value  there  of  nearly  $25  per  acre)  give  an  average  of  five  hundred  and  fifty 
gallons,  their  gross  return  in  cheese  alone  would  be  $180  per  head  per  annum,  if  it 
were  all  made  into  Camembert." 


JERSEY     CHEESE. 

In  the  progress  of  time  the  thoroughbred  Jersey  and  Jersey  grades  will  push 
all  other  breeds  of  dairy  cows  out  of  sight  in  this  country.  The  chemical  and  the 
practical  analysis  of  Jersey  milk,  as  well  as  the  practical  use  of  the  milk  for  human 
food  by  children  or  adults ;  the  production  of  sweet  cream,  superior  butter  and  rich 
cheese — all  demonstrate  beyond  any  question  that  the  Jersey  is  the  best  breed  in 
existence.  It  is  better  to  have  a  breed,  I  repeat,  like  the  Jersey,  which  produces  a 
large  quantity  of  milk  rich  in  solids,  condensed  milk,  than  the  Dutch  (Holstein)  that 
yields  a  larger  secretion  of  highly  watered  milk. 

The  Jersey,  not  yet  having  supplied  the  demand  of  the  breeders  for  seed  stock 
for  butter  dairies,  has  been  but  seldom  tested  for  cheese.  But  the  time  is  coming 
when  a  choice,  luxurious  cheese  made  from  Jersey  milk  will  bring  the  highest  price 
in  the  market,  rivalling  the  French  Camembert  and  other  fancy  cheeses  in  quality. 

Yery  little  cheese  has  been  made  upon  the  Island  of   Jersey  because  of  the 


392  JJC/iSEV   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

demand  for  butter.  Mr.  Quayle  says  :  "  It  was  anciently  thought  that  cream  from  the 
Jersey  cow  was  too  rich  for  making  cheese.  Mr.  Le  Feuvre,  of  La  Ilogue,  tried  the 
experiment  and  succeeded  to  admiration.  It  wa.s  made  from  the  pure  milk,  cream 
and  all,  as  it  comes  from  the  cow.  It  was  found  that  the  quantity  of  milk  that  would 
have  produced  a  i)oiiiul  of  hiittiT  afforded  one  and  one  half  pounds  of  cheese.  From 
the  quantity  of  milk  whiili  produced  a  cheese  of  about  twenty  pounds  weight,  the 
drainings  of  the  cniids  and  « ln'V,  on  being  churned,  yielded  four  pounds  of  butter. 
This  butter  was  of  an  intVrior  quality  when  eaten  with  bread,  but  was  superior  to 
any  other  for  the  making  of  pastry ;  it  was  peculiarly  hard,  and  of  excellent  texture 
for  such  use  in  hot  weather.  The  writer  has  tasted  cheeses  from  Mr.  Le  Feuvre'e 
farm  quite  equal  in  quality  to  the  richest  '  Double  Glo'ster.' " 

A  correspondent  of  the  Country  GenUeman  for  March  27th,  1884,  in  writing  of 
the  "  Beauty  and  Quality  in  Jerseys,"  says :  "  When  the  temporary  economies  of  the 
dairy  demand  tlie  cessation  of  butter-making  the  Jersey's  milk  furnishes  cheese  the 
rival  of  the  finest  Stilton  or  Roquefort. 

"  Dr.  Grant's  '  whole  Jersey  milk'  makes  a  cheese  in  July  and  August,  while 
many  of  his  special  butter  customers  are  at  the  seaside,  which  is  snapi)ed  u]>  in  the 
market  at  thirty-five  and  forty  cents  a  pound  so  rapidly  as  to  render  it  impossible  to 
buy  it  ri])e  enough  for  fair  appreciation." 

The  richness  of  Jersey  milk  renders  it  peculiarly  applicable  to  the  making  of 
cheeses  of  such  types  as  the  Stilton  and  the  Camembert,  while  by  removing  from  one 
third  to  one  half  of  the  cream  by  the  centrifuge  the  remainder  of  the  inilk  will  l)e 
rich  enough  to  make  the  first  quality  of  Cheddar  or  Double  Glos'ter. 

Again,  let  it  be  enforced  vl\wii  the  memory  to  use  none  but  pure,  uiell-prepared 
rennet.  Good  rennet  rightly  used  produces  good,  stable,  rich  curd ;  it  prepares  the 
way  for  a  good  "cure,"  and  finally  for  good  quality,  fine  flavor,  ready  sales  and  fair 
profits.  It  is  easy  to  him  who  understandeth  to  make  good  cheese  with  good 
rennet,  having,  of  course,  good  milk.  Bad  rennet  and  artificial  rennet  make  bad 
cheese.     Bad  cheese  cannot  be  mended. 


QrAi.rrv  ok  jkrsey  chkese." 

"The  Itusiness  of  the  Jersey  cow  is  einpbatically  that  of  butter-making.  Her 
milk,  however,  is  rich  in  cheesy  mutter,  and,  contrary  to  the  general  belief,  if  I  may 
judge  from  samples  of  cheese  from  Jersey  milk  which  have  been  sent  me  from 
Maine,  is  capable  of  nuiking  as  fine  cheese  as  it  does  butter.  It  requires  less 
milk  to  make  a  pound  of  cheese  than  it  does  of  the  milk  of  natives — about  eight  of 
milk  to  one  of  cheese.     It  is  a  new  feature  worthy  of  note  in  the  uses  of  this  breed 


*  L.  B.  Arnold,  "  ,\merifiiii  Ouiryiiig.' 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


393 


of  cattle  that  their  milk  can,  without  the  waste  of  buttery  matter,  be  converted  into 
a  strictly  fancy  cheese,  and  as  rich  in  fat  as  Stilton.  Analyses  of  cheese  from  pure 
Jersey  milk  recently  made  at  Cornell  Uliiversity  have  sho^vn  over  forty  per  cent, 
fat." 


JEESEYS    AS     CHEESE-MAKERS.^ 

"  That  the  Jersey  cow  is  '  queen  of  the  churn '  is  generally  admitted,  but  little 
has  been  said  in  the  public  press  as  to  her  qualities  as  a  cheese-maker  in  comparison 
with  other  breeds  that  assume  to  have  a  special  '  corner '  on  the  cheese  industry. 

"  That  the  facts  warrant  the  very  strongest  claims  being  made  on  behalf  of  the 
Jersey  in  this  respect  has  been  most  completely  demonstrated  by  a  series  of  very 
exhaustive  and  comprehensive  dairy  tests  conducted  at  the  Ontario  Experimental 
Farm,  by  Professor  "William  Brown  and  Professor  Barre,  the  latter  in  charge  of  the 
practical  butter-making  department  of  the  Ontario  Experimental  Farm.  Tlie  tests 
began  in  the  month  of  December,  1884,  and  were  continued  into  July,  1885.  The 
tests  were  made  weekly.  The  number  of  breeds  embraced  therein  was  twelve. 
Below  is  set  out  the  result : 


THE    ONTARIO    EXPERIMENTAL    FARM    DAIRY    TESTS.       SEASONS    1884—1885. 


Holstein 

Ayrshire 

Ontario  Grade . . . 
Shorthorn  Grade 

Guernsey   

Quebec  Grade . . . 

Jersey 

Shorthorn 

Devon 

Galloway 

Aberdeen  Poll. . . 
Hereford 


Averasres 


Milk  per 
Season. 
Estimate. 


7,000 
6,000 
5,000 
4,500 
4,000 
3,600 
3,500 
3,000 
2,800 
2,500 
2,300 
2,000 


3,800 


11.9 
16.9 
9.5 
16.8 
16.1 
14.0 
19.9 
17.2 
11.6 
11.8 
12.8 


14.3 


Butter  per  100  lbs. 


2.4 
4.5 
4.4 
3.7 
2.5 
3.4 
5.1 
4.3 
3.7 


3.6 


34.5 
43.5 
41.6 
46.3 
44.5 
52.9 
55.0 
48.5 
51.2 
34.0 
28.0 


43.4 


Cheese 
Curd  per 

100  lbs. 
of  Milk. 


10.9 
12.9 
12.2 
14.9 
12.7 
13.9 
15.6 
14.0 
11.9 
11.7 
10.1 


*  Valancey  E.  Fuller,  in  Jersey  Bulletin. 


Jf:RSEY   CA  TTLE  IN  AMERICA. 

CHEMICAL    ANALYSIS    OF   MILK. 


Sources. 

Fat. 

S,)li(ls  othlT 

than  Fat. 

Water. 

Total 
Solids. 

Jersey 

6.62 
5.72 
4.99 
4.65 
4.68 
4.13 
4.08 
4.03 
3.73 
3.60 
2.87 

8.03 

7.81 
9.00 
8.60 
9.90 

8.02 
8.77 
8.55 
8.15 
8.20 
8.70 

85.35 

86.47 
86.01 
86.75 
85.72 
87.35 
87.15 
87.42 
88.12 
88.20 
88.43 

14.65 

Ayrshire 

13.53 

Shorthorn 

Ontario  Grade 

Galloway 

Devon 

Quebec  Grade 

13.99 
13.25 
14.28 
12.15 
12.85 

Shortliorn  Grade 

Holstein 

Guernsey 

Aberdeen  Poll 

12.58 
11.88 
11.80 
11.57 

Averaces 

4.44 

8.54 

87.02 

12.98 

"  It  will  be  noticed  the  quantity  of  inilk  is  estimated,  and  I  :ini  satisfied,  according 
to  my  experience  and  that  of  other  Jersey  breeders  to  whom  I  have  spoken  on  the 
subject,  that  Professor  Brown  credits  the  Jerseys  with  at  least  one  thousand  pounds 
too  little  milk.  At  Oaklands  we  sold  and  bought  a  good  many  cows  last  year  (1884). 
Most  of  those  sold  were  amongst  our  heaviest  milkers.  Those  that  remained 
a  whole  year  on  Oaklands,  including  heifers,  by  actual  daily  weight  of  night  and 
morning,  averaged  6382  pounds  per  head.  That  this  is  more  than  an  ordinary 
average  for  a  Jersey  herd  I  admit,  but  in  placing  it  at  4500  pounds  per  head  I  feel 
that,  if  anything,  I  am  giving  them  credit  for  too  little,  as  the  Jersey  cow  is  known 
to  be  most  jjersistent  in  her  milking. 

"  In  the  '  dairy  tests '  it  will  be  noticed  that  the  respective  positions  occupied  by 
the  three  breeds — Jer.seys,  Ayrshires  and  Holsteins — are  as  follows :  Jerseys  first, 
19.9  ;  Ayrshires  third,  10.9,  and  Holsteins  eightli  (out  of  12),  11.9,  or  a  difference  of 
eight  per  cent,  in  favor  of  the  Jersey.  In  butter  per  one  hundred  jiounds  of  milk  : 
Jersey  first,  making  5.1  pounds  of  butter  out  of  one  hundred  pounds  of  milk; 
Ayrshire  second,  4.5  pounds  to  one  hundred  pounds  of  milk  ;  and  Holstein  tenth,  2.4 
pounds  of  butter  to  one  hundred  pounds  of  milk,  it  taking  over  forty-four  pounds 
of  Holstein  milk  to  one  pound  of  butter.  When  we  come  to  consider  the  cheese  curd 
per  one  hundred  pounds  of  milk,  it  is  natural  to  expect  that  the  Holsteins  and 
Ayrshires,  for  whom  special  claims  iii-e  made  in  tliis  respect,  would  'beat  the 
Jersey    clean    off    her    feet,'    but   we    tind  that    when    we  come    down   to    actual 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IK  AMERICA.  395 

competitive  tests  the  Jersey  leads  all  other  breeds,  and  distances  the  Holstein,  the 
Jersey  standing  first,  15.6,  the  Ayrshire  fifth,  12.9,  and  the  Holstein  tenth  (out  of 
12),  at  10.9. 

"  By  chemical  analysis  of  milk  the  Jersey  leads  in  fat,  followed  close  up  by  the 
Ayrshire,  with  the  Holstein  tenth,  3.73.  In  '  solids  other  than  fat '  the  Holstein 
leads  the  other  two  breeds,  the  Jersey  and  Ayrshire,  the  Galloway  standing  first,  but 
the  two  last-named  being  at  the  bottom  of  the  lists.  In  '  total  solids'  the  Jersey 
leads,  14.65,  the  Ayrshire  fourth,  13.53,  and  the  Holstein  ninth,  11.88.  Judging  on 
the  basis  of  these  tests,  the  Jersey  must  be  admitted  as  being  the  best  butter  and 
cheese  cow  per  one  hundred  pounds  of  milk  of  all  the  various  breeds,  and  if  for  the 
production  of  that  milk  she  requires  less  food,  she  is  the  most  economic  and  the  best 
cow  for  the  average  dairyman,  and  it  must  be  a  source  of  congratulation  to  Ayrshire 
men  to  see  how  well  tlieir  favorite  breed  has  stood  these  searching  comparative 
tests. 

"  It  might  be  claimed  that  the  Jerseys,  Holsteins  and  Ayrshires  employed  at  the 
Experimental  Farm  were  not  fair  representatives  of  the  breeds.  I  know  the  Jerseys 
at  the  farm,  and  know  them  to  be  below,  not  above  the  average.  Unfortunately  for 
this  contention,  so  far  as  it  might  be  iised  against  the  Jersey,  a  series  of  prizes  were 
offered  for  milk,  cheese  and  butter  combined  at  the  Provincial  and  Dominion 
Exhibition  held  at  London,  and  the  Industrial  Exhil)ition  held  at  Toronto,  both  in 
this  month  of  Se^jtember. 

"  At  London  no  competition  was  entered  into  directly  between  the  breeds,  but 
the  same  rules  and  score  of  points  were  applied  to  each.  The  rules  are  those  adopted 
in  England  and  Scotland  in  adjudicating  upon  the  best  milkers.  Each  cow  was 
milked  out  in  presence  of  Professors  Brown  and  Barre,  or  their  assistants,  the  night 
before  the  test  began  ;  twenty-four  hours'  milk  was  taken.  The  scale  of  one  hundred 
points,  according  to  which  the  samples  were  to  be  adjudicated,  was  as  follows : 
(1.)  "Weight  of  milk  ;  one  jjoint  was  allowed  for  every  pound's  weight  given  in 
twenty-four  hours.  (2.)  Butter  per  one  hundred  pounds,  three  pounds,  decimal  five 
being  the  standard  in  Canada  (in  England  it  is  but  three  pounds) ;  to  every  one 
hundred  jJounds  milk  ten  points  were  added  or  deducted  for  every  one  per  cent, 
above  or  below.  (3.)  Cheese  curd ;  one  point  was  allowed  for  every  pound. 
(4.)  Time  since  calving ;  add  one  point  for  every  ten  days. 

"  But  two  Jerseys  were  entered  at  London,  Ijoth  from  my  herd.  Eight 
Holsteins  competed,  three  Ayrshire  and  two  Shorthorn  grades,  and  with  the 
following  results,  arranged  according  to  their  order : 


396 


JERSEY   CA  TTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


Jersey 6  yrs.  1  114  days. 

Ayrshire i  5 

Shorthorn  Grade I  7 

Jersey 

Ayrshire 8 

Holstein (! 


Sliorthorn  Grade.. . 
Holstein 


Ayrshire 
Holstein 


Time  after 
Calving. 

Milk  {ur 
Day. 

Butter 
I)er 

100  Ib-s. 
Milk. 

Wet 

Cheese 

Curd 

per  100 

lbs.  .Alilk. 

114  days. 

24.12 

8.81 

20.60 

138     « 

29.50 

5.43 

21.25 

129     " 

46.80 

3.62 

20.62 

86     " 

27.00 

5.75 

20.00 

161     " 

18.12 

4.53 

23.75 

207    " 

25.37 

3.36 

19.62 

153     " 

28.80 

3.31 

16.87 

145     « 

24.25 

3.12 

20.62 

116     « 

35.00 

2.81 

15.60 

113     " 

37.60 

2.75 

11.25 

83     « 

26.25 

3.62 

16.05 

133     " 

30.90 

2.37 

19.37 

70     " 

25.90 

2.75 

23.12 

109     " 

23.60 

2.65 

20.00 

Order 

of 
Merit. 


109.22 
83.85 
81.52 
70.10 
68.27 
64.29 
59.07 
55.57 
55.30 
52.65 
52.62 
52.27 
49.42 
46.00 


1st 
2d 
3d 
4th 
5th 
6th 
7th 
8th 
9th 
10th 
11th 
12th 
13th 
14th 


"  By  this  the  Jersey  cow  Rose  of  Eden  made  the  greatest  count  that  I  am  aware 
has  ever  been  made  at  a  public  competition  of  this  nature,  beating  the  second  by 
over  twenty-five  points.  Tlie  weather  was  extremely  cold,  and  there  had  been 
considerable  rain,  sheds  Icid,  witlimit  any  flooring,  and  our  cows  had  decreased 
very  materially  in  their  flow  of  milk,  as  I  presume  others  had.  The  riclniess  in 
butter  fat  of  the  milk  of  Rose  of  Eden,  it  taking  less  than  twelve  pounds  of  milk  to 
one  pound  of  butter,  is  in  striking  contrast  to  that  of  the  other  breeds,  the  average 
of  the  Holsteins  requiring  over  thirty-three  pounds  of  milk  to  every  pound  of  butter, 
and  the  average  of  the  Jerseys  less  than  fourteen  pounds  of  milk  to  every  pound  of 
butter.  The  Jerseys  at  the  London  Exhibition  were  about  one  to  every  three 
Holsteins,  and  some  of  the  Holsteins  had  very  large  reported  tests  for  milk.  Rose 
of  Eden  is  not  by  any  means  one  of  our  liest  cows  for  butter,  and  the  other  Jersey 
has  never  been  tested  for  butter. 

'•  The  average  net  curd  to  one  hundred  pounds  of  milk  was  as  follows :  Ayrshire, 
22.7  ;  Jersey,  20.30;  Holstein,  16.46  ;  Shorthorn  grade,  20.02  ;  but  it  luust  be  borne 
in  mind  that  two  Holsteins  were  two  years  old  only.  It  will  1)0  noticed  that  the 
Shorthorn  grade  excelled  all  in  milk,  and  excelled  the  llol.-itein  in  butter  and 
cheese. 

"  At  the  Industrial  Exhibition  at  Toronto,  under  the  same  judges  and  same  mode 
of  judging,  the  breeds  were  brought  into  direct  competition  with  each  other.     After 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMEBIC  A.  397 

their  experience  at  London,  the  Holstein  breeders,  though  making  a  large  show  of 
cattle  at  Toronto,  failed  to  '  toe  the  mark '  in  another  public  competition,  though  I 
am  not  aware  that  they  were  averse  to  the  mode  of  judging  prior  to  the  London 
competition.  The  result  was  as  follows,  arranged  according  to  merit :  first,  Jersey ; 
second,  Jersey ;  third,  Jersey ;  fourth,  Ayrsliire ;  fifth,  Jersey ;  sixth,  Jersey  ; 
seventh,  Jersey;  eighth,  Devon ;  ninth,  Ayrshire  ;  tenth,  Ayrshire.  The  average  of 
cheese  curd  was  in  favor  of  the  Jerseys,  and  the  butter  per  one  hundred  ])ounds  was 
largely  in  favor  of  the  Jersey. 

"  It  has  for  a  considerable  length  of  time  been  contended  by  the  enemies  of  the 
Jersey  that  they  could  not  stand  public  competition  in  the  hands  of  parties  outside 
of  the  Jersey  interest.  To  meet  that  objection,  one  of  the  committee  of  testers  in 
Mary  Anne  of  St.  Lambert's  great  test  was  a  Shorthorn  man,  and  no  greater 
refxitation  of  this  charge  can  possibly  be  given  than  has  been  administered  by  these 
competitive  tests,  and  by  the  series  of  carefully  conducted  tests  of  Professor  Brown 
and  Professor  Barre,  set  out  in  the  earlier  part  of  this  letter.  On  the  contrary, 
they  are  the  strongest  corroboration  of  the  claim  made  by  the  Jersey  as  to  their 
butter-giving  powers,  and  show  that  the  only  trouble  with  Jersey  breeders  has  been 
that  they  have  been  too  modest  in  not  claiming  her  as  the  greatest  cheese  cow  to  a 
given  quantity  of  milk,  as  she  has  amply,  in  the  most  public  manner  and  in  the 
hands  of  thoroughly  disinterested  experts,  shown  herself." 

ANALYSIS    OF   CHEESE. 

From  ArnolcPs  "Atnerican  Dairyin(/." 
Cheese  made  from  pure  milk  of  Jersey  cows  : 

Water.  Fat.  Ash.  Protein. 

28.11  41.03  2.68  28.18 

Cheese  made  from  Jersey  milk  mixed  with  equal  quantity  of  common  milk  : 

Water.  Fat.  A.sh.  Protein. 

30.49  39.25  3.00  27.06 

Tlie  Jersey  makes  the  most  cheese,  oi  the  best  quality,  her  only  competitor 
being  the  Guernsey  breed  of  cows. 


ANALYSIS    OF    CHEESE. 

From  Fliiifs  Treatise  on  '^Milch  Cows' 
Water.  Fat. 

Full-Milk  Cheese 38.46  31.86 

Skim-Milk  Cheese 43.82  5.98 

Margerine  Cheese 40.56  20.53 


Ash. 

Casein. 

8.81 

25.87 

5.18 

45.04- 

7.05 

34.86 

398  JERSEY   CA  TTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

ANALYSIS    OF    ENGLISH    CHEESE. 

By  Mi:  Jones,  in  Lahoratorij  of  Professor  Johnston. 

Water.            Casein.               Fat.  Ash. 

Double  Gloucester,  one  year  old 35.81           37.96           21.97  4.25 

Clieddar,  two  years  old 36.04           28.98           30.40  4.58 

North  Wilts,  one  year  old 36.34           31.12           28.09  4.41 

Dunlop,  one  year  old 38.46           25.87           31.86  8.81 

Skim-Milk,  one  year  old 43.82           45.04             5.98  5.18 

Cheese,  according  to   Lyon  Playfair,  is  (•onsideral>ly   higher   in   its    nutritions 
elements  than  the  ilesli  of  animals,  and  is  composed  as  follows  : 

Water 38.78 

Flesh-forming  substances 31.02 

Heat-giving  substances 25.30 

Mineral  matter 4.90 


JEIISEY  BUTTEE. 

"  Didst  thou  never  see  a  Titan  kiss  a  dish  of  butter?" — Shakespeare. 

Next  to  sweet  cream  of  the  richest  (juality  and  perfect  purity,  golden  .Ti-rsi'v 
butter,  when  made  according  to  the  perfect  art,  is  the  crowning  luxury  of  the  table, 
and  no  bill  of  fare  is  quite  complete  witliout  such  butter. 

A  perfect  specimen  of  Jersey  butter,  e\'eii  if  it  is  sold  as  high  as  one  dollar  a 
pound,  is  hard  to  find,  and  very  few  people  know  how  t<j  make  butter  worthy  of  the 
name  of  Golden  Jersey. 

Good  butter  has  qualities  that  ouglit  to  be  made  familinr  to  the  sight,  touch, 
smell  and  taste  of  every  worker  in  the  dairy. 

The  texture  of  butter,  when  made  from  a  well-fed  model  Jersey,  is  aciiaractcristic 
that  every  exj)ert  soon  learns.  There  is  a  fine,  waxy,  almost  crystalline  grain, 
without  any  appearance  of  water  following  the  cut  of  the  knife  ;  the  color  is  like 
the  glistening  yellow  of  tlie  blossom  of  tlie  buttercup;  the  aroma  delicate  and 
refreshing,  giving  the  true  "smell  of  dairy,"  and  suggestive  of  fields  of  white  clover 
and  poa  ;  and  the  taste  gives  a  suggestion  of  chestnuts  and  almonds.  The  butter 
has  a  soft,  satiny  touch,  and  melts  upon  the  tongue  with  a  delicacy  like  that  of  sweet 
cream  or  clover  honey.  It  has  no  suggestion  of  buttermilk,  no  touch  of  oil  or 
grease,  gives  no  hint  of  salt ;  and,  all-in-all,  when  once  learned  the  excellencies  of 
golden,  waxy,  aromatic,  delicious,  nutty-flavored  Jersey  butter  are  so  superlatively 
satisfactory  to  the  educated  senses  that  it  is  a  great  deprivation  to  the  lover  of  good 
and  wholesome  fare  to  fail  of  a  regular  sup])h'  of  this  luxury. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA.  399 

The  best  butter  caa  be  drawn  out  in  shape,  like  wax,  a  "  plastic,  fragrant  gold," 
and  is  made  from  non-pregnant  cows  when,  at  the  fliish  of  milk,  they  are  fed  on  a 
select,  high-flavored  ration  of  mixed  grasses,  clover,  shorts  and  maize  meal. 

The  very  pinnacle  of  good  butter-making  is  reached  on  that  day  when  the 
cow  does  her  level  best  in  productiveness,  provided  the  cow  is  in  that  state  of 
perfect  health  wherein  she  can  assimilate  the  food  she  eats,  that  food  being  the 
richest  in  quality  and  flavor.  It  matters  not  if  her  product  be  one  pound  or  five 
pounds  a  day,  as  long  as  she  is  a  healthy  Jersey  of  typical  quality. 


Formerly  good  butter  was  made  accidentally  once  or  twice  a  year,  when  the 
cii'cumstances  of  pasture,  temperature  and  weather  were  favorable;  but  now  the 
best  butter  ought  to  be  produced  every  day  in  the  year.  Much  butter  is  rained,  in 
the  process  of  milking,  by  the  filthiness  of  the  milker.  The  manipulation  of 
materials  in  any  dairy  cannot  be  over-cleanly.  Sweet-flavored  butter  cannot  be 
made  from  a  solution  of  cow-dung  and  the  odor  of  horse-urine,  or  the  dust  and 
dandruff  of  the  cow,  or  the  tobacco-pipe  of  the  smoker,  or  the  saliva  of  the  cliewer, 
or  the  dirty  tricks  of  the  milker  who  dips  his  hand  in  the  pail  to  moisten  the  udder 
and  teats. 

Butter  is  either  good  or  bad  ;  when  it  is  good  it  is  very  good,  but  when  it  is 
bad  it  is  horrid — it  is  too  generally  very  bad  in  the  dairies  of  our  country.  Good 
butter  cannot  be  produced  from  cows  that  are  not  in  normal  health.  A  cow  that  is 
kept  in  a  stalile  where  the  floor  is  dry  and  clean ;  where  the  sunlight  floods  all  the 
place  several  hours  ;  where  there  is  a  perpetiial  flow  of  sweet,  pure  air,  the  gutters 
cleansed  and  washed  before  each  milking,  and  her  feed  the  best,  will  make  her  best 
butter  from  one  week  after  calving  until  her  next  gestation  begins.  The  quality 
will  fall  off  a  little  during  the  rest  of  her  season. 

The  factors  that  militate  against  the  production  of  good  butter  are  too 
common — low,  damp  basements  ;  non-ventilated  hovels  ;  close,  dark  sheds ;  filth  ; 
an  air  full  of  exhalations  from  skin  and  lungs,  and  vapors  from  dung  and  urine  of 
hogs,  horses  and  fowls  ;  the  dust  of  currying,  brushing  and  sweeping,  and  endless 
combinations  of  disgusting  filth. 

If  the  milk  of  cows  of  all  periods  of  gestation  is  mixed  indiscriminately,  and 
the  cows  drink  impure  water,  and,  in  addition,  are  worried  and  chased  by  boys  and 
dogs  ;  if  they  are  kicked  and  clubbed  or  pitchforked  by  savage  and  boorish  men ;  if 
tormented  by  mosquitoes  and  flies — all  the  conditions  are  against  the  production  of 
cream  or  butter,  and  the  feed  is  worse  than  wasted. 

To  make  good  butter  every  factor  heretofore  mentioned  must  be  well 
considered  by  the  owner.     He  must  have  the  best  Jersey  cows  which  he  can  procure, 


400  JEimEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 

and  keep  thciii  with  a  caro  and  alTcctinii  that  rivals  tlie  Arab's  fondness  for  his 
horse. 

With  tlie  best  cows,  best  stable,  best  care,  best  food,  pure  water,  cleajjliness 
IN  THE  STABLE  AND  IN  THE  DAIRY,  the  lujlk  classified  from  ft'esh  cows,  bred  eows, 
and  from  cows  near  calming,  everything  will  be  fa\-(ii-al)le  for  the  display  of  skill 
in  the  art  of  butter-making. 

METHODS    IN    UUITEK-MAKINO. 

There  are  not  less  than  four  distinct  systems  of  treating  milk  in  the  manufacture 
of  butter :  1.  The  centrifuge  method.  2.  The  whole-milk  churning.  3.  The 
shallow-pan  system.     4.  The  duep-caii  sotting. 

1.    T/,r  Centrifuge. 

The  centrifuge  method  consists  in  treating  the  cream  as  drawn  from  tlie 
separator.     It  is  the  latest  method  in  the  preparation  of  cream  for  the  butter  dairy. 

A  saving  of  fifteen  per  cent,  as  the  average  net  gain  in  the  butter  product  for 
tlie  centrifuge  is  a  very  large  profit.  AVhen  both  butter  and  cheese  are  made  in  the 
same  dairy  the  machine  can  be  set  so  as  to  remove  only  a  part  of  the  cream,  and 
that  consisting  of  the  largest  globules  from  which  the  best  butter  is  made. 

When  the  cream  is  skimmed  by  the  centrifuge  it  is  of  a  high  temperature, 
having  the  animal  heat  or  a  little  less,  and,  whether  used  for  sweet  cream  or  for 
butter,  needs  to  be  speedily  cooled  to  about  65°  Falu*.  According  to  numerous 
reports  of  trials  at  butter-making  with  centrifuge  cream,  the  chief  drawback  has 
been  the  neglect  of  rapid  cooling.  Again,  the  after-treatment  of  the  cream  has  not 
been  perfectly  understood,  for  it  is  very  evident  that  the  cream  is  of  a  different 
character  to  that  by  any  other  mode  of  setting,  and  must  therefore  require  a  special 
preparation  for  butter.  The  proper  degree  of  ripening  in  cream,  and  the  best  method 
of  securing  it,  has  as  yet  no  fixed  rules.  The  ripening  can  be  hastened  by  proper 
ventilation  and  aeration  of  the  cream  ;  by  stirring  at  frequent  intervals,  and  pouring 
from  vessel  to  vessel  slowly,  to  give  contact  with  the  air. 

If  all  the  directions  for  cleanliness  under  Milking  are  fully  observed  there  will 
not  be  much  more  than  0.15  per  cent,  of  dirt  in  the  milk,  the  chief  part  of  w'hich 
will  be  effectually  removed  by  the  centrifuge,  thus  furiiisliing  a  cream  sweeter, 
cleaner  and  purer  than  by  any  other  system. 

2.   Churning  mwle-Milk. 

Next  to  the  centrifuge,  churning  the  whole-milk  produces  the  greatest  amount 

of  butter  from  a  given  (quantity ;  the  butter  is,  however,  of  an  inferior,  caseous  quality. 

By  any  system  of  setting,  in  order  to  make  good  butter  requires  a  practical  knowledge 

and  skill  in  all  that  pertains  to  quality  of  breed  and  the    particular  qualities  of 


CANADA'S   JOHN    BULL    8388. 

AT   2   YEARS   OLD. 

Stoke  Pogis- Marjoram  Type. 

OAKLANDS    HERD. 

Valancey  E.  Fullek,  Hamilton,  Ontario,  Canada. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  UST  A3IEEICA.  401 

individual  cows  in  the  lierd  and  to  methods  of  feeding  and  management ;  the  natm-e 
and  quality  of  milk  and  cream ;  sources  of  contaminatiou ;  the  absorption  of  odors  and 
impurities ;  the  special  advantages  of  any  and  all  systems  of  setting  milk  ;  proper 
temperature  of  milk,  cream  and  butter  at  each  and  every  stage  of  progress ;  the 
right  churn  and  process  of  churning ;  the  method  of  washing ;  the  degree  of  working ; 
the  true  philosophy  of  salting  ;  the  proper  handling,  printing  and  fitting  for  special 
customers. 

The  whole-milk  needs  to  be  quickly  cooled.  The  ripening  of  cream  is  hastened 
through  aeration.  The  temperature  of  the  milk  at  churning  needs  to  be  about  62° 
Fahr. 

Defects  of  the  whole-milk  system  are  very  patent.  There  is  a  loss  of  the  sweet 
skim-milk  for  calves,  and  a  great  amount  of  unnecessary  labor  is  occasioned  by  the 
cooling  and  churning  of  an  immense  bulk  of  milk. 

There  is  more  waste  in  this  method  than  any  other,  and  the  butter,  containing 
more  casein,  does  not  keep  so  well. 

3.   77,e  ran  Method. 

The  setting  of  milk  in  shallow  pans  is  necessarily  subject  to  greatly  varying 
conditions,  but  when  well  conducted  the  results  are  very  favorable  toward  the 
production  of  the  best  quality  of  butter. 

The  process  of  ripening  cream  is  perhaps  as  favorable  to  siiccess  under 
well-conducted  shallow  setting  as  by  any  other  method.  Eipening  of  cream  for 
butter-making,  like  the  ripening  of  whole-milk  in  cheese-making,  is  something 
entirely  different  and  apart  from  mere  souring.  The  main  factors  in  the  ripening  of 
cream  are  oxygen  and  light,  with  a  proper  temperature.  Oxygenation  is  a  process 
absolutely  essential  to  ripen  cream  for  the  first  quahty  of  butter.  So  that  cream 
spread  out  upon  the  surface  of  milk  in  strong  light  but  not  the  direct  sunlight,  and 
in  a  pure,  sweet  atmosphere,  at  a  temperature  of  62°  Fahr.,  needs  only  good  churning, 
washing,  salting  and  shaping  to  make  perfect  butter. 

The  pan  system  entails  much  work,  and  it  needs  more  space  than  any  other,  and 
also  good  ventilation.  There  is  a  great  loss  of  sweet  skim-milk  by  the  long  time 
required  for  rising  and  ripening. 

THE    SPRING    HOUSE. 

There  are  those  who  think  the  spring  house  the  most  desirable  form  of 
dairy-house,  whether  the  shallow-pan  setting  or  some  other  be  used. 

The  milk  and  cream  rooms  must  be  kept  at  55°  Fahr.,  well  lighted,  from 
the  north  or  northwest  side  only,  so  as  to  avoid  the  direct  rays  as  well  as  the  heating 
power  of  the  sim  ;  clean  and  well  ventilated,  with  a  good  concrete  or  marble  floor, 
and  suitable  tanks  or  compartments,  with  ever-fiowing  spring  water  under  perfect 


402  JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

control  as  to  quantity  and  speed  of  flow.  This  abundant  spring  water  helps  to 
preserve  the  right  temperature,  and  also  aids  greatly  in  removing  the  disagreeable 
animal  odors  of  the  milk,  as  the  cool,  moist  air  acts  in  the  douljle  capacity  of 
absorbent  and  vehicle  of  removal  in  its  outward  flow. 

This  dispelling  of  odors  greatly  improves  the  flavor  and  keeping  quality  of  the 
butter. 

The  cream  also  ripens  well  in  the  moist  air,  and  does  not  become  tougli  and 
leathery  as  in  dry  air  or  contact  with  a  strong  current  of  air. 

4-.  Tl,>'  Deep-Can  Setthuj. 
The  deep-can  setting  calls  for  a  great  and  sudden  reduction  in  the  temijcrature 
of  the  milk  in  order  to  separate  the  cream  in  twelve  liours.  In  this  process  the  cans 
are  deep  and  either  entirely  submerged  or  cooled  at  the  top.  This  method  produces 
about  the  same  amount  of  butter  as  the  pan  system.  The  essentials  in  butter-making 
are  rapid  cooling  of  the  cream  to  50°  or  55°  ;  gradual  return  of  the  temperature  of 
cream  to  75°  until  ripe  ;  a  ripening  of  the  cream  by  giving  a  broad  surface  to  air  and 
light ;  ventilation,  with  pure,  sweet  air  ;  churning  at  tlie  desired  period  of  ripening, 
which  may  require  twenty-four  or  more  houi-s,  the  chum  and  tiie  cream  at  from  62° 
to  64°  during  the  churning. 

VENTILATION. 

The  subterranean  system  of  ventilation  has  proved  advantageous  in  maintaining 
a  uniformity  of  temperature,  and  is  consequently  well  adapted  to  the  butter  and 
cheese  dairy.  The  air  is  conducted  through  an  underground  shaft  so  far  below  the 
surface  that  the  temperature  of  the  earth  at  a  given  depth  is  maintained  with 
remarkable  uniformity.  Care  is  needed  that  the  introduction  of  the  air  current  shall 
be  so  directed  and  diffused  that  it  will  not  blow  ujion  tlie  milk  or  cream,  as  the 
effect  of  such  a  blast  of  air  iipon  pan-set  milk  is  to  make  the  cream  dry  and 
leathery. 

With  such  a  system  of  ventilation  and  a  setting  of  the  cream  in  broad  vessels 
with  much  light,  but  never  direct  simlight,  and  frequent  stirring,  the  conditions  are 
as  complete  as  possible  for  rapid  ripening  and  flue  flavor  of  butter.  The  flavor 
desired  must  be  determined  by  the  length  of  time  of  ripening  and  the  amount  of 
stirring  and  aeration  required.  Mild  milk-flavored  butter  is  made  from  sweet  cream 
without  ripening. 

HKAVY  MILK.* 

"  In  some  of  Mr.  Fjord's  experiments  he  met  witli  milk  which  would  partly 
refuse  discharging  the  cream  by  intense  cooling. 

"  It  would  generally  appear  every  fall  when  most  of  the  cows  were  old  milkers. 


*  "  Creaming  Milk  by  Centrifugal  Force,"  J.  D.  Frederiksen. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  A3IERICA.  403 

"  Mr.  Fjord  called  it  '  heavy '  milk,  and  made  the  phenomenon  the  object  of 
thorough  investigation.  When  the  milk  is  heavy  the  cream  will  rise  slowly,  it  will 
appear  thin,  and  there  will  be  no  sharply  marked  line  between  the  cream  and  the 
skim-milk,  while  the  latter  is  less  blue  than  usual.  From  such  milk  the  cream  can 
never  be  fully  separated  by  cooling. 

"  Shallow  tubs  will  do  it  better,  yet  not  satisfactorily,  and  only  the  separator  will 
do  the  work  perfectly  well.  In  tlie  series  of  experiments  previously  mentioned  the 
milk  was  heavy  during  October,  November  and  December,  when  the  ice  system 
proved  perfectly  worthless,  leaving  as  much  as  2.75  per  cent,  of  fat  in  the  skim-milk, 
and  giving  a  yield  as  low  as  1.25  pounds  of  butter  from  one  hundred  pounds  of 
milk — the  same  milk  producing  4.27  per  cent,  of  Iratter  by  the  centrifugal  creaming. 
By  transportation  and  premature  cooling,  milk  which  is  not  originally  heavy  may 
become  so,  and  many  creameries  have  been  troubled  on  account  of  that.  The 
centrifuge  removes  the  trouble." 

In  a  paper  hy  Major  Henry  E.  Alvord  occurs  an  account  of  the  peculiar 
churning  quality  of  milk  as  witnessed  at  Houghton  Farm  : 

"  It  has  long  been  our  practice  at  Houghton  Farm  to  make  frequent  churn  tests 
of  the  milk  of  every  cow  in  the  herd,  as  well  as  of  the  mixed  milk  of  the  dairy.  We 
had  one  cow,  '  Clover,'  good  for  sixteen  or  seventeen  pounds  of  butter  a  week  when 
at  her  best,  and  usually  fresh  in  the  spring.  Two  years  ago  she  failed  to  calve  in  the 
spring,  and  became  fresh  on  dry  feed.  Testing  her  at  the  usual  time  of  calving,  when 
she  gave  as  much  milk  as  formerly  when  fresh,  I  was  surprised  to  get  only  twelve 
ounces  of  butter  where  I  had  expected  to  get  thirty  ounces.  We  at  once  examined 
her  milk,  and  found  it  to  be  as  rich  in  butter  fat  as  ever.  So  I  tried  again,  got 
twelve  and  a  half  ounces  of  butter  from  the  first  churning  of  thirty-seven  pounds  of 
milk,  and  then  churned  the  same  milk  (buttermilk)  a  second  time,  and  got  twelve 
ounces  more  of  butter.  A  third  churning  of  the  same  milk  gave  five  and  one  half 
ounces,  and  a  fourth  one  and  a  quarter  ounces — a  total  of  thirty:one  and  a  quarter 
ounces  of  butter  from  thirty-seven  pounds  of  milk. 

"  Churning  a  fifth  time,  the  milk  failed  to  yield  any  Ijutter." 


When  the  cream  has  readied  the  proper  standard  of  ripening  it  is  poured  into 
the  churn,  filling  to  about  one  third  its  capacity,  through  a  fine  wire  strainer,  to  give 
a  soft  and  even  texture.  It  must  be  accurately  tested  at  62°  in  summer  and  at 
64°  Fahr.  in  winter.  The  churn  may  be  of  the  barrel  pattern  (Stoddard),  working 
end  over  end.  The  power  may  be  applied  from  the  engine,  by  animal  power,  or  any 
convenient  apparatus,  according  to  size  of  churn.  As  soon  as  the  sound  within 
indicates  that  the  point  of  separation  is  reached,  it  is  also  shown  by  the  glass 
indicator  in  the  lid  becoming  clear ;  a  small  quantity  of  cold,  weak  brine,  at  about  55°, 


404  JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 

is  to  be  poured  into  the  churn  to  facilitate  granulation,  when  a  few  more  revolutions 
cause  the  butter  to  form  granules  about  the  size  of  barley  grains.  The  churn  is  then 
stopped  and  the  buttermilk  strained  off  and  set  aside.  The  time  required  for 
churning  will  vary  from  twenty  to  thirty  minutes  under  a  moderate  speed  of 
revolutions. 

EINSING  THE   GEANULES. 

The  butter  grains  are  then  to  be  rinsed  in  cold,  clear  spring  water,  weak  brine,  or 
pure  filtered  water,  at  a  temperature  of  62°,  using  three  or  more  washings  until  the 
water  falling  into  the  vessel  beneath  the  churn  runs  clear,  free  from  any  tinge  of 
buttermilk  or  caseous  particles. 

CLEANING    AND    WORKING    BUTTER    BY    CENTRIFUGE. 

"  A  new  method  of  washing  butter  has  been  patented  in  Germany.  As  soon  as 
gathered  in  the  churn,  in  particles  of  about  one  tenth  of  an  inch  in  size,  it  is  transferred 
to  a  centrifugal  machine,  whose  drum  is  pierced  with  holes,  and  lined  with  a  linen 
sack  that  is  finally  taken  out  with  the  butter.  As  soon  as  the  machine  is  set  in 
rapid  motion  the  buttermilk  begins  to  escape :  a  spray  of  water  thrown  into  the 
revolving  drum  washes  out  all  the  foreign  matters  adhering  to  the  butter.  This 
washing  is  kept  up  till  the  wash-water  comes  away  clean,  and  the  revolution  is  then 
continued  till  the  last  drop  of  water  is  removed,  as  clothes  are  dried  in  the  centrifugal 
wringer.  The  dry  butter  is  then  taken  out,  moulded  and  packed.  It  is  claimed  that 
the  product  thus  so  fully  and  quickly  freed  from  all  impurities,  without  any  working 
or  kneading,  has  a  finer  flavor,  aroma  and  grain,  and  far  better  keeping  qualities 
than  when  prepared  for  market  in  the  ordinary  way." 


Salting  is  one  of  the  most  important  essentials  to  successful  dairying.  Its 
purposes  are  threefold — to  increase  the  density  and  dryness  ;  to  augment  the  flavor 
by  contrast  and  increase  of  piquancy  ;  and  to  give  antiseptic  qualities  that  will  prevent 
fermentation  and  rancidity.  In  regard  to  the  properties  of  dairy  salt,  I  quote  from 
the  Annual  Report  of  the  Connecticut  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  for  1882: 
"  The  putrefaction,  or  spoiling  of  meat,  and  probably  also  the  rancidity  of  butter,  are 
caused  by  microscopic  organisms,  probably  vegetable  in  their  nature,  which  are  latterly 
known  in  science  as  bacteria.  If  the  growth  or  multiplication  of  these  organisms  is 
hindered  or  prevented,  putrefaction  and  rancidity  are  corresjjoudingly  checked  or 
altogether  stopped. 

"In  the  preservation  of  food,  salt  is  most  applical)lc,  because  it  is  the  cheapest 
and  least  injurious  to  the  health  of  man,  small  (quantities  being  beneficial  to  health 
and  agreeable  to  taste." 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  405 

From  a  partial  analysis  given,  the  composition  of  Higgin  and  Ashton  salts  is 
calculated  as  follows : 

Higgin.  Ashton. 

Water  at  100° 0.48  0.71 

Sulphate  of  Lime 1.41  1.40 

Chloride  of  Calcium ". 0.08  0.14 

Chloride  of  Magnesium 0.26  0.21 

Chloeide  of  Sodidm — Salt 97.77  97.54 

"  The  sulphate  of  lime  is  tasteless ;  the  chlorides  of  calcium  and  magnesium  are 
highly  soluble,  with  a  bitter  taste,  and  greedily  attract  moistiire  from  the  air,  but  a  few 
thousandths  of  one  per  cent,  have  no  appreciable  effect  on  the  taste  or  on  the  articles 
it  is  used  to  preserve.  Salt  generally  used  rarely  contains  less  and  often  more 
impurities,  and  these  are  not  recognizable  by  the  taste. 

"  Salt  may  be  too  fine  or  too  coarse  for  salting  butter.  Fresh-churned  butter 
contains  a  quantity  of  the  milk-serum  or  buttermilk,  which  it  is  one  object  of  salting 
to  remove.  When  salt  is  worked  into  butter  each  grain  of  salt  gradually  dissolves 
in  the  buttermilk  and  withdraws  it  from  the  butter,  probably  shrinking  the  bulky, 
jelly-like  casein,  just  as  salt  mixed  with  a  jelly  of  soap  shrinks  the  soaj^  into  a  small, 
firm  cake,  and  unites  with  the  water  to  make  a  brine.  If  the  salt  be  very  fine  the 
result  is  to  fill  the  mass  of  butter  with  a  multitude  of  very  small  drops  of  brine,  which 
are  diflicult  to  work  out  of  the  butter.  On  the  other  hand,  if  the  salt  be  very  coarse 
the  buttermilk  will  gather  in  large  drops,  easy  to  work  out,  but  the  salt  grains  will 
not  be  entirely  dissolved,  and  will  make  the  butter  too  salt  and  gritty  to  the  taste.  The 
proper  fineness,  therefore,  is  that  which  comes  just  short  of  occasioning  the  last-named 
difliculty,  so  that  by  its  use  we  remove  the  buttermilk  thoroughly,  without  leaving 
any  unpleasant  surplus  of  salt  in  the  butter. 

"  The  Ashton  butter-salt  and  the  Syracuse  factory-filled  dairy  salt  are  commonly 
reputed  to  have  the  degree  of  fineness  suitable  for  dairy  use.  According  to  Alexander 
Miiller,  the  grains  of  a  good  dairy  salt  should  have  dimensions  lying,  for  the  most 
part,  between  one  twenty-fifth  and  one  fiftieth  of  an  inch  in  diameter  (one  half  and 
one  millimetre). 

"  The  mechanical  analysis  of  these  two  salts  is  as  follows : 

Higgin,  fine.  Ashton,  coarse. 

Between  2  and  1.5  millimetres 0.0  4.4 

Between  1.5  and  1.0  millimetres 1.0  10.9 

Between  1.0  and  0.5  millimetres 13.0  20.8 

Less  than  0.5  millimetres 86.0  63.9 

100.00  100.00 


40C  JERSEY  CATTLE  lY  AMEIUCA. 

"  While  a  moderately  coarse  salt  may  answer  Ijest  for  the  first  object  of  salting, 
viz.,  to  withdraw  the  buttermilk,  a  finer  yradc  may  be  l)ctter  suited  to  the  other 
object,  the  preservation  and  seasoning  of  the  butter. 

"  Good  salt  for  dairy  use  should  dissolve  in  water,  making  a  clear  or  very 
nearly  clear  brine.  Tlie  coai-se  Turk's  Island  salt  is  often  very  dirty,  and  makes  a 
brine  that  might  be  said  to  look  like  sdhp-suds." 

MIXING    SALT    IN    liUTTKK. 

If  the  flmrnini^  is  pn)]H'rly  dniio,  liriiii^Miig  the  hutter  to  the  barley-grain  form 
and  getting  all  the  l>utter  fnnn  the  cream,  which  may  be  better  eilected  by  mixing  a 
quantity  of  water  or  thin  sweet  milk  with  the  cream  when  it  goes  into  the  churn, 
and  regulating  the  temperature  to  04°,  and  thoroughly  rinsing  the  butter  granules 
so  as  to  remove  every  trace  of  buttennilk,  using  first  clear  water,  then  weak  brine, 
the  process  of  salting  is  best  done  by  mixing  thoroughly  the  finer  salt  at  the  rate  of 
one  half  ounce — some  may  prefer  one  ounce — of  salt  to  the  pound  of  butter.  The 
salt  can  very  easily  be  incorporated  with  the  l)utter.  Spread  and  press  the  butter 
upon  the  mixer,  pressing  or  rolling  it  into  a  thin  sheet,  about  a  half  inch  in 
thickness,  and  sprinkle  the  salt  from  a  sifter  evenly  over  tlie  surface.  Fold  the 
sheet  of  butter  double  and  press  or  roll  it  out  thin  again,  liepeat  this  three  or  more 
times,  and  the  salting  is  completed. 

All  the  salt  applied  will  remain,  and  the  Imtter  will  require  no  more  mixing  ; 
many  prefer  a  lever  worker  to  the  roller. 

"  Working,"  as  the  term  is  usually  applied,  is  an  injury  to  butter.  Unless  the 
salting  is  evenly  done  it  is  one  of  the  causes  of  streaks  in  butter. 

MOULDS    OK    I'KINTS. 

After  the  butter  has  been  salted  it  is  best  to  put  it  in  the  form  in  which  it  is  to 
be  marketed  with  as  little  delay  as  possible.  The  temperature  of  the  butter-room 
should  ])e  kept  at  62°,  and  the  butter  moulded  without  .allowing  the  hand  of  the 
operator  to  touch  a  particle  of  it.     This  rule  ought  to  be  strictly  enforced. 

There  need  be  no  second  mixing  or  "  working,"  and  the  butter  should  be 
handled  with  wooden  scoops  and  spatules  without  bruising  or  spatting,  but  simply 
laid  in  the  moulds  and  i)ressed  into  the  desired  form  and  size.  These  may  be 
square,  and  half-pound,  pound,  three,  and  five-pound  prints,  to  suit  the  wishes  of 
])atrons,  the  larger  sizes  l)eing  more  economically  marketed,  but  many  customers 
preferring  the  half-pound  prints. 

The  use  of  a  monogram  and  decoration  to  designate  the  dairy  is  desirable. 
Each  print  should  l)e  wrajiped  in  moist,  snowy  muslin,  and  placed  in  a  clean,  square 
wooden  box,  and  these  packed  in  a  cooler  at  such  temperature  as  desired,  fi2°  being 

« 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  407 

well  suited  to  good  keeping.     Freezing  and  thawing  speedily  destroys  the  quality 
of  biitter. 

SDGAK    IN    BUTTEB. 

Sugar  is  sometimes  mixed  with  salt  to  give  a  desired  flavor  to  butter,  and  is 
very  agreeable  to  many  palates.  When  the  butter  is  thoroughly  rinsed  in  granular 
form,  the  sugar  may  be  triturated  (using  the  pure  white  finely  pidverized)  in  a 
mortar  with  the  salt  for  a  half  hour,  one  part  sugar  to  three  parts  of  salt,  and 
thoroughly  incorporating  the  mixture  in  the  butter.  A  difference  of  taste  is 
allowable  for  the  quantity  of  salt  in  butter,  whether  with  or  without  sugar.  The 
quantity  varies  from  one  fourth  or  one  half  ounce  to  one  ounce  in  the  pound.  One 
half  or  three  fourths  of  an  ounce  of  salt  and  one  fourth  ounce  of  sugar  to  the  pound 
give  a  good  flavor  if  thoroughly  mixed  and  incorporated. 

INCORPORATION   OF    SALT. 

Mr.  Henry  Stewart  commends  the  above  practice  of  using  fine  sugar  in  an 
article  published  in  the  Country  Gentleman,  November,  1884.  The  same  article 
also  illustrates  the  effects  of  good  and  bad  salting  in  two  specimens  of  butter.  The 
salt  and  sugar  need  to  be  perfectly  dissolved  in  the  butter,  and  in  order  to  do  this 
it  must  be  pulverized  very  finely  and  passed  through  a  fine  sieve  to  remove  scales. 
It  is  hardly  practicable  to  do  the  triturating  except  when  the  material  is  to  be  used, 


Sample  I. 

Salt  Dissolved  in  Butter. 

After  H.  Stewart. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


f''jll\m\fv, , 


lkm0 


S.VMPhK    II. 

Salt  Undissolvku  ix  Bi'ttkk. 
After  II.  Stewart. 

because  of  deliquescence.  I  reproduce  here  the  iiiicrosc<jj)ic  slides  as  given  by  Mr. 
Stewart,  showing  the  texture  of  well-salted  Ijuttcr  in  No.  1  and  badly  salted 
butter  in  No.  2. 

"In  sample  No.  1  not  a  single  salt  crystal  was  found.  The  texture  is 
seen  to  ])e  much  closer  and  the  dryness  is  conspicuous.  The  very  small  globules  of 
brine  are  few  in  number,  and  the  moisture  is  diffused  invisibly  through  the  mass,  so 
that  every  particle  is  enveloped  in  a  film  of  brine,  which  is  an  antiseptic  fluid,  and 
preserves  the  butter  from  all  contact  with  air.  This  is  the  true  preserving  effect  of 
the  salt  in  tlie  butter.  lu  regard  to  the  flavor  of  perfectly  salted  butter,  it  is 
evident  that  the  saline  taste  is  so  evenly  diffused  that  it  is  quite  subordinate  to  the 
flavor  of  the  butter,  and  that  consequently  the  real  butter  flavor  is  paramount,  and 
is  really  aided  by  the  piquancy  of  the  salt. 

"  In  sample  No.  2  the  texture  is  more  open,  from  the  greater  quantity  of 
moisture  contiiined  in  it.  The  large  drops  of  water,  some  of  which  had  not  reached 
the  salt,  and  some  were  already  saturated,  and  could  dissolve  no  more,  gave  an 
excess  of  softness  and  a  want  of  firmness  to  tlie  butter ;  while  the  undissolved 
crystals  of  salt  quite  overpowered  the  flavor  of  the  butter,  leaving,  however,  some 
of  the  butter  not  influenced  at  all  by  the  salt.  This  evidently  nmst  injure  the 
butter  in  both  texture  and  flavor,  because  there  is  too  much  salt  in  part  and  not 
enough  in  part.  All  this  shows  that  a  microscope  may  be  made  a  valuable  aid  in 
dairv  work." 


JjEHSUY   cattle  in  AMBJilCA. 


BUTTER     FLAVOR. 


Butter  is  chiefly  composed  of  a  solid  crystallizable  fat,  a  fluid  oily  substance 
consisting  of  a  mixture  containing  olein  and  a  fragrant  fatty  principle  hutyrin,  a 
yellow  coloring  matter,  and  a  small  quantity  of  the  casein  of  milk.  Chemists  make 
a  still  further  analysis  of  butter,  giving  no  less  than  nine  fatty  acids,  combined  with 
glycerine — four  of  the  acids  solid  and  Ave  fluid.  The  solid  are  stearine,  palmitine, 
myristine  and  butine,  chiefly  of  the  two  former. 

The  fluid  fats  are  olein,  butyrin,  caproin,  caprylin  and  caprinin.  About  one 
third  of  the  fat  is  olein,  but  the  relative  proportions  of  hard  and  soft  fats  in  butter 
are  very  variable,  running  as  high  as  sixty  per  cent,  of  fluid  fats  when  cows  are  fed 
upon  green  succulent  food.  Various  etheric  oils  of  both  vegetable  and  animal 
origin,  together  with  the  coloring  matter  and  numerous  unknown  elements,  combine 
to  give  flavor  and  aroma  to  butter.  Any  substance  capable  of  being  taken  up  by 
the  circulation,  whether  wholesome  or  poisonous,  pleasantly  fragrant  or  offensive, 
may  appear  in  the  milk  and  cream,  and  consequently  affect  more  or  less  the  flavor 
of  the  butter,  which  therefore  varies  according  to  the  varying  conditions  of  breed 
and  feed,  as  well  as  many  other  circumstances.  The  method  of  making,  whether 
centrifuge,  whole-milk,  pan  or  deep-can  system,  has  much  to  do  with  flavor.  The 
quality  of  making,  the  cleanliness,  the  kind  of  vessel  in  which  cream  is  ripened,  the 
surroundings,  the  atmosphere,  the  weather,  the  quality  and  fineness  of  the  salt,  the 
thoroughness  of  incorporation,  and  the  quantity  used — all  affect  the  quality  and  flavor 
of  the  butter. 

The  temperature  at  which  each  operation  is  conducted  and  at  which  the  butter 
is  subsequently  kept  has  much  to  do  with  quality  and  preservation  of  original  flavor. 

The  flavor  of  butter  is  also  greatly  affected  by  the  manner  of  the  keeping  of 
the  cream  as  to  its  thorough  ripening.  Cream  that  is  not  suificiently  aerated  will 
make  an  insipid  quahty  of  butter.  The  souring  of  cream  will  not  give  flavor,  but 
thorough  aeration  and  abundant  north-light  will  give  a  higher  flavor  and  better  color 
to  the  butter.  When  ripe  the  cream  has  a  pleasant  acid  taste,  and  will  then  make  a 
good-flavored  butter. 

Butter,  Uke  milk  and  cream,  has  remarkable  absorptive  quaUties,  and  is  liable  to 
contamination  and  injury  from  any  odor,  even  during  the  process  of  manufacture. 
Delicate  odors,  like  the  strawberry  and  peach,  will  spoil  the  flavor  of  butter  by 
inciting  fermentation.  The  flavor  of  the  metal  or  wooden  vessel  in  which  cream  is 
ripened  may  be  communicated  to  butter.  The  flavor  of  tin,  however  clean,  is  very 
offensive  and  nauseating  when  communicated  to  drinking-water  at  any  temperature. 
Tin  is  not  the  best  material  in  which  to  ripen  cream ;  zinc  and  galvanized  ware 
form  dangerous  poisons  ;  glass  or  delf  insures  a  cleaner  flavor  to  butter  and  to 
with  safety  from  poisoning  by  lactates  of  zinc  and  tin. 


410  JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


FEEDING    FOR    FLAVOR. 


The  flavor  of  the  milk,  cream,  cheese  and  butter  is  widely  variable,  according 
to  the  aromatic  qualities  and  richness  of  the  ration.  Marsli  grasses,  bog  hay,  and 
l)uckwlieat  bran  will  give  very  little  Ijutter,  and  that  flavorless.  Cotton-seed  meal, 
tiiough  rich  in  fat,  gives  a  bad-flavored  butter,  and  linseed  meal  and  oil-cake  are  but 
little  better.  To  have  rich  flavor  in  butter,  the  food  must  contain  certain  aromatic 
oils  and  flavoi-s  that,  passing  through  the  alembic  of  the  cow's  udder,  shall  retain 
their  delicacy  embodied  in  the  cream  globules. 

A  rich  aroma  and  high  flavor  perbiin  to  butter  where  cows  have  wild  highlaml 
pasture  of  sweet  grasses  uncontaminated  with  any  coarse  or  bitter  weeds.  If  to 
butter  made  from  such  sweet  juices  is  added  the  sugar  and  salt  as  previously 
directed,  you  have  the  very  acme  of  flavoring  in  butter,  especiall}'  in  June,  or  later 
in  the  season,  if  the  grasses  are  not  allowed  to  get  hard  and  seedy.  All  grasses 
give  the  richest  juice  for  flavor  when  in  the  tenderest  growth  and  abounding  in 
succulency.  All  the  soiling  crops,  with  the  exception  of  sweet  corn,  are  best  in  their 
very  young  growth. 

Rye,  when  of  rank  gmwtli  and  iiuar  to  ripeness,  will  often  give  a  very 
unpalatable  flavor  to  milk  and  butter.  Su  may  wheat,  barley,  oats,  maize  and  clover, 
when  too  mature  and  fed  excessively,  especially  if  given  singly.  A  mixture  of 
two  or  more  of  these,  not  too  matm*e,  is  better  for  flavoring.  Sweet  corn,  with  ears 
in  the  milk,  is  good  l)Utter  fodder.  Professor  Brewer  speaks  of  Alfilaria,  a  species 
of  geranium,  as  being  grown  for  forage  in  California,  where  it  is  considered  highly 
aromatic  for  making  fine-flavored  butter.  Fermented  foods,  including  ensilage, 
cannot  possibly  produce  the  finest  flavors.  In  winter  feeding,  maize  meal,  when 
combined  with  wheat  shorts  and  oatmeal,  gives  a  rich,  nutty  flavor  to  the  butter, 
jirovided  the  meal  is  always  of  good  quality. 

If  there  is  the  slightest  degree  of  fermentation,  the  result  of  feeding  will  be  a 
very  marked  deterioration  in  the  quality  and  a  falling  ofE  in  the  quantity  of  butter. 
Tlay  made  from  quickly  cured  green  oats,  just  in  the  milk,  or  gra.ss  cut  before 
flowering,  or  clover  cut  early,  and  well-cured  stover  of  sweet  corn,  with  maize  meal 
and  a  small  quantity  of  carrots,  make  a  fine  combination  fur  winter  flavoring. 
When  apples  are  very  abundant,  and  do  not  find  a  ready  market,  they  make  a 
choice  addition  to  the  ration,  especially  if  of  a  rich  and  spicy  quality.  Special  care 
must  be  had  in  feeding  them,  to  begin  moderately  and  gradually  increase  the 
quantity.  Two  quarts  at  first  and  afterward  a  half  bushel  may  be  given  daily. 
These  should  always  be  passed  through  the  root-cutter  and  mixed  with  meal  and 
bran.  Feeding  them  whole  endangers  choking  the  cow.  The  feed  of  butter  cows 
can  never  be  too  good  in  quality,  and  without  the  best  quality  it  is  imoossible  to 
have  good  butter. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


EFFECTS    OF    SEWAGE   GRASS    AND    SEWEB   GAS    UPON    MILK    AND    BUTTER. 

"  Dr.  Smee,  F.R.S.,  in  the  (Dublin)  Farmer's  Gazette  states  that  he  has  found, 
by  a  comparison  of  the  milk  from  cows  fed  on  ordinary  meadow  grass  and  on  grass 
from  a  sewage  farm,  that  in  the  latter  case  the  milk  went  putrid  before  twenty-six 
hours,  and  the  butter  became  rancid  very  rapidly,  compared  with  that  made  from  the 
milk  of  cows  fed  on  ordinary  meadow  grass.  These  effects  were  more  apparent  in 
the  spring  than  in  the  latter  part  of  the  summer.  On  three  or  four  occasions  he  also 
noticed  that  when  the  milk  of  cows  fed  on  sewage  grass  was  placed  on  a  dializer  the 
casein  passed  through  the  membrane,  from  which  it  would  appear  that  the  casein 
existed  in  these  milkers  in  a  modified  form.  Milk  which  had  been  exposed  to  sewer 
gas  from  an  imtrapped  drain,  although,  on  analysis,  it  appeared  to  be  unaltered  in 
composition,  yet  when  distilled  at  a  low  temperature  (100°  Fahr.)  it  yielded  a 
distillate  that  had  a  very  offensive  smell.  It  also  caused  intense  headache,  which  was 
followed  by  diarrhcea.  The  milk  of  cows  suffering  from  foot-and-mouth  disease  has 
been  examined  and  found  bad.  Dr.  Smee  expresses  his  opinion  that  the  methods 
employed  by  public  analysis  are  not  sufficiently  dehcate  to  detect  the  slight 
physiological  change  which  may  take  place  in  a  fluid  so  complex  as  milk." 


KEEPIN(;    QUALITY    OF    JERSEY    BUTTER. 

Jersey  butter,  when  made  according  to  modern  scientific  methods,  has  the  best 
keeping  quality.  As  the  casein  is  the  chief  element  of  destructive  fermentation 
in  milk,  it  becomes  necessary,  in  the  manufacture  of  butter,  to  remove  this  element 
as  completely  as  practipable,  and  consequently  the  best  made  and  best  keeping 
quality  of  Jersey  butter  is  that  which  has  the  smallest  portion  of  casein.  It  is  true 
that  butter,  however  well  made,  is  a  quickly  perishable  commodity,  and  under 
ordinary  circumstances  rapidly  degenerates,  having  in  itself  many  of  the  elements 
that  facilitate  decomposition. 

Butter  is  best  on  the  day  of  its  manufacture,  and  is  subject  to  many  accidents 
that  hasten  its  destruction.  It  is  very  absorptive,  and  is  quickly  contaminated  with 
any  impurity  or  any  foreign  odor.  If  it  is  frozen  the  decomposition  becomes  rapid 
in  any  temperature  above  40°.  Freezing  is  ruinous  to  butter.  Artificial  coloring 
introduces  elements  that  excite  decomposition  and  destroy  the  quality  and  flavor. 
The  sooner  it  is  eaten,  when  rightly  made,  the  better  for  both  maker  and  consumer. 
The  experiment  has  been  tried  of  preserving  butter  in  the  granular  form,  by 
submerging  it  in  vessels  filled  with  clear,  strong  brine,  and  reported  as  a  success. 
Jersey  butter  should  be  kept  as  near  a  temperature  of  62°  as  practicable.  In 
transportation  it  must  be  well  guarded  against  changes  of  temperature,  and  in  the 
consumer's  care  be  wholly  excluded  from  the  air  until  used.     Jersey  butter  bears 


412  JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 

transportation  well,  and  reaches  the  consumer  in  better  condition  than  it  is  possible 
for  that  of  any  other  make  under  the  same  conditions  of  weather. 


CIIKMICAL    ANALYSIS    OF    Bf 


Samples  analyzed  for  Dr.  Sturtevant,  November,  1876,  by  Mr.  Sharpies:  Xos. 
1  and  6  from  the  dairy  of  Mr.  Edward  Burnett,  Southborough,  Mass. : 


Class. 

Retail  Price 
per  Pound. 

Water. 
Per  cent. 

Fat.               Casein.              Ash. 
Per  cent.          Per  cent.          Per  cent. 

1.  Jersey 

$0.90 
0.80 
0.75 
0.40 
0.25 

11.15 
9.44 
9.94 
9.52 

9.8S 
14.27 

86.01 

87.78 
85.89 
86.95 
87.14 
84.53 

1.77 
2.02 
2.68 
1.65 
1.90 

1.07 
0.76 

1.49 

4.  Grade  Jersey 

5.  Poor  Tub 

1.88 
1.08 

6.  Centrifuge,  188U... 

1.11 

0.09 

The  following  is  the  Houghton  Fann  report  on  butter  contributed  for  this 
work  by  Mr.  Alvonl ;  analysis  made  by  Professor  II.  W.  Smith,  chemist : 


Elements. 

Jerseys.    Houghton 

Farm,  Mountain- 

ville,  Orange 

County,  N.^. 

Ayrshires.    Smith 
Farm,  Tompkins 
County,  l^y. 

Holsteins.     Mead- 
owbrook  Farm, 
Orange  County, 

Water 

7.8 

87.30 
1.3 
3.9 
9.88 

77.42 

9.1 

86.75 

1.4 

2.8 

10.85 

75.90 

121 

Fat. 

82  60 

Casein      .    . 

26 

Salt  and  Ash 

40 

Volatile  Fat- Acids 

8  84 

Non-Volatile  Fat-Acids 

73.76 

Correct. 

HououTON  Farm,  October,  1884. 


Henry  E.  Alvord,  Mana<j>'r. 


The  variations  in  the  composition  of  genuine  well-worked  unsalted  butter  ; 
according  to  Fleischmami : 

AVater,  from  8  to  18  ;  average,  14  per  cent. 

Fat,  from  80  to  90  ;  average,  84  per  cent. 

Other  solids,  from  0.8  to  2.4  ;  average,  1.5  per  cent. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 

ENGLISH    BUTTEK.* 


413 


In  100  Parts. 

In  1  Pound. 

Ounces. 

Grains. 

Water 

10.0 
1.0 

87.7 
0.3 
1.0 

1 
1-i 

262 

Caseiii        .        .        

70 

Milk  Fat 

14 

Milk  Sugar 

21 

ComiTioii  Salt.              

70 

A.  H.  Chuech,  M.A., 
Professor  of  Chemistry,  Royal  Academy. 


SALT    BUTTERS FORTY-EIGHT    SAMPLES. 

•    Water,  from  8.48  to  28.60  per  cent. 

FEESH    BUTTEES. 

Water 4.18  to  15.43  per  cent. 

Salt 0.30  to    2.91       " 

Fat 67.72  to  96.93      " 

Water  and  Salt  even 20,  30  to  35.  " 

Curd l.lSto    5.13       " 

Aethue  Hill  Hassall,  M.D.,  London. 


Curd. 


1.61  to  7.83  per  cent. 


SALTED    BUTTEES. 


Elements. 

Jersey. 

Hassall. 

Ventner. 

Butterine. 

Water 

10.44 

78.49 
2.53 
8.32 

6.50 

85.38 
2.84 
5.28 

3.88 

86.28 

3.28 

6.60 

5.83 

• 

Fat 

92.77 

Curd 

0.53 

Salt 

0.83 

From  Jersey  Bulletin,  ; 


Angell  &  Hehnee. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


ADULTERATED  BUITEKS. DEVON. 

Blytlie's  Analysis. 

Water 17.10  13.36 

Fat 78.50  76.34 

Casein 1.72  6.64 

Salt 2.68  3.70 


Angell  >fc  Ilehner's  Analysis. 

23.98  42.35 

67.58  47.01 

6.88  7.85 

1.55  2.68 


JENUINE    BUTTERS. 


Elements. 

^(F^esh?      '   M«  of  Wight. 

Guilford. 

Winchester. 

Water 

9.30                12.98 

82.64        ;         83.87 
5.13                  2.72 
2.19                  0.40 

9.10 
84.74 
3.47 

2.08 

8.58 

Fat  .  .    . 

85.48 

Curd 

Salt  (Ash) 

2.78 
3.15 

Milk  Sugar 

....     1      .... 

Konig  :  Average  of  eighty-nine  analyses : 


Water. 
Fat... 
Curd . . 
Salt 


Angell  &  Hehner. 


(Ash). 


14.14 

83.11 

0.86 

1.19 


Milk  Sugar 0.74 

[For  nnineroiis  analyses  of  Jersey  butter,  see  Tables  of  Official  Butter  Tests.] 


BAD    FLAVORS    IN    BUTfER. 

It  is  not  necessary  to  resort  to  oleomargarine  and  butterine  for  disgusting  odors 
and  flavors.  The  fetor  and  flavor  of  the  filthiest  slaughter-houses  are  obtainable 
in  those  productions  of  a  fraudulent  art ;  but  all  l)adly  made  butters  have  a 
multitude  of  defects.  The  best  Jersey  cows,  the  best  buildings,  best  feeding  and 
keeping,  best  utensils,  best  facilities,  and  best  advantages  of  every  kind  %vill  not 
insure  good  butter.  The  article  that  is  botched  in  the  making  always  tells  its  ovn\ 
story.  Such  butter  is  sloppy  and  slushy,  full  of  water,  gritty  with  undissolved  Sidt, 
sour  with  buttermilk  and  curd,  bitter  from  bad  salting  and  uncleanliness,  and  in  a 
very  short  time  this  badly  made  butter  will  so  offend  the  sense  of  smell  that  you  will 
be  glad  to  cast  it  into  the  manure  vat,  where  it  belongs. 

Rancidity  quickly  follows  the  botching  of  butter,  and  you  have  MityHc  acid, 
which  gives  a  pungent,  rancid  odor  and  sour  taste  ;  caproic  add,  with  an  odor  which 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IjV  AMERICA.  415 

is  rather  slight,  but  resembling  that  of  vinegar ;  eaprylio  acid,  which  exhales  the 
powerful  and  disgusting  smell  of  a  he-goat  or  fetid  armpit  sweat ;  and  capric  acid, 
that  has  a  mixed  odor  of  he-gout  and  vinegar,  also  valeric  acid,  anotlicr  indescribable 
stench. 

Oleomargarine  gives  all  of  these  odors  and  flavors,  with  the  peculiar  ulaiightr)-- 
house  perfume  of  decomposing  tallow  thrown  in  gratis. 

Butter  made  from  cotton-seed  meal  has  a  bad  flavor.  The  flavor  of  ensilage  is 
not  the  best  that  may  be  had,  neither  that  of  turnips,  cabbage  or  ragweed.  Many 
a  stray  plant  growing  in  the  pastures  gives  an  ofiensive  taste  to  both  milk  and 
butter.  "Wheat  shorts  and  poor  hay  give  a  butter  that  is  almost  flavorless,  while 
buckwheat  bran  deprives  the  milk  of  both  butter  and  flavor.  The  meadows  and 
pastures  must  have  thorough  inspection  and  be  kept  at  a  high  standard  of  purity  in 
regard  to  the  quality  of  plant  growth  for  cow-feed. 

The  flavor  of  the  best  butter  is  transitory,  "  fleeting  as  a  summer  cloud." 
"  Give  it  neither  time  nor  associates,  for  there  is  always  danger  from  the  moment  it 
leaves  the  cow's  udder  until  it  passes  down  the  throat  of 'the  consumer." 

The  flavor  of  cabbage  may  be  in  great  part  avoided  if  the  feeding  is  made 
immediately  after  milking.  .  Turnips,  beets  and  parsnips  should  be  fed  in  the  same 
way,  taking  care  to  remove  the  tap-root  of  turnips,  as  being  rank-flavored,  and  there 
is  then  little  probability  of  the  flavor  appearing  in  the  milk  or  cream,  but  it  is  best  to 
feed  only  carrots  and  parstiips  to  milch  cows.  If  the  flavor  should  appear  in  ever 
so  shght  a  degree  it  may  be  overcome  by  the  use  of  a  small  quantity  of  nitrate  of 
potash  (saltpetre)  put  into  the  churn  with  the  cream.  Use  a  half  teaspoonful  of 
saltpetre  dissolved  in  a  teacup  of  water  for  four  gallons  of  cream. 

CHEMICAL     TEST    FOR   BDTTEE. 

"  Thomas  Taylor,  M.D.,  microscopist  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  gives 
the  following  test  for  butter  :  '  If  a  few  drops  of  sulphuric  acid  be  combined  with  a 
small  quantity  of  pure  butter,  the  butter  will  assmne  flrst  an  opaque  whitish  yeUow 
color,  and  after  the  lapse  of  about  ten  minutes  it  will  change  to  a  brick  red. 

"  Oleomargarine  made  of  beef  tallow,  when  treated  in  the  same  manner, 
changes  at  first  to  a  clear  amber,  and  after  a  lapse  of  about  twenty  minutes  to  a  deep 
crimson.' " 

HEKU  YIELDS  OF  BUTTEE. 

Col.  Waring  gave  as  a  yearly  average  (1872)  for  a  herd  of  nineteen  Jersey  cows, 
two  hundred  and  twelve  pounds  each-of  bvitter.  Mr.  Roberts  reports  the  butter  yield 
of  Mr.  Allen's  herd  at  Pittsfield,  Mass.,  at  an  average  of  two  hundred  and  thirty-nine 
poimds  in  1875,  two  hundred  and  forty-five  pounds  in  1876,  and  in  1877  two 
hundred  and  seventy-eight  pounds. 


416  JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

In  1874  Mr.  Mackie's  herd  of  fifteen  cuws  gave  an  average  of  two  Inindred  and 
eighty-one  pounds. 

Mr.  Moses  Y.  Tilden's  herd  in  Lebanon,  N.  Y.,  produced  in  IcSTH  an  average 
of  three  hundred  and  thirty-three  pounds. 

The  herd  of  Mr.  Thomas  J.  Hand,  at  Sing  Sing,  N.  Y.,  j>ro(iufed  in  lsT4  an 
average  of  four  hundred  and  six  pounds  of  butter. 

HOUGHTON    FARM    .lEESEY    HEK!)    1883. 
Henry  E.   .Vlvoni.  Manager. 

"  Special  test  churnings  were  made  j)eriodically  to  get  the  ratio  of  butter  to  milk, 
in  the  product  of  the  herd.  The  average  of  these  records  for  the  year  is  six  pounds 
seven  and  a  half  ounces  of  merchantable  butter  for  every  one  hundred  pounds  of 
milk,  or  one  pound  of  butter  for  every  fifteen  and  a  half  pounds  of  milk.  Applying 
the  average  ratio  for  the  year,  we  find  the  average  butter  product  to  be  for  ten  selected 
cows,  three  hundred  and  ninety-eight  pounds,  ten  ounces,  per  year  ;  for  the  herd  of 
fifteen  animals,  including  the  two  aged  cows  and  three  heifers,  three  hundred  and 
seventy-seven  j)ounds  a  year." 

Jersey  Herd  yield  of  "  Mapleton  Farm,"  A.  Baker,  West  Dryden,  New  York, 
for  four  months,  beginning  April  1st,  1884.  Twelve  cows,  including  one,  two 
years  old ;  two,  three  years ;  four,  four  years ;  one,  five  years  ;  two,  six  years ;  one, 
eight,  and  one,  ten  years  old.  Nine  were  giving  milk  at  beginning  of  test.  Of  the 
others,  one  calved  May  18th,  another  May  22d,  and  the  third,  June  8th.  The  nine 
had  been  in  milk  two  and  a  half  months 


9  Cows,  April Butter,  2t>9i  ])ounds. 

10  "      May  (11  cows  from  May  22d) "       389^       " 

12       "     June  (12  cows  from  June  8th) '. .' "       508f       " 

11  "     July "       460i       « 


.JERSEY    HERD    OF     V.   B.  STKArr,   SVI.VANIA,    I'A. 

Six  cows — two,  three  years  old  ;  two,  four  years  old,  and  two  past  ten  years — test 
on  grass  alone,  from  June  14th  to  June  20th,  1884,  seven  days.  The  total  amount 
of  butter  made  when  salted  and  ready  for  market  was  ninety -eight  and  a  half  pounds, 
an  average  of  sixteen  pounds  six  and  a  half  oimces  per  cow.  Four  of  the  cows  were 
sired  by  Aberdeen  of  Clermont  2.531.  ()nly  one  of  the  six  is  registered,  but  all  are 
thoroughbred.  The  registered  cow  made  seventeen  pi)unds  and  ten  ounces  of  butter 
in  seven  davs. 


FADETTE    OF    VERNA    3d    11,122. 

AT   8    YEAH!.   .Jl.l). 

HigiKil  Type. 

ELLASLEIGII     IIEUD. 

G.  W.    Faiu.kk.  Tkkxton,  New  Jersey. 


HARMONY   2d   17,118. 

AT   5    YEAliS   OLD. 

Signal  Type. 

BELMONT    HEKD. 

Richard  Peters,  Atlanta,  Georgia. 


JEliSEY   CATTLE  IN'  AMERICA. 


THE    THEEMOMETEE  IK  THE  DAIEY. 


Any  one  who  is  at  all  familiar  with  first-class  dairy  work  knows  that  in  the 
making  of  dehcious  butter  and  superior  cheese,  it  is  absolutely  necessary  to  keep 
everything  at  the  right  degree  of  temperature  in  every  stage  of  every  process. 

In  order  to  do  this,  thermometers  are  required  that  are  very  nearly  correct.  The 
best  thermometers  are  imperfect,  because  of  the  impossibility  of  making  a  vacuum 
chamber  of  uniform  calibre  throughout  in  such  a  substance  as  glass.  No  cheap 
thermometer  can  be  trusted  in  the  dairy,  as  such  an  instrument  may  vary  two  to 
five  degrees  from  the  standard,  and  while  it  may  agree  with  the  standard  at  one  point, 
will  be  far  away  at  another.  Every  butter  and  cheese  maker  shiiiild  have  one  tested 
and  ofiicially  certified  thermometer  from  which  he  can  gauge  the  less  expensive  ones 
by  marking  upon  them  all  variations  from  the  standard. 


FEEDING    FOE    BUTTER. 


The  series  of  tests  made  at  the  New  York  Experiment  Station  and  published  in 
the  report  for  1883  are  very  instructive. 


DAILY    AVERAGE    FOE    EACH    WHOLE    PERIOD. 


Date, 

Milk. 

Pat. 

Butter. 

Actual  Fat. 

Butter. 

1883. 

Lbs. 

Per  cent. 

Per  cent. 

Oz. 

Oz. 

First  Period, 

Jan.  2d-7th 

55.14 

5.19 

4.91 

45.58 

43.46 

Second    " 

"     8th-lith 

53.35 

5.66 

5.50 

48.38 

46.94 

Third       " 

"     15th-19th 

61.84 

4.87 

3.72 

49.25 

36.70 

Fourth     " 

"     20th-25th 

58.33 

4.76 

3.97 

44.36 

36.83 

Fifth       " 

"     26th  to  Feb.  3d. 

50. 

5.14 

4.18 

41.07 

33.50 

Sixth       " 

Feb.  4th-llth 

37.63 

4.99 

4.74 

30.17 

29.56 

Seventh  " 

«      12th-lSth 

42.37 

4.93 

4.73 

33.46 

32.13 

The  above  table  gives  the  product  of  four  Jersey  cows  whose  average  normal 
weight  was  seven  hundred  and  nine  pounds  each. 

During  the  First  Period,  six  days,  they  were  fed  twenty  poimds  of  hay,  four 
pounds  of  corn  meal,  four  pounds  of  shorts,  to  each  cow. 

The  Second  Period,  seven  days ;  three  days,  twenty  pounds  of  hay  and  twelve 
pounds  of  shorts ;  two  days,  fifteen  pounds  of  hay,  ten  and  a  half  pounds  of  shorts ; 
and  two  aays,  fifteen  pounds  of  hay  and  twelve  pounds  of  shorts. 

The  Third  Period,  five  days,  fifteen  pounds  of  hay,  twelve  pomuls  of  gluten 
meal. 


418  JERSEY   VATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 

The  Fourth  l\"ri()(h  six  (hiys,  tiftecu  pounds  of  liiiy,  ten  pounds  of  com  meal. 

The  Fifth  Teriod,  nine  days,  three  of  which  they  had  live  pounds  of  hay, 
four  pounds  of  coru  nieah  four  pounds  of  shorts,  ten  pounds  of  ensilage ;  the 
second  three  days,  live  pounds  of  liay,  four  pounds  of  corn  meal,  twenty  pounds  of 
ensilage  ;  the  third  three  days,  four  pounds  of  corn  meal,  thirty  pounds  of  ensilage. 

The  Sl.xth  Period,  eight  days,  from  one  hundred  and  sixty  pounds  to  two 
hundred  and  fifty-five  pounds  of  ensilage. 

The  Seventh  Period,  fifteen  pounds  of  hay,  four  pounds  of  corn  meal,  four 
pounds  of  shorts. 

In  studying  the  above  table  some  allowance  must  be  made  for  the  iutiuence  of 
food  extending  from  two  to  four  days  or  longer  into  each  subsequent  period.  There 
isan  increase  in  quantity  of  milk  under  gluten  meal  and  corn  meal,  and  a  great  falling 
off  under  ensilage. 

"  The  hay  and  gluten  feeding.  Third  Period,  shows  a  great  waste  inlnitter  and 
other  solids ;  next  to  that,  in  Fifth  Period,  when  the  ration  was  insutKcient,  a  large 
waste  ;  Fourth  Period,  hay  and  meal  feeding,  also  shows  waste  to  a  large  extent ; 
Second  Period,  hay  and  bran  feeding,  far  less  waste ;  Sixth  Period,  ensilage  feeding, 
still  less  waste  ;  and  First,  Fourth  and  Seventh  Period,  hay,  bran  and  meal  feeding, 
scarcely  any  waste  of  butter.  We  can  see  that  when  meal  is  added  to  the  ration. 
First,  Fourth  and  Seventh  Period,  the  waste  averaged  2.16  ounces;  where  liran  was 
added  to  the  ration,  First,  Second  and  Seventh  Period,  the  waste  averaged  but  1.22 
ounces.  In  the  case  of  hay  and  meal,  Fourth  Period,  i.97  ounces;  in  the  case  of  hay 
and  bran,  Second  Period,  2.17  ounces.  We  must  thus  believe  that  the  adding  of  bran 
to  the  meal  feeding  was  advantageous  to  butter  recovery  from  the  milk,  and  that 
bran  is  more  economical  for  butter  recovery  than  meal."  "  The  whole  table  gives 
evidence  as  to  the  value  of  wheat  bran  as  a  butter  fat  yielding  food  for  cows."  "  The 
butter  which  may  be  obtained  from  the  milk  seems  more  dependent  upon  the 
character  of  than  upon  the  composition  of  the  food." 

The  food  must  not  only  have  all  the  elements  in  suitable  projiortions,  in  order  to 
produce  the  best  milk,  but  that  food  must  have  a  certain  quality  which  shall  fit  it 
for  bovine  digestion  and  assimilation.  The  lacteal  organs  have  the  power  of  select- 
ing and  secreting  the  elements  from  certain  foods  of  peculiar  quality,  and  those  alone 
are  profitable  in  the  dairy. 

FOOD    AND   QUALITY    OF    MII.K.* 

"  As  there  is  a  very  close  analogy,  if  not  an  actual  connection  or  alternation, 
between  the  fat  of  the  tissues  of  a  cow  and  the  fat  of  the  milk,  it  certainly  A^uld  seem 
that  as  the  quality  of  the  food  has  a  great  deal  to  do  with  increasing  the  quantity  of  fat 


'Henry  Stewart,  in  Country  Qentlemnn,  1W84. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  419 

deposited  in  the  tissues,  so  it  must  luiveagood  deal  to  do  with  increasing  the  quantity 
of  fat  deposited  in  the  niillv  glands  and  conveyed  from  them  into  the  milk.  I  have 
a  record  of  a  pure  Jersey  from  the  first  week's  churning,  when  at  twenty  and  one 
half  months  old,  she  produced  eight  and  one  half  pounds  of  butter.  The  standard 
feed  of  all  my  cows  has  always  been,  for  morning  and  night's  feeding,  five  pounds  of 
cut  hay  or  corn  fodder  wetted  and  mixed  with  five  pounds  of  meal  made  of  three 
hundred  pounds  of  corn  and  two  hundred  pounds  of  fine  wheat  or  rye  bran, 
preferably  the  latter,  groiind  together  as  fine  as  possible ;  and  five  pounds  of  long 
hay  at  noon  ;  any  extra  meal  is  given  dry  at  this  time.  As  a  normal  food,  I  have 
found  none  better,  more  easily  and  cheaply  procured,  and  more  safe  and  satisfactory 
in  all  respects.  But  I  have  at  times  varied  this  standard  ration  with  every  kind  of 
feed  that  has  been  on  the  market,  and  have  carefully  noted  the  results.  Some  of 
these  for  this  particular  cow  I  will  give.  The  feeding  was  the  same  as  the  standard 
above  given  from  January  4th,  1880,  when  the  calf  was  a  week  old,  and  the  milk 
was  set  for  cream. 

"  In  January  the  butter  yield  was  1.3-4  pounds  per  day  ;  February,  1.25,  and 
March,  1.145.  On  April  Ist  the  feed  was  changed  to  six  pounds  of  wheat  middlings, 
with  the  hay  as  usual,  twice  a  day.  The  butter  yield  for  April  and  May  in  this 
feeding  was  0.95  and  0.84  pounds  per  day,  the  butter  being  very  white  and 
crumbly. 

"  In  June  and  July  the  ration  was  changed  to  two  pounds  of  wheat  bran  (fine 
bran,  with  considerable  middlings,  sometimes  called  '  sharps  ')  and  three  pounds  of 
palm-nut  meal.  The  butter  yield  was  1.29  and  1.18  pounds  respectively.  In  August 
the  food  was  changed  to  two  pounds  of  the  bran  with  two  pounds  of  fine  bolted 
corn  meal  and  two  pounds  of  cotton-seed  meal.  The  yield  for  August  was  1.22 
pounds  daily  ;  September,  1.45,  and  October,  1.28.  The  milk  now  began  to  fall  off 
in  quantity.  Through  1881  the  same  difference  in  regard  to  cotton-seed  meal  was 
shown,  and  the  butter  yield  came  up  to  1.83  pounds  a  day.  I  was  expecting  to  get 
up  to  two  pounds  a  day,  when  the  cow  had  an  attack  of  garget,  and  did  not  fully 
recover  until  October,  when  on  two  pounds  of  the  bran  and  three  pounds  of  fine 
yellow  meal  she  gave  1.66  pounds  of  butter  daily.  The  next  season  I  kept  a  more 
particular  account,  and  weighed  the  milk  carefiilly.  This  season  lasted  from  May  9th. 
1882,  to  December  6th,  1883. 

"The  very  large  difference  caused  by  l)uckwheat  bran — the  cow  fell  off  in  flesh 
very  much  in  those  two  months,  and  took  two  months  more  to  fill  up  again — is 
almost  exactly  paralleled  by  glucose  meal,  which  increased  the  milk  of  some  other  cows, 
but  considerably  reduced  the  quantity  of  butter ;  and  also,  but  not  to  so  great  an 
extent,  by  the  new  process  linseed  meal  and  by  brewers'  grains ;  all  of  these  make  more 
milk  but  less  cream.  I  must  say  I  have  little  confidence  in  the  conclusions  of  the 
(rerman  scientific  peojile,  and  in  the  mass  of  food  tables  and  various  rations  they  give. 


420 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


and  still  less  in  this  idea,  that  the  quality  of  the  food  has  no  eifeet  upon  the  quantity 
of  the  butter,  and  should  be  very  glad  to  have  it  shown  that  they  are  mistaken." 


2  lbs.  Bran 

3  lbs.  Com  Meal \ 

1  lb.  Cotton-seed  Meal. . 

5  lbs.  Mixed  Meal 

I  Bran j 

I  Corn I 

5  lbs.  Buckwheat  Mid-  ( 
dlings  and  Bran ( 


5    lbs.   of   the  Standard 

Meal 

f  Bran 

I  Com 


May  14tli  to  30th. 
June 

J^iiy 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

1883. 

January  

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

J"iy 

August 

September 

Oc£ober 

November 

December  (6  days) , 


Pounds  of 
Milk. 


592 
926 
918 
930 
902 
840 
897 
912 

1,009 
912 
690 
793 
807 
671 
464 
482 
430 
281 
241 
38 


Pounds  of 
Milk  to  1 
Pound  of 
Butter. 


18.5 
18.0 
17.1 
15.2 
18.5 
21.0 
21.1 
20.25 

42.0 
41.5 
30.0 
20.6 
19.7 
19.7 
18.0 
17.2 
18.0 
13.7 
11.0 
12.7 


FKKD    AND    UKEEl)    OF    DAIRY    COWS. 

The  following  summary  of  concliLsions  ])y  Dr.  E.  L.  Sturtevant  are  the  result  of 
many  years  of  study  and  experiment : 

"  1.  The  production  of  butter  is  largely  dependent  on  breed. 

"  2.  There  is  a  structural  limit  to  the  production  of  butter  to  each  cow. 

"  3.  When  a  cow  is  fed  to  tliis  limit,  increase  of  food  cannot  increase  the 
product. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  421 

"  4.  That  the  superior  cow  has  this  structural  limit  at  a  greater  distance  from 
ordinary  food,  and  is  more  ready  to  respond  to  stunuli  than  the  inferior  cow. 

"  5.  That  consequently  the  superior  cow  is  seldom  fed  to  her  limit,  and  as  a 
practical  conclusion,  increased  feed  with  a  superior  lot  of  cows  will  increase  the 
butter  product,  hut  if  fed  to  an  inferior  lot  of  cows,  waste  can  but  be  the 
result. 

■  "  6.  That  the  character  of  the  food  has  some  influence  on  tlie  cliaracter  of  the 
butter,  but  even  the  breed  influences  more  than  the  food. 

"  7.  There  is  no  constant  relation  between  the  butter  product  and  the  cheese 
product. 

"  8.  That  the  casein  contains  a  constant  percentage,  and  that  this  ])ercentage 
does  not  appear  to  respond  to  increase  of  food. 

"9.  That   the    casein    appears    to    remain    constant    without    regard    to    the 


"  10.  That  increase  in  the  (quantity  of  milk  is  followed  by  an  increase  in  the  total 
amount  of  casein. 

"  11.  That  insufficient  feed  acts  directly  to  check  joroportion  of  hntter  and-  has 
a  tendency  to  decrease  the  casein  of  the  milk  a/nd  substitute  aUjumen. 

"  12.  The  best  practice  of  feeding  is  to  regulate  the  character  of  the  food  by 
the  character  of  the  animal  fed  ;  feeding  superior  cows  nea/rer  to  the  limit  of  their 
production  than  inferior  cows ;  feeding,  if  for  butter,  more  concentrated  and 
nutritious  foods  than  for  cheese ;  feeding  for  cheese  product,  succulent  material 
which  will  increase  the  quantity  of  the  milk  yield." 

CONTRAST    OF    BREEDS. 

A  Jersey  cow  weighing  800  to  1000  pounds  will  give  35  to  50  pounds  of 
butter  to  100  pounds  of  live  weight,  or  700  to  800  pounds  of  milk  to  100  pounds  of 
live  weight ;  while  a  Diitch  (Holstein)  cow  weighing  1300  to  1700  pounds  will  give 
20  to  26  pounds  of  butter  to  100  pounds  live  weight,  and  675  pounds  of  milk  to  100 
pounds  of  live  weight. 

One  pound  of  Jersey  milk  is  equivalent  in  value  to  two  and  one  half  pounds  of 
Dutch  or  Holsteiu-Friesian  milk. 


BUTTER    IN    DIFFERENT    BEEEDS. 

The  butter  production  of  the  Jersey  race  is  very  exceptional,  exceeding  in  that 
respect  all  other  breeds  of  cattle.  It  is  interesting  to  com2)are  the  Jersey 
production  with  that  obtained  from  other  known  milking  races.  The  following 
figures  are  established  by  the  works  of  eminent  agriculturists : 


422 


JJ-JltSEY   CArriJ-J  IX  A.V/:/!/(A. 


COMl'AliAlIVK    ■ 

Race.  Milk 

Jersey 

Cotentine 

Breton 

Sclnvitz 

Ayr 

Maine 

Flemish 

Holland 


Alil.E    OF    liUKKDS.'^ 

uT  Kilo^'niiiiine  of  IJuttcr.t 

1«)  to  18  Litres.J 

25  to  28     " 

25  to  3(1     '• 

20  to  30     " 

2S  to  35     " 

28  to  40     " 

30  to  4-0     " 

35  to  40     " 


Milk  per  Year. 
3,000  to  4,000  Litres. 
3,000  to  3,500  " 
1,400  to  1,(500  " 
3,000  to  3,200  " 
2,500  to  4,000  " 
2,000  to  2,500  " 
3,000  to  3,500  " 
3,000  to  4,000      " 


CRYSTAL    SI'RINO    FARM    .lERSEYS. 

Mr.  J.  H.  Walker,  of  Worcester,  Mass.,  says :  '•  I  find  my  '  Victor  Cows' 
13.57  lbs.  of  milk  to  a  pound  of  butter,  when  fed  two  quarts  of  corn  meal  and  two 
quarts  of  shorts  per  day.  My  whole  herd  average  a  pound  of  butter  to  14.82  pounds 
of  milk.  The  least  milk  to  a  pound  of  butter  was  from  Pavon  12,485,  who  made  14 
pounds  8  ounces  of  butter  in  seven  days  at  twenty-five  months  old,  from  134  pounds 
8  ounces  of  milk,  or  9.28  jtounds  of  milk  to  a  pound  of  butter." 


BREEDS    IN    AMERICA. 

The  American  Jerseys,  compared  witli  other  breeds,  sIk  i\v  a  bettor  record  than  that 
•jivon  in  the  above  table.     Ilundreds  of  our  tested  Jersey  cows  show  as  follows  : 

Uucf,  Pounds  of  Milk  to  1  pound  of  limttT. 

Jersey 5  to  IS.  Averaiic  1 4 

Guernsey 10  to  24.  "        1  !• 

Angler 14  to  26.  "        22 

Red  Poll 15  to  28.  "        25 

Devon 18  to  30.  "       26 

American  Red  (Native) 18  to  30.  "       20 

Ayrshire 20  to  35.  "       28 

Shorthorn 22  to  38.  "        29 

Dutch  or  Molstein-Friesiaii 28  to  50.  "       35 

It  can  readily  be  seen  that  a  great  disadvantage  accriies  to  all  wlio  select  the 
breeds  that  produce  a  secretion  abounding  in  water ;  for  it  follows  without 
argument  that  the  most  expensive  metluxl  of  securing  a  supply  of  water  is  by  the 
laborious  operation  called  milking. 

*  Jerse}'  Cuttle.     By  Henri  .Johanet.     Trnnslnlcd  by  \V.  E.  Simoiuls. 

+  A  kilogramme  is  equivalent  to  2^  lbs. 

i  A  litre  is  equivalent  to  l.O.ICT  qts.  or  If's  <lt<- 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IJST  AMEBIC  A.  423 

The  increased  labor  in  the  dairy,  the  larger  space  required,  the  increase  of 
utensils,  all  add  to  the  expense  without  any  recompense. 

The  milk  of  Jersey  cows  should  sell  in  the  market  for  its  proportional  value 
according  to  chemical  analysis. 

C(  )NSTECCTION    OF    ICE-HOUSES. 

One  writer  announces  that  "  ice  in  the  dairy  must  go  !"  It  will  go  when  the 
dairy  interest  finds  it  expedient  that  it  should  go.  Ice  has  its  uses  in  all  well- 
regulated  dairies.  It  was  never  designed  to  be  used  as  a  destructive  agent,  as  hj  the 
freezing  of  cream  and  milk,  butter  and  cheese,  but  it  has  its  place.  The  discerning 
dairyman  will  always  appropriate  ice  to  its  place  and  service. 

The  ice-house  must  be  as  large  as  necessary  to  meet  your  purposes,  for  ice  keeps 
best  in  a  large  house  and  in  large  bulk.  Allow  about  thirty-four  cubic  feet  for  a  ton. 
Dig  the  cellar  below  frost,  lay  drain  pipe  at  the  base  of  the  foundation  walls,  with 
a  free  outlet,  which  must  also  be  safe  from  frost.  Build  the  walls  of  concrete, 
according  to  directions  for  barns,  either  octagon  or  square  ;  fill  the  cellar  with  gravel 
and  small  stones  for  a  sure  drainage  base.     A  single  wall  will  suftice. 

In  filling  the  house,  build  up  the  blocks  so  as  to  have  a  layer  of  sawdust  one 
foot  thick  beneath  and  around,  and  also  fill  all  the  interstices  with  the  same.  The 
blocks  of  ice  may  be  laid  up  three  feet  at  a  time,  leaving  a  space  by  the  wall,  which 
may  then  be  filled  and  well  packed  by  tramping  it  hard.  Fill  the  chinks  and  cover 
each  layer  as  it  is  placed.  Finish  by  packing  the  top  very  firmly  with  two  feet  or 
more  of  sawdust. 

A  ventilator  in  the  roof  is  essential  to  the  keeping  quality  of  the  house. 

A    CHEAP    ICE-HOUSE. 

For  a  small,  cheap  ice-house,  cover  a  square  frame  with  hemlock  boards  and 
batten  the  seams.  Fill  the  building  in  the  same  way  as  described  above.  A  house 
ten  feet  square  and  ten  feet  high,  well  packed,  will  hold  about  thirty  tons  of  ice. 
Paint  the  boards  annually  with  crude  petroleum. 

HARVESTING    THIN    ICE. 

Where  the  climate  is  mild,  and  ice  cannot  be  safely  left  when  it  has  acquired  a 
thickness  of  five  or  six  inches,  the  ice  is  best  broken  into  cakes  and  thrown  into  the 
house,  where  a  man  with  an  axe  breaks  and  fits  the  pieces  by  knocking  ofl:  or 
battering  down  all  the  projecting  points,  throwing  small  pieces  into  the  larger 
cavities,  and  covering  the  top  with  two  feet  of  sawdust.  Every  day  as  it  settles 
tramp  down  the  sawdust  by  the  walls  and  in  the  cavities  on  the  surface.  This  must 
be  repeated  once  or  twice  a  week  until  the  month  of  May.  This  will  secure  a 
perpetual  supply. 


Ji:RSEY   CA  TTLE  IX  AMEIilCA. 


ICE    MACHINE. 


In  the  South,  where  ice  does  not  form,  the  question  of  supply  lies  between 
receiving  the  Nortiiern  crop  when  abundant,  or  home  manufacture  when  the  market 
is  high.  The  Twining  machine  will  enable  those  who  require  it  the  requisite 
facility  of  supply. 

bcttp;k-colok — yelk. 

A  bright,  glistening,  golden  color  is  a  distinctive  characteristic  of  the  best  quality 
of  butter.  Such  a  color  is  natural,  and  is  not  only  pleasing  to  the  eye,  but  suggestive 
of  health  and  sweetness  in  the  cow,  with  wholesome  food  from  pasture,  field  and 
meadow,  indicative  of  fragrant  aroma,  delicate  texture,  and  pure,  delicious  flavor,  a 
satisfaction  to  the  sight,  which  is  not  disappointed  in  well-made  butter  by  the  smell 
or  taste.  Butter  color  is  derived  from  the  cow's  lacteal  organs,  through  her  special 
power  of  secretion  of  a  yellow  oil,  the  coloring  matter  contained  in  the  elements  of 
her  food.  Some  cows  have  the  ability  to  store  up  coloring  matter  in  large 
quantities,  in  their  fat  and  in  various  tissues  of  the  body.  It  also  exudes  from  the 
skin  in  little  shining  particles,  and  can  be  seen  on  many  Jerseys  in  great  abundance, 
especially  within  the  ears  ;  also  beneath  the  lower  lip,  behind  the  elbow,  within  the 
thighs,  upon  the  ndder,  teats,  vulva  and  escutcheon,  and  beneath  the  hair  on  all 
white  patches.  If  it  appeai-s  within  the  ear,  the  cow  may  be  considered  pretty 
sure  to  color  her  butter  well.  Many  individuals  have  this  faculty  so  strong,  that 
change  of  food  and  the  severest  hardship  from  cold  cannot  change  it  or  diminish 
its  force,  for  their  butter  is  nearly  as  golden  in  February  frosts  with  hay  fodder 
as  when  pastured  in  June  meadows.  The  original  source  of  this  butter  color  is  the 
juice,  which  contains  the  true  coloring  matter  in  green  plants — that  which  gives 
to  j'Oung  verdure  its  softest  and  most  refreshing  tints,  and  in  luscious,  full-grown 
plants  the  rich,  deep  green,  an  element  so  marked  in  its  abundance  in  the  months 
of  May  and  June,  where  fine  meadows  and  woods  abound,  that  it  deserves  the 
name  of  greenth. 

GKEEXTH. 

This  greenth  is  called  chlorophyl  by  the  chemist,  and  the  cow  that  can  store  up 
the  most  of  it  and  tincture  her  butter  with  it  every  day  in  the  year  is  considered  a 
prize,  if  she  be  otherwise  good.  The  greenth  is  a  compound  color  and  yields  only  its 
yellow  and  orange  to  milk  and  butter.  Many  vegetables,  like  mangolds,  yellow  maize 
and  squashes,  do  not  jdeld  much  of  their  color  to  butter,  or  at  least  in  so  small  a  degree 
as  to  be  practically  of  no  value  in  that  respect,  so  that  if  one  desires  to  increase  the 
natural  sources  of  butter-color  it  must  be  through  those  materials  alone  which  furnish 
greenth.  To  have  high-colored  butter,  then,  one  must  have  the  best  yellow-skinned 
Jerseys,  and  that  yellow  should  be  rather  a  rich  cadmium  orange ;  and  these  Jerseys 
should  have  succulent  food  of  the  richest  green   color,  as  many  months  in  the 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN^  AMERICA.  425 

year  as  can  be  supplied  with  rye,  barley,  sweet  corn  and  orchard  grass,  and  in  winter, 
green,  unbleached  hay  made  from  the  richest  colored  grasses,  sweet  com  and  clovers, 
cut  early  or  before  their  fullest  blossoming  growth,  and  in  their  richest  color.  Put 
the  liquid  manure,  bone  meal,  ashes  and  plaster  on  all  the  meadows  and  pastures,  and 
with  abundance  of  plant  food  you  will  have  luxurious  growth  and  very  deep  color, 
and  consequently  will  seldom  need  to  resort  to  annattoine  for  a  tint. 

GEEKN    HAY. 

Let  all  hay  and  fodder  be  cui-ed  in  such  a  manner  as  to  retain  as  much  as  possible 
of  its  green  color.  It  is  well  to  "  make  hay  while  the  sun  shines,"  but  nevertheless 
the  best  hay  may  be  made  while  the  sun  shines,  imihoid  the  sun  shining  wpon  it. 

OECHAED    GEASS    HAY. 

If  the  land  has  been  well  prepared  and  the  orchard  grass  seed  sown  at  the  rate 
of  three  bushels  to  the  acre,  it  will  grow  thick  and  fine,  avoiding  the  buuchiness, 
harshness  and  coarseness  of  tliiu  seeding.  When  the  grass  is  just  blossoming  and  in 
its  richest  green,  set  the  wide-swath  mower  at  work,  but  always  be  careful  to  mow 
at  those  hours  of  the  day  when  the  grass  is  free  from  any  wet  of  rain  or  dew. 
The  double-swath  mower  has  extra  size  driving  wheels,  large  geared,  and  of  superior 
power,  and  will  cut  with  one  pair  of  horses  twenty  acres  in  a  day.  A  good  time  to 
cut  is  from  four  to  seven  o'clock  p.m.  If  the  grass  is  heavy  it  will  take  nearly  two 
days  to  cure  it.  It  should  be  put  into  cocks  the  middle  of  the  following  day  while  it 
has  the  heat  of  the  sun,  and  will  cure  much  faster  in  heaps  than  if  allowed  to  remain 
flat  until  cool.  The  next  day  turn  over  the  whole  heaps  at  eleven  a.m.  and  divide 
into  two  or  three  flakes.  In  two  hours  it  will  be  ready  for  the  bam,  and  should  be 
housed  while  it  has  the  heat  of  the  sun.  even  if  looking  quite  green  and  feeling  a  little 
heavy.  There  will  be  no  sourness  or  smokiness  when  you  come  to  feed.  Get  in  all 
hay  by  four  o'clock  p.m. 

THE   MOW. 

The  deeper  the  mow  the  better  for  all  kinds  of  hay.  Let  it  be  air-tight  upon  the 
bottom  and  the  four  sides. 

If  the  hay  is  thoroughly  trampled  and  impacted  in  the  mow,  and  salted,  it  may 
be  put  in  quite  green,  having  the  heat  of  the  sun  upon  it,  care  being  taken  to  make 
it  so  firm  and  close  as  to  exclude  the  air  as  thoroughly  as  possible. 

The  top  may  be  finished  by  two  or  three  feet  of  oat  straw  or  very  dry  hay,  also 
well-trodden  and  impacted. 

ANOTHER    METHOD. 

Cut  in  good  weather  as  soon  as  the  dew  is  ofl:,  and  follow  with  the  hay  tedder 
once  an  hour  until  it  is  thoroughly  wilted,  but  yet  gree7i.  Drive  the  improved  hay- 
cart  with  loader  attached  over  the  field  in  the  hottest  hours  of  the  day,  so  as  to  secure 


426  JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AJ/EIilCA. 

it  in  the  mow  with  the  highest  degree  of  absorbed  heat.  Pack  in  the  bam  as 
densely  as  it  can  be  trodden  down,  using  a  peck  of  salt  to  the  ton.  The  old  way  was 
to  dry  it  to  tinder  and  let  it  get  wet  with  rain  or  dew.    The  new  way  is  vastly  better. 

GKEEN    CI.OVEK    IIAV. 

Cut  the  clover  in  early  bloom  in  good  weather,  free  from  dew,  run  the  tedder 
over  it  twice  and  put  it  into  tall,  slender  cocks  a.s  soon  as  it  isfulhj  \oilted.  Cover 
with  hay-caps  and  let  theiu  stand  two  days  if  the  weather  is  fair,  three  or  four  if  rain 
intervenes.  Open  the  heaps  without  any  shaking,  by  laying  them  apart  in  a  fexo 
fat  flakes,  at  eleven  to  twelve  o'clock.  Between  two  and  three  o'clock  put  into 
cocks  of  double  size  and  let  them  stand  two  days  with  the  hay-caps  on,  then  pack  in 
mow  l)y  treading  each  load  thoroughly  and  firmly. 

ANOTHEE   METHOD. 

Put  into  heaps  hefore  it  is  thoroughhj  icilted,  say  two  hours  from  cutting  ;  let 
these  tall,  thin  cocks  stand  covered  with  hay-caps  three  days,  during  which  time  it 
will  sweat,  heat,  and  cure.  By  this  method  it  will  not  become  harsh  and  brushy, 
but  will  retain  its  leaves  and  green  color.  The  fourth  day,  at  noon,  simply  turn  over 
the  whole  heap  without  spreading,  and  put  into  the  mow,  packing  it  evenly,  after  one 
hour  of  exposure  to  the  air  and  sun.  Clover  must  be  cured  as  much  as  possible 
without  exposure  to  the  direct  rays  of  the  sun ;  and,  like  all  good  hay,  it  must  be 
made  on  time  and  in  its  own  time,  and  gathered  in  at  the  hottest  hour  of  the  day. 

A    TUIKD    METHOD. 

Dry  the  clover  upon  frames  hung  in  tiere  two  feet  deep,  under  a  slied  that  hiis 
open  sides,  thus  giving  it  practically  no  sunshine  at  all.  Pack  in  the  mow  as  soon 
as  practicable,  fourth  or  fifth  day. 

CUBING  cr.ovEK  wrrH  grasses. 

Clover  will  cure  better  if  the  ground  is  seeded  with  a  mixture  of  grasses,  so  as 
to  give  from  one  fourth  to  one  third  in  bulk  of  orchard  grass  and  tunothy,  and  the 
hay  is  cleaner  from  being  kept  off  the  ground.  To  cure  a  crop  of  two  or  three  tons 
per  acre,  always  cut  in  good  weather,  selecting  the  time  when  the  clover  is  iu 
early  bloom,  just  after  a  rain-storm,  in  clearing  weather. 

Use  a  mower  that  will  leave  the  swath  loo.se  and  airy,  and  cut  from  three  to  seven 
o'clock  in  the  evening.  The  next  day  at  ten  o'clock  use  the  tedder,  and  at  two 
o'clock  the  same  day  put  up  into  high  cocks  and  let  them  stand  one  or .  two  days, 
getting  them  into  the  barn  on  a  bright,  clear  day  witliout  opening,  if  there  has 
been  no  rain. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IJST  A3IERICA.  427 

If  during  any  stage  of  this  process  there  is  threat  of  an  approaching  storm  or 
shower,  get  the  hay  into  cocks  as  quickly  as  possible,  and  put  on  caps. 

In  a  wet  season,  clover  and  grass  need  more  curing  than  in  dry  times.  Irrigated 
crops  also  need  more  drying.  Always  cock  when  the  thermometer  is  highest,  and 
get  in  hay  at  the  same  hour  of  the  day. 

Never  get  in  hay  after  four  o'clock. 


Select  those  varieties  of  oats  that  do  not  breed  smut.  Cut  with  the  reaper  just 
before  coming  into  milk  or  in  first  stage  of  bloom  and  quite  green.  Let  the  swaths 
lie  imtil  thoroughly  wilted.  Rake  and  bind  in  small  sheaves,  and  set  in  small  shocks 
with  hay-caps  for  four  days.  Break  open  the  shocks  and  expose  the  bound  sheaves 
to  the  heat  of  the  sun  four  hours,  turning  them  once,  then  pack  in  mow,  laying 
evenly. 

ANOTHER    METHOD. 

Cut  with  the  mower  and  treat  like  orchard  grass.  Many  who  have  tested 
green  oat  hay  declare  it  to  be  excellent  for  the  production  of  golden  butter.  The 
hay-caps  may  have  a  short  stake  to  drive  into  the  ground  instead  of  being  weighted. 

COW-PEA    HAY. 

The  so-called  speckled  or  whippoorwill  pea  (a  bean)  is  much  used  in  the 
Southern  States,  and  it  would  be  well  to  extend  its  culture  Northward.  We  could 
not  get  two  cuttings,  as  in  the  Gulf  States  and  Mississippi,  but  one  cutting  would 
doubtless  prove  profitable  wherever  it  will  grow.  Sow  in  drills  three  feet  apart, 
one  bushel  to  the  acre,  about  the  first  of  May  ;  cultivate  to  a  slight  depth  several 
times  with  a  fine-tooth  cultivator.  Cut  when  the  plant  is  in  the  young  pod  with 
peas  half  to  two  thirds  grown.  As  soon  as  slightly  wilted  cure  upon  frames  made  of 
rails,  beneath  a  shed,  where  they  may  be  placed  in  layers  two  feet  deep,  leaving 
a  foot  of  space  between  the  several  layers  for  ventilation  and  thorough  curing.  This 
is  said  by  those  who  use  it  to  be  superior  to  clover  for  feeding  purposes.  Pack  in 
the  mow  as  soon  as  the  water  is  sufliciently  evaporated.  It  may  also  be  treated  like 
clover. 

GREEN   MILLET    HAY. 

The  soil  must  be  warm,  rich,  and  very  finely  pulverized  for  millet.  Sow  early  in 
June  fifty  pounds  of  seed  to  the  acre,  to  get  a  thick,  fine  stand.  If  the  soil  and 
weather  are  in  their  best  harmony,  with  abundant  rain,  it  will  produce  a  very  dense 
growth  from  five  to  six  feet  high.  Cut  with  the  mower  just  as  the  seed  is  coming 
into  milk  or  before  the  heads  are  fully  out,  which  will  probably  be  early  in 
September,  Cure  it  in  the  cock,  like  clover,  but  the  cocks  may  be  miich  larger,  and 
you    will   have    a   bright   green,   very  heavy  hay,   that   will   be  excellent  for  the 


438  JERSEY   CATTLK  IN  AMERICA. 

production  of  irokleii  winter  l>ntter.      If  cnt  ton  late  it  will  he  coarse,  and  very  hard 
to  cure. 

OREEN     MAIZE    HAY. 

Tlic  saving  and  cnriiii;  of  green  corn  is  a  sn1)jeet  wortiiy  of  mncli  tlioii^lit. 
"Professor  J.W.Sanborn  entertains  the  'emphatic  belief,  founded  on  years  of 
practical  experience  as  a  farmer,'  that  Missouri  alone  wastes  each  year  not  less  than 
$20,000,000  net  in  neglect  of  her  crop  of  com  fodder.  It  sliould  be  fed  in 
connection  with  the  grain  instead  of  '  selling  the  latter  to  be  worked  up  abroad,  and 
throw  away  its  base.' "  With  the  new  machines  for  the  crusliing  and  finely  comminut- 
ing of  well-cured  cornstalks,  the  economy  of  the  maize  cn^p  becomes  of  much  greater 
importance  than  hitherto. 

Where  the  Southern  or  Dent  corn  is  grown  it  is  the  practice  with  some  farmers, 
as  soon  as  the  corn  is  well  filled  m  the  kernel,  and  the  leaves  begin  to  lose  their  How 
of  sap,  to  strip  off  all  the  leaves  l)elow  the  ears,  to  be  made  into  maize  hay,  while  the 
upper  half  of  the  stalk  is  cut  just  above  the  ear,  or  topped.  These  are  cured  in  shade 
and  make  sweet  hay.  The  Northern  or  Flint  varieties  it  is  customary  to  cut  close 
to  the  ground  as  soon  as  the  kernels  are  glazed.  This  gives,  if  properly  cured,  a  full 
crop  of  maize  grain  and  a  large  amount  of  excellent  fodder,  which  by  the  aid  of  the 
new  machine  is  converted  into  a  crushed  and  semi-pulverized  condition,  whereby  it  is 
wholly  utilized  in  feeding. 

CUKINU  COKN    FODDER. 

The  curing  of  corn  fodder  is  of  as  much  importance  as  the  curing  of  any  other 
grass  for  hay  or  the  curing  of  clover.  Ordinarily  in  a  dry  climate  there  should  be 
no  difficulty  in  curing  the  stalks  well  in  the  field  so  that  they  will  keep  in  the  mow. 
The  only  item  necessary  for  consideration  .after  cutting  is,  that  the  stalks  should  be 
well  set  up  in  the  field,  so  that  they  cannot  fall  down,  for  if  they  fall,  or  lean  from 
the  upright,  both  the  grain  and  the  stalks  become  mouldy  and  full  of  decay. 

But  in  a  vertical  position,  curing  of  both  grain  and  fodder  go  on  to  perfection. 
It  is  the  custom  of  some  farmers  to  set  a  stake  firmly  in  the  ground,  around  which 
are  fixed  the  stalks  in  liundles,  forming  ki/'(/i',  circular  shochs. 

A  machine  is  needed  for  cutting  the  corn  rapidly. 

A  short-handled  hoe  well  sharjjened,  with  which  at  one  stroke  a  liill  of  four  or 
five  stalks  is  clipped,  is  the  common  method,  but  a  stout  cradle  will  double  the  speed 
of  cutting.  The  shocks  are  best  l)ound  very  tightly  at  the  top  with  a  cord.  The 
bottom  of  the  shocks  is  left  sufficiently  open  ft)r  ventilation  and  ripening.  If  the 
weather  is  fine  these  shocks  may  be  left  in  the  field  for  many  weeks.  Corn  grown 
in  drills  may  be  cut  with  a  reajjcr.  Give  the  weather-beaten  stalks  to  di'v  cows,  the 
bright  green  to  butter  cows. 

The  advantages  in  this  system  over  the  silo  are : 

1.  The  work  is  done  at  a  convenient  season  after  the  hurry  of  hay  harvest. 


JERSEY  CATTAE  IN  A3IERICA.  429 

2.  The  avoidance  of  the  cost  of  the  silo. 

3.  The  sweetness  and  purity  of  the  fodder  as  contrasted  with  the  vinegar  and 
offensive  odor  of  ensilage. 

4.  The  better  quality  of  the  milk,  butter  and  cheese. 

5.  The  avoidance  of  the  dangers  of  ensilage  in  causing  debility  and  abortion. 

6.  The  saving  of  a  full  crop  of  grain. 

7.  The  coinminuter  or  "  crusher "  prevents  all   waste  and  greatly  increases  the 
economy  of  feeding. 

.  The  silo  may  perhaps  be  tolerated  by  and  be  a  source  of  profit  to  beef  butchers  ; 
but  I  very  much  doubt  that  beef  rich  in  osmazome  can  be  produced  by  ensilage  feed. 
I  believe  it  the  part  of  wisdom  for  all  Jersey  breeders  who  are  feeding  silo  fodder 
to  turn  their  silos  into  root-cellars  or  hay-barns  for  the  storing  of  sweet,  pure, 
wholesome  fodder  for  their  cattle  that  are  too  choice  to  put  to  any  rash  experiment. 
The  silo  is  an  adventure  that  is  full  of  hazard  to  all  dairy  breeders,  and  inexpedient 
for  the  perfection  of  the  arts  of  breeding  and  of  dairying.  Good  maize  fodder 
may  be  cut  as  for  the  silo  and  packed  in  the  air-tight  mow,  after  being  cured  green. 


CLEANLINESS   AND   FILTH. 

The  progressive  dairy  farmer  should  have  both  a  native  and  a  cultivated 
abhorrence  of  all  filth.  Unless  the  ordinary  processes  of  fermentation  of  manure- 
heaps  and  privies  are  put  under  perfect  sanitary  regulations,  disaster  will  come  to  the 
home.  There  will  be  a  poisonous  atmosphere,  poisoned  wells,  poisoned  ground,  and 
the  dreadful  calamities  of  typhoid  fever,  scarlatina,  diphtheria,  untimely  deaths,  and 
much  terrible  suffering  and  life-long  regrets.  And  also  all  these  dire  calamities  may 
be  spread  to  neighboring  homes,  and  to  the  city  marts,  and  even  to  distant  parts  of 
the  world,  by  poison  milk,  poison  cream,  poison  cheese,  and  poison  butter. 

The  necessity  of  a  radical  reform  in  all  the  matters  pertaining  to  cleanliness  at 
the  farm  is  paramount. 

Of  all  the  occupations  on  this  earth,  from  ruling  nations  to  peddUng  peanuts, 
there  is  not  one  that  is  carried  on  in  such  a  slovenly  and  slipshod  manner  as  farming. 
Every  sink-spout  is  a  breeder  of  typhoid  fever.  The  milk-slops  and  housewash  that 
are  poured  down  in  the  nearest  and  most  convenient  place  breed  scarlet  fever,  the 
privy  breeds  diphtheria,  and  the  whole  vicinity  is  tormented  with  myriads  of  flies 
bred  in  the  manure-heaps,  while  rats  revel  in  all  this  filth,  and  destroy  more  hay  and 
grain  than  the  value  of  all  the  profits  of  the  farm.  Change  it  all.  Make  it  all 
clean  and  sweet.  Protect  your  neighbors  and  yourselves  from  all  these  manuf ac. 
tured  diseases.     Never  allow  a  rat,  mmise,  or  fly,  to  enter  one  of  youriuildings. 

Well-made  concrete  walls  and  floors  keep  out  rats.     Terriers,  ferrets,  cats,  owls, 


430  JERSEY   CATTLK  IX  AMERICA. 

traps,  and  skilfully  used  phosphorus  or  strychnine  will  destroy  all  the  rats  and  mice 
that  dare  intnule  or  that  are  brought  in  by  hay  and  grain  from  the  fields. 
Fine  window-screens  and  wire-doors  keep  out  all  flies.     Ee  clean  ! 

HELP— HELPERS— HIRELINGS. 

Most  of  all,  the  fanner  needs,  in  his  hired  help,  men  and  women  that  are 
skilful  and  wholly  trustworthy.  Wheu  the  fanner  attempts  to  conduct  his  business 
with  untrained  and  careless  hirelings,  he  soon  finds  his  farm-work  in  disorder  and 
everything  in  the  way  of  destniction.  He  says,  "  This  choice  Jersey  calf  is  tobe 
well  fed,  and  I  won't  trust  the  boy  or  the  hired  man,  I'll  do  it  myseK."  "  This  field 
is  to  be  thoroughly  tilled  and  carefully  seeded  with  grass ;  I  can't  trust  my  hired  man, 
I'U  do  it  myself."  The  consequence  is  that  the  attempt  to  do  everything  requiring 
care  or  consummate  skill  becomes  too  great  a  l)urdon,  and  he  must  also  shirk  it,  for 
he  cannot  do  everythin<j. 

The  true  helper  is  a  rarity.  The  hireling  is  to  be  found  everywhere,  and  no 
greater  opprobrium  can  attach  to  any  man  than  to  give  him  the  stigma  of  ''  an 
hireling."  "  He  fleeth  because  he  is  an  hireling."  He  cares  for  nothing  but  his 
wages,  and  is  indifferent  to  the  fact  that  his  employer's  prosperity  depends  upon  his 
faithfulness.  Helpers  and  not  hirelings  are  needed — trained,  skiKul  helpers.  The 
interests  of  the  employer  and  the  helper  are  mutual.  Let  the  wise  employer  keej) 
and  train  his  own  help,  and  care  for  all  their  interests.  Let  him  encourage  them  by 
rewards  for  well-doing,  or  punish  by  penalties,  and  rebuke  for  shortcomings.  Let 
him  give  rewards  for  care  of  stock  and  fine  productions,  either  by  testimonials  or 
by  a  share  in  the  profits  of  the  business — and,  above  aU,  Jy  Mndhj  words  of 
commendation  for  all  well-doing.  How  encouraging  to  the  tme  and  faithful  are 
the  words,  "  Well  done  "  !     Let  the  helper  respond  by  still  striving  to  excel. 

REST   AND   RECREATION. 

The  farmer  and  his  helpers  must  each  day  have  the  work  planned  so  as  to  give 
the  requisite  number  of  hours  to  labor,  to  rest,  and  to  sleep.  There  must  be  eight 
to  twelve  /wurs  of  good  hard  work  over  and  beyond  all  the  interrupt io?i^  and 
hindrances  /  there  must  be  eight  hmirs  of  good,  refreshing  sleep  /  the  other  four 
to  eight  hours  are  given  to  food,  to  contemplation,  and  to  planning,  to  self- 
improvement,  to  reading,  and  also  include  all  the  voluntary  interruptions  and 
irregularities. 

In  all  Christian  countries  the  first  day  of  the  week  is  officially  recognized  as  a 
day  of  release  from  all  work  e.xcept  that  which  is  indispensable.  The  day  is  regarded 
by  Christians-  as  the  Lord's  day,  in  which  are  to  be  made  special  observances  of 
commemoration  and  divine  worship  and  the  declaration  of  the  gospel  or  good  news 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  431 

of  salvation  to  all  men  wlio  will  bear.  The  farm-work  should  be  so  arranged  as  to 
give  a  part  of  the  Lord's  day  to  each  man  to  attend  upon  divine  worship  and 
preaching,  if  he  wiU,  and  the  employer  himself  should  set  the  example  in  so  doing. 
The  day  is  one  of  high  and  gracious  privileges,  of  which  no  man  has  a  right  to 
deprive  another,  but  which  all  men  everywhere  are  enjoined  to  regard  with  pleasure, 
and  avail  themselves  thereof  with  moral  and  religious  benefits  ever  accruing. 

The  employer  whose  helpers  delight  in  regularly  attending  Christian  worship 
shall  find  that  his  interests  will  be  well  regarded. 

The  man  that  smokes  will  be  lazy  and  shiftless,  and  unless  very  stringent  rules 
are  adopted  to  prevent  it,  may  some  day  ignite  the  hay-mow. 

The  whiskey-drinkers  and  swearers  are  not  fit  to  be  tnisted  with  the  care  of 
Jerseys,  for  they  will  always  maltreat  them  when  angry. 


''"^^y^-.A 


jy.^ 


FAVORITE    OF   THE    ELMS    1656. 

IIOLLV     (iKIIVIC    JIHIill. 
John  1.   IIoi.ly,  Pi.ainkiki.I),  New  Jek^^ey. 


PART   I^OURTH. 


DAIRY   FARMING   AND   THE   WEATHER. 

The  ^veatlier,  in  its  relations  to  the  growth  and  the  liarvesting  of  billions  of 
dollars'  worth  of  hay  and  grain  in  good  condition,  also  to  the  care  and  health  of 
animals,  its  effect  on  their  breeding  and  stamina,  as  well  as  upon  all  the  productions 
of  the  dairy,  offers  a  vast  field  for  observation,  profound  study,  and  availability 
of  practical  knowledge.  By  the  forecast  of  the  weather  an  individual  may  save 
in  perfect  condition  a  large  crop  which  otherwise  might  be  either  a  partial  or  a 
total  loss.  In  the  aggregate,  when  a  system  of  observation  and  weather  signals  shall 
have  been  adopted  throughout  the  ci:>untry,  the  saving  of  these  amounts  will  insure 
great  prosperity. 

In  the  United  States  Agricultural  Report  for  1881  and  1SS2  an  estimate  of  the 
value  of  crops  for  the  country  in  1881  is  given  as  follows  : 

Hay $415,131,366 

Indian  Corn ' 759,1:82,170 

Wheat 456,880,427 

Oats 193,198,970 

Barley 33,862,513 

Rye 19,327,415 

And  yet  the  statistician  says :  "  While  a  crop  failure,  or  such  scarcity  as  to  limit 
necessary  consmnption  of  food,  is  practically  unknown  in  this  country,  the  nearest 
approach  to  it  for  many  years  occurred  in  1881.  It  affected  all  the  cereals  except 
oats,  the  potato  crop  to  a  very  serious  extent,  and  reduced  the  production  of  cotton 
more  than  a  million  bales.  Five  consecutive  seasons,  from  1876  to  1880  inclusive, 
produced  crops  of  moi-e  than  average  yield,  while  the  same  period  in  Western 
Europe  was  attended  with  medium  or  low  productions  in  nearly  all  branches  of  farm 
industry,  but  especially  in  wheat. 


434  JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 

"In  1875  our  wheat  proihict  was  reduced,  wliile  tlic  cdrii  croj)  wa.s  aliove  an 
average. 

"  In  1874  the  reverse  was  trne,  .wheat  making  an  average  eroj),  and  corn  nearly 
as  bad  a  faihire  as  in  1881.  In  1869,  corn  wa.s  a  comparative  failure,  while  wheat 
produced  more  than  an  average  yield.  In  no  season  since  tlie  inauguration  of 
crop  reporting  lias  there  been  so  general  disaster,  involving  corn,  wheat,  barley, 
buckwheat,  and  rye,  oats  alone  being  exempt  from  loss,  as  1881." 

The  corn  yield  was  twenty-seven  jjer  cent,  less  than  1880  ;  the  wheat  twenty-two 
per  cent,  less,  and  the  lowest  ever  reported  ;  rye  twenty-seven  per  cent,  less ;  barley 
nine  per  cent. ;  the  aggregate  product  of  all  cereals  twenty-four  per  cent,  less  than 
that  of  1880,  the  result  of  a  cold,  backward  spring.  Oonsequeiitly,  a  very  late 
spring  would  seem  to  necessitate  the  planting  of  a  much  greater  area,  from  one 
fourth  to  one  third  in  extent,  with  still  more  careful  culture,  in  order  to  meet  the 
demands  of  the  country  in  food  supply. 

The  value  of  the  green  pasture  grass  is  probal)ly  greater  than  tliat  of  the  hay 
crop. 

AVith  tlie  rapid  increase  of  population  it  becomes  necessary  to  ado])t  imjjroved 
methods  of  agriculture,  not  only  to  increase  the  growth  and  yield,  but  to  insure  a 
safe  harvest  of  what  is  grown.  A  general  knowledge  of  the  atmospheric  changes 
will  aid  much,  while  a  Government  system  of  daily  weather  reports  for  all  parts  of 
the  continent  will  result  in  the  saving  of  a  vast  amount  of  material  that  is  now 
wasted.  The  subjects  of  Drouth,  Irrigation,  Drainage,  Backward  Seasons,  Diver- 
sity of  Crops,  will  receive  the  attention  they  desei"ve,  and  aid  farmers  in  determin- 
ing plans  of  operation  in  all  that  relates  to  Agricultural  Economy.  In  order  to 
give  a  correct  knowledge  of  the  subject  as  far  as  yet  understood,  I  have  deemed  it 
best  to  present  to  my  readers  "  The  Atmospheric  System"  of  Thomas  B.  Butler, 
which  I  have  found  it  necessary  to  do  in  a  condensed  and  slightly  modified  abstract. 


THE   ATMOSPHERIC   SYSTEM. 

"  Tlie  weather  is  the  existing  state  of  the  atmos])here  in  any  specitied  locality, 
and  tlie  changes  there  occurring  from  one  state  to  another  in  regard  to — 
"  1.  The  weight  of  the  atmosphere. 
"  2.  The  temperature. 
"  3.  The  direction  and  force  of  winds. 
"  4.  Clearness  or  clouds. 
"  5.  The  degree  of  moistiu'e. 

"  6.  The  state  of  precipitation,  mist,  rain,  snow  or  hail. 
"  7.  The  electrical  state. 


J1£RSEY   VATTLE  IN  A3£ERICA.  435 

PROPOSITION    FIRST. 

"  The  iionnal  state,  in  the  temperate  zones,  is  clear,  still,  dry  weather. 

PRf)P()SITI0N    SECOND. 

"  Changes  of  tlie  weather  and  all  the  ]>henoniena  connected  with  them  result 
from  one  of  several  distinct,  organized  atmospheric  conditions,  formed  in  the 
atmosphere  of  the  tropical  zone,  and  passing  from  thence  over  our  zone,  or  formed  in 
our  zone  of  materials  and  by  influences  emanating  from  the  base  of  the  system  in  the 
tropical  zone. 

PROPOSITION    THIRD. 

"  All  the  conditions  referred  to  result  from  the  operation  of  tixed  and  intelligible 
laws,  pertaining  to  a  general  organization  of  the  atmosphere,  or  an  atmospheric 
system,  which  has  its  base  in  the  tropical  zone. 

"  The  various  states  which  are  a  departure  from  fair  weather  result  from  a  series 
of  organized,  varied,  successive,  passing,  atmospheric  conditions. 

THE    STORIES    OF    THE    ATMOSPHERE. 

"  The  atmosphere  has  three  distinct  stories  in  regard  to  clouds  and  winds. 

"  They  are  constituted  by  the  interposition  of  a  current  of  warm,  rain-bearing  air 
from  the  tropics.  It  enters  over  the  United  States  from  the  southward  in  large 
volume,  at  different  points,  in  different  seasons  of  the  year.  It  moves  to  the  northwest 
in  the  tropics,  and  curves  between  25°  and  3.5°  latitude,  according  to  season  of  year, 
moving  afterward  to  the  northeastward.  It  varies  in  quantity.  Sometimes  it  is 
not  more  than  a  thousand  feet  deep  ;  again  it  may  form  '  a  river  in  the  air,'  ten 
thousand  feet  in  depth. 

"  Where  it  enters  upon  the  continent  its  lower  surface  may  be  half  a  mile  to  a 
mile  above  the  earth.  Gradually  descending  it  will  come  nearer  at  40°  north 
latitude  and  in  the  "Western  States.  It  seems  to  be  elevated  in  passing  over  the 
Alleghanies,  and  the  easterly  wind  blows  in  under  it  in  greater  volume  after  it  has 
passed  elsewhere. 

"  The  tropical  current  constitutes  the  middle  story  of  the  air.  All  below  it  is 
the  surface  story,  all  above  it  the  upper  story. 

"  The  middle  or  '  trade  '  story  may  be  seen  in  a  large  proportion  of  the  days  of 
the  year,  and  known  by  its  elevation,  direction,  and  the  character  of  the  clouds  which 
form  and  float  there. 

"  At  the  latitude  of  4(  i°,  when  unexcited,  it  moves  at  the  rate  of  about  twelve 
miles  an  hour,  but  its  motion  is  sometimes  less,  often  much  more ;  during  intense 
storms,  twenty-four  miles  an  hour,  or  more. 


430  JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 

SUKFACE-STORY    CLOUDS. 

"  Tliere  are  throe  kinds  of  cloud  and  vapor  in  the  surface  story  :  Fog,  Scud  and 
Mist. 

"  Liini  Fo(j  forms  at  tlie  surface  from  one  to  two  hunch-ed  feet.  TZ/y//  Fog 
forms  in  the  niglitfroni  tifteen  hundred  to  two  thousand  feet  high,  and  is  generally 
dissipated  by  ten  o'clock  in  the  moraing.  Scud  clouds  form  and  float  in  all  the  winds 
of  tiie  surface  story  which  blow  with  notable  force.  Scud  form  in  all  the  winds 
wliich  are  parts  of  Conditions.  Such  winds  usually  blow  from  northeast,  southeast, 
northwest  and  southwest.  This  results  from  the  fact  that  the  Cmulitions,  after 
they  curve  in  a  low  latitude,  move  in  a  northeast  direction,  and  the  lateral  winds 
necessarily  are  northwesterly  and  southeasterly. 

"The  northeasterly  wind  moves  in  under  the  storm,  iu  opposition  to  its  line  of 
progression.  The  southwesterly  follows  after  the  same  line.  The  northeasterly  wind 
is  very  common  east  of  the  Alleghanies,  and  less  common  west  of  them. 

"  The  Northwest  Scud  are  seen,  according  to  season  of  year,  in  every  conceivable 
form. 

'•  In  the  summer  they  assume  rounded  heaps,  and  are  white,  unless  very  dense, 
when  the  under  surface  is  dark.  In  autumn  they  are  less  rounded  and  more  elongated 
and  horizontal,  and  float  in  larger,  darker,  irregular  masses.  In  the  early  spring  and 
late  fall  they  are  often  very  dark  and  gloomy,  coalescing  and  covering  the  sky,  and 
dropping,  for  a  brief  period,  flurries  of  snow,  but  they  may  always  be  known  by  the 
direction  and  character  of  the  wind  they  float  in,  and  their  relation  to  some  stormy 
Condition  which  lias  passed  by  and  cleared  off.  You  ^vill  have  fifty  opportunities 
in  the  year  to  observe  them. 

"  The  Northeast  Scud  may  be  seen  running  under  the  outlying,  advance 
condensation,  toward  the  southwest,  and  the  l)ody  of  the  storm  approaching  from 
that  quarter.  They  are  ahnost  always  in  irregular  patches,  and  always  of  an  ashy- 
gray  color. 

"  As  the  storm  approaches  tiearer,  tliose  masses  of  scud  become  larger  and  denser, 
and  before  rain  sets  in  they  wliolly  fill  tlie  upper  part  of  the  surface  story,  and 
obscure  the  storm  clouds  from  view.  The  northeast  wind  and  scud  continue  to  move 
southwest,  until  after  the  body  of  the  storm  has  passed  to  the  eastward,  the  rain 
ceased,  and  the  layers  of  other  kinds  of  clouds  are  visible  in  the  ti-ade  and  u])per 
stories  through  the  dissolving  scud.  Tho.se  who  live  east  of  the  Alleghanies  will 
have  at  least  twenty  opportunities  for  observing  the  Northeast  Scud  in  the  course  of 
a  year. 

"  The  Southeast  Scud  closely  resemble  the  Northeast,  but  are  not  so  uniformly 
ashy-gray.  These  float  in  the  southeast  wind,  toward,  under,  and  frequeiitly  quite 
across  the  long,  stormy  conditions  to  which  they  are  incident.  Tlie  opportunities  for 
observing  the  Southeast  Scud  are  less  frequent  than  the  Northeast. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IJST  AMERICA.  4:57 

"  The  Southwesterly  Scud  are  less  distinct  than  the  others.  "When  they  blow 
from  the  southwest,  toward  and  under  a  belt  of  showers,  in  the  summer,  they  very 
much  resemble  in  form  and  color  the  scud  of  the  easterly  winds.  But  when,  after  a 
storm  or  belt  of  showers  has  passed  by,  and  the  wind  is  hauling  or  veering  through 
the  west  toward  the  northwest,  the  sciid  become  whiter  and  more  regular  in  form. 


TEADE-STOEY    CLOUDS. 

"  With  the  exception  of  mist,  trade-story  clouds  are  all  of  the  stratus  form,  or 
more  or  less  dense  horizontal  layers  of  a  dark,  sombre  hue.  They  are  all  rain-bearing 
clouds,  and  precipitate  the  moisture  which  they  bring  from  the  tropics.  There 
are  three  forms.  The  Cirro-Stratus,  '  mackerel  sky,'  is  seen  in  the  incomplete 
condensation  which  appears  in  front  and  at  the  sides  of  the  body  of  a  storm.  As 
tliese  bands  of  Cirro-Stratus  coalesce  before  the  rain  reaches  us,  they  form  a  dense 
unbroken  Stratus  which  is  often  \asible  in  sjjots  between  the  flying  masses  of  scud. 
It  is  from  the  stratus  that  we  obtain  most  of  our  rain,  in  the  northeast  and  southeast 
storms  of  the  autumn,  winter  and  spring.  In  the  summer  most  of  the  rains  come 
in  the  belts  of  showers,  which  fall  from  the  other  form  of  trade-story  cloud,  the 
CuimdoStratus,  witli  a  dark,  wide,  flat  base,  surmounted  by  swelling  heaps  of  fleecy 
whiteness. 

"  It  is  among  the  masses  of  Cumulo-Stratus,  in  such  a  belt  of  showers,  that 
the  lightning  plays  and  the  thunder  is  heard ;  and  it  is  from  the  base  of  some 
Cumulo-Stratus  which  settles  down  into  the  surface  story,  that  the  lightning  descends 
and  strikes  upon  the  earth ;  and  it  is  from  the  roimded  thunderhead  of  the  same 
cloud  that  the  lightning  flashes  up,  to  the  layer  of  upper-story  clouds  above  ;  and  in 
the  cliamber  between  these  two  stories,  that  the  thunder  reverberates  and  rolls,  till  it 
dies  away  in  the  distance. 

CLOUDS  OF  THE  UPPER  STORY. 

"  The  clouds  of  the  upper  story  of  the  air,  with  tlie  exception  of  mist,  are  Cirrus 
or  woolly  clouds.  They  are  variable  in  form,  always  white  and  thin,  and  generally 
fibrous  or  thready,  with  slender  filaments,  contrasting  with  the  azure  of  the  sky, 
though  sometimes  misty  and  without  observable  form,  and  at  others  in  thin  sheets 
or  parallel  bands,  and  always  the  highest  clouds  to  be  seen. 

"  The  Fibro-CirrihS  consists  of  curled  wisps,  or  'mares'  tails.' 

"  The  Linear-Cirrus  consists  of  long  layers  of  horizontal  threads,  often  seen  as 
the  outlying  advance  condensation  of  a  northeasterly  storm,  approaching  from  the 
west  and  extending  in  the  same  general  direction. 

"  A  third  form  is  the  Misty-Cirrus^  consisting  of  thin,  misty,  nebulous  clouds. 
A  rarer  form  of  cloud,  seen,  perhaps,  half  a  dozen  times  a  year,  is  the  Cumulo-Cirrus, 


438  JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

that  consists  of  small,  isolated  heaps,  like  fleet-es  of  siiowv  wool.     This  a])pears  in 
long  drouth  or  set  fair  weather. 


TAlil.K    SI10WIN(i    XATIHAI.    (IKDKK 

Misty  or  Nehulo-Cirriis.  1 

Fibro-Cimis. 

Linear-Cirrus. 

Cuniulo-Cirrus. 

Mist. 

Cirro-Stratus. 

Cuniulo-Stratus. 

Stonn-Stratus. 

Mist. 

Scud. 

High  Fog. 

Low  Fog. 

Mist. 


I'jjper  Storv — ("iinus. 
8  t,.  C.  miles  in  (lei)th 


Ti-ade  Storj' — Stratus. 
i  to  3  miles  in  depth. 


Surface  Story — Scud. 
1  mile  in  depth. 


"  The  Scud  clouds  are  driven  in  all  winds,  from  a  fresh  breeze  to  a  hurricane,  at 
a  height  from  half  a  mile  to  a  mile.  Tiie  (Jirro-Stratus  are  from  one  to  two  miles 
high;  the  Storm-Stratus  is  aljout  a  mile  iiigli.  The  Cirrus  clouds  are  from  three  to 
ten  miles  high.  Fogs  form  at  night  in  still  air,  or  in  winter  storms,  in  thaws  liy  day 
or  night,  and  in  storms  at  all  seasons. 


-roRM  c'oxnrrioN. 


"The  l)()dy  of  ;i  stiinii  is  composed  of  tiiree  strata  of  clouds:  a  layer  of  rirruti 
in  the  upper  story  ;  a  layer  of  .stratus  in  the  trade  story ;  and  in  the  lower  story  a 
layer  of  surface  wind,  blowing  in  under  the  other  strata,  humid  and  moist,  and  filled 
with  patches  or  dense  masses  of  send  ;  and  all  these  work  and  act  together,  and 
move  together,  as  relative  parts,  to  produce  and  deposit  the  rain. 


'•The  diagram  on  page  441  exhibits  the  jjosition  of  a  Southeaster,  which, 
entering  upon  the  continent  over  Texas,  and  curving  to  the  northeastward,  has 
crossed  the  upper  jiart  and  arrived  at  the  lower  part  of  the  Mississi]ipi  River,  and  is 
drifting  to  the  eastward  to  cover  the  entire  territory  of  the  United  States  and 
Canada,  east  of  that  river,  and  jiass  off  on  to  the  Atlantic. 

"  It  will  1)6  seen,  by  the  direction  of  the  arrows,  that  it  has  lateral  southeast  and 
northwest  winds,  the  arrows  in  the  body  of  condensation  or  central  portion  of  the 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IJV  A3IEEICA. 


The    Three    Stories    of    the    Atmosphere. 
Upper,  Cirrus ;  Middle,  Stratus;  Lower,  Scud. 

stonn,  indicating  that  tliat  jwrtioii  is  moving  to  the  nortliea.st,  whit-li  is  true  of  all 
tlie  various  conditions,  as  a  rule.     There  are  some  exceptions. 

"  The  dotted  lines  on  the  northwest  portion  of  the  storm  indicate  that  portions 
of  it  have  moved  up  to  the  northeast  and  left  the  surface  uncovered,  showing  the 
manner  in  which  such  storms  generally  '  clear  off '  from  the  northwest.  The 
shading  down  at  the  Gulf  indicates  the  accession  of  additional  portions  upon  its 
eastern  side.  In  such  a  condition  the  southeast  lateral  wind  often  blows  a  gale,  and 
its  direction  is  nearly  at  right  angles  with  the  axis  of  the  storm,  and  under  and  across 
the  belt  of  condensation.  Sometimes,  in  autumn  or  winter,  the  northwest  wind  may 
blow  in  under  the  southeast  wind,  a  part  of  the  way,  and  turn  the  rain  to  snow. 

"  Anterior  to  the  approach  of  such  a  storm,  within  influencing  distance  there  is 


440  JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

a  fair,  pleasant,  still  and  normal  day,  sometimes  called  a  '  weather-breeder,'  with  high 
barometer.  As  soon  as  the  influeuee  of  the  storm  reaches  the  place  and  is  fult,  the 
barometer  begins  to  fall,  the  air  moves  toward  the  storm,  and  the  wind  freshens 
from  the  southeast  and  fills  with  scud,  the  thermometer  rises,  the  air  grows  damp, 
approaching  cloud  condensation  (cirrus)  is  seen  in  the  west  and  n(»rthwest,  and  men 
and  animals  feel  sensibly  the  approach  of  the  storm. 

'•In  the  hrlt  of  shotoers,  the  commencement  of  the  fall  of  rain  is  nearly 
coincident  witli  the  arrival  of  the  eastern  abrupt  edge  of  the  cloudy  portion  of  the 
condition  over  the  place.  In  the  condition  we  are  now  describing,  tlie  cloudiness 
may  e.\tend  from  one  to  two  hundred  miles  to  the  eastward  of  the  rain,  gradually 
thickening  from  the  eastern  edge  to  the  ])art  where  rain  is  falling,  and  the  western 
edge  may  terminate  abruptly.  In  all  other  respects,  and  indeed  in  all  their  essential 
features,  the  two  conditions  are  alike,  and  belong  to  the  same  general  cla.ss.  The 
sunnner  condition   is  narrower  and   less  extensive  than    those  of    antunni. 

'•The  number  of  this  cla.ss  of  conditions  (taking  a  period  of  ton  yearsi  wliicli 
occur  in  each  year,  at  any  i;ivcu  point  cast  of  the  ninety -fifth  meridian,  will  not 
vary,  on  an  average,  inncli  from  tiiirty,  and,  if  anything,  exceed  it.  All,  or  nearly 
all  of  our  thunder  showers,  so  called,  are  contained  in  and  are  a  jiart  of  them. 

'•  In  the  course  of  nearly  fifty  years  of  habitual  and  close  observation  in  different 
parts  of  the  country,  1  have  Tiot  seen  a  dozen  xingU,  isolated  thunder  showers. 

"Slight  showci-s  sonietiines  occur  on  the  eastern  or  western  edge  of  the  belt 
before  the  main  body  has  arrived  or  after  it  has  [)assed,  which  seems  to  be  isolated, 
biit  they  are  a  ])art  of  the  condition. 

"Of  the  thirty  or  moir.  at  least  one  fifth  do  not  precipitate  at  all  over  the 
eastern  part  of  the  continent.  "Whether  because  their  energy  is  spent  before  they 
reach  us,  or  l)ecau8e  they  never  were  sufficiently  intense  in  their  character,  it  is  not 
always  easy  to  detennine.  Probably  sometimes  from  one  cause  and  sometimes  the 
other.  These  feeble  conditions  are  most  common  during  summer  drouths.  They 
are  perfectly  distinct — have  all  the  elementx  and  go  through  idl  the  motions  of  the 
most  intense  conditions  of  their  class,  hut  feebly  and  decejitively.  They  e.xcite  and 
disappoint  hopes,  and  are  the  cause  and  foundation  of  the  proverb  that  '■All  signs 
fail  in  a  drij  time.''  Hundreds  of  thousands  of  dollars  are  lost  by  farmers,  l)y  a 
single  rain,  in  the  value  of  their  hay  and  the  cost  of  redrying  it,  which  might  he 
saved  if  they  understood  the  thirty-si.\  houre'  perfectly  int<'lli(iihle  loaniing  which 
precedes  it. 

"  Belts  of  showers  present  the  following  succession  of  piicnoniena  in  sumnu'r  : 

"  1.  Still,  warm  weather,  one  or  more  days. 

"  2.  Fresh  southerly  wind,  one  or  more  days;  if  more  tlian  one,  dying  away  at 
tlie  S.  "W.  at  nightfall,  but  continuing  into  the  evening  of  the  day  before  the  belt 
of  condensation  arrives. 


JEBSEY  CATTLE  IN  AIIERICA. 


The  Southeaster. 
(Left-hand  side  of  cut  h  north.) 

"  3.  Belt  of  coiideiisatioii,  witli  or  witliout  rain  or  showers,  witli  the  easterly 
wind  blowing  axially,  if  the  condensation  is  heavy  and  the  belt  wide  ;  westerly,  if 
the  condensation  is  feeble  or  the  belt  narrow,  the  clouds  moving  about  E.  N.  E. 

"  4.  Cooler  aii',  light  N.  W.  in  snmnier,  heavy  N.  W.  in  autumn,  winter,  and 
spring. 


442  .fj:iisi:y  cattle  ix  amerka. 

"  And  the  next  period  : 

'•  5.   Still  warm  weatlier  m-  iiglit  airs. 

"  t;.  Southerly  wind,  fresh. 

'*  7.  Belt  of  condensation. 

"  .s.  Cool  northerly  wind. 

"  And  so  on,  successively,  nnle-ss  l>niki'ii  in  upoii  In-  some  other  class. 

"  Sometimes  these  periods  are  exceedin>;ly  rei^nlar,  at  otiier  times  other  classes 
prevail. 

"  I  have  much  reason  to  believe  that  this  is  tiie  normal,  iHrioiJ'ic  provision  for 
conden-sation  of  our  portion  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  and  probably  of  every  other 
where  rain  falls  rejrularly  in  the  summer  season,  and  that  the  other  classes  are 
exceptions,  as  the  hurricanes  are  exceptions  to  the  iioi-mal  condition  of  the  weather 
everywhere. 

'*  Perhaps  in  some  seasons,  during  the  uortiiern  transit,  the  exceptions  may  equal 
the  rule,  but  I  do  not  remember  such  a  season.  In  other  years  neai-ly  all  the  storms 
are  of  this  character.  Thus.  Dr.  Ilildrcth.  in  Silliman's  Journal  for  1827,  speaking 
of  the  year  182<'>,  in  a  note  to  liis  register  of  tliat  year,  says :  'There  have  been, 
this  year,  an  unusual  luniilxT  of  winds  from  N'.or  >;.  "\V.  Nearly  every  rain  the 
past  summer  has  been  followed  with  winds  from  the  northward,  when  in  many 
previous  summers  tlie  wind  sliifted  to  the  southward  after  rain." 

"  The  belts  of  siiowers  are  sometimes  com])osed  of  imperfectly  (ronnected  masses 
of  cumulo-stratus,  and  wlien  the  l)reak  l)etween  them  passes  over  any  given  point,  a 
shower  will  pa.ss  to  the  north  and  another  to  the  south  of  it,  and  people  say,  'The 
showers  go  round  us.'  In  such  cases  the  observer  must  look  in  the  southwest,  and 
not  at  the  west  or  northwest,  for  the  particular  portion  of  cloud  which  is  to  precipitate 
rain  upon  his  locality. 

•'There  is  one  otluT  |ieculiarity  :  the  hitinil  n-'nul  is  always  the  strongest  which 
blows  from  the  surface  tliat  is  m,.xf  wolst. 

"  This  class  of  rniKlilions,  belts  of  shower.-,  is  the  most  common  evervwhere. 


"  This  condition  is  a  distinctly  nuirked  mie  on  the  ea.st  side  of  the  Alleghanies, 
but  not  as  prevalent  or  distinctly  markid  on  the  west  side.  The  distinguishing 
feature  is  a  thin  stratiun  of  northeast  wiinl,  which  sometimes  blows  a  day  or  two,  _ 
toward  the  storm  which  is  approaching  from  the  southwest,  Ijefore  the  storm  reaches 
us.  In  such  ca.ses,  the  .storm  is  very  wide  and  presents  a  wide  front  to  the  eastward. 
I  am  inclined  to  think  that  tlie  wind  is  always  northeast,  where  the  belts  have  a 
width  of  live  hundred  miles  or  more  on  the  ea.st  of  the  Alleghanies.  This  wind  is 
very  frequent  in  the  si)ring,  when  the  focus  of  the  storm  is  south  of  us,  and  its 
northern  edge  extended  up  over  us,  and  the  conden-satiou  is  not  sufficiently  dense  to 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IJST  AMEUICA.  443 

precipitate.     In  such  cases,  we  may  get  no  rain  in  Xew  England,  but  liave  what  is 
termed  '  a  dry  northeaster.' 

IKKEGULAK    CONDITIONS. 

"  There  are  certain  irregular  conditions  which  occasionally  occur.  Thus  the 
whole  eastern  part  of  the  continent  is  sometimes  covered  for  days  by  cloudiness,  with 
liere  and  there  irregular  patches  of  snow  or  rain  in  winter  and  spring,  or  showers  and 
perhaps  tornadoes  in  summer.  These  long  spells  of  extensive  condensation  and 
dampness,  or  irregular  rain  and  irregular  winds,  are  occasional  and  exceptional,  and  of 
course  defy  distinct  description  or  classification.  But  it  will  be  observed  that  they 
generally  begin  with  southerly  or  easterly  wind  and  clear  off  from  the  northwest. 

TIIK    nURRICANE    CONDITION. 

"  This  term  is  applied  to  violent  gales  at  sea,  and  particularly  those  that  originate 
in  the  tropics.  They  are  most  common  in  the  warm  season.  The  Atlantic  hurricanes 
begin  to  the  east  of  the  Caribbean  Sea,  sweep  across  the  eastern  portion  of  the  West 
Indies  and  along  near  the  coast  of  our  South  Atlantic  States,  gradually  widening  out, 
maintaining  their  action  many  days,  until  they  pass  into  the  North  Atlantic,  beyond 
the  track  of  commerce  and  observation. 

"  The  most  violent  hurricanes  occur  upon  the  land,  and  vary  in  width  from  one 
mile  to  fifty,  and  under  the  whole  width  the  lateral  winds  are  masked  by  a  most  violent 
and  destructive  wind  which  follows  the  body  of  cloud  and  its  line  of  progress  from 
westward  to  eastward. 

THE    TORNADO   CONDITION. 

"  Tornado  is  applied  to  the  condition  upon  land,  but  it  is  called  water-spout 
upon  the  sea. 

"  1.  It  occurs  during  a  peculiarly  sultry  electric  state  of  the  trade  and  surface 
atmosphere,  and  at  a  time  when  thunder  showers  are  prevailing  in  and  near  the 
locality,  as  an  incident  of  the  showery  condition,  and  at  any  period  of  the  year  when 
such  a  state  of  the  atmosphere  exists. 

''  2.  There  is  always  a  cloud  above,  but  very  near  the  earth,  between  which  and 
the  earth  the  tornado  forms  and  rages.  It  is  usually  described  as  a  black  cloud, 
ranging  about  one  thousand  feet  or  less  above  the  earth,  often  with  a  whitish  shaped 
cone  projecting  from  it,  and  forming  a  connection  with  the  earth  ;  at  intervals  rising 
and  breaking  the  connection,  and  again  descending  and  renewing  it  with  devastating 
energy.  Its  width  at  the  surface  varies  from  forty  to  one  himdred  and  eighty  rods — 
the  most  usual  width  being  from  sixty  to  ninety  rods.  Sometimes  when  wider,  they 
have  more  the  character  of  thunder-gusts,  and  are  brightly  luminous. 

"  3.  Two  motions  are  usually  visible,  both  ascending,  one  near  the  earth  and  in 
the  middle,  and  a  gjTatory  one  around  the  other. 


444  JEUSF.Y   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

"  The  latter  is  rarely  felt,  or  its  effects  observed  near  the  earth.  Occasionally,  and 
at  intervals,  objects  are  thniwn  obliquely  backward  by  it. 

"4.  It  is  composed,  at  the  surface  of  the  earth,  «/"  tiro  lateral  currents,^ 
northerly  and  a  southerly,  var>-ing  in  direction,  btit  at  right  angles  in  most  cases, 
although  not  always,  with  its  course  of  progression,  extending  from  the  extreme 
limits  of  its  track  to  the  axis ;  which  currents  are  most  distinctly  deiined  toward  the 
centre  and  upward.  These  currents  prostrate  trees,  or  elevate  and  remove  every- 
thing in  their  way  which  is  movable.  The  south  current  is  always  the  strongest,  and 
often  crosses  the  axis  and  curves  backward  as  it  rises  from  the  surface,  and  ascends  a 
little  in  advance  of  the  other,  and  covers  the  greatest  area.  The  two  lateral  currents 
appear  always  to  be  the  principal  actors,  except  when  it  widens  out  and  assumes  more 
the  character  of  a  straightforward  gust. 

"  5.  This  cloud  and  its  spout  move  generally  with  tin-  c-oiuve  of  tlie  counter-trade 
in  the  locality — L  c,  from  some  point  between  S.  AV.  and  W..  to  tiie  eastward,  but 
occasionally  a  little  south  of  east. 

"  6.  Several  instructive  particulars  have  been  observed  and  recorded. 

"a.  No  wind  is  felt  outside  <if  tin-  track,  as  those  assert  who  have  stood  very 
near  it,  and  as  its  effects  show. 

"  Ik  The  track  is  often  as  distinctly  marked,  where  it  passed  through  a  wood, 
as  if  the  grubbers  had  been  there,  to  open  a  ])atli  for  a  railroad.  Branches  are 
liroken  or  twisted  off,  while  not  a  leaf  is  disturbed  on  the  side  of  the  tree  out  of  the 
track. 

"  r.  As  the  sj)out  pas.ses  over  water,  the  latter  seems  to  boil  u])  and  rise  to  meet 
it,  and  flow  up  its  trunk  in  a  continued  stream. 

"  (l.  As  it  passes  over  land,  things  appear  to  .s/mot  up  instaiitaneousiy  into  the  air, 
and  into  fragments.  Doors,  gables,  and  roofs  may  be  snatciied  oil'  on  the  leeward 
side  and  unaffected  on  the  windward  side  of  buildings. 

"e.  Articles  of  clothing  have  been  carried  through  o])en  doors  and  chimneys,  to 
a  great  distance. 

"_/".  If  there  be  a  discharge  of  electricity  uj)  the  sjxnit  from  tlie  earth,  like  that 
of  lightning,  the  intense  action  ceases  for  a  time  or  entirely. 

"r/-  Vegetation  within  the  track  is  often  scorched  and  killed. 

"/'.  The  active  agent  luis  been  known  to  xeizehoM  of  a  chain  attached  to  a  plow 
and  di'Kic  the  plow  ahoaf,  ttiriiinij  the  stiff'  nod  for  xome  dlxtance. 

"  /.  In  passing  over  ]>onds,  all  the  water  and  tish  have  been  scattered  to  a  great 
distance. 

"_/.  The  barometer  falls  but  little  in  its  track. 

"^:.  Persons  have  been  carried  far  and  set  down  uninjured. 

"  /.   Buildings  on  posts  escaped  imdisturbed. 

"  m.  A  chisel  was  taken  from  a  chest  of  tools  and  stuck  f <ist  in  the  house-wall. 


JEBSEY   CA  TTLE  IN  AMERICA.  445 

"  n.  Fowls  -were  completely  stripped  of  feathers  and  unlianned. 

"  0.  Articles  of  furniture  have  been  found  torn  in  pieces. 

"  'p.  Frames  taken  from  mirrors  without  breaking  the  glass  and  nails  drawn  from 
roofs  without  disturbing  shingles. 

"  q.  Hinges  taken  from  doors ;  mud  from  the  bed  of  a  stream,  and  let  down 
upon  a  house,  covering  it  completely  ;  a  fanner  taken  up  from  his  wagon  and  carried 
thirty  rods,  his  horses  carried  as  far  in  the  opposite  direction,  the  /larness  stripped 
from  them,  the  wagon  also  carried  away  and  one  wheel  lost  /  timber  and  boards 
driven  deeply  into  a  hillside,  as  no  force  of  powder  could  have  done. 

"  From  Mr.  Stoddard's  description  of  the  Brandon  tornado,  where  an  oak 
three  feet  in  diameter  was  shivered  to  fragments,  and  more  than  fifty  thousand  trees 
prostrated  or  broken  by  it  in  less  than  half  an  hour,  the  estimated  speed  was  one 
hundred  and  seventy-three  miles  an  hour ;  and  a  section  of  it  one  half  mile  wide 
and  one  hundred  feet  high  exerted  a  force  eqiial  to  half  the  steam  power  on  the 
globe.  Among  a  long  list  of  incidents  illustrating  its  peculiar  force,  '  a  hoard 
was  driveii  three  feet  into  a  charred  oak  stump. ^ 

"The  Harrison  tornado  had  an  estimated  speed  of  three  hundred  and  forty 
miles  an  hour;  the  Mayfield  tornado  a  velocity  of  six  hundred  and  eiglity-two  miles 
an  hour. 

"  Tornadoes,  although  occurring  occasionally  over  all  the  Eastern  States,  in  the 
Atlantic  system  of  conditions,  nearly  all  have  occurred  at  or  south  of  the  then 
location  of  the  focal  path.  In  the  few  cases  where  they  have  occurred  north  of  the 
focal  path,  it  has  been  dui-ing  very  warm,  intense  southeast  thaws. 

"  It  is  impossible  to  estimate  satisfactorily  the  average  number  which  have 
occurred  each  year.  The  forests  of  the  Mississippi  valley  are  scarred  with  them. 
An  average  of  ten  a  year  would  be  a  low  estimate.  Some  of  them  have  been  very 
destructive  to  human  life,  and  they  constitute  one  of  the  dangers  of  the  east,  as 
earthquakes  do  in  California ;  but  the  tornadoes  are  the  greater  of  the  two  dangers. 

"  They  do  not  occur  in  the  Pacific  system. 

THE    THREE    NORTH    AMERICAN    SYSTEMS    OF   CONDITIONS. 

"  There  are  three  distinct  and  diverse  systems  of  atmospheric  conditions  passing 
over  this  continent  in  distinct  and  different  paths. 

"  The  Atlantic  System,  which  consists  of  conditions  that  originate  upon  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  within  the  tropics,  the  Caribbean  Sea,  the  "West  Indies,  and  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  or  form  in  the  equatorial  current,  which  comes  from  that  part  of 
the  tropics,  and,  moving  north  and  northwest,  enter  upon  the  Southern  and 
Southwestern  States  of  the  Union,  curving  and  moving  to  the  northeast,  supplying 
the  Eastern  and  Central  States  with  rain. 


446  JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMEllTCA. 

"  Tlie  Pacific  System  with  its  londitlom  originating  uj)on  the  Pacific  Ocean 
and  moving  in  npon  the  western  coast,  snpplying  California  and  the  Northwestern 
States  and  tlie  Uritisli  Territories  and  Alaska  and  the  country  northeastward  of  tlieni 
with  rain. 

"  The  Cextrai.  System  is  a  part  of  tlie  tropical  central  belt  of  rain  which 
siUTOunds  the  earth,  and  wliich  moves  up  in  summer  far  enough  nt)rth  to  cover  some 
portion  of  Florida  and  the  Gulf  Coast,  the  West  India  Islands.  Snuthern  ilexico 
and  Central  Amerit-a. 

"The  path  of  the  <^v)«//yV/o?!.?  in  this  central  tropical  belt  is  from  ea.stward  to 
westward,  across  Southern  Mexico  and  Central  Anierica  and  out  into  tiie  Pacitic 
Ocean. 

"The  path  of  tlie  Atlantic  riwt/JfJnn.^'  is  northward  fn.ni  the  Gulf  States, 
curving  to  the  northeast  and  j)assing  off  on  the  -North  Atlantic. 

"The  path  of  the  Pacific  system  of  conditions  is  northeastward  from  the 
Pacific,  across  the  northwestern  part  of  the  continent,  into  tlie  Arctic  Circle. 

"  To  these  different  systems  of  cmiditioris  and  their  diverse  paths  we  owe, 
fundamentally,  the  diverse  character  of  the  climates  of  America. 

"  Thus,  the  eastern  portion  of  the  United  States  is  largely  supplied  with 
moisture  by  the  Atlantic  conditions.  The  western  coast  from  San  Diego  to  tlie 
Arctic  Circle  is  sui)plicd — California  moderately,  and  Oi'egon,  Alaska  and  the 
country  east  of  them  abundantly — by  the  Pacific  system.  Southern  Mexico  and 
Central  America  are  abundantly  supplied  during  their  rainy  season  by  the  central 
belt  which  moves  up  over  them  in  summer.  Intermediate  l)etween  these  three 
systems.  Lower  California  and  Northern  Mexico,  the  Valley  of  tlie  Gila,  Western 
New  Mexico,  the  Staky  Plain,  the  Valley  of  the  Colorado,  Utah,  and  the  territory 
east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  west  of  the  one  hundredth  meridian,  are  in  some 
places  nearly,  and  in  all,  comparatively  dry  or  desert,  iioth  the  Atlantic  and 
Pacific  systems  reach  them  by  an  extension  of  the  paths  of  their  conditions  at 
particular  seasons  of  the  year,  but  those  extensions  are  for  brief  periods,  temporary 
and  exceptional — the  Atlantic  extending  up  upon  a  part  of  them  in  suninior.  and 
the  Pacific  system  reaching  down  on  a  part  in  winter. 

"  In  this  diversity  of  conditions  and  in  their  paths,  we  shall  tiiid  law.  order 
and  organization,  and  we  shall  find  also  an  explanation  of  all  the  phenomena  and 
peculiarities  in  the  climatology  of  our  country. 

FOCAL    PATHS    OF   CONDITIONS. 

"  The  focal  paths  of  the  conditions  are  the  paths  in  which  the  greatest  number 
of  conditions,  or  the  most  intense  conditions,  or  the  focus  of  precipitation  in  the 
conditions,  pass,  for  the  time  being,  over  the  country.  Thus,  to  speak  generally, 
the  path  of  the  Atlantic  conditions  is  upon  the  southeastern  portion  of  the  United 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IJSF  AMERICA. 


447 


States,  and  there  the  greater  number  of  those  conditions,  or  the  most  intense  of 
tliem,  or  the  focal  precipitating  parts  of  those  which  spread  all  over  the  Eastern 
States,  are  found. 


Chart  of  Winter  IIainfall  ok  a  Part  of  the  United  States,  1.S;">4. 


•  and  January  the  for-al  ]iath  is 
not  until  after  the  1st  of  l^Vliru; 
HKiuth,  that  the  eonditiims   lic-n-ii 


lesceuunig 
y, and  not 
to   extend 


"  During  tlie  months  of  Deceiiihe 
rapidly  to  the  southeast  and  east.  It  is 
always  so  early  as  tlie  middle  <if  that 
their  paths  to  the  west,  over  the  (iulf  Coast  and  States,  and  to  the  noi-tliwest  and 
north,  as  they  curve  to  the  northeast.  This  chart  does  nut  sIkiw  tlie  lines  and 
rainfall  when  the  focal  path  is  at  its  greatest  descent  in  February. 

"From  its  position  on  the  1st  of  February  the  focal  path  moved  U>  flu'  west 
and  north,  month  by  month,  until  it  attained  its  highest  elevation  about  the  first  of 
August,  followed  from  May  1st  by  a  gradually  extended  droutli. 

"  It  is  generally  cool  or  cold  west  or  north  of  the  focal  path,  lohen  concentrated, 
and  always  cool  or  cold  when  the  focus  of  a  storm  passes  to  the  sfxith  or  southeast  of 
a  place,  and  warm  when  it  passes  to  the  7iorth  or  northwest.     In  the  tirst  case  the 


448  JERSEY   CA  TTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

Siiomx  dears  off  cold — the  wind  hauling  tlirouf/h  the  north  to  the  northwest,  as  the 
focus  of  the  storm  passes  by  to  the  soutli. 

"  In  the  second  case  the  wind  hauls  round  by  the  south,  iis  the  focus  of  the 
storm  passes  by  to  the  north  of  the  place,  and  it  clears  off  from  the  southwest 
warm. 

"  AVheii  tlie  latter  becomes  the  /v//^,  x-itmmer  sets  in. 


Focal  Path  i.v  Fkhklaky,  1854,  also  Path  ok  thk  Pacikiu  Conditions. 
(.IrrojM  indicate  the  direction  of  the  Conditions.) 

"In  the  I'acitic  .system,  the  conditions  all  enter  upon  the  coa.st  from  the 
southwest  and  move  northea.-iterly,  while  the  attendant  winds  lilow  from  the  south- 
east and  south  with  a  strong,  steady  force,  but  all  the  coMditions  are  less  intense 
than  in  the  Eastern  States. 

"  Gales  are  unconmion  ;  thunder-storms  rare — not  more  than  two  or  three  times 
a  year  in  California. 

"  The  conditions  partake  of  the  Pacific  character  of  the  ocean. 

"  The  third  system  of  conditions  is  not  directly  connected  with  the  other  two 


GILDEROY   2170. 

AT    !t    VKAliS    OI.I). 

XahU   Type. 
FERRYCLII'-FE    HKKI). 
Dn.   II.   M.   IIowK.  BuisToi,,  UiKiT)!.:  Isl: 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IJSf  AMERICA.  449 

systems.  They  consist  almost  wholly  of  limited  and  isolated  thunder-showers, 
passing  frequently  and  rapidly  over  the  track,  giving  dashes  of  rain  in  large  drops 
and  pouring  masses  for  a  brief  period,  and  are  gone,  but  the  aggregate  amount  of 
rain  which  they  deposit  during  the  rainy  season,  even  during  the  brief  period  they 
are  over  the  Gulf  Coast,  is  very  large. 


Focal  Path    in   March,   1854. 
(Arrows  indicate  the  direction  of  t/ie  Conditions.) 


THE    GREAT    CENTRAI,    CONDITION    OF    THE    EARTH. 

"  1.  This  condition  consists  of  a  central  body  known  as  the  central  belt  of  rain, 
and  two  areas  or  wings  of  wind,  known  as  the  trade-winds— the  whole  together 
having  a  westerly  movement. 

"  2.  The  trade-wind  south  of  the  body  moves  from  some  point  between  east 
and  south,  toward  a  corresponding  point  between  the  west  and  north,  and  the 
trade-wind  north  of  the  body  moves  from  some  point  between  north  and  west, 
toward  a  corresponding  point  between  south  and  west. 


450  JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMEIilCA. 

"  3.  The  central  condition  has  an  average  breadth  of  about  50°,  and  a  transit 
north  and  south  averaging  more  than  25?.  Nearly  one  half  of  the  central  jiurtion 
of  the  globe  is  therefore  covered  by  it,  at  some  seasons  of  the  year. 

"  4.  The  central  portion  or  body,  averaging  more  than  five  hundrud  niilos  in 
width,  precipitates  rain  wherever  it  may  be,  and  gives  to  the  tropical  portions  of  the 
earth,  as  it  pa.sses  over  them  in  its  transits,  tlicir  rainy  seasons. 


Focal  Path  in  April,  1854. 

(Arroirs  indirate  the  direelion  of  the  CoinUtions.) 

"5.  The  areas  covered  by  the  trade-winds,  wliile  so  covorod,  are  as  a  rule  dry, 
except  as  occasional  storms  or  showers,  issuing  from  tlie  central  bolt  in  tlic  trade, 
precipitate  upon  them. 

"  (!.  The  polar  zones  of  rains  recede  before  the  advancing  areas  of  trade-winds^ 
and  return  after  them  as  they  retire. 

"  7.  Surfaces  which  arc  not  covered  by  the  transits  of  the  central  ])elt  of  rains, 
nor  the  tropical  extension  of  the  polar  zones  of  rains,  continue  dry  tlirough  tlie  year, 
and  constitute  the  principal  rainless  deserts  of  the  world. 


JIJBSBY   CATTLE  IK  AM K RICA.  451 

"  8.  The  trade-winds  blow  with  substantial  constancy  night  and  day,  when  not 
iuternipted  by  passing  storms,  and  contain  scud,  and  both  winds  and  scud  resemble 
the  wind  and  scud  of  approaching  or  passing  conditions  in  the  polar  zones. 

"  9.  On  the  west  side  of  the  Atlantic,  and  also  on  the  west  side  of  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  the  southeast  trades  exist  in  great  strength  ;niil  volume,  and  blow  as 
surface  winds   over  latitudes  which  would  otherwise  Iju  co%erud  by   the   iiortlieast 


Akka   of   Drouth  in   May,   1S5-1-. 

(Arriiirs  iiuUcatc  the  dindiniL  of  tin-  foni/itwHs.) 


trades,  up  to  and  connecting  with  the  polar  zones  of  rains.  These  two  exceptional 
and  remarkable  volumes  of  trade  give  a  large  and  exceptional  supply  of  moisture 
and  fertility,  and  a  peculiar  climatology  to  soutlieast  North  America  and  southeast 
Asia.  And  in  these  remarkable  volumes  of  trade  originate  the  intense  hurricanes 
of  the  "West  Indies  and  the  typhoons  of  the  China  Sea  and  Bay  of  Bengal. 

"  10.  "Where  the  southeast  trades  originate  on  arid  areas,  like  that  of  Australia, 
corresponding  areas  under  the  north  polar  zone  of  rains,  like  those  of  southwestern 


452 


JERSKY    CATTI.I-:  IX  AMERICA. 


Asia,  are  dry.  And  wliero  tlii'V  oriifiiiato  on  tlic  coiitim'tits  that  arc  well  watered, 
areas  under  the  same  ])()hir  /.one  are  less  perfeetly  sui)j)lied  witli  iiiuisture  than  those 
supplied  by  ti-ades  which  originate  upon  oceans.  And  where  they  originate  upon 
continents  like  that  of  South  America,  or  upon  oceans,  and  are  met  in  their  j)ath  by 
lofty  mountains,  corresponding  areas,  like  those  of  southwestern  Noi-th  America, 
and  the  Desert  of  Gobi  in  Asia,  and  Peru  in  South  America,  are  foimd. 


[i^  f^ 

___J^i_.-^r^  \      "^^ 

Wfi  flf  1  1 

'T^^I^X^ 

w' 

k^j^^x:^  1 

\ 

\i 

^^^^M 

'''^  ^-i^g==^^'^r'*''''^jj^j~-      \ 

% 

prp^^^ 

-^^4.  ^^  '1  f^f)'--^}^'''^^ 

Area  of  Drouth  in  June,  1854. 

(Arrmoii  indicate  ttie  direction  of  the  Condilionn.) 


"11.  The  body  of  the  central  condition  is  coiniioscd.  lirst,  of  an  overlying 
stratum  of  cirrus  and  cirro-stratus,  extending  in  a  more  misty  form,  to  a  greater  or 
less  extent,  out  over  the  trades.  This  stratum  is  usually  misty  or  tibro-cirrus  in 
the  morning,  becoming  dense  and  assuming  a  cirro-stratus  ft)rm  as  the  day  advances. 
Tnder  this  stratuin  the  trades  pass  and  afterward  overlie  each  other,  and  in  the 
trades  occasionally — thougli  rarely  in  the  morning,  but  generally  in  the  afternoon  or 
night — thunder-showers  form,  and  furnish  the  rains  peculiar  to  the  belt.  These 
showers  have  a  westerly  progression,  corresponding  to  that  of  the   trade   in  whicli 


JERSEY    CATTIJ-:   IX  AMERICA.  453 

they  are  formed.  Beneatli  tin-  ti'ades  wjiere  they  meet  and  pass  each  other  it  is 
either  cahii  or  there  are  si|ii;i,lls  (ir  gusts  or  slant  winds,  incidental  to  showers  or 
storms,  as  everywhere. 

"  12.  The  nortlieni  transit  of  the  condition  is  nsiially  completed  ahont  the  li^t 
of  Aiigust,  and  the  southern  transit  commenced  before  the.  middle  of  that  month. 
So  the  southern  transit  is  usually  completed  about  the  1st  of  February,  and   tlie 


-  /      .\^J^^ 

\—\\\    vr\   ^^£.u 

^,^.  I   ^ 

^^w   \^^ 

[^'%(f  '  a| 

Pti  \r   \  '  "^'',  i"''|'f^lf=^ 

\  -^ 

^^$\ 

^^ 

^^\ 

gL'  .1  f'^A 

'^^^1     1 1\'..^  ^iiV-"'  1 

Situation  of  the   Fcjcus   of  PK^:cn'ITATI0x  in   July   and   Au(;ust,   1854. 
(Arrom  indicate  the  direction  of  the  Conditioim.) 

northern  transit  commenced  l>efore  the  15tli.  But  in  respe(-t  to  these,  and  also 
in  respect  to  the  rapidity  and  extent  of  the  transits,  there  are  some  irregularities, 
occasioned  by  a  cause  which  could  not  be  considered  without  anticipating. 

"  13.  There  is  no  '  vortex '  in  the  central  belt. 

"  The  theory  of  Halley  was  originally  but  a  mere  assumption,  and  it  is  not 
supported  by  any  facts  since  discovered.  Observation,  analogy,  and  every  known 
fact,  when  properly  understood,  are  inconsistent  with  and  adverse  to  it." 


JJJllSKY   CATTLK  IX  AMJJRICA. 


Annvai.  Hai.nkai.i.  mvkk   Pakt 


li.E  Vy 


"  From  tlie  action  of  the  central  condition,  all  our  incidental  conditions,  with 
their  attendant  phenomena,  result ;  and  irrej^iilarities  in  the  movements  and 
operations  of  the  central  condition  produce  corresponding  irregularities  in  the 
polar  zones.  One  of  the  most  noticeahle  and  important  irregularities  to  wliich  we 
are  subject  is  that  of  drouth.  "When  extensive,  unseamnahlc,  and  long-continued, 
drouths  wxAy,  ]>rlmaf(icii\  lie  attrihuted  to  irregularities  in  the  action  of  the  central 
condition  ;  for  as  our  fall  of  rain  at  any  given  ])oint  de])ends  mainly  upon  the 
volume   of  counter  or  upper  trade  jxtsiiiii//  ocer  It,  any  ii-regularity  in  the  central 


*  See  maps 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IJST  AMEHICA.  455 

condition,  which  interrupts  the  usual  supply  of  t/mt  trade  at  that  jjoint,  must 
necessarily  produce  a  drouth  there. 

"  There  are  four  classes  of  drouth  of  extensive  character,  which  can  be  directly 
traced  to  irregular  action  of  the  central  condition.  The  tirst  class  occur  in  spring, 
when  the  transit  of  the  central  condition  to  the  north  is  delayed,  and  the  volume 
of  the  upper  trade  remains  concentrated  upon  the  Southeastern  States.  Such  drouths 
are  the  most  common  in  the  early  part  of  the  decade,  following  open  winters,  and 
are  greatly  injurious  to  crops  of  hay  and  winter  grain.  Such  a  drouth  occurred  in 
the  spring  of  1862,  and  it  was  very  dry  in  all  the  Northern  States,  while  McClellan 
and  his  army  were  nearly  drowned  on  the  Chiclcahominy. 

"  This  class  of  drouths  is  most  common  in  the  Northeastern  States,  because 
the  focal  path  does  not  move  up  there  as  early  as  it  does  to  the  westward  of  the 
mountains,  and  often  seems  rather  to  contract  down  in  March  and  April. 

"  Another  class  of  drouths  is  produced  by  an  vmusiially  extended  transit  and 
concentration  of  the  central  condition  to  the  north  and  west  in  summer,  carrying 
the  path  of  the  conditions  farther  to  the  west  and  north,  and  leaving  the 
southeastern  portion  of  the  United  States  comparatively  dry.  Such  was  the  drouth 
of  lS5-t. 

"  That,  too,  occurred  in  an  early  year  of  the  decade,  and  was  connected  with  an 
excessive  transit  of  the  central  condition. 

"  The  third  class  of  drouths  is  meridional,  depending  upon  a  concentration  of 
the  volume  of  counter  trade,  and  a  succession  of  storms  issuing  out  of  the  central 
belt,  and  passing  up  on  the  eastern  coast  of  the  United  States.  Such  a  condition  of 
things  existed  in  1867,  when  a  severe  drouth  covered  the  interior  States  from  Texas 
to  Canada,  and  the  Atlantic  States  were  drenched  by  a  succession  of  tropical  storms 
which  passed  up  the  coast,  reaching  inland  a  few  hundred  miles. 

"  A  fourth  class  of  drouths  which  sometimes  extends  as  far  nortli  as  New 
England,  is  confined  mainly  to  the  Atlantic  coast.  These  are  accompanied  by  a 
dry  northeast  wind,  and  are  evidently  produced  by  an  unusual  and  temporary 
extension  of  the  outer  limit  of  the  northeast  trade,  as  high  up  as  41°  or  42°  off 
the  Atlantic  coast.  I  have  known  such  a  temporary  extension,  with  its  easterly 
wind,  to  last  seventeen  or  eighteen  days.  But  the  few  others  that  I  have  known 
have  ranged  from  a  week  to  ten  days.  The  heavens  are  never  more  brassy  than 
during  the  short  drouths  dependent  on  this  cause. 

"  There  are  also  limited  drouths  dependent  upon  local  causes. 

"  There  is  a  known  tendency  to  drouths  in  the  summer  season  in  the  Gulf 
States,  upon  an  area  which  for  the  time  being  is  left  uncovered  by  the  upper  trade, 
in  consequence  of  its  extension  to  the  north  and  west  in  midsummer.  The  drouth 
of  1854  commenced  upon  that  area,  and  extended  north  and  west.  The  line  between 
this  local  drouth  and  the  northern  line  of  the  central  belt  which  extends  up  on  to 


456  JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

Florida  and  the  Gulf  Coast  in  midsuinmer,  is  sometimes  very  sharply  defined.  Thus, 
at  \ew  Orleans,  Tampa  Bay,  ^[obile,  Fort  Brook,  St.  Augustine  and  Savannah,  the 
rainfall  may  be  heavy,  when  upon  an  east  and  west  line,  one  liimdred  miles  to  the 
nortli  of  them,  a  severe  drouth  may  prevail.  This  drouth,  although  apparently  local, 
depends  upon  a  degree  of  the  same  action  of  the  central  condition  as  that  whicli 
produced  the  drouth  of  1854. 

"  There  is  a  local  tendency  to  drouths  upon  the  southern  coast  of  New  England, 
and  the  fall  of  rain  is  materially  less  in  the  summer  than  upon  the  more  elevated 
ridges  to  the  north  of  it.  This  is  so  well  recognized  a  fact  as  to  be  represented  upon 
all  the  hyetal  charts  of  the  country. 

"  It  is  ])ainf ul  to  hear  people  in  New  England  complain  of  the  apparently 
excessive  rainfall  of  the  rainy  season  in  May  and  June,  when  there  is  a  certainty 
that  the  springs  and  wells  will  need  it  all  in  July  and  August. 

"Other  local  drouths  seem  to  depend  upon  the  manner  in  which  belts  i.f 
showers  distribute  their  rain.  The  Eastern  and  Middle  States  of  the  Union  are 
supplied  with  rain  in  summer,  in  normal  seasons,  mainly  by  passing  belts  of  showers. 
These  belts  are  very  irregular  in  their  action.  Sometimes  they  precipitate  heavily  in 
the  afternoon  and  early  part  of  the  night  only,  and  then  the  area  over  which  they  pass 
during  the  latter  part  of  the  night  and  morning  will  receive  little  or  no  rain  from 
them.  Thus  the  condition  of  August,  1859,  deposited  about  one  and  one  half  inches 
of  rain  at  Buffalo  and  Rochester  in  the  afternoon  and  night  of  the  3d,  and  nearly 
three  inches  at  Amherst,  Mass.,  in  the  afternoon  and  night  of  the  ith,  but  it 
deposited  very  little  rain  at  many  of  the  intermediate  places  where  the  focus  was 
vertical  in  the  forenoon.  Harvard  received  a  tritle  more  than  one  inch,  and 
Providence  three  fourths  of  an  inch. 

"  These  differences  show  that  the  fall  is  heaviest  from  belts  where  their  focus  is 
vertical  in  the  latter  part  of  the  afternoon  and  in  the  evening,  and  inconsiderable 
where  it  is  vertical  during  the  early  part  of  the  day.  In  this  there  is  conformity  to 
the  manner  in  which  rain  falls,  under  the  great  central  belt  of  the  tropics. 
Configuration  also  has  an  influence.  The  elevations  of  the  interior  of  New  England 
receive  a  larger  rainfall  in  summer  than  the  depressed  and  more  level  coast. 

"  Hills  and  mountains  increase  the  intensity  and  precipitation  of  the  cloud  belts 
as  they  pass  over  them,  and  that  precipitation  is  still  further  increased  by  the  surface 
atmosphere  and  scud,  which  are  drawn  to  them  by  the  increased  intensity,  especially 
if  that  surface  atmosphere  is  drawn  fnjiii  an  exten.sive  moist  evaporating  surface. 

"  The  materials  and  data  for  a  comprehensive  and  thorough  examiiuvtioii  of  tlie 
drouths  of  this  country  do  not  exist.  The  records  of  the  weather  ])rior  to  tiiis 
century  are  too  few  and  imperfect,  and  confined  to  a  few  localities.  The  same  is 
measurably  true  of  the  first  three  decades  of  this  century.  The  records  since 
accumulated  at  the  Smithsonian  Institute  and  the  War  Department,  if  continued, 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  457 

will  furnish  the  next  generation  ample  data  for  their  elucidation,  and  that  may  tlirow 
very  much  additional  light  upon  the  whole  subject. 

"  Mr.  Charles  L.  Fhnt,  Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Agriculture  in  Massachusetts, 
instigated  by  the  extraordinary  drouth  of  1854,  sought  out  all  the  old  records  which 
could  be  found,  and  embodied  the  result  of  his  examination  in  his  report  for  the  year 
1854.  About  fifty  severe  drouths  are  noticed,  commencing  with  the  year  1623,  and 
extending  to  185-4.  Of  these  nearly  two  thirds  were  summer  drouths,  occurring 
between  the  middle  of  Jime  and  the  1st  of  September,  ending  usually  with  heavy 
rains  in  the  latter  part  of  August,  and  apparently  owing,  like  that  of  1854,  to  a 
concentration  of  the  conditions  on  the  focal  path,  to  the  west  and  north.  Nearly  one 
third  were  spring  drouths,  apparently  due  to  the  detention  of  the  focal  path  at  the 
south,  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  and  its  undue  extension  to  the  northwest. 

"A  few  continued  through  the  whole  season,  and  were  probably  due  to  a 
meridional  diversion  of  the  upper  trade,  like  that  which  occasioned  the  interior 
drouth  of  1867.  The  remaining  ones  were  for  shorter  periods  and  obviously 
local. 

SUN-SPOTS. 

"Whatever  the  uature  of  the  motive-force  or  its  manner  of  operation  maybe, 
it  is  certain  that  it  emanates  from  the  sun.  The  semiannual  transits  of  tlie  whole 
system  from  south  to  north  and  from  north  to  south,  following  the  sun  in  its  transits 
from  tropic  to  tropic,  as  well  as  the  time  of  the  diumal  changes,  showing  in  a  lesser 
degree,  but  with  equal  certainty,  its  influence,  all  point  unerringly  to  tliat  gz-eat 
luminary  as  the  controlling  source  of  the  power.  Irregularities  in  the  operation 
of  the  system  must  of  course  be  referred  to  irregular  action  of  the  power  which 
controls  it,  as  aifected  or  modified  by  other  influences.  Our  knowledge  of  the 
sun  is  yet  imperfect.  "We  feel  and  know  its  heatiny  power ;  we  know  that  we  are 
mainly  dependent  upon  it  for  light ,  and  we  can  detect  and  trace  its  magnetic 
influence.  We  know  that  its  surface  is  not  uniformly  the  same  ;  that  it  is  sometimes 
partially  obscured  by  dark  spots,  and  at  other  times  its  surface  is  mottled  by  dark 
dots  or  pores.  The  former  occur  in  cycles,  and  increase  and  decrease  with  substantial 
regularity,  and  their  connection  with  the  irregularities  in  the  operation  of  the 
atmospheric  system  is  clearly  traceable.  This  part  of  our  subject  has  great  significance, 
in  respect  to  the  laws  of  the  system,  as  well  as  to  the  elements  of  prognostication. 

"  '  When  the  sun  is  examined  through  a  telescope,  its  surface  is  found  to  be 
marked  by  black  spots,  edged  with  a  penumbral  fringe  of  uniform  shade;  they 
appear  sometimes  singly,  sometimes  in  groups.  These  spots  are  not  permanent,  but 
undergo  changes  from  day  to  day,  or  even  from  hoiir  to  hour,  indicating  a  form  of 
gaseous  matter.  They  seldom  last  longer  than  six  weeks,  and  often  only  a  few  hours. 
They  are  seen  to  break  out  and  enlarge,  or  to  contract  and  disappear,  and  occasionally 


458  JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

one  is  observed  to  divide  into  several.  When  they  di.sai)])eiir,  tlie  l)lack  centre 
always  vanishes  before  the  ])enuinbra. 

"  'Their  size  is  sometimes  enonnous.  Meyer  records  having  seen  one.  in  1758, 
whose  diameter  was  one  twentieth  that  of  the  sun,  and  Secchi  thinks  some  of  them 
are  deeper  than  the  earth's  radius. 

"  '  They  are  almost  entirely  contined  to  a  belt  of  25°  on  either  side  of  the  sun's 
e(juati>i-. 

'"They  are  found  to  gradtially  increase  in  iiutiiher  up  to  a  ceitain  jjcriod,  and 
then  to  decrease  to  a  certain  period,  and  so  on.  The  cycle  is  conii)leted,  according  to 
this  investigation,  in  ten  years.'  * 

"  The  table  of  Schwabe  shows  that  there  is,  in  relation  to  the  number  and  size 
of  the  spots,  in  different  decades,  as  for  e.xamjile  :  the  table  commences  with  the  year 
1820,  when  the  number  of  spots  were  but  US. 

"  In  183(>  the  number  was  272,  and  in  18-ifi  it  was  but  157.  Again,  tiie  greatest 
number  of  spots  during  the  decade  from  1820  to  1S;5()  was  in  1828,  but  the  greatest 
nundier  for  the  decade  from  18;^0  to  184(J  occurred  in  1837,  which  was  333,  and  again 
in  the  decade  between  181:0  and  1850,  in  1848  the  number  was  333. 

"  The  spots  were  not  as  numerous  from  1820  to  1830  as  during  subsequent 
decades.  That  was  a  very  warm  decade.  It  was  consequently  a  period  when 
epidemics  were  prevalent,  and  the  cholera  spread  from  India  all  over  the  northern 
hemisphere,  arriving  in  this  country  in  1832.  In  the  solar  decade  from  1833  to 
1843  the  spots  were  more  nmnerous,  and  the  season  correspondingly  cold  and 
peculiar  in  both  hemispheres.  In  every  decade  the  year  preceding  or  succeeding 
the  minimum  of  sjjots  is  colder  than  tliat  in  wliicl.the  minimum  occurs. 

VOI.CAXIC    ACTK)X. 

"  That  volcanic  action  affects  tlie  weather  locally  is  generally  believed.  Even 
earthquakes  at  a  distance  from  volcanoes  seem  to  exert  an  influence. 

"  Ilittell,  on  the  '  Resources  of  California,'  says  :  '  Earthquakes,  according  to  the 
common  theory  of  Californians,  are  electrical  in  origin,  or  closely  connected  with 
electrical  influences.  Many  of  the  strongest  shocks  have  been  ]>receded  by  a  condition 
of  the  atmosphere  very  similar  to  that  which  jirecedes  thunder-stonns  in  other  lands. 

" '  When  the  weather  is  sultry  and  oppressive,  peojile  say  :  "  Look  out  for  an 
earthquake!"  And  it  usiuUly  comes,  perhaps  so  faint  as  to  l)e  l)arely  perceptible, 
and  sometimes  not  till  several  hours  after  a  change  in  the  weatlier.' 

"According  to  Mr.  Dobson  : 

" '  1.  The  eruption  of  submarine  volcanoes  has  produced  water-spouts. 

" '  2.  Hurricanes,  whirlwinds,  and  hailstones  accompany  the  paroxysms  of 
volcanoes. 


New  American  Cyclopwdia. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  A3IERICA.  459 

"  '  3.  In  volcanic  regions,  earthquakes  and  hurricanes  often  occur  simultaneously, 
but  iu  no  certaiii  order,  and  without  any  volcanic  eiiiption  being  observed. 

" '  4.  The  breaking  of  water-spouts  on  mountains  sometimes  aceonijjanies 
hurricanes. 

"  '  5.  The  fall  of  an  avalanche  sometimes  produces  a  hnrricniie. 

" '  6.  Water-spouts  occur  frequently  near  active  volcanoes. 

"  '  7.  Cyclones  begin  in  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  active  volcanoes. 

"  '  8.  Within  the  troj^ics,  cyclones  move  toward  the  west ;  and  in  middle 
latitudes,  cyclones  and  water-spouts  move  toward  the  northeast  in  the  northern 
hemisphere,  and  toward  the  soutiieast  iu  the  southern  hemisphere." 

I'BOGNOSTICATION. 

"How  far  and  by  what  means  can  a  local  isolated  observer  prognosticate  the 
weather  ? 

"  1.  The  normal  state  of  the  polar  zones  is  still,  fair  weather. 

"  2.  The  changes  from  that  state  result  from  the  influence  of  forming 
approaching  or  passing  conditions.  In  respect  to  prognostication,  the  inquiry  must 
be,  how  long  will  that  normal  state  continue  undisturbed  by  a  passing  condition,  or 
when  will  the  next  condition  approach  and  disturb  that  state  by  its  changes  'i 

"  What  will  be  the  character  and  intensity  of  that  condition  and  its  incident 
changes  ?  How  long  will  it  be  in  passing  away  and  permitting  the  normal  state  to 
return  ? 

"  Certainty  or  regularity  iu  relation  to  the  intervals  lietween  the  occurrence  of 
the  conditions  is  not  ordinarily  to  be  expected.  The  Californian  knows  indeed  when 
the  focal  path  of  the  conditions  has  moved  to  the  north  in  summer,  that  it  will  not 
descend  until  fall,  and  that  a  long  period  of  drouth  and  fair  weather  is  before  him. 
He  sees  the  thin  and  feeble  southern  edge  of  the  conditions  occasionally  pass  over 
him,  while  their  intense  and  precipitating  bodies  are  far  to  the  north,  carried  by  a 
law  as  unchangeable  as  the  transits  of  the  sun. 

"  But  with  respect  to  the  eastern  part  of  the  continent,  that  class  of  drouths  is 
exceptional.  So,  too,  in  the  rainy  season  of  spring  and  early  summer,  when  the 
conditions  are  focal  over  us,  and  both  frequent  and  intense,  and  we  say,  '  It  rains  very 
easy  now,'  and  it  does  so  almost  every  day,  and  the  intervals  are  short,  we  can 
calculate  with  reasonable  certainty  on  the  recurrence  of  rain.  But  this  also  is 
confined  to  a  season  of  a  few  weeks,  and  is  exceptional. 

"  Nor  is  there  any  certainty  in  respect  to  the  character  or  intensity  of  the  next 
condition  on  which  a  local  observer  can  rely.  There  is  2)rohabiUty,  dependent  upon 
the  season  of  the  year  and  the  location  of  the  year  in  the  decade,  but  it  is  merely 
probability. 

"  Inasmuch,  then,  as  there  is  no  certainty  or  regularity  of  interval  between  the 


460  JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

conditions,  or  in  respect  to  the  character  or  intensity  of  the  one  which  will  next  pass 
over  the  observer,  it  is  philosophically  and  logically  obvious  that  his  only  reliance  is, 
and  must  be,  upon  the  observable  chatiges  of  state  which  the  forming,  approaching 
or  passing  conditioTis  induce ;  and  as  matter  of  fact,  it  will  be  found,  on  careful 
examination,  that  all  tlie  most  important  proverbs  and  signs  whicli  men  have  observed 
or  adopted  and  tradition  has  preserved  are  founded  on  those  changes  of  state  ;  and 
that  all  which  ai'c  not  directly  connected  with  or  Indicatii'c  of  mm^  one  of  those 
states  are  empirical  and  worthless. 

''  1.  The  first  element  to  be  considered  is  the  location  of  the  observer. 

"  •!.  The  second  preliminary  element  is  the  season  of  the  year.  This  element  is 
closely  connected  with  the  jjreceding,  and  both  are  connected  with  the  question, 
where,  at  the  time  of  observation,  is  tlie  focal  path  of  the  system  of  conditions  under 
which  the  observer  is  situated  '.  Is  that  focal  path  over  him,  or  south,  or  north,  or 
east,  or  toest  of  him,  and  how  far  ?  And  what  are  the  probabilities  that  a  condition 
pursuing  the  path  ^\n\l  spread  out  so  as  to  cover  his  locality  at  that  season  of  the 
year '{ 

"  3.  The  tliird  preliminary  element  is,  wluit  yi'ar  it  is  in  tlie  decade,  and  what 
the  state  of  the  sim's  surface  in  relation  to  spots. 

"  The  presence  or  absence  of  spots  u])on  the  sun  has  an  effect  in  carrying  the  focal 
paths  of  the  conditions  to  the  south  in  winter,  and  extending  them  nortli  in 
summer,  or  contracting  them  at  Ixitii  extremities,  and  affecting  the  rapidity  of  their 
transit  in  the  different  portions  of  tlic  decade,  and  in  different  decades. 

THE    SKVKN    STATKS. 

"  There  are  seven  states  to  which  we  are  to  look  to  determine  tlie  immediate 
future. 

"  1.   The  >r,';;/ht  of  the  atmos])]ieri'. 

"2.  The  temperature. 

"  3.  The  wmds. 

"  4.  The  clearness  or  cloudiness  of  tlie  atmusphere. 

"  5.  The  humidity. 

"fi.  ThQ precipitation,  rain,  hail,  snow. 

"  7.  The  electrical  state. 

"  The  air  has  weight,  and  though  exceedingly  thin  and  mobile,  is  controlled 
by  the  attraction  of  gravitation  and  unaffected  by  the  revolutions  of  the  earth. 

"  The  weight  of  the  atmosphere  is  measured  in  two  ways — by  the  barometer, 
and  the  temperature  at  which  water  will  boil  at  tlie  time  and  j)lace.  The  latter  is 
rarely  used. 

"The  mercurial  iKimmeter  is  the  j)rincipal  instfumeiit,  and  the  most  certain  and 
reliable. 


JERSEY^  VATTLE  JjST  A3IERICA.  461 

"  The  barometer  at  one  season  of  the  year,  and  in  one  class  of  conditions,  is 
elevated  by  the  first  effect  of  that  influence,  and  in  respect  to  that  class,  elevation 
and  not  depression  is  the  indication  of  its  approach  and  the  measure  of  its  intensity  ; 
and,  again,  it  has  no  invariable  fair-weather  standard,  a  departure  from  which,  by 
elevation  or  depression,  will  indicate  with  certainty  the  cluiracter  and  intensity  of 
the  approaching  condition. 

"  The  mean  height  of  the  barometer  is  stated  to  be,  for  the  United  States,  thirty 
inclies  at  the  sea-level.  This  is  substantially  accurate  when  taken  for  long  periods 
and  for  all  latitudes,  but  there  is  very  considerable  diversity  in  different  localities. 
The  mean  from  the  northern  limits  of  the  trades  in  the  northern  hemisphere  is 
higher  than  in  the  trades,  differing  greatly  in  different  places,  from  several  causes, 
the  principal  of  which  is  the  difference  in  the  volume  of  the  equatorial  current,  or 
upper  trade,  which  passes  over  the  locality. 

"  The  mean  of  thirty  inches  is  the  average  of  all  fair-^weather  elevations  and 
foul-weailier  depressions,  and  as  the  foul-weather  depressions  are  greater  in  extent 
than  the  fair-weather  elevations,  and  the  latter  differ  very  greatly  in  different 
climates  in  the  same  latitude,  according  to  their  intensity,  it  is  obvious  that  thirty 
inches  is  not  a  reliable  fair-weather  standard  for  any  particular  place.  The  greatest 
known  fluctuations  of  the  barometer  were  three  and  a  half  inches,  and  of  that  range 
at  least  two  thirds  was  below  the  mean  of  thirty.  The  barometer  very  rarely  rises 
above  thirty-one  in  this  country,  and  sometimes  falls  as  low  as  twenty-eight,  making 
a  range  of  three  inches,  and  it  would  be  safe  to  say  that  the  ranges,  as  a  nde,  are 
twice  as  great  below  thirty  as  above  it.  And  there  are  other  difficulties.  The 
ranges  and  the  mean  elevation  of  the  barometer  vary  in  different  years,  in  different 
months  of  the  same  year,  and  in  different  localities.  The  reader  must  endeavor  to 
get  the  true  fair-weather  standard  of  his  locality. 

••  In  all  latitudes  the  mean  height  is  low  when  the  passing  conditions  are  intense 
and  frequent,  and  that  is  the  main  reason  why  it  is  so  low  at  Cape  Horn.  For  the 
same  reason  mainly  the  mean  heiglit  of  the  barometer  is  lower  in  Europe  than  here. 

"  They  have  more  frequent  though  less  intense  conditions,  and  the  changes  in 
the  barometer  more  frequent,  btit  the  ranges  less.  At  the  same  time  their  volume 
of  upper  trade  is  also  less.  In  this  country  it  ranges  lower,  imder  the  focal  path  of 
the  conditions,  and  during  the  rainy  season,  than  upon  either  side  of  it. 

"  The  barometer  ranges  lowest  when  the  focal  path  of  the  conditions  is  over  us 
in  its  ascent  to  the  north,  in  the  spring  and  early  summer. 

"  The  barometer  ranges  highest  on  the  north  and  south  of  the  focal  path  of  the 
conditions,  and  in  the  winter  and  autumn. 

"  The  approach  of  northeasters  is  told  by  a  rise  of  the  barometer.  It  is  common 
in  the  Eastern  States  for  it  to  rise  from  four  tenths  to  six  tenths  above  thirty  at  sea 
level  when  a  northeast  snow-storm  is  approaching,  and  still  higher  before  a  thaw. 


462  JERSEY   CATTLE  TX  AMERTCA. 

"Wlien  the  barometer  feels  the  influence  of  the  ai)proacliing  condition  of 
a  summer  belt  of  showers,  it  commences  falling  steadily,  and  falls  rapidly  or  slowly 
in  proportion  to  the  intensity  of  the  condition  and  the  rapidity  of  its  approach ; 
rising  again  slowly  after  the  condition  is  past.  This  is  trae  in  respect  to  conditions 
which  approach  overland  from  the  west.  It  does  sometimes  rise  on  the  approacli  of 
an  intense  hnmcane  condition  \ip  the  coast,  and  afterward  fall  rapidly  and  very 
considerably  at  those  places  which  are  covered  by  the  condition. 

"  Specific  rules  for  observation  cannot  be  given,  but  in  reference  to  a  fair-weather 
standard  I  will  say  : 

"  1.  Your  mean  fair-weatlier  elevation  of  the  barometer  will  range  between  thirty 
and  thirty  and  two  tenth  inches,  deducting  therefrom  one  tenth  of  an  inch  for  every 
one  hundred  feet,  or  to  be  perfectly  accurate,  every  ninety-one  and  seven  tenths  feet 
of  altitude  above  the  sea-level. 

"  2.  That  the  fair-weather  elevation  will  average  higher  in  winter  when  the  focal 
path  is  south  of  the  observer,  in  normal  yearn,  than  in  midsummer,  when  it  is  at  the 
north  of  him. 

"It  will  average  lowest  when  the  focal  path  is  over  hiiu  in  spring  and  early 
summer. 

"  3.  A  fair-weather  point  cannot  be  fixed  for  either  period,  except  approximately. 
If  I  should  attempt  to  fix  them,  I  should  say,  thirty  and  two  tenths  for  the  period 
when  the  focal  path  is  farthest  wvth,  if  not  unusually  concentrated,  thirty  and  one 
tenth  when  it  i&farthed  north,  and  thirty  when  centrally  focal,  deducting,  as  in  rule 
firet,  for  altitude,  and  scaling  gradually  from  one  to  the  other,  as  the  focal  path  changes 
its  position.  But  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  a  great  contraction  and  concentration 
of  the  upper  or  counter  trade,  down  upon  the  Southeastern  States,  will  produce 
great  cold  and  a  low  fair-weather  barometer  west  and  north  of  them  in  very  severe 
winters. 

IKMl'EK.VllKK. 

"  Temperature  is  important  in  conneeti(m  with  the  other  elements,  as  an 
indication  of  the  approach  of  a  condition,  and  important  also  as  furnishing  an 
indication  of  its  character  and  continuaiure,  but  still  more  important  to  be  considered 
in  relation  to  its  changes,  when  the  condition  is  passing  away. 

"  In  winter,  when  the  normal  state  of  the  weather  is  clear  and  cold,  among 
the  other  early  indications  of  the  approach  of  a  stormy  condition  is  an  increase 
of  temperature.  As  an  indication  of  the  approach  of  a  winter  storm  which  is 
invariably  present,  and  nearly  simultaneoiis  with  the  rise  of  the  barometer  and  the 
appearance  of  cirrus  condensation,  it  should  always  be  looked  for  and  regarded. 

"  When  the  season  advances,  and  the  mean  daily  temperature  is  above  05°,  an 
elevation  of  the  thermometer  is  not  to  be  expected  upon  the  approach  of  a 
northeaster.     In  the  hottest  seasons  of  the  year  the  temperature  never  exceeds  70° 


JERSEY   CA  TTLE  IN'  AMERICA.  463 

during  a  northeast  storm.  When  it  ranges  above  that  in  the  daytime,  bnt  on  a 
given  day  fails  to  rise  higher,  or,  having  risen,  falls  to  that  point  or  below,  it  is  as 
certain  an  indication  of  the  character  of  the  apjiroaching  condition  as  the  precedent 
sudden  and  considerable  rise  of  the  barometer. 

"  During  the  rainy  season  changes  of  temperature,  though  less  distinctly  marked, 
are  worthy  of  note  as  indications.  The  prevalent  winds,  if  they  occur  in  spring  or 
early  summer,  are  easterly,  and  their  chUUness  proverbial. 

"  In  relation  to  the  approach  of  a  belt  of  showers,  temperature  is  an  important 
indication.  It  always  rises  high,  and  above  the  mean  of  the  season,  on  the 
southeasterly  side  of  those  belts  ;  it  is  therefore  a  distinguishing  characteristic,  as  well 
of  their  approach  as  their  intensity.  The  'hot  spells,'  or  'heated  terms,'  are  an 
elemental  part  of  the  condition,  and  the  excessive  heat  is  created  hy  the  cause 
which  organizes  and  continues  the  condition.  Very  hot  weather  sometimes  occiirs 
in  midsummer,  during  droiiths,  which  is  not  connected  with  or  a  part  of  an 
approaching  condition,  but  is  the  mere  effect  of  an  unclouded  sun  operating  upon 
a  dry  and  heated  soil.  Two  characteristics,  however,  distinguish  the  incident  heat 
of  the  condition  from  the  mere  heat  created  by  the  sun.  First,  the  latter  does  not 
rise  so  high,  and  it  cools  off  by  radiation  at  night,  rarely  rising  to  90°  in  the  daytime 
east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  unless  there  has  been  a  long-continued  drouth,  and 
cooling  off  during  the  night  to  7(*°  or  below.  Second,  the  incident  heat  of  an 
approaching  condition  is  both  humid  and  electric,  a  state  which  is  described  as 
sultry,  muggy,  close,  and  the  temperature  continues  high  through  the  night  and 
into  the  morning  when  the  condition  is  to  arrive.  The  humid,  electric,  muggy  heat 
of  an  approaching  conditioii  of  an  intense  belt  of  showers  would  be  scarcely 
endurable  if  it  was  not  tempered  by  the  accompanying  incident  of  southerly  wind. 

"  Temperature  is  also  an  important  element  in  relation  to  the  character  which 
the  storm  will  assume.  In  the  middle  latitudes  of  the  country  it  is  usually  an 
interesting  inquiry  whether  a  coming  winter  storm  will  be  one  of  rain  or  snow,  and 
one  of  the  elements  in  the  answer  is  temperature.  Snow  sometimes  falls  from  the 
northwest  scud  in  squalls,  for  a  few  moments  or  even  half  an  hour,  early  in  the 
spring  or  late  in  the  fall,  when  the  thermometer  is  considerably  above  the  freezing- 
point.  Snow  sometimes  also  falls  in  the  early  part  of  storms  after  the  thermometer 
has  risen  above  the  freezing-point,  but  unless  the  thermometer  falls  again  soon  the 
snow  will  turn  to  rain,  for  snow  does  not  often  fall  for  any  great  length  of  time 
mth  the  thermometer  above  the  freezing-point,  and  when  it  does  it  is  usually  in 
large  flakes,  which  indicate  that  it  is  about  to  turn  to  rain.  Snow  sometimes 
falls  with  the  thermometer  near  zero,  but  such  instances  are  rare.  In  a  snow-storm 
in  the  Arctic  regions,  described  by  Dr.  Kane,  the  thermometer  rose  to  near  zero. 
"When  a  snow-storm  is  approaching  in  the  middle  latitudes  of  this  country,  if  the 
thermometer  is  near  zero  the  temperature  generally  rises  about  twenty  degrees  before 


464  JERSEY    CATTI.E   I\  AMElilCA. 

the  6110W  falls.  The  temperature  in  snow-storms,  between  the  latitudes  thirty-five 
and  fifty-five,  is  from  20°  to  3(  t°,  between  latitudes  forty-two  and  forty-one  from  24° 
to  30°  from  the  commencement  to  the  close  of  a  storm. 

"  Rain  sometimes  falls  when  the  thermometer  is  low,  freezing  to  the  trees,  and 
constituting  what  is  called  an  ice-storm  ;  but  there,  again,  the  fall  of  the  rain  is  not 
caused  by  the  continued  low  temperature,  but  by  a  warm  southerly  current  in  the 
upper  part  of  the  surface  story,  the  storm  being  exceptional,  and  having  its  focus 
to  the  north. 

"  Very  warm  southeasters  sometimes  occur,  even  in  severe  winters,  and  one  or 
two  may  be  expected  in  ordinary  winters,  for  •  January  thaws '  are  proverbial.  They 
are  usually  southeasters,  caused  by  a  very  large,  concentrated,  and  e.xceptional 
eruption  of  the  counter  or  upper  trade  west  and  north  of  the  focal  path,  having  a 
warm  area  on  their  eastern  front  corresponding  to  the  hot  area  which  they  present 
on  the  same  front  in  summer. 

"  The  thermometer  may  be  watched  during  tiie  existence  of  storms  with 
reference  to  their  continuance.  In  a  northeast  storm  iu  spring  or  at  other  seasons, 
when  the  focus  of  the  storm  is  to  the  southeast  of  the  observer,  if  the  thermometer 
falls  and  the  wind  backs  into  the  north  the  rain  is  usually  at  an  end.  The  wind 
^vill  continue  to  back  to  northwest,  and  it  will  soon  after  light  up  iu  that  quarter, 
and  fair  weather  return  as  the  storm  passes  away  to  the  eastward.  If,  however,  it 
veers  back  to  the  northeast,  it  will  continue.  In  those  northeastei-s  where  the 
focus  is  over  the  observer,  or  to  the  north  of  him,  the  cessation  of  the  rain  is  tisually 
accompanied  by  a  rise  in  the  thermometer  and  a  temporary  lull  in  the  wind, 
followed  by  the  wind  afterward  coming  out  from  the  west  and  hauling  slowly 
into  the  northwest.  A  similar  lull  sometimes  occurs  in  southeasters  with  a  fall  in 
the  thermometer.  The  rain  is  then  over.  If  the  wind  has  been  very  heavy  from 
the  southeast  this  lull  will  be  followed  by  a  sudden  change  to  the  northwest. 
This  is  most  common  in  the  intense  hurricane  storms  which  come  up  the  coast. 
In  a  majority  of  the  southeasters  the  wind  hauls  gradually  round  through  the 
southwest  and  west  to  the  northwest,  the  thermometer  gradually  rising. 

"  A  very  sudden  change  iu  the  thermometer  is  frequently  experienced  when  a 
belt  of  showers  is  passing  over  us,  with  or  without  a  change  of  wind  to  northward. 
The  southerly  wind  usually  lulls  before  the  precipitating  body  of  the  cloud  reaches 
us,  and  in  many,  though  not  perhaps  in  the  m.ajority  of  instances,  there  is  a  heavy 
gust  from  the  westward  preceding  the  fall  of  rain  and  continuing  during  that  fall. 
Such  gusts  are  often  accompanied  by  a  marked  fall  in  temperature. 

"  All  the  conditions  which  have  a  soutlierly  wind  and  a  warm  or  hot  area  on 
their  easterly  or  southeasterly  sides  have  northerly  winds  and  a  cool  or  cold  area  on 
their  westerly  or  northerly  sides.  Changes  in  the  thermometer  in  a  few  hours  are 
sometimes  very  great.     It  is  impossible  to  describe  in  adequate  terms  the  importance 


GILDEROY    3d    5043. 

Nuhlf   'I'yitc. 

HOLLY     (iltOVK    HERD. 

John  I.  Holi.y,   Pi.ainkield.  Nkw  Jerski 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  465 

of  understanding  and  heeding  this  fact,  for  it  is  thus  that  the  sudden  changes  from 
heat  to  cold  are  produced.  Let  it  be  understood  that  the  frame  which  is  now 
sweltering  in  a  humid  atmosphere  of  90°  on  the  hot  side  of  a  condition  will,  as  a 
matter  of  course,  and  by  the  operation  of  perfectly  intelligible  and  imalterable  laws, 
in  a  few  hours  be  exposed  to  the  chilling  temperature  of  60°  under  the  cold  side  of 
it,  and  the  additional  chill  occasioned  by  a  rapid  evaporation  in  its  peculiar  dry  air. 
And  let  it  be  understood  that  it  is  by  such  changes,  so  occurring,  and  so  capable  of 
being  forecasted,  but  which  are  unregarded,  that  many  diseases  which  bring  sufEering 
and  death  are  produced. 


"  It  is  after  one  of  these  belts  has  passed,  and  after  its  northerly  wind  has  blown 
for  one  or  two  days,  that  we  have  our  unseasonable  frosts.  That  is  the  time  to  look 
out  for  them  in  August  and  September. 

"  In  a  majority  of  cases  the  dreaded  '  first  frost '  does  not  occur  early  in 
September,  unless  the  noi'therly  wind  continues  two  days ;  but  it  does  sometimes  come 
in  the  first  night  after  the  clearing  off.  Frost  makes  at  the  surface  of  the  ground  as 
soon  as  my  thermometer,  hanging  five  feet  from  the  ground,  falls  below  40°,  and  if 
the  thermometer  is  at  or  below  50°  at  sundown  frost  is  very  probable,  when  the  night 
is  clear  and  still.  After  tlie  wind  has  blown  from  the  northward  through  the  day  the 
thermometer  falls  rapidly  after  nightfall. 

"  Wind  or  cloudiness  prevents  frost,  but  both  may  disaj^pear  before  morning  and 
frost  ensue. 

THE    WINDS. 

"  The  conditions  themselves  are  characterized  as  Northeasters,  Southeasters, 
Southwesters  and  Northwesters ;  and  that  the  southerly  winds,  according  to  their 
freshness  and  earnestness,  are  reliable  indications  of  the  approach  and  intensity  of  the 
showery  conditions,  we  have  more  than  once  had  occasion  to  observe.  Breezes  are 
often  loocd,  but  there  are  no  fresh,  earnest  winds,  unless  created  by  the  influence  of 
some  approaching  or  passing  conditioti,  and  the  quarter  from  which  they  blow,  and 
their  force,  are  consequently  among  the  most  reliable  indications  we  have. 
Ordinarily,  the  wind  and  its  direction  and  force  are  felt  or  indicated  by  the 
wind-vane ;  but  it  is  often  observable  before  it  is  felt  at  the  surface  by  its  scud,  or 
by  sounds.  The  roar  of  the  surf  or  breaking  of  the  waves  on  the  shore,  when  great 
bodies  of  water  are  disturbed  by  a  precedent  storm-wind,  is  often  heard  before  the 
wind  is  perceived  on  the  land.  Yarious  sounds  are  heard  with  great  distinctness 
before  storms,  according  to  the  character  of  the  coming  winds.  This  is  undoubtedly 
moving  in  a  rapid  invisible  current,  not  far  above  us.  If  from  the  east  or  south  it 
betokens  rain,  if  from  the  western  quarter  fair  weather. 


JERSEY   (J A  TTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


"  In  the  clouds  of  a  condition,  when  they  come  in  sight,  we  liave  actual,  visible 
evidence  of  its  approach  and  character.  The  first  cloud  seen  is  ordinarily  the  cirrus, 
which  overlies  the  condition,  and  which  is  not  only  first  visible  because  the  most 
elevated,  but  because  it  extends  in  every  direction  farther  than  the  other  strata  of  a 
stonn. 

"  All  the  forms  of  cirrus  are  seen  in  the  advance  condensation  of  the  conditions, 
except  the  cumulo-cirrus,  or  fleecy  cloud,  which  occurs  independently  in  set  fair 
weather. 

"  But  the  early  cirrus  condensation  of  the  conditions  is  not  always  visible. 
There  may  be  enough  of  it  to  aflEcct  the  brightness  of  the  sun,  or  tlie  moon  and  stars, 
or  to  occasion  halos  when  it  is  not  sutticiently  dense  to  assume  the  appearance  of 
clouds.  It  is  a  turbid  or  misty  condensation  rather  than  visible  cloud.  Sometimes 
it  is  of  a  smoky  character,  like  that  which  attends  midsummer  drouths,  or  the  shorter 
dry  spells  of  autinun  or  Indian  sununer,  and  gives  the  sun  a  blood-red  appearance. 
But  ordinarily,  when  it  constitutes  the  advance  condensation  of  an  approaching 
condition,  it  changes  the  appearance  of  the  sky  from  a  deep  azure  to  that '  lighter  hue ' 
which  Humboldt  describes  as  preceding  the  arrival  of  the  central  belt  of  rains  from 
the  south.  It  was  found  by  Gay  Lussac,  and  has  been  by  otlier  aeronauts  to  have 
the  fonn  of  cloud  at  the  height  of  from  twenty  thousand  to  tliirty  thousand  feet,  when 
not  visible  at  the  earth  except  as  obscuring  mistiness. 

"  Thin  cirrus  cloud,  whether  misty,  linear  or  fibrous,  pales  the  light  of  the  sun, 
especially  at  nightfall.  Occasionally  in  the  course  of  the  day,  when  the  cirrus  is 
dense,  various  coronae  and  halos  appear  in  it.  The  lialos  of  the  moon  only  are  of 
importance.  There  is  at  all  times  a  circle  round  the  moon,  more  or  less  distinct, 
produced  by  the  mistiness  of  tlie  atmosphere,  but  during  normal  fair  weatlier  the 
circle  is  small  and  not  very  distinct.  But  when  the  circle  is  large,  perfect,  and  the 
rim  well  defined,  it  is  a  certain  sign  that  the  cirnis  in  which  it  is  formed  is  the  advance 
or  lateral  condensation  of  a  storm.     It  is  Ijest  seen  when  the  moon  is  nearly  vertical. 

KESIIMK. 

"  In  winter  and  early  spring,  when  the  focal  path  is  at  the  south,  we  look  at  the 
southwest  for  the  first  api)earance  of  the  clouds  of  the  condition. 

"  They  maybe  looked  for  at  all  himrs  of  the  day,  but  if  they  exist  at  all  will  be 
seen  most  distinctly  at  nightfall.  r.;itcr.  in  the  spring  and  early  summer,  when  the 
focal  path  has  moved  to  the  north,  you  will  look  to  the  west,  and  in  summer  and 
early  autumn,  when  the  focal  path  is  north  of  us,  you  may  look  north  of  west,  unless 
you  reside  in  tlie  Atlantic  or  New  England  States,  and  have  reason  to  look  for  an 
approaching  hurricane  condition,  which  is  coming  up  the  coast,  and  then  you  will 
look  south-southwest.     The  appearance  may  be  that  of  the  misty  cirrus  wliich  we 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  A3IERICA.  467 

have  described,  discoverable  by  the  aid  of  the  sun,  moon  or  stars ;  or  the  cirrus 
existing  in  visible,  thready  patches  or  wisps  ;  or  some  form  of  the  cirro-stratus  ;  to  be 
followed  by  the  cunmlo-stratus  or  thunder-head,  or  the  rain-beariug  stratus,  according 
to  the  season  of  the  year  and  the  character  of  the  condition. 

"  Sometimes,  though  not  often,  the  scud  may  be  seen  floating  in  the  southerly 
or  easterly  wind,  before  other  cloud  condensation  is  visible,  except  the  misty,  formless 
cirrus.  Generally,  however,  the  scud  are  not  seen  before  tlie  cirrus  assumes  form 
and  patches  of  cirro-stratus  appear. 

"  "When  in  midsummer  a  belt  of  showers  is  approaching  from  the  northwest 
and  the  cloud  condensation  does  not  show  itself  above  the  hoi'izon  before  nightfall, 
you  may  sometimes  discover  it  in  the  evening  or  night,  as  it  is  illumined  Ijy  the 
flashes  of  lightning  which  play  on  its  summits.  And  before  the  thunder-heads 
appear  above  the  horizon  the  flashes  of  lightning  will  perhaps  be  seen,  reflected 
from  the  milky  stratum  of  cirras,  which  will  cover  that  part  of  the  sky,  and  seeming 
to  come  from  the  atmosphere  above  the  horizon. 

HUMIDITY. 

"  The  atmosphere  contains  at  all  times  a  quantity  of  watery  vapor ;  whether 
combined  or  uncombined  witli  the  air  or  its  oxygen  has  been  and  is  still  a 
question. 

"  Certain  it  is  that  at  times  there  exists  a  quantity  wliich  is  uncombined  and 
visible,  and  equally  certain  it  is  at  other  times,  when  evaporation  has  been  large,  a 
considerable  quantity  must  be  contained  in  the  atmosphere,  which,  if  it  is  not 
combined,  is  at  least  invisible,  and  undiscoverable  by  any  ordinary  test.  The  subject 
of  evaporation  is  receiving  closer  attention  than  formerly.  Mr.  Steinmetz  lias 
invented  a  vaporimeter,  to  measure  evaporation,  an  excellent  instrument. 

"  Evaporation  is  exceedingly  rapid  in  our  northwest  winds.  The  excess  of 
evaporation  falls  in  dew. 

"  Two  very  important  facts  are  stated  by  Steimnetz :  First, '  That  invariably  the 
greater  the  evaporation  the  less  the  rain,  and  viae  versa,  in  every  month,  on  all 
occasions.'  Second, '  That  evaporation  decreases  during  the  hot,  sultry  period  which 
precedes  a  thunder-storm.'  The  importance  of  these  two  facts  will  be  seen  in 
connection  with  another — that  humidity,  as  measured  by  the  hygrometer  and 
perceived  by  our  senses,  commences  to  increase  with  the  first  influence  of  an 
approaching  condition,  and  continues  to  increase  till  the  arrival  of  the  rain.  Mr. 
Steinmetz  believes  the  hygrometer  the  most  reliable  instrument  in  the  prognostication 
of  the  weather. 

"  But  the  hygrometer  cannot  tell  us  directly,  at  any  given  time,  whether  the 
upper  trade  is  saturated  or  not,  for  it  is  flowing  in  a  distinct  and  isolated  stratum  far 
above  the  earth.     I  believe  in  the  hygrometer,  not  because  it  indicates  the  state  of 


4G8  JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMEPxICA. 

saturation  merely,  or  indicates  a  fall  of  rain  consequent  on  the  mere  saturation  of 
the  surface  story,  but  because  it  indicates  the  influence  of  an  organized  atmospheric 
condition,  which  influence  produces  a  humid  state  of  the  atmosphere.  The  mer- 
curial hygrometer  with  the  moistened  bulb  is  now  generally  used. 

"  The  point  at  which  the  mercury  is  depressed  by  evaporation  is  called  the 
dew-point.  The  difference  between  that  and  the  dry  tlieniiometer  is  the  complement 
of  the  dew-point,  and  the  existing  humidity  is  measured  by  that  difference.  The 
greater  the  humidity  the  lexs  that  difference. 

"  There  is  another  observable  evidence  of  humidity  indicative  of  an  approaching 
condition,  especially  of  a  belt  of  showers  in  summer  and  a  southeaster  in  ^yinter — 
such  as  the  deposition  of  moisture  upon  tumblers  and  other  vessels  containing 
water,  and  upon  flagging  and  other  stones  connected  with  the  ground. 


"  Before  a  snow-storm  the  advance  cirrus  condensation  is  generally  uf  the  linear 
kind,  existing  in  long  threads  or  bars,  extending  from  southwest  to  northeast,  and 
not  in  wisps  or  patches,  as  in  summer.  The  layer  of  stratus  from  which  tlie  snow  is 
to  fall  is  smooth  and  uniform,  and  of  a  lightish  hue.  There  is  at  the  approach  and 
in  the  commencement  of  the  storm  very  little  wind,  and  that  at  flrst  southwest,  and 
afterward  northeast.  The  barometer  usually  rises  higher  before  a  snow-storm,  and 
falls  with  less  rapidity.     Of  rain  and  hail  former  chapters  may  suffice. 

THE    ELKt'TRIC    STATE. 

"  Our  knowledge  of  electricity  is  not  yet  such  as  to  furnish  alone  direct  evidence 
of  the  approach  of  a  condition,  but  there  are  many  signs  which  are  founded  on  the 
indirect  effect  of  electricity,  and  are  relied  upon,  even  in  less  intense  climates  than 
ours.  A  collection  of  nearly  all  the  received  and  credited  English  signs  was  made 
by  Dr.  Jenner,  and  arranged  in  rhymes.  Nearly  all  of  any  merit  depend  upon 
electricity. 

jennee's  signs  of  rain. 
" '  The  ItoUoio  winds  begin  to  blow, 

The  clouds  look  bUick,  the  glass  is  hie, 

The  soot  falls  down,  the  spaniels  sleep. 

And  spiders  from  their  cobwebs  creep. 

Last  night  the  sun  went  pale  to  bed, 

The  moon  in  halos  hid  her  head. 

The  boding  shepherd  heaves  a  sigh. 

For  see  !  a  rainbow  spans  the  sky. 

The  walls  are  damp  ;  the  ditches  smell ; 

Closed  is  the  pink-eyed  pimpernel. 

Hark  1  how  the  chairs  and  tables  crark. 

Old  Betty's  joints  are  on  the  rack. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMEBIC  A.  469 

Loud  quack  the  ducks,  the  peacocks  cry  ; 
The  distant  hills  are  looking  nigh. 
How  restless  are  the  snortiug  swine  ! 
The  busy  tlies  disturb  the  kine. 
Low  o'er  the  grass  the  swallow  wings  ; 
The  cricket,  too,  how  loud  it  sings  ! 
Puss,  on  the  hearth,  with  velvet  paws 
Sits  smoothing  o'er  her  whiskered  jaws. 
Through  the  clear  stream  the  flshas  rise 
And  nimbly  catch  the  incautious  flies  ; 
The  sheep  were  seen  at  early  light 
Cropping  the  meads  with  eager  bite. 
Though  June  the  air  is  cold  and  chill ; 
The  mellow  blackbird's  voice  is  still. 
The  glow-worms,  numerous  and  bright, 
Illumed  the  dewy  dell  last  night ; 
At  dusk  the  squalid  toad  was  seen 
Hopping,  crawling  o'er  the  green. 
The  frog  has  lost  his  yellow  vest. 
And  in  a  dingy  suit  is  dressed. 
The  leech,  disturbed,  is  newly  risen 
Quite  to  the  summit  of  his  prison  ; 
The  whirling  wind  the  dust  obeys 
And  in  the  rapid  eddy  plays. 
My  dog,  so  altered  is  his  taste. 
Quits  mutton  bones  on  grass  to  feast ; 
And  see  yon  rooks,  how  odd  their  flight — 
They  imitate  the  gliding  kite. 
Or  seem  precipitate  to  fall. 
As  if  they  felt  the  piercing  ball. 
'Twill  surely  rain.     I  see,  with  sorrow. 
Our  jaunt  must  be  put  off  to-morrow. 

"  Most  of  the  signs  relate  to  the  feehngs  of  animals.  They  cannot  be  supposed 
to  have  any  mental  conception  of  an  approaching  stonn.  Man  and  animals  and 
plants  are  all  sensitive  to  and  exhibit  signs  of  electrical  action  before  storms. 

"  Hone  added  the  hnes — 

'  Her  corns  with  shooting  pains  torment  her 
And  to  her  bed  untimely  send  her.' 

"Howe  added  another  conplet — 

'  The  smoke  from  chimneys  right  ascends, 
Then  spreading  back  to  earth  it  bends.' 

"  I  know  of  no  cause  to  which  this  descent  of  smoke  can  be  attributed  excejjt 
that  it  is  positively  electrified  and  attracted  by  the  negatively  electrified  earth. 


470  JERSEY   CATTLE  TX  AMERICA. 

''  No  degree  of  liuiiiiditv,  witli  tlie  tlieniioiiieter  at  70°.  can  account  for  the 
oppressiveness  of  what  is  called  a  muggy,  close  atmosphere.  No  degree  of  humidity, 
with  the  thermometer  at  ^5° — its  common  spring  and  autumn  register  in  northeastere 
—could  revive  the  rheumatism  in  old  Betty's  joints  or  the  ])ain  in  her  corns. 

"  The  renewal  of  pain  in  once  broken  bones  or  old  scars  is  felt  in  the  dry, 
warm  air  of  the  house  and  in  bed. 

"  The  down  of  the  dandelion  and  other  ])lants  closes  fur  bad  weather.  l)Ut  expands 
for  sunshine. 

"  The  trefoil  grows  more  upright,  with  a  swelling  stalk,  against  rainy  weather. 
Before  showers  the  trefoil  contracts  its  leaves,  as  does  the  convolvulus  and  many 
other  ])lants. 

"The  ])impernel  (.Iwrtj/rtW^.v)  closes  its  petals  on  the  ap])roach  of  rainy  weather. 

"  Chickweed  {Stellarta)  in  showery  weather  is  half-shut ;  M-licn  it  is  entirely 
shut  we  may  expect  a  rainy  day. 

"  If  the  flowers  of  the  Siberian  sow-thistle  remain  ()j)en  all  night  we  may  expect 
i-ain  next  day. 

"  There  are  many  traditional  signs  which  have  no  value  whatever.  Thus,  it  is 
connnou  to  look  for  storms  at  the  equinoxes,  or  when,  as  tlie  sailors  say, '  the  sun 
crosses  the  line.'  This  is  aii  absurdity.  Storms  of  like  character  are  occurring 
CIA'/'//  (lay  in  the  year,  in  different  and  numerous  portions  of  the  hemisphere.  In 
some  portions  of  the  hemisphere  storms  nevt'r  occur.  In  neither  respect  is  there 
any  difference  on  that  day. 

KKSUMK. 

"All   signs   akk    fallacies   unless  connectku  with  ok  koi'nded  tpon  one 

OK    the    seven    states    of    the    WEAIHEK. 

"  When  we  hear  of  an  existing  and  distant  storm  we  can  tell,  within  a  day, 
when,  if  it  originated  east  of  the  Windward  Islands,  or  over  the  Caribbean  Sea,  or 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  or  Texas,  it  will  pass  over  any  particular  point  in  its  path,  for 
we  know  substantially  what  its  movement  per  hour,  according  to  its  intensity,  will 
be,  and  wliat  its  course  will  be  at  that  season  of  the  year. 

"  1  l)elieve  that  by  the  next  generation  the  West  India  Islands  will  all  i>e 
connected  by  wire,  and  that  important  representative  points  of  observation  in  this 
country  will  be  connected  in  like  manner,  and  the  organization  and  progress  of  the 
conditions  be  reported  to  the  country  from  hour  to  hour.  The  advantages  of  such  a 
system,  to  all  our  industries,  will  lie  beyond  present  comprehension. 

DURATION    OF    CONDITIONS. 

"  Scud  in  the  southerly  wind,  running  toward  the  approaching  belt  of 
condensation,  if  very  numerous  and  large,  and  ragged  at  the  edges,  and  moving 
rapidly,  a   heavy  fall   of   rain    may  be  anticipated  at  the  point  to  ivhich  they  are 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  A3IERICA.  471 

running.  Freshets  follow  where  these  scud  are  rniiniug,  and  may  be  predicted 
without  failure. 

"  The  strength  and  freshness  of  the  wind  which  blows  toward  the  focus  of  the 
storm,  and  the  number  and  character  of  the  scud,  are  all  indicative  of  its  strength. 

"  How  long  will  a  condition  continue  ? 

"  Very  weak  belts  of  showers  in  summer  may  not  be  more  than  twenty  miles 
wide,  and  pass  over  in  two  hours.  There  is  great  variety  in  the  width  of  the  belts  of 
showers.  "We  have  no  means  of  judging  of  that  width  with  certainty  except  by  the 
telegraph.  The  character  and  continuance  of  the  southerly  wind,  and  its  scud,  the 
continuance  of  humidity,  and  our  feelings,  will  give  a  partial  knowledge.  Some 
belts  of  showers  last  twenty-four  hours.  The  average  length  of  time  during  which 
rain  falls  in  southeasters  is  about  fifteen  hours. 

"  It  remains  cloudy  for  a  much  longer  period. 

"  The  northeaster  is  of  longer  continuance  than  any  of  the  other  distinct 
conditions.  It  is  rarely  less  than  forty-eight  hours  from  the  time  when  the  first 
cirrus  condensation  is  visible  and  its  wind  begins  to  blow,  to  the  time  when  its  wind 
and  rain  cease.     It  is  frequently  twice  as  long,  and  sometimes  longer  still. 

"I  have  seen  the  scud  run  continuously  and  at  the  same  elevation  for  more  than 
sixty  hours. 

"  The  wind  not  infrequently  blows  forty-eight  hours  toward  an  approaching 
northeaster  before  its  precipitating  portion  reaches  us. 

ORGANIZATION    OF    THE    ATMOSPHERIC    SYSTEM. 

"  The  organization  and  motive  force  of  the  atmospheric  system  is  invisible.  We 
recognize  its  existence  only  in  its  effects.  We  see  that  each  organization  has  its  law, 
and  that  the  whole  is  governed  by  a  controlling  agency  ;  we  see,  too,  that  this  agent 
has  IMMENSE  POWER  ;  that  it  is  capable  of  moving  the  atmosphere  or  exerting  a  force 
equivalent  to  moving  it,  at  the  rate  of  six  hundred  aud  eighty-two  miles  per  hour. 

"  What  is  that  force  ?  That  it  emanates  from  or  is  excited  by  the  sun  we 
cannot  doubt.  We  know  of  one,  and  but  one  force  capable  of  exerting  such  a 
controlling  and  immense  force,  and  that  is  electricity. 

PROPOSITIONS. 

"  1.  '  The  earth  is  a  magnet,  but  not  a  natural  magnet,'  a  magnet  by  thermal 
electricity. 

"  2.  According  to  the  law  of  thermo-electricity,  currents  must  be  excited  at  the 
place  where  the  earth  is  being  heated,  and  flow  to  the  west,  toward  the  portion  of 
the  earth  which  is  coolest.  The  electric  currents  thus  excited  flow  around  to  the 
west,  where  it  is  night,  and  thus  form  a  permanent  succession  of  currents  flowing 
around  the  earth  from  east  to  west,  as  it  presents  its  siu-face  to  the  action  of  the 


472  JERSEY   CATTLE  TN^  AMERICA. 

sun  during  its  daily  revolution.  By  a  central  belt  of  currents  encircling  the  earth 
within  the  tropics  thus  excited  and  operating  the  earth  is  constituted  a  magnet. 
(This  is  a  theory  of  Ampere.) 

"  3.  Parallel  currents  of  electricity  have  a  tendency  to  converge  toward  each 
other.  Doubtless  the  primarj'  central  currents  flowing  to  the  west  exist  under  the 
entire  central  condition,  converging  toward  the  centre,  where  tlie  currents  are  most 
intense,  and  where  the  great  central  belt  of  rains  is  found. 

"  4.  As  the  sun  in  its  transits  is  more  vertical,  and  acts  with  greater  heating 
power  on  the  smamer  Hide  of  the  central  belt,  the  currents  gradually  become  more 
intense  upon  that  side  and  less  intense  on  the  other,  and  thus  the  central  condition 
with  its  belt  of  rains  follows  the  smi  in  its  transits,  because  the  sun  is  continually 
creating  a  new  focus  of  intense  currents.  And  for  the  same  reason  the  central 
condition  continues  to  move  north  or  south  after  the  sun  has  reversed  his  transit, 
and  until  it  has  heated  up  the  waters  on  the  reverse  side. 

"  .5.  All  successive  currents  of  electricity  induce  secondai-y  currents  on  each  side 
of  the  primary  one,  and  they  flow  in  an  opposite  direction  to  and  parallel  with  the 
primary  current.  iSuch  currents  are  produced  on  either  side  of  the  central  condition 
and  in  the  temperate  and  polar  zones,  which  gives  to  the  atmosphere  and  all 
conditions  contained  in  it  a  tendency  or  drift  to  the  eastward. 

"  t).  A  second  secondary  current  is  sometimes  induced  by  the  first  secondary, 
and  that  too  moves  parallel  with  and  opposite  to  the  direction  of  its  inducing  current. 

"  7.  By  this  method  of  niagnetization  there  is  also  produced  in  or  over  the  earth 
a  class  of  lateral  currents  like  those  discoverable  in  all  magnets  by  the  aid  of  iron 
filings. 

"  8.  The  magnetic  currents  or  currentsof  electricity  whicli  flow  outwardly  fmm 
the  earth  are  recognized  by  us  in  various  ways.  Faraday  intercepted  them  by  a 
revolving  wire,  which  by  its  revolutions  cut  them,  and  obtained  from  the  end  of  the 
wire  currents  of  electricity  of  low  intensity  but  considerable  volume.  The  flow  of 
these  currents  is  variable  in  quantity,  and  when  the  quantity  is  excessive  the  Aurora 
is  produced  by  them  in  the  upper,  attenuated  atmosphere.  Sometimes  when  the 
(juantity  is  very  excessive,  constituting  what  Humlioldt  calls  magnetic  storms,  they 
produce  an  Aurora  in  all  parts  of  the  atmosphere,  and  the  telegraph  wires  can  be 
worked  by  them  without  a  battery.  Magnetism  consists  of,  or  has  associated 
with  it,  currents  of  electricity,  and  all  electric  currents  are  lines  of  force,  as  Faraday 
has  abundantly  demonstrated. 

"  9.  All  currents  of  electricity  passing  througii  the  atmosphere  tend  to  displace 
it  or  to  create  currents  in  it.  Thus  we  attribute  thunder  to  the  recoil  of  the  air  into 
the  vacuum  which  the  curi-ent  of  electricity  has  occasioned  by  carrying  the  air  within 
its  passage  downward  through  the  atmosphere.  In  substantially  the  same  maimer 
it  carries  the  air  upward  in  a  tornado.     These  magneto-electric  currents  are  constantly 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IJV  AMEBIC  A.  473 

being  discharged  from  trees  and  mountains,  and  every  object  connected  with  the 
earth.     They  have  much  to  do  with  animal  and  vegetable  life. 

"  10.  These  lateral  currents  have  much  to  do  in  constituting  the  great, 
permanent,  general  movements  of  the  atmosphere ;  with  the  trade-winds  while 
siirface  trades,  and  when  constituting  the  upper  trade  or  equatorial  current.  But 
most  of  the  local  and  special  winds  are  the  result  of  static  induction  and  attraction. 

"  11.  Evaporation  is  an  electric  process,  aided  by  heat,  but  existing  inde- 
pendently of  it,  for  ice  and  snow  evaporate  in  the  Arctic  regions  and  everywhere, 
and  at  all  experienced  temperatures.  The  vapor  when  evaporated  is  combined  with 
electricity  and  oxygen,  and  exists  by  force  of  that  combination  in  the  atmosphere ; 
and  the  disturbance  of  the  electricity  and  the  combination,  by  static  induction  or 
other  action,  occasions  the  condensation  of  vapor,  the  formation  of  vesicles,  and  the 
constitution  of  a  cloud,  and  the  diffusion  of  the  electricity  thus  set  free  over  the 
surface  of  the  vesicles. 

"  12.  The  trade-winds  are  probably  produced  primarily  by  the  lateral  magneto- 
electric  currents  of  the  earth.  Upon  islands  which  lie  near  the  outer  limits  of ,  the 
northern  trade  in  summer  the  surface  and  upper  trade  constitute  distinct  strata  of  a 
different  character. 

"  "When  the  surface  trade  is  of  sufficient  volume  to  cover  the  elevation  of  the 
islands  they  have  xmbroken  drouth.  As  the  surface  trade  recedes  in  the  fall,  and 
the  upper  trade  comes  in  contact  with  the  elevations,  rain  falls  upon  and  to  the 
leeward  of  them,  and  the  line  of  rain  descends  the  slopes  as  the  surface  trade 
decreases  in  dej^th. 

"  These  facts  indicate  the  initiation  of  the  surface  trade  by  the  permanent 
magneto-electric  currents.  As  the  surface  trades  pass  on  beneath  the  stratum  of 
cirrus  condensation  which  overlies  them  they  are  affected  statically,  and  storms  and 
showers  and  squalls  are  produced  in  them.     So  the  belt  of  rains  is  constituted. 

"  As  they  pass  on  beyond  the  belt  of  condensation,  if  they  are  in  moderate  volume 
they  become  clear  again,  and  pass  as  upper  or  coimter-trades  into  the  opposite 
hemisphere,  but  partially  deprived  of  their  vapor.  Arrived  in  that  hemisphere,  they 
are  exposed  to  the  static  electric  induction  of  the  positive  atmosphere  of  the  uj^per 
story,  and'  the  negative  electric  induction  of  the  earth.  Storms  or  showers  are 
produced  as  one  or  the  other  influence  predominates  and  ojserates  with  sufficient  force. 
Thus,  in  most  of  our  large  extensive  storms  which  originate  upon  the  level  interior 
of  our  country,  the  incipient  condensation  is  discoverable  in  the  upper  story  in  the 
form  of  cirrus,  or  in  the  upper  part  of  the  trade  story  in  the  form  of  cirro-stratus. 
Subsequently  the  stratus  is  formed  in  the  trade  story  in  its  inferior  portion,  and  after 
that  the  wind  and  the  scud  are,  by  like  induction  and  by  attraction,  produced  in  the 
surface  story.  In  this  class  of  cases  the  storm  is  originated  by  the  positive  inductive 
action  of  the  electricity  of  the  upper  atmosphere. 


474  JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

"  As  a  rule  our  general  storms  are  initiated  in  the  great  central  condition  or  in 
the  polar  zone,  by  the  positive  electricity  of  the  upper  story  actinu;  by  induction  upon 
the  upper  trade  of  the  second  story,  surcliargod  with  tiie  vapor  of  evaporation  from 
the  surface  where  it  originated. 

••  Induced  electric  excitement  is  felt  far  in  advance  of  all  storms.  It  influences 
animal  and  vegetable  life,  as  we  have  seen.  It  checks  and  stops  evaporation,  and 
disturbs  the  combination  of  electricity  with  the  vapor  of  the  atmosphere,  producing 
partial  condensation  and  increasing  humidity.  It  is  a  mistake  to  assume  that  the 
increase  of  humidity,  as  indicated  by  the  hygrometer  or  by  its  deposition  on  surfaces, 
is  owing  to  an  actual  increase  of  the  amount  of  water  in  the  atmosphere.  Evaporation 
decreases  before  an  increase  of  humidity  is  apparent,  and  humidity  goes  on  increasing 
long  after  evaporation  has  ceased.  This  increase  of  humidity  is,  as  I  have  said,  the 
eflfect  of  electric  induction  disturbing  the  electricity  of  the  vapor,  and  causing  the 
apparent  increase  of  humidity.  There  is,  in  fact,  no  sudden  increase  of  the  quantity 
of  vapor  in  the  air— it  is  simply  an  increase  of  that  which  is  uncombined. 

"  I  do  not  think  we  have  yet  arrived  at  a  satisfactory  solution  of  the  barometric 
oscillations,  and  it  may  ultimately  appear  that  they  are  occasioned  by  electric  induction 

"  We  have  seen  that  the  barometric;  changes  are  coincident  with  the  electric  and 
magnetic  ones.  Certain  it  is  that  the  changes  in  the  barometer  and  in  the  feelings 
of  animals  and  plants  are  in  advance  of  thermometric  or  hygrometric  changes  which 
can  account  for  them.  I  think  it  is  well  established  that  the  condensation  consists 
in  the  formation  of  an  infinite  imiuber  of  small  vesicles  which  electricity  can  form 
and  cold  cannot,  and  very  clear  that  the  formation  of  cloud  is  an  electric  inductive 
process,  and  that  in  all  extensive  storms  the  primary  inductive  action  is  by  the 
positive  electricity  of  the  upper  story,  and  the  forming  jirocess  may  generally  be 
observed  upon  the  advance  portion  of  the  storm." 

Since  Mr.  Butler  wrote  his  work  the  United  States  Government  has  established 
the  Weather  Bureau  at  Washington,  and  a  system  of  Signal  Stations  throughout  the 
country,  which  give  us  daily  reports  of  the  weather  probabilities.  The  system  will 
eventually  become  perfected  and  of  great  benefit  to  the  agriculture  of  America. 

APPARATUS    USED    IN  TIIK    STt'DV    OK     THK    ATMOSPU  KRIC    SYSTEM. 

The  re(juisite  a])i)aratus  for  the  investigation  of  the  changes  of  the  weather 
includes  the  Barometer,  Tiiermometer  (air  and  soil).  Wind  Vane,  Anenaometer  or 
Wind  Gauge,  Rain-band  Spectroscope,  Hygrometer,  A''aporimeter,  Rain  Gauge, 
Lysimeter  or  Drainage  Gauge,  the  Telescope,  the  Telegraph,  and  the  Mariner's 
Compiiss. 

Mr.  Harding,    an   English    meteorologist,    reports   in    respect    to    experiments 


JERHEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


A.M.  PM.         A.M. 

4     6    8   10  12    2     4     6     8    /O  J2    2     4     Hou> 


^S  JDarometer 


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ihermometer 


Fo. 


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Oumueus 


Eie  c  tf/'c 
Tension, 


DecJtnatiort 
o/lVced/o 


Wi'nd 
Horiz.o7itaL 


Chart  showing  the  Variations  durinw  an  Atmospheric  Day  in  Fair  Wkathek. 


476 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  A3IERIVA. 


"  of  daily  weatlier  forecasts  made  with  the  raiii-baiid  spectroscope,  that  sixty- 
three  per  cent,  proved  approximately  true,  and  oidy  fourteen  per  cent,  were  false. 
On  two  very  wet  days  the  spectroscope  gave  no  indication,  and  on  two  others  it 
gave  valuable  warning  in  contradiction  to  the  barometer." 

The  lysimeter,  as  used  at  the  New  York  State  Experiment  Station  at  Geneva, 
has  aided  in  demonstrating  the  benefit  of  fine  surface  pulverization  in  tillage  for 
preventing  the  loss  of  moisture  by  excessive  evaporation  in  drouth. 


AVERAGE   ANNUAL  TEMPEHATUEE   IN   UNITED   STATES. 


Place. 

Jack.^^onville,  Florida fii) 

New  Orleans,  Louisiana 69 

Austin,  Te.xas 67 

Mobile,  Alabama 66 

Jackson,  Mississippi 6-t 

Little  Rock,  Arkansas 63 

Columbia,  South  Carolina 62 

Raleigh,  North  Carolina 59 

Atlanta,  Georgia 58 

Nashville,  Tennessee 58 

Richmond,  Virginia 57 

LouisviUe,  Kentucky 56 

San  Francisco,  California 55 

Washington,  D.  C 55 

St.  Louis,  Mis.souri _. 55 

Baltimore,  Maryland 51 

Ilarrisburg,  Pennsylvania 54 

Wilmington,  Delaware 53 

Trenton,  New  Jersey 53 

Columbus,  Ohio 53 

Portland,  Oregon 53 


Pl.^ce.  Degree. 

Salt  Lake  City,  Utah  Territory 52 

Romney,  West  A^irginia 52 

Indianapolis,  Indiana 51  _ 

Leavenworth,  Kansas 51 

Hartford,  Connecticut 50 

Springfield,  Illinois 50 

Camp  Scott,  Nevada 50 

Des  Moines,  Iowa 49 

Omaha,  Nebraska 49 

Denver,  Colorado 48 

Boston,  Massachusetts 48 

Albany,  New  York 48 

Pro\ndence,  Rhode  Island 48 

Detroit,  Michigan 47 

Fort  Randall,  Dakota  Ten-itory 47 

Concord,  New  Hami)sliire 46 

Augusta,  Maine 45 

Madison,  Wisconsin 45 

Helena,  Montana  Territory 43 

Montpelier,  Vermont 43 

St.  Paul,  Minnesota 42 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


477 


AVEEAGE    ANNUAL    RAINFALL    OF    DIFFERENT    SECTIONS    OF 
THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Prepared  hy  W.  B.  Hazen,  Brig.  Gen.,   Chief  Signed  Officer,    U.  S.  A. 


Rainfall. 
Inches. 


New  England. 
Eastjjort,  Me 


49.02 
38.67 
83.86 
48.21 
52.26 
50.99 
New  Loudon,  Conn I    47.75 


Portland,  Me 

Mt.  Washington,  N.  H. 

Boston,  Mass 

Block  Island,  R.  I 

New  Haven,  Conn 


Middle  Atlantic  States 

Albany,  N.  Y 

New  York,  N.  Y 

Philadelphia,  Pa 

Atlantic  City,  N.  J 

Barnegat  City,  N.  J 

Cape  May,  N.  J 

Sandy  Hook,  N.  J 

Delaware  Breakwater,  Del . . , 

Baltimore,  Md 

Washington,  D.  C. ,  , 

Cape  Henry,  Ya 

Chincoteague,  Va 

Lynchburg,  Ya 

Norfolk,  Ya 


SoDTH  Atlantic  States. 

Charlotte,  N.  C 

Hatteras,  N.  C 

Kitty  Hawk,  N.  C 

Macon  (Fort),  N.  C 

Smith ville,  N.  C 

Wilmington,- N.  C 


51.24 
75.44 
64.90 
63.81 

52.86 
57.42 


South  Atlantic  States. 
(Contim/efl.) 

Charleston,  S.  C 

Augusta,  Ga 

Savannah,  Ga 


59.89 
49.91 
52.86 
Jacksonville,  Fla 55.33 


Florida  Peninsula. 

Cedar  Keys,  Fla 

Key  West,  Fla 

Sanford,  Fla 

Punta  Rassa,  Fla 


Eastern  Gulf  States 

Atlanta,  Ga 

Pensacola,  Fla 

Mobile,  Ala 

Montgomery,  Ala 

Yicksburg,  Miss 

New  Orleans,  La 


58.95 
40.66 
44.61 
42.61 


56.91 
70.22 
65.84 
53.68 
60.44 
64.69 


Western  Gulf  States. 

Shreveport,  La ,  54.11 

Fort  Smith,  Ark 46.65 

Little  Rock,  Ark 57.64 

Galveston,  Tex 

Indianola,  Tex 

Palestine,  Tex 


51.43 
38.22 
43.49 


Rio  Grande  Yalley. 

Brownsville,  Tex 

Rio  Grande  City,  T 


32.02 
25.12 


478 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


AVERAGE    ANNUAL    RAINFALL    OF     DIFFERENT    SECTIONS    OF 
THE  UNITED  STATES— CW^miw«Z. 


Rainfall. 
Inches. 


Ohio  Valley  and  Tennessee. 

Chattanooga,  Tenn 

Kuoxville,  Teiui 

Memphis,  Teim 

Nashville,  Teuii 

Louisville,  Ky 

Indianapolis,  Ind 

Cincinnati,  Ohio 

Columbus,  Ohio 

Pittsburgh,  Pa 


LowEK  Lakes. 

Buffalo,  N.  Y 

Oswego,  N.  Y 

Rochester,  N.  Y 

Erie,  Pa 

Cleveland,  Ohio 

Sandusky,  Ohio 

Toledo,  Ohio 

Detroit,  Mich 


59.42 

53.20 
55.38 
53.63 
48.83 
47.59 
44.09 
44.r.2 
37.04 

37.03 
36.05 
37.23 
42.39 
38.40 
41.78 
33.07 
35.27 


Up.i'ek  Lakes. 

Alpena,  Mich 

Escanaba,  Mich 

(THind  Haven,  Mich 

^[ackinaw  City,  Mich. . . 

Manjuctte,  Mich 

Port  Huron,  Mich 

Chicago,  111 

Milwaukee,  Wis 

Duluth,  Minn 


Uppee  Mississippi  Valley. 

St.  Paul,  Minn 

La  Crosse,  Wis 


38.21 
35.30 
39.17 
38.97 
32.68 
35.26 
37.57 
33.87 
33.87 


29.83 
34.26 


'      Upper  Mississippi  Valley. 
I  (Continued.) 

I  Davenport,  Iowa ,  35.96 

j  Des  Moines,  Iowa I  42.72 

Dubuque,  Iowa 

Keokuk,  Iowa 

Cairo,  111 

Springfield,  HI 

St.  Louis,  Mo 


Missouri  Valley. 

Leavenworth,  Kan 

Omaha,  Neb 

Bennett  (Fort),  Dak 

Huron,  Dak 

Yankton,  Dak 


39.41 
38.57 
46.33 
48.61 

37.88 


36.45 
18.17 
25.68 
28.21 


Extreme  Nokthwest. 

Moorhead,  Minn 29.48 

St.  Vincent,  Miini j  18.62 

Bismarck,  Dak 21.27 

Buford  (Fort),  Dak \  16.08 

Totten  (Fort),  Dak 17.36 


Northern  Slope. 
Assiniboine  (Fort),  Mon. . . . 

Benton  (Fort),  Mon 

Cu.ster  (Fort),  Mon 

Helena,  Mon 1  15.13 

Maginnis  (Fort),  Mon 13.29 

Poplar  River,  Mon 8.24 


13.93 
12.50 
14.36 


Shaw  (Fort),  Mon. 
Dead  wood.  Dak . . 
Cheyenne,  Wy. . . . 
North  Platte,  Neb. 


13.87 
26.47 
10.72 
19.97 


JERHEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


479 


AVERAGE    ANNUAL    RAINFALL    OF     DIFFERENT     SECTIONS    OF 
THE  UNITED  STATES— CoMfoViwe^^. 


Rainfall. 
Inches. 


Middle  Slope. 

Denver,  Col 

Pike's  Peak,  Col 

West  Les  Animas,  Col. . . 

Dodge  City,  Kan 

Elliott  (Fort),  Tex 

SoDTHERN  Slope. 

Sill  (Fort),  Lid.  T 

Concho  (Fort),  Tex 

Davis  (Fort),  Tex 

Stockton  (Fort),  Tex 

Southern  Plate  a  i 

Santa  Fe,  N.  M 

El  Paso,  Tex 

Apache  (Fort),  Ariz 

Grant  (Fort),  Ariz 

Prescott,  Ariz 

Thomas  (Camp),  Ariz. .  . 
Ynma,  Ariz 


Middle  Plateau. 

Winnemucca,  Neb 

Salt  Lake  City,  Utah 


14.98 
3L60 
13.41 
20.09 
21.48 

33.38 
29.18 
19.83 
19.43 

13.89 
12.11 
22.75 
15.71 
14.51 
10.31 
2.04 


16.91 


Northern  Plateau. 

Boise  City,  Idaho 

Lewiston,  Idaho 

Dayton,  Wash 

Spokane  Falls,  Wash 


North  Papific  Coast. 

Canby  (Fort),  Wash 

Olympia,  Wash 

Tatoosh  Island,  Wash 

Portland,  Oregon 

Roseburg,  Oregon 


13.30 
17.85 
28.11 
20.31 


45.71 

59.72 
75.18 
54.64 
35.72 


17.1 


Middle  Pacific  Coast 

Cap  Mendocino,  Cal 

Red  Bluff,  Cal 28.27 

Sacramento,  Cal 21.68 

San  Francisco,  Cal 22.80 

South  Pacific  Coast. 

Los  Angeles,  Cal 14.56 

San  Diego,  Cal 9.48 


Office,  War  Department, 

Washington  City,  Fel)ruary  14,  1885. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


WET  WEATHER   TALK. 

liY    J.    W.    KILKY. 

'  It  ain't  no  use  to  grumble  and  complain  ; 

It's  jest  as  cheap  and  easy  to  rejoice. 
Wlieu  God  sorts  out  tlie  weather  and  sends  rain, 
yW'y,  rain's  my  choice. 

'  Men  gener'ly  to  all  intents— 

Although  they're  ap'  to  grumble  some — 
Puts  most  their  trust  in  Providence, 
And  take  things  as  they  come- 
That  is,  the  commonality 
Of  men  that's  lived  as  long  as  me 
Has  watched  the  world  enough  to  learn 
They're  not  tlie  boss  of  this  concern. 

'  With  some,  of  co\U'sc,  it's  different. 

I've  see'd  young  men  that  knowed  it  all. 
An'  didn't  like  the  way  things  went 
On  this  terrestrial  ball ; 
But,  all  the  same,  the  rain  some  way 
Rained  jest  as  hard  on  picnic  day  ; 
Or  when  they  really  wanted  it 
It  maybe  wouldn't  rain  a  bit  I 

'  In  thi.s  existence,  dry  and  wet 
Will  overtake  the  best  of  men — 
Some  little  shift  o'  clouds'll  shet 
The  sun  ofT  now  and  then. 
But  maybe  as  you're  wonderin'  who 
You've  fool-like  lent  your  umbrella  to 
And  want  it,  oufll  pop  the  sun. 
And  you'll  be  glad  you  ain't  got  none. 

'  It  aggervates  the  farmers,  too — 

There's  too  much  wet,  or  loo  nmch  sun. 
Or  work,  or  waitin'  round  to  do 
Before  the  plowin's  done. 
And  maybe,  like  as  not,  tlic  wheat. 
Jest  as  it's  lookin'  hard  to  beat. 
Will  ketch  the  storm — and  jest  about 
The  time  the  corn's  a  jlntin'  out ! 


PART  FIFTH. 


THE   JERSEY   IN  AMERICA. 

CONNECTICUT. 

It  is  the  province  of  the  historian  to  give  due  credit  and  honor  to  the  individual 
or  the  commonwealth  whose  genius  or  wisdom  has  engaged  in  the  initiation  of  any 
grand  enterjjrise  which,  once  entered  upon  and  developed,  causes  results  of  beneficence 
to  accrue  in  measureless  flow  to  a  nation  and  to  mankind. 

Connecticut  is  a  small  territory,  and  occupies  hut  a  speck  upon  the  map  of  the 
world,  yet  how  great  has  been  the  influence  of  her  people  upon  American  events  and 
history.  To  the  sterling  chaVacter  of  her  sons  and  daughters  we  may  attribute  much 
of  the  power  and  glory  of  national  progress  and  the  honor  of  the  American  name, 
as  her  people  have  ever  been  characterized  in  history  for  wisdom,  inventive  genius 
and  patriotism.  Among  the  honored  names  of  her  sons  to  whom  we  owe  grateful 
remembrance  may  be  mentioned  Silas  Deane,  "through  whose  efforts  Lafayette, 
Rochambeau,  and  others  were  induced  to  engage  in  the  cause  of  independence"* 
during  the  darkest  days  of  the  Revolution.  It  was  "  by  the  learning  and  eloqiience 
of  William  Samuel  Johnson,  the  genuine  good  sense  and  discernment  of  Roger 
Sherman,  and  the  didactic  strength  of  Oliver  Ellsworth,  that  the  Federal  Constitution 
came  to  be  adopted,  thereby  giving  to  the  people  of  the  United  States  the  l)est 
system  of  government  upon  the  face  of  the  earth." 

It  was  Jonathan  Trumbull,  the  great  war  governor,  who,  being  the  bosom  friend 
and  confidential  adviser  of  Wasliington,  received  from  him  the  appellation  which  has 
since  become  the  patronymic  for  every  American,  "  Brother  Jonathan." 

John  Trumbull,  a  son  of  the  governor,  became  the  earliest  of  American 
historical  painters. 

In  poetry  no  modern  writer  has  appeared  "  who  diired  commit  his  fame  to  the 
keeping  of  so  few  lines,  and  no  jjoet  has  seemed  so  well  aware  that  to  write  little  and 
well  is  to  write  much  "  as  Fitz-Greene  Halleck.  Eli  Whitney  invented  the  cotton- 
gin,  which  developed  the  production  of  the  material  and  manufactures  of  a  great 
fabric  staple  throughout  the  world.  "  John  Fitch  was  the  first  to  apply  steam  to  the 
uses  of  navigation,"  aiid  "  Junius  Smith  was  the  originator  of   the  grand  project  for 


'  Quoted  paragraphs  are  from  "History  of  Connecticut,"  by  G.  H.  HoUister. 


48-i  JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AJfEIilCA. 

navigating  the  ocean  by  the  same  motive  power."  "  Samuel  F.  B.  Morse,  of  Connecticut 
parentage  and  culture,  invented  the  magnetic  telegraph,  and  thus  gave  to  tlie  world  a 
courier  swifter  than  tlie  light."  "  Jared  Mansfield  originated  the  present  mode  of 
surveying  puhlic  lauds." 

"  Ephraim  Kirby  published  the  first  volume  of  Law  Rejiorts  ever  issued  in  the 
United  States." 

"  Joseph  Bellamy  foxmded  the  first  Sunday-school  in  the  world.  The  first 
Temperance  Society  in  Christendom  was  formed  in  this  State.  The  first  Asylum  for 
the  Deaf  and  Dumb  ever  instituted  on  this  continent  was  established  upon  Connecticut 
soil  ;  and  the  seeds  of  almost  all  the  colleges  in  the  Union  have  been  carried  from 
Connecticut  fields  and  planted  by  Connecticut  citizens." 

"  The  first  British  flag  that  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  American  patriots  during 
the  Revolutionary  War,  and  the  first  British  flags  upon  the  land  as  well  as  on  the 
sea  that  did  homage  to  our  valor  in  the  "War  of  1812,  were  all  striick  to  sons  of 
Connecticut." 

Jonathan  Edwards  was  the  most  eminent  theologian  of  the  eighteenth  century 
in  this  or  any  country. 

Noah  "Webster,  the  great  lexicographer,  by  his  Spellin(/-B'>ol  and  Dictionary 
became  the  schoolmaster  of  this  Western  World,  and  thus  made  it  possible  for  the 
people  of  a  continent  to  speak  one  common  tongue. 

Thomas  B.  Butler  wi-ote  The  Atmospherio  Syiit<-m,  the  first  and  only  work  that 
gives  a  rational  and  pliilosophical  exjjosition  of  the  organization  of  the  atmosphere 
and  the  changes  of  the  weather. 

Elihu  Burritt,  blacksmith  and  farmer,  wlio  never  went  to  college,  was  the  first 
man  in  the  world  to  acquire  a  thorough  grammatical  knowledge  of  more  than  fifty 
languages. 

Maltby  Fowler  invented  tlie  ingenious  machine  which  makes  pins  for  all  the 
■world. 

Alexander  C.  Twining  was  the  inventor  of  the  only  feasible  machine  for  the 
manufacture  of  ice. 

E.  E.  Matteson  was  the  inventor  of  the  hydraulic  ])i-ocess  for  washing  out 
gold  in  the  Tertiary  deposits,  a  system  whicli  has  immensely  increased  the  yield  and 
profitableness  of  gold-mining  in  California. 

From  Connecticut  people,  emigrating  to  other  States  of  the  American  Union, 
have  descended  many  of  the  most  illustrious  characters  of  modern  times,  including  the 
greatest  soldier  and  military  commander  of  the  nineteenth  century,  Ulysses  S.  Grant ; 
the  scholarly  statesman,  brilliant  soldier,  and  martyr  President,  Garfield,  and  many 
others  pre-eminent  for  patriotic  service  to  their  country,  by  devoted  labors  in  the  times 
of  peace  or  war. 

The    people  of   Connecticut    are    also    noted    for  longevity.     From    Pei-kins' 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  485 

"  Encyclopfedia  of  Longevity"  it  appears  that  in  the  number  of  centenarians,  and  in 
length  of  human  life,  the  United  States  leads  all  the  countries  of  the  world, 
while  the  State  of  Connecticut,  in  the  proportion  of  centenarians,  and  in  human 
longevity,  reaches  a  higher  average  than  any  other  portion  of  the  globe. 

It  was  fitting  that  Connecticut,  the  State  of  the  oak  and  the  vine,  whose 
people  are  no  less  renowned  for  their  interest  in  agriculture  than  all  else  that  tends 
to  build  up  a  State — it  was  pre-eminently  fitting  that  such  a  people  should  be  the 
first  in  America  to  admire,  appreciate  and  adopt  the  Jersey  cattle. 

From  a  Hartford  correspondent  of  the  Country  Oentleman  I  quote  the  following 
"  Keminiscences  " : 

"The  first  importation  of  Jerseys  recorded  in  the  American  Jersey  Cattle  Club 
Herd  Register  was  made  in  1850,  in  the  ship  Splendid,  by  a  little  club  of 
gentlemen  in  Hartford. 

"  The  suggestion  was  made  by  Dajstiel  Buck,  Je.  He  was  familiar  with  their 
reputation  as  dairy  cows  for  quantity,  and  especially  for  quality  of  butter,  and  in 
putting  this  before  his  friends  had  no  difficulty  in  getting  the  order  at  once  for  an 
experimental  herd.  This  was  put  into  the  care  of  John  A.  Taintoe,  also  of 
Hartford,  who  was  then  importing  Merino  sheep.  It  is  believed  to  have  been  the 
first  attempt  to  breed  pure  Jerseys  in  America,  and  Splendens  16  was  the  first  bull 
purchased  on  the  Island  of  Jersey  for  importation  into  the  United  States. 

"No  better  agent  could  have  been  found  than  Mr.  Taintor.  A  perfect 
gentleman,  with  a  good  knowledge  of  human  nature,  a  good  judge  of  cattle  also,  a 
thorough  business  man,  and  a  cool,  judicious  buyer,  he  was  exactly  the  right  man  to 
execute  a  commission  of  this  nature.  This  was  to  buy  about  a  dozen  of  the  l^est 
animals,  including  the  best  bull  on  the  island,  without  limit  in  price,  and  without 
restriction  as  to  color  and  fancy  points. 

"  The  importation  was  a  great  success.  It  is  doubtful  if,  with  all  the  supposed 
improvements  in  breeding  during  the  past  few  years,  there  has  ever  been  one  of 
more  uniform  excellence.  Nearly  every  one  of  these  cows  had  the  reputation  of 
making  over  two  pounds  of  butter  a  day,  and  each  gentleman  thought  his  own  the 
best.  The  quaHty  was  even  more  of  a  surprise  than  the  quantity.  The  firmness, 
and  the  rich  color,  even  in  winter,  on  ordinary  feed  that  was  then  thought  the  proper 
allowance  for  a  cow,  was  something  quite  astonishing. 

"  The  superior  dairy  quality  of  the  breed  soon  attracted  the  attention  of  the 
most  advanced  farmers,  and  other  importations  were  made. 

"  John  T.  Norton,  of  Farmington,  was  one  of  the  first  to  recognize  their  merits. 
He  was  fortunate  in  having  a  friend  in  Mr.  Stetson,  of  the  Astor  House,  New  York, 
who  appreciated  and  was  wiUing  to  pay  for  such  a  superior  article  any  price  which 
Mr.  Norton  thought  he  ought  to  charge  for  his  butter. 

"Mr.  Buck's  product  found  ready  sale  in  Hartford,  fai-  above  the  prices  of  what 


48(1  JKRSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

were  then  the  best  dairies.  I  believe  that  Mr.  Buck's  was  the  first  and  Mr. 
Norton's  the  second  lierd  estabhshed  in  this  county.  Since  that  time  the  number 
has  constantly  increased,  until  there  are  herds  in  nearly  every  town. 

"  Mr.  Taintor  saw  Spi-kndid  2  on  one  of  liis  trips  to  the  Island  of  Jersey,  and 
on  his  return  reported  him  to  Mr.  Norton  as  a  perfect  animal. 

"lie  was  ordered  at  once,  and  for  a  number  of  years  stood  at  tlie  liuad  of  Mr. 
Norton's  herd. 

"Mr.  Noi-tou  liiglily  prized  liiiii  fur  tho  ricli  yellow  .skin  wliicli  sliowud  through 
tlie  hair  of  his  white  patches." 

I  suppose  that  the  two  bulls  SjJoufi'nx  1(5  and  Sjihnd'nl  2  were  thus  named 
because  of  the  brig  "  Splendid,"  which  l)rought  them  across  the  ocean.  This  was 
indeed  a  happy  augury,  both  in  the  vessel  anil  her  rich  cargo,  as  has  been  well 
verified,  not  alone  in  the  descendants  of  these  famous  bulls,  but  in  the  rich  exhibit 
which  the  following  pages  show  as  tlie  result  of  a  genesis  so  auspicioiisly  heralded, 
whose  golden  fruitage  glows,  as  the  seasons  conie  and  go,  with  ever-increasing 
splendor ! 

Of  the  near  descendants  of  Splendcns  16,  none  liave  recorded  butter  tests.  His 
great-granddaughter  Pansy  1019  made  a  record  of  574-^  pounds  of  butter  in  a  year. 
Splendid  has  left  a  much  stronger  and  richer  imj)ress  upoTi  the  American  Jersey 
records.  Among  his  descendants,  botli  innnediate  and  remote,  are  the  names  of  some 
of  the  richest  cows  ever  known,  one  of  them  having  produced  a  pound  of  butter 
from  5y\  pounds  of  milk,  under  an  official  test,  and  slie  has  also  made  tlie  largest 
yearly  record  in  the  world. 

In  the  first  cargo  of  Jerseys,  along  with  the  bull  Splendens,  were  the  cows  Dot 
7,  Violet  23,  Jessie  28,  and  the  Ives  Cow.  Splendens  It;  and  Dot  7  produced 
Dolly  1021,  the  granddam  of  Pansy  loi'.t. 

In  the  year  1851  Mr.  Taintor  imported  tlie  hull  Premium  7.  in  IS.-i-l  the  bull 
Commodore  56  and  the  (afterward)  noted  bull  Czaij  273  in  his  dam  Jennie  686.  In 
1855,  among  the  noted  ones,  Mr.  Norton  imported  the  wonderful  cow  Pansy  8, 
whose  tested  descendants  outnundjer  those  of  any  other  Jersey.  Among  the  noted 
bulls  of  later  importations  were  Spi.kndid  2,  by  Mi-.  Norton,  St.  IIeliek  45,  by  Mr. 
O.  S.  Ilubbell,  of  Stratford,  Rob  Roy  17  and  Pikkrot  636,  by  Mr.  S.  C.  Colt,  of 
Hartford.  Of  tiie  imported  cows,  sometime  owned  in  the  State,  that  have  become 
famous,  are  Dandelion  2521,  Nancy  Lee  7618,  Coomassie  11,874,  Ona  7840,  and 
Princess  2n  8046.  Some  of  the  noted  bulls  bred  in  the  State  are  McClellan 
25,  Sam  980,  Tom  Dasher  42(1,  Wetiiersfielt)  966,  Living  Storm  173,  Monitor 
878,  Pierrot  2n  1669,  Pierrot  7th  1667,  Ralph  957,  Champion  of  America  1567, 
Bekswax  1931,  Bristol  Chief  1496,  Hurrah  2814,  Lord  Bronx  2d  1730,  Oxoli 
1922,  Rex  1330,  and  Superb  1956.  Among  the  many  famous  Connecticut-bred 
cows   may  be   mentioned   Pansy  6tii    38,  Pansy  1019,  Lady  Ives  1708,  Couch's 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IJST  AMERICA.  487 

Lily  3237,  Lucky  Belle  2214,  Volie  19,465,  Hazen's  Bess  7329,  Hazen's  Nora 
4791,  CHROiLA.  4572,  Evelina  of  Verna  10,971,  Value  2d  6844,  and  Landseer's 
Fancy  2876.  The  first  butter  test  reported  in  Connecticut  was  of  Rose  240,  by 
Mr.  John  T.  Norton,  in  tlie  year  1853,  yielding  seventeen  pounds  of  butter  in 
seven  days. 

The  Ives  Cow,  in  the  first  importation  of  1850,  Splendens  16,  and 
Splendid  2,  each  appear  twice  in  the  pedigree  of  LANDSEER'S  FANCY 
2876,  the  champion  cow  of  the  world,  she  having  made  the  largest  annual  yield  of 
butter  ever  yet  recorded. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

According  to  the  Herd  Register,  the  first  importation  of  adult  bulls  into 
Massachusetts  was  made  by  Mr.  Thomas  Motley,  in  the  year  1851.  This  importation 
included  Colonel  76,  Typhoon  77,  and  "  Gen.  Lyman's  Bull"  833,  with  such  noted 
cows  as  Flora  113  and  Countess  114.  In  the  previous  year  Mr.  Samuel  Henshaw, 
of  Boston,  had  imported  the  cows  Daisy  382  and  Buttercup  557 ;  and  Daniel 
Webster  imported  for  Mr.  F.  Haven,  of  Boston,  the  cow  Jenny  Lind  552.  The  bull 
Sailor  169  was  di'opped  on  shipboard  for  Mr.  Henshaw,  June  12th,  1850. 

Of  the  later  importations,  Sam  Weller  271,  Cceue  de  Lion  318,  Mr.  Micawbee 
556,  Broker  873,  Lopez  313,  and  Landseer  331,  are  worthy  of  celebrity. 

Of  imported  cows.  Dazzle  379  deserves  to  be  held  famous. 

Among  noted  bulls  bred  in  the  State  are  Dick  Swiveller  Jr.  276,  Cliff  176, 
YicTOE  3550,  and  Homer  H.  3683. 

Of  the  famous  Bay  State  bred  cows  are  Maud  Lee  2416,  Meines  3d  7741, 
Mink  2548,  and  Jersey  Belle  of  Soituate  7828,  the  choicest  model  of  perfection 
ever  known. 

The  first  butter  test  ever  reported  was  made  in  Massachusetts  of  the  cow 
Flora  118,  by  Mr.  Motley,  in  February,  1853,  when  at  three  years  old,  eight 
months  from  second  calf,  and  two  and  a  half  months  before  third  calf,  upon 
average  feed,  she  made  fourteen  and  a  half  pounds  in  seven  days.  After  third 
calf.  Flora  made  five  hundred  and   eleven   pounds  two  ounces  of  butter  in  fifty 


other  states. 

It  appears  from  the  Herd  Register  that  John  Glenn,  of  Baltimore,  was  the 
pioneer  breeder  of  Jerseys  in  Maryland,  having  imported  cows  in  1851. 

In  the  State  of  New  York  Samuel  Thome,  of  Thorndale,  imported  Jerseys  in 
1855,  as  did  also  R.  L.  Colt,  of  Paterson,  in  the  State  of  New  Jersey,  and  E.  M. 
Hopkins,  of  Philadelphia,  Penn. 


488  JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

From  tliese  apparently  feeble  beginnings  the  growth  of  the  Jersey  interest  has 
gradually  extended,  until  it  now  permeates  nearly  every  State  of  the  Union.  At  the 
first  there  were  many  hindrances  to  rapid  popularity  and  success ;  for  although  the 
earliest  breeders  were  men  of  culture  and  high  character,  and  possessed  with 
perseverance  and  persistency  of  purpose,  j'et  not  until  1868  was  there  any  movement 
for  establishing  a  pure  Herd  Kegister,  nor  any  well-organized  effort  to  insure 
community  of  interest  and  establish  jjure  pedigree  breeding  upon  an  infallible  basis. 
The  cattle  were  misnamed  "  Alderney,"  in  England,  and  the  same  appellation  was 
applied  liere,  no  race  distinction  being  made  between  the  cattle  of  the  various  Channel 
Islands,  except  as  they  w'ere  sometimes  called  "  Jersey  Alderney  "  and  "  Guernsey 
Alderney."  The  majority  of  American  breeders,  however,  greatly  preferred  the 
cattle  of  Jersey,  and  bred  them  pure.  Thei-e  had  been  importations  of  cattle  from 
those  islands  into  Pennsylvania  as  far  back  as  the  year  1817,  or  earlier,  but  the  cows 
were  bred  to  native  and  mongrel  bulls,  and  the  value  of  the  animals  for  all  purposes 
of  thorough  breeding  was  dissipated  and  lost. 


The  j)ioneer  breeder  of  Canada  was  Mr.  S.  S.  Stephens,  of  ^rontreal.  An 
importation  of  Jersey  cattle  made  by  him  August  17th,  1868,  consisted  of  the  bull 
Victor  Hugo  197  and  five  cows  from  the  Island  of  Jersey,  besides  the  bull  Defiance 
196  and  the  cows  Pride  of  Windsor  -183,  Amelia  484,  and  Juliet  485,  from  the 
"  Shaw  Farm,"  Windsor  Park,  England.  The  Island  cows,  including  Hebe  489, 
dropped  island-bred  calves,  all  heifers,  Hebe's  calf  being  the  since  famous  cow 
Pauline  494. 

These  cattle,  wOiose  l)lood  has  been  combined  with  the  blood  of  stock  imported 
from  England  into  Vermont,  by  Peter  Leclair,  has  resulted  in  the  St.  Lam])crt  strain, 
that  has  become  so  far-famed  for  great  butter  tests,  in  the  herd  of  Mr.  Valancey  E. 
Fuller,  Hamilton,  Ontario. 


THE  AMEIilCAN  JEESEY  CATTLE  CLUB. 

The  organization  of  the  American  Jersey  Cattle  Chib  began,  in  the  year  1868, 
■with  forty-three  members,  but  not  until  the  year  1875  did  the  first  volume  of  the 
Herd  Eegister  appear  in  print,  containing  the  names  of  539  bulls  and  1427  cows,  to 
date  of  1871. 

In  December,  1874,  the  number  of  Club  members  was  94.  The  organization  was 
incorporated  by  statute  of  the  State  of  New  York  passed  April  19th,  1880.  The  Club 
has  been  very  prosperous,  and  on  August  15th,  1885,  had  an  active  membership  of 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AlfERICA.  489 

370,  distributed  as  follows  :  Alabama,  4 ;  California,  7  ;  Connecticut,  32  ;  Delaware,  1 ; 
Georgia,  5 ;  Illinois,  8  ;  Indiana,  9  ;  Iowa,  3  ;  Kansas,  1 ;  Kentucky,  16 ;  Louisiana,  3  ; 
Maine,  4  ;  Maryland,  17  ;  Massachusetts,  35  ;  Michigan,  2  ;  Minnesota,  2  ;  Mississippi, 
10;  Missouri,  6  ;  New  Hampshire,  3  ;  New  Jersey,  42;  New  York,  58  ;  Ohio,  13  ; 
Oregon,  1 ;  Pennsylvania,  37 ;  Khode  Island,  10  ;  South  Carolina,  2 ;  Tennessee,  14  ; 
Texas,  1 ;  Vermont,  8  ;  Virginia,  2  ;  West  Virginia,  1 ;  "Wisconsin,  9  ;  Canada,  6. 

Since  its  origin,  in  1868,  four  members  have  resigned  and  iifty  have  died. 

This  body  of  men  represents  more  wealth  and  infliience  than  any  other  similar 
organization  in  the  world.  Besides  the  membership  of  the  Club,  there  is  a  large  and 
rapidly  increasing  nmnber  of  breeders — about  three  thousand — scattered  in  every 
portion  of  America. 


HISTORY    OF   BUTTER   TESTS. 

In  a  prize  essay  for  the  Cattle  Club  written  by  Colonel  George  E.  "Waring,  Jr., 
and  puljlished  by  the  Club  in  1871,  mention  is  made  of  only  one  butter  test,  and  that, 
one  that  had  been  made  eighteen  years  before  the  essay  was  written.  The  first 
butter  test,  as  before  stated,  was  that  of  the  cow  Flora  113,  in  the  year  1853.  In 
the  same  year  Rose  240  was  tested,  yielding  seventeen  pounds  in  seven  days. 
From  all  the  records  and  reports  of  butter  tests  that  have  been  published,  the 
author  of  this  work  has  compiled  a  talile  numbering  nearly  1100  cows,  that  have 
yielded  fourteen  pounds  or  more  in  seven  days.  After  Rose  240,  in  1853,  I  find 
no  dated  test  vmtil  a  period  of  foiirteen  years  later,  when  the  cow  Eureka  McIIenry 
8341  was  tested  by  Mr.  A.  E.  Kapp,  Northumberland,  Pa.,  from  June  5th  to  11th, 
1867,  yielding  fourteen  pounds  of  iinsalted  butter. 

After  another  interval  of  more  than  five  years  a  test  of  the  imported  cow 
Jennie  766,  from  September  10th  to  16th,  1872,  by  Mr.  "W.  B.  Dinsmore,  of 
Staatsburgh,  N.  Y.,  yielded  fourteen  pounds  nine  ounces  of  butter. 

Aboiit  October  1st,  1872,  began  the  test  of  the  noted  cow  Pansy  1019,  by  Mr. 
John  H.  SutlifF,  Bristol,  Conn.  Pansy  was  five  years  old  December  13th,  1871,  the 
test  being  concluded  when  she  was  a  little  more  than  six  and  a  half  years  old,  and 
the  yield  574f  pounds  of  butter  for  one  season  between  calves.  The  feed  was,  in 
summer,  pasture  and  two  quarts  of  corn  meal  daily ;  in  winter  two  bushels  of  cut 
hay  and  six  quarts  of  meal  daily,  divided  in  two  feeds,  besides  a  feed  of  dry  hay  at 
noon. 

The  cow  Plenty  950  was  tested  in  1873,  with  a  yield  of  14|^  pounds  at  ten  years 
old. 

The  tests  of  Pansy  1019  and  Couch's  Lily  3237  gave  a  new  impulse  to  Jersey 
breeding,  causing  many  to   embark  in  what   were   styled   "  experimental   herds." 


490  JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AJfERICA. 

Many  of  the  tests  that  liave  become  tixed  in  Jersey  history  fail  to  show  the  date  of 
the  test,  tlie  amount  of  feed,  weight  of  milk,  or  age  and  weight  of  cow. 

Of  the  tests  as  dated  there  were,  in  1853, 2  ;  in  IStiT,  1;  in  1872,  2  ;  in  1873,  1 ; 
in  1874,  4 ;  in  1875,  5  ;  in  1870,  6  ;  in  1877,  5  ;  in  1878,  8  ;  in  1879,  4 ;  in  1880, 
14 ;  in  1881,  35  ;  in  1882,  79 ;  in  1883,  185  ;  in  1884,  190 ;  in  1885,  about  175. 

The  official  tests  made  under  the  supervision  of  committees  appointed  by  the 
President  and  Directors  of  the  American  Jersey  Cattle  Club  are  dated  as  follows  : 
In  1882,  1 ;  in  1883,  G  ;  in  1884,  8  ;  in  1885,  13. 

Of  the  twenty-eight  officially  tested  Jerseys,  twenty -five  cows  gave  larger  yields 
than  by  previously  made  private  tests,  and  three  cows  gave  smaller  j-ields  than  by 
private  tests,  the  latter  under  adverse  conditions. 

QUAUTY    OF    AME14ICAX    JERSEYS. 

The  American  Jersey  has  been  undergoing  for  many  years  a  jirocess  of  refining 
and  improving,  by  the  selection  of  butter  bulls  containing  finer  qualities  of  fibre  and 
anatomical  conformation  better  adapted  to  produce  butter  dairy  cows  of  a  high 
order.  These  qualities  can  be  heightened  by  continual  selection  and  through  better 
breeding,  adliering  strictly  to  butter-producing  families  and  close  inbreeding  to  the 
best  individuals  in  those  families.  As  an  instance  of  selection,  the  bull  St.  Ilelier 
45  was  bred  to  order  on  the  Island  of  Jersey  by  Mr.  Philip  Quenault,  of  St. 
Martin,  for  Mr.  O.  S.  Ilubbell,  of  Stratford,  Conn.,  Mr.  Hubbell  having  pre- 
viously employed  competent  persons  iipon  the  island  to  make  private  butter 
tests  from  milk  purchased  of  the  best  breeders.  These  tests  wei'o  carried  on  for  a 
period  of  five  years,  having  continued  from  1862  to  1867,  when  St.  Ilelier  was  bred, 
out  of  a  family  that  had  been  started  some  forty  yeare  before  and  inbred 
continuously,  and  constituting  the  best  butter-bred  herd  on  the  island.  The  dam  of 
St.  Ilelier  tested  over  three  pounds  of  butter  daily.  For  the  bull  calf  dropped  in 
1868  the  sum  of  $1500  was  paid,  which,  with  the  previous  e.xpeuses  of  testing 
cows  and  cost  of  importation,  brought  the  price  up  to  S2500,  then  the  highest  price 
that  had  been  paid  for  a  Jei-scy.  The  Jei-sey  breed  has  been  built  up  through 
centuries  of  selection,  and  in  certain  families  and  strains  has  become  such  a  grand 
type  that  it  cannot  be  improved  by  any  cross  with  any  other  breed  of  dairy  cattle  ; 
but  it  improves  every  dairy  race  upon  which  it  is  crossed,  so  that  the  best  dairy 
grades,  cross-breds  or  full-breds,  may  be  produced  by  the  use  of  Jersey  sires, 
whatever  may  be  the  race  of  tlie  dam. 

The  finest  examples  of  Jersey  breeding  have  been  produced  in  America  by 
American  breedei-s.  The  vicissitudes  of  our  climate,  ranging  from  the  frozen 
regions  of  Labrador  to  the  orange-groves  of  Florida,  the  prairies  of  the  "West,  and 
the  mild  climate  of  the  Pacific  coast,  will  in  time  develop  new  types  of  the  Jersey. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  491 

Already,  under  the  magneto-electric  intensity  of  our  climatic  conditions,  the  Jersey 
of  Several  generations  of  American  inheritance  is  of  larger  size  and  possessed  of  a 
stronger  constitution,  while  the  grand  characteristic  faculty  of  cream-secretive  power 
has  l^een  intensified  and  increased.  Selection  of  rare  individuals  and  their  inbred 
progeny,  with  regard  to  increase  of  constitiitional  vigor,  will  yet  bring  the  average 
of  the  Jersey  breed  to  a  much  higher  degree  of  perfection  than  has  ever  been 
thought  attainable  by  our  best  breeders. 

JEESEY   FOUNTAINS. 

"Each fountain  takes  the  force  of  vein  it  coucheth  in." — Lidgate. 

The  following  list  of  celebrated  animals,  beginning  with  the  first  Jersey  bull 
imported  into  America,  is  arranged  in  historical  order  of  year  of  birth,  or  date  of 
importation  when  age  is  not  given. 


A.  J.  C.  C.  H.  E. —  American  Jersey  Cattle  Club  Herd  Eegister. 

J.  H.  B. — Jersey  Herd  Book. 

E.  H.  B.— English  Herd  Book. 

Italics  in  chart  pedigrees  or  headings  indicate  imjjorted  anhnals. 

H.  C. — Highly  Commended,  Jersey. 

C. — Commended,  Jersey. 

E.  J.  A.  S. — Eoyal  Jersey  Agricultural  Society. 

J.  F.  A. — Jersey  Farmers'  Association. 

Full-face  type  indicates  official  butter  tests  of  the  American  Jersey  Cattle 
Club. 

Full-face  italics  indicate  official  butter  tests  of  the  Jersey  Farmers'  Association, 
Island  of  Jersey. 

Full-face  capitals  indicate  that  the  animal  so  designated  leads  in  a  given 
class  or  table. 

Animals  not  recorded  in  tlie  A.  J.  C.  C.  II.  E.  are  designated  by  a  dash . 


The  butter  tests  in  the  following  tables  include  all  that  have  been  reported 
directly  to  the  author,  as  well  as  those  reported  in  the  ciuTcnt  Jersey  literature. 

These  tables  are  designed  to  include  every  cow  that  has  made  a  seven-day  test. 

If  any  cow  is  included  herein  upon  a  partial  or  a  fictitious  report,  the  author 
will  be  under  great  obligations  to  any  one  who  will  furnish  connect  information 
regarding  such  animal,  in  order  to  enable  him  to  revise  and  perfect  the  tables  for 
future  editions  of  this  work. 


492 


JERSEY  GA  TTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


1850. 

BULLS. 

SPLENDENS  16. 
Color,  dark  brown,  l)lack  and  white.     Imported  in  Brig  Splendid  by  John  A. 


Taiutor,  for  Daniel  Buck,  -Ir.,  TIartford,  C( 


the  year  I85t) 


TKSTEn    nKSCENnANl> 


HuTTSR  Yield  i 


Canto  7194 

25 

15  lbs 

12 

oz. 

Lady  Greville  12,930     . 

4iJ 

14  lbs 

.  6     oz 

Pansy  1019  (rated)    .     . 

13i 

20    " 

0 

Maggie  C.  13,316      .     . 

4|i 

14    ■' 

6      " 

"     O'ear)    •     • 

574    " 

8 

" 

Minnie  Lee  2d  13,936     . 

41 J 

14    " 

6      " 

AImeda3842    .... 

12+ 

15    " 

5 

" 

Therese  M.  8364  .     .     . 

4H 

14    " 

2      " 

Herberta8811  .     .     .     . 

10/j 

15    " 

5 

" 

Jessie  Leavenworth  8248 

4ii 

14    ■■ 

0      " 

Webster's  Pet  4103    .     . 

n 

14    " 

2 

VALUE  2d  6844    .     . 

3i 

25    " 

21i" 

Maggie  Mitchell . 

Oi 

18    " 

13 

LANDSEER'S   FANCTi 

Hcpsy  3d  12,008  .     .     . 
Palestine  3d  1104      .     . 

6i 

17    " 

g 

2y76 

3i 

21      ' 

16      " 

16    " 

8 

^_ 

Lily  Scituate  13,665       . 

34 

24    " 

9J    •■ 

Princess  of  Mansfield  807( 

6i 

15    •■ 

2 

.. 

Hypathia  2d  14,774  .     . 

3i 

19    " 

184  " 

New  London  Gipsy  11,66 

•    6i 

14    •■ 

8 

Colt's  La  Biche  6399.     . 

3i 

17    " 

24    " 

Silveretta  6852     .     .     . 

•ili 

16    ■' 

9 

Marie  C.  Magnet  22,903 

3i 

15    " 

8      " 

Tobira  8400     .... 

415 

15  " 

16  " 

13 
9* 

Palestina  4644      .     .     . 

3i 

15    " 
14    ■• 

8 

GILT  EDGE  0. 12,223 

Prances  C.  Magnet  22,904 

34 

134    " 

Princess  Sheila  7297.     . 

m 

15    " 

8 

Pet  Clover  14,624    .     . 

lA 

16    •■ 

8      " 

Champion's  Chloe  12,225 

4H 

15    •' 

5i 

Kosabel  Hudson  5704    . 

lA 

15    " 

12      " 

Dairy  C.  12,227    .     .     . 

m 

15    " 

Oi 

Grandiflora  9953  .     .     . 

lA 

15    " 

8      " 

Arnold's  Lulu  7328  .     . 

4H 

15    •' 

0 

Rosy  Dream  9808      .     . 

lA 

14    " 

13      ■• 

Coronilla  8367      .     .     . 

m 

14    " 

9i 

Total,  35  cowis. 

1851. 

BULLS. 

COLOi 

YEL  76. 

Color,  steel  gray  and  white.  First  prize  over  Jersey.  Dam  reputed  best  cow  on 
island.  Imported  by  Thomas  Motley,  Jamaica  Plains,  Mass.,  May  19th,  1851.  He 
was  ricli  and  stylish,  and  left  a  good  iinj)ress  upon  our  earliest  foundation  stock. 


ELORA  113. 

Color,  fawn  and  white.  Imported  May  19th,  1851,  by  Thomas  Motley.  Famous 
for  beauty  and  richness,  and  worthy  of  a  place  in  history  as  the  first  cow  tested  for 
one  week  and  also  for  one  year. 

Butter  yield  in  seven  days,  14  lbs.  8  oz.     Fifty  weeks,  511  lbs.  2  oz. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


493 


COUNTESS  114. 

Color,  fawn  and  white.     Imported  by  Thomas  Motley,  1851.     Tested  as  an  aged 
cow.     Butter  yield  in  seven  days,  16  lbs. 

Flora  113  and  Countess  Hi  were  among  the  best  in  quality  of  the  early  impor- 
tations. 


Colonel  76  and  Countess  111:  form  the  background  in  many  noted 
among  them  Jersey  Belle  of  Scituate  7828  and  Moss  Eose  of  Willow  Farm  5174.  The 
latter  inlierited  through  four  lines  35-^|  per  cent,  of  the  blood  of  Countess  114,  and 
was  the  product  of  breeding  son  to  dam. 


1854. 

BULLS. 

CZAR  273. 
Imported  in  dam  Jennie  686,  by  John  A.  Taintor,  Hartford,  Conn.,  in  1854. 


TESTED   DESCENDANTS. 


Dolly  of  Lakeside  10,824 

31i 

Clara  of  Lakeside  10,637  . 

37tV 

Sylvia  687 

25 

Cressy  of  Deerfoot  15,324  35 

Jersey   Belle    of    Scituate 

7838 

23A 

Minnie  of  Scituate  17,829 

19|J 

Christmas  Nannie  4075 

12i 

Abbie  Z.  3d  14,742      . 

13i 

Countess  Micawber  1759 

12+ 

Patty  of  Deerfoot  15,324   . 

13i 

Deerfoot  Girl  15,339      .     . 

13i 

Darling  of  Neatham  20,086  13+ 

Polly  of  Deerfoot  15,328  . 

13i 

Dena  of  Deerfoot  15,325  . 

12i 

Daisy  of  Chenango  18,582 

13i 

Gilda  2779 

12+ 

Cressy  of  Deerfoot  15,324 . 

12+ 

Butter  Yield  in 

S 

EVEN   DaT3. 

14  lbs.    8     oz. 

15 

,           Q            - 

15 

'      8      " 

14 

'      0      " 

25 

'      3      ■■ 

14 

■      4+     •■ 

19 

'      7      ■■ 

17 

,      0       ., 

16 

,      g       ., 

16 

•      0       " 

15 

'      8       " 

15 

•      3       " 

15 

.        Q         ., 

14 

■      8       " 

14 

,      -j 

14 

'      6      " 

14 

•      0      " 

Name.                         Pee  Ceni 

.       Seven  Dat 

Belle  of  Scituate  7977   . 

IIH 

18  lbs 

0 

Pauline's  Vivienne  11,305 

IHi 

16    •■ 

13 

Lass  of  Scituate  9555    . 

IIH 

15     " 

14 

Thorndale  Belle  5365    . 

9i 

14    " 

8 

Jenny  Dodo  H.  14,448  . 

6i 

21    " 

8 

Roland's  Bonnie  2d  18,054 

6i 

19    " 

3 

PERCIE  14,937      .     . 

«, 

18    •■ 
14    " 

10 

6+ 

Lily  of  Burr  Oaks  11,001 

6i 

15   " 

13 

Scituate     of     Woronoco 

18,040 

5fJ 

24    " 

14 

Lily  Scituate  12,665 

5|f 

24    •■ 

9i 

Lydia  Libby  11,698      . 

4H 

15    ■' 

3 

Deletta  21,305      .     .     . 

4U 

14    ■' 

15+ 

Hilda  A.  2d  11,120  .     . 

3i 

20    " 

0 

Snowdrop  P.  W.  16,948 

3i 

14    " 

8 

Total,  31  cow%. 

JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


1856. 


PANSY  8. 

Color,  light  silver  gray  fawn.       Imported  by  John  A.  Taintor  for  John  T. 
Norton,  Farniington,  Conn.,  in  1855. 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Blooii. 

BiTTKB  Yield 

y 

NAyi. 

Feb  Ce.xt.       Sevem  Days. 

Pansy  1019  (rated)     .     . 

37i 

20  lbs.     0       0 

'•       "     (.year)     .     . 

37* 

574 

'     8 

Lady  Brown  433  ..     . 

25 

14 

■      0 

Champion  Chloe  12,155 

2H 

15 

'     -H 

. 

Maggie  3d  3221  .     .     . 

18i 

17 

•      8 

Peggy  Leah  3097.    .     . 

m 

18 

'    12 

Maggie  C.  12,216      .     . 

15J 

14 

■      6 

Maggie  May  2d  12.926  . 

155 

14 

'       (! 

' 

Webster's  Pet  4103  .     . 

15t 

14 

•       2 

. 

Oktibbeha  Duchess  4422 

13* 

16 

•    14 

Dimple  3248   ...     . 

12i 

16 

•    11 

Ciwcadilla  3103    .     .     . 

12i 

15 

•    12 

Mary  Clover  9998     .     . 

m 

14 

'    15 

Lady  Brown  4th  6911    . 

12i 

14 

•    12 

Linda  3d  3219      .     .     . 

12* 

14 

'      3 

Maggie  May  3255      .     . 

12} 

14 

'      2i 

May  Blossom  .5657  _.     . 

9f 

18 

'    11 

Gabrielle  Champion  14,10- 

9f 

17 

'      8 

Silveretta  6852     .     .     . 

i>« 

10 

•      9 

Princess  Sheila  7297    . 

»S 

16 

'      4i 

Belle  of  Vermilion  879H 

n 

15 

■    14 

Tobira8400     .... 

n 

15 

•    13 

OILT  EDOE  O.  12,223 

9f 

15 

'      9i 

Marie  C.  Magnet  22,903 

9| 

15 

'      8 

Dairy  C.  12,229    .     .     . 

9f 

15 

'     0* 

Clover  Bloom  9783  .     . 

9« 

14 

■    14i 

Coronilla  8367      .     .     . 

9t 

14 

•      9i 

Lady  Greville  12,930      . 

91 

14 

•      6 

Minnie  Lee  2d  12,941     . 

9| 

14 

'      3 

Tlierese  M.  8364  .     .     . 

9« 

14 

'      2 

Jessie  Leavenworth  8248 

9« 

14 

•      0 

Ethalka  2d  14,128   .    . 

m 

15 

•      0 

Cordelia  Baker  8814 

m 

17 

'      9 

Hurrah  Pansy  12,153    . 

m 

14 

•      li 

Celeste  Cox  12,948    .     . 

m 

20 

•      8 

Geranium  2d  7838    .     . 

6i 

26  lbs 

4i 

Fadette  of  Verna  3d  11,122    6i 

22    " 

8+ 

TeneIlaG712    .... 

6i 

22    " 

li 

Croton  Maid  5305     .     . 

6i 

21    ■■ 

lU 

Optima  6715    .... 

6i 

21    •' 

8i 

CEnone86U     .... 

Ci 

18    " 

15 

Princess  Jlostar  9700    . 

Ci 

17    " 

3 

Katie  Bashford  15,982  . 

Oi 

17    " 

0 

Valhalla  5300  .... 

6i 

17    " 

0 

Jersey  Cream  3151  .     . 

6i 

17    " 

0 

Belle  of  Patterson  5664 . 

Oi 

16    " 

10 

Edwina  6713   .... 

fii 

15    " 

13 

Valerie  6044    .... 

6i 

15    ■■ 

13 

Fanny  Taylor  6714  .     . 

6i 

15    " 

12 

Signalana  7719     .     .     . 

6i 

15    " 

4 

Aldarine  5301      .     .     . 

6i 

15    " 

u 

Oxalis606 

6i 

15    •' 

0 

01ie4133 

6i 

15    " 

0 

Heartsease  503      .     .     . 

Ci 

15    " 

0 

Lady  Gray  of   HilUop  2, 

14,641 

Oi 

14    " 

12 

Bloomfield  Lady  6912    . 

6i 

14    " 

12 

Pansy  K.  23,889  .     .     . 

6i 

14    " 

9 

Deborana4718      .     .     . 

6i 

14    " 

8 

La  Pera  2d  13,404   .     . 

6} 

14    " 

8 

Lilley  Rex  9852    .     .     . 

Ci 

14    " 

7 

Lady  Gray  of   Hilltop  :i> 

14,642 

«i 

14    •• 

2 

Creamer  2467  .... 

Oi 

14    " 

1 

Melody  26,891      .     .     . 

6i 

14    " 

1 

Elmora  Mostar  15,9.55   . 

H 

14    " 

0 

Pansy  602   

6i 

14    " 

0 

Pet  Clover  14,624      .     . 

58J 

16    •' 

8 

Guinevere  Sinclair  11,167 

5H 

14    ■• 

9 

Signetilia  16,333 .    .    . 

m 

14    " 

3 

JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  A3IEEJGA. 


Name. 

Polly  Clover  7053    .     . 
Orphean  4636 .     .     .     . 
Chautauqua  Queen  26,403 
Bell  Rex  11,700    .     .     . 

'ER  L■E^ 

4H 
4ii 

Butte 

16  lbs 

15     " 

14    " 

EN  Days. 
15       OZ. 

11         " 

Name. 

Euphorbia  11,239 
Lady  Clarendon  3d 
Adina  1943      .     . 

Blood.      Butter  Yiel 
Peh  Cent.       Seven  Da 

.     .     34     14  lbs.   91 

7,578     34      14    "      54 

9,1      14    "      4 

14    " 

10     ■■ 

Gem  of  Sassafras  8434 

.    34 

14    " 

34 

Clover  Mel  16.159 

444 

14    " 

9       " 

Helve  4565  .... 

34 

14    " 

0 

Kate  Daisy  8304  .     .     . 
Baby  Buttercup  10,888 . 
Hazen's  Nora  4791  .     . 

3|t 

14    " 
14    ■' 
30    " 

4       " 
0       " 
4      " 

Alice  Donald  

Rosona  13,956      . 
Belmeda  6329  . 

•     2jV 

■     2ii 

2{4 

14    " 
16    " 

18    " 

0 
13 

TETTE  20,803    .     .     . 

17    " 

6       " 

Dollie  Dale  16,140 

.    3H 

15    " 

7 

Flora  Lee  of  Tennessee  769 

t    3|| 

16    " 

Fall  Leaf  8587     . 

■     3ii 

14    " 

10 

Frances  C.  Magnet  23,904 

m 

14    '• 

134    " 

Mollie  Garfield  12,173 

.     ItV 

22    ■' 

13 

VALUE  2d  6844    .     . 

3i 

25     " 

211" 

Alberta  Signal  18,611 

.    lA 

20    " 

11 

Hazens  Bess  7329    .     . 
Atlanta's  Beauty  13,949 

3i 
3i 

34    " 

3       •■ 

Mary  Norton  13,053 
Rosaline  of  Glenmore  3 

179    1/, 

17    " 
17    " 

14 
10 

Lady  Mel  2d  1795     .     . 
Fairy  of  Verna  2d  10,973 
Hilda  A.  2d  10,793  .     . 

3| 

31    " 

•0 

Embla  4799     .     .     . 

•     lis 

17    " 

8 

3i 

30    " 

3i     " 

Renalba  4117  .     . 

•     lij 

17    " 

44 

3i 

30    " 

0     •• 

Creole  Maid  11,017 

.    lA 

16    ■' 

15 

Gardiner's  Ripple  11,693 

34 

19    " 

124    ■' 

Herberta  8811      . 

.    lA 

16    •• 

15 

EVELINA  OF  VERN^J 

Joan  d'Arc  3163 

.    lA 

16    •' 

134 

10,971 

3i 

19    " 

10       " 

Willis  3d  4461     . 

.    lA 

16    " 

3 

Tenella  2d  19,531     .     . 

34 

18    " 

12       " 

Dom  Pedro's  Julian  863 

1  .    lA 

16    " 

0 

Harmony  3d  17,118  .     . 
Signaldella  24,107     .     . 
Reckless  3569  .... 
ChamomiUa  7553      .     . 

3i 
3i 
3i 
34 

18    " 
18    " 
17    " 
16    " 

8 

li     " 
8      " 
10       " 

Mary  Hinman  17,619 
Arawana  Buttercup  605 
Arawana  Poppy  6053 
Bellini's  Maid  15,170 

.    lA 

3  •    lA 

•    lA 

.    lA 

15    " 
15    " 
15    " 
15    " 

114 
5 
2 
14 

Belle  Mardi  18,363   .     . 
Olie's  Lady  Teazle  13,307 

34 
34 

16    " 
16    " 

8      " 

Ampelis  5th  17,548  . 
Bellini  La  Biche  15,091 

.    lA 
■    lA 

15    " 
14    ■' 

0 

144 

Gazella  3d  9355  .     .     . 

34 

16    •• 

3      " 

Chillis  of  Hillcrest  9067 

.    lA 

14    '■ 

13 

Alhena  15,995      .     .     . 

34 

16    " 

3      " 

Thorndale  Belle  5365 

■    lA. 

14    ■' 

8 

Dahlia .... 

34 

16    " 

0      " 

Belle  of  Uwchland  8468 

.    lA 

14    " 

7 

Pansy  Patterson  18,613 

34 

15    " 

15       ■' 

Susie  La  Biche  3d  IS.l"" 

1.    lA 

14    '• 

64 

Rupertlna  10,409      .     . 
Ultima  14,456       .     .     . 
Friz  Cam  14,655  .     .     . 

34 
34 
34 

15    " 

15    " 
15    " 

124     " 
13       " 

Marpetra  10,284  .     . 
Lebanon  Daughter  610t 
Prince's  Bloom  9729 

.    lA 
.    lA 
•    lA 

14    ■' 

14    " 
14    ■' 

6 

4 
3 

Enigma  5360  .... 
Bronze  Leaf  14,903  .     . 

34 

15    •■ 
15    " 

6       " 

1       " 

Lilian  Mostar  10,364 
Lebanon  Lass  6108  . 

.    lA 
.    lA 

14    " 
14    " 

3 

Signal  Maid  19,361    .     . 
Oxalis  3d  15,631  .     .     , 

34 
34 

15    " 
15    •' 

0       " 

0     •■ 

Silene  4307      .     .     . 

■    lA 

14    " 
20    " 

0 

Hillside  Gem  16,640 

•     0^ 

0 

Earl  Cow  ... 

34 

15    " 

0      " 

Goldthread  4945  .     . 

■     Off 

16    •' 

9 

Mary  Clover  9998      .     . 

34 

14    " 

15       " 

Louvie  3d  6159    .     . 

.     Off 

14    " 

13 

Duchess  of  Argyle  3758 
Cowle's  Nonsuch  6199  . 

34 
34 

14    ■ 
14    • 

13       " 
13      •■ 

Roll  of  Honor  13,610 
Nannie  Fitch  9143  . 

■  Off 

■  Off 

14    " 
14    " 

13 
4 

Magnibel7976      .     .     . 
Jersey  Cream  2d  8519   . 
Reception  3d  11,035      . 

34 
34 
34 

14    ' 

14    • 
14    ' 

13      " 
12       " 
10      '■ 

Duchess    of    Mane 
30,838      .     .     . 
ToUil,  154  cows. 

les 

•     Off 

14    ■' 

0 

given  almost  a  full  table  of  the  tested  descendants  of  this  noted  co'w  to 


496  JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERIVA. 

tlie  seventli  generation,  in  order  to  show  the  reuuirkable  prepotency  of  tlie  Pansy  blood. 
Although  none  of  her  near  descendants  were  tested,  yet  this  table  shows  that  her 
name  appears  in  the  pedigree  of  about  one  in  seven  of  all  the  cows  that  have  been 
tested  for  butter.  Her  first  calf,  imported  in  dam,  was  the  l)ull  York  8,  her  last 
calf  the  bull  Living  Storm  173.  Among  her  daughters,  which  were  all  good  cows, 
were  Pansy  2d  259,  Pansy  5th  414,  Pansy  6th  38,  and  Pansy  7th  13(). 

Pansy  6tli  38  was  the  best  of  her  progeny,  and  gave  twenty-four  (piarts  of  milk 
daily  at  the  flush,  but  was  never  tested  for  butter. 

In  order  to  get  Pansy  6th  38,  ]\[r.  S.  W.  Bobbins,  of  "Wetherstield,  Conn., 
purcliased  the  whole  herd  of  Mr.  John  T.  Norton,  comprising  thirteen  animals,  and 
including  Pansy  8,  with  her  daughters  Pansy  4th,  Pansy  5th,  Pansy  6th  and  Pansy 
7th.  Mr.  Robbins  says  that  "  Pansy  6th  38  was  the  handsomest  and  best  cow  he 
ever  owned,  and  that  the  Pansys  were  all  remarkable  for  quality  of  milk,  with 
udders  as  near  perfection  as  any  seen  to-day,  and  grand  cows  for  yield." 

The  light  silver  fawn  color  of  Pansy  8  and  Pansy  6th  38,  ^vith  their  peculiar 
markings,  I  have  seen  in  their  descendants  of  the  sixth  and  seventh  generation, 
although  possessing  but  as  small  a  fraction  as  ^^  or  -^-^  of  the  Pansy  blood. 


1856. 


SPLENDID  2. 

Color,  light  fawn  and  white  ;  rich  yellow  skin.  Imported  l)y  John  A.  Taintor, 
of  Hartford,  for  John  T.  Norton,  of  Farmington,  Conn.,  in  the  Brig  Splendid,  May 
30th,  1856,  and  kept  at  the  head  of  the  Norton  Herd  five  years,  when  he  was  killed. 

The  daughters  of  Splendid  were  not  generally  tested,  except  for  quality  of 
milk,  some  of  them  producing  a  pound  of  butter  from  less  than  four  quarts  of  milk, 
when  fed  with  ordinary  farmer's  feed  rations  of  that  day.  He  was  doubtless  the 
richest  bull  ever  imported  from  Jersey,  and  his  quality  appears  very  richly  in 
LANDSEER'S  FANCY  2876,  the  chanqjion  cow  of  the  world. 

The  solid  color  fashion  had  not  begun  to  be  entertained  in  his  day  by  Jersey 
breeders  on  this  side  of  the  Atlantic.  His  blood  is  obtainable  in  small  percentage 
only,  but  ought  to  be  sought  out  and  concentrated  as  much  as  possil)le  in  a  family 
line. 


w 


t 


FLORALIA    6230. 

Gouch's  Lily — Clement— C'onius  Type. 

HIGHLAND    HERD. 

James  N.  Smith,  Litchfield,  Connecticut. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IJSF  A3IERICA. 


TESTED     DESCENDANTS. 


Blood.  Butter 
Name.                          Per  Cent.        Sevej 

Rose  3d  913 50  16  lbs. 

Rose  2d  239 50  10  " 

Lady  Ives  1T08    ....  3T|-  18  " 

Belle  of  Bloomfield  4331    .  874  14  " 

(Maggie  Mitchell) .25  IS  " 

Palestine  3d  1104      ...  25  16  " 

Copper  1979 25  15  " 

Maggie  3d  3321    .     .     .     .  18J  17  " 

Lady  Ives  3d  6740    .     .     .  18 J  14  " 

Louvie  3d  6159    ....  11-^^  14  " 

Maggie  Rex  28,623  .     .     .  15|  17  " 

Chloe  Beach  3931     .     .     .  15|  14  " 

Kate  Daisy  8304  .     .     .     .  15f  14  " 

Rosa  Miller  4333  ....  14^V  17  " 
LANDSEER'S  FANCY 

2876 12.V  21  ■■ 

Queen  Victoria .     .  12^  l!l  " 

Pansy  of  Bellewood  2d  890  12A  18  " 

Dusky  2535 12i  16  " 

Couch's  Lily  3237     .     .     .  12A  18  " 

Alhena  15,995      .     .     .     .  12i  16  " 

Canto  7194 12*  15  " 

Palestina  4644       .     .     .     .  12*  15  " 

Arawana  Buttercup  6053  .  13^  15  " 

Rene  Ogden  1568      .     .     .  13*  15  " 

AbbieZ.  14,002   ....  12*  14  " 

Zinal434 12*  14  " 

Lady  Fanning  11,169     .     .12*  14  " 

Fandango  12,908  .     .     .     .  12i  14  " 

Pretty  2526 12*  14  " 

CARRIE     LENA     3d 

20,077 IIJI  16  '• 

Bell  Rex OfJ  14  - 

Hazen's  Nora  4791   .     .     .     9|  20  " 

(  18  " 
PERCIE  14,937       .     .     .     9f-; 

(  14  " 

Hepsy  2d  13,008  .     .     .     .     9|  17  ■' 

Arawaua  Queen  5368    .     .     9f  16  " 

Calypris  5643 9|  15  " 

Bloomfield  Lady  6913   .     .     9|  14  " 

Kannie  Fitch  9143    .     .    .     9|  14  •' 

Elsie  Lane  13,303     ...     8^  15  " 

Hazen's  Bess  7329     .     .     .     7i|  34  " 

Princess  Belhvorth  6801     .     7jf  15  " 

Favorite  Rajah  Rex  16,153     7||  15  " 


758 


Lilley  Rex  9853    . 

Lottie  Rex  18,757 

.Jeannie  Piatt  6005 

Pet  Rex  30,166     . 

Dollie  Dale  16,140 

Attractive  Maid  16,935 

Gold  Lace  10 

Kitty  Potter  i 

Medrena  3939 

Mirth's  Blanche  19,5 

Abbie  Z.  3d  14,743   , 

Golden  Skin  10,861  . 

Sister  Rex  13,194 

Polynia  10,753 

Pride  of  Corisande  53 

Rosabel  Hudson  5704 

Myrtle  3d  311  . 

Cascadilla  3103 

Ultima  14,456  . 

Grandiflora  995: 

Usilda  3d  6157 

Rosy  Dream  9808 

Duchess  of  Argyle 

Pansy  K.  33,889  . 

Kate  Daisy  8304  . 

Gem  of  Sassafras  8434 

Lucy  Gaines  Buttercup  .5058   6i 

Chautauqua  Queen  36,' 

Fall  Leaf  8587     .     .     . 

Mollie  Garfield  13,173    . 

Lara  4306 

Renall)a  4117  .... 
Flora  Lee  of  Tennessee  7 
Mary  Hinman  17,619  . 
Arawana  Poppy  6053  . 
Bellini's  Maid  15,170  . 
Bellini  La  Biche  15,091 
Magnibel  7976  .  .  . 
Adinal942  .... 
Rosy  Kate's  Rex  13,192 
Herberta  8811  ... 
VALUE  2d  6844  .  . 
Queen  JIary  of  Woodlawn 

11,659 .     .     . 
Colt's  La  Biche 


14  lbs. 
14    " 

14    " 
14    " 


6i 

16 

6i 

15 

6i 

15 

6i 

15 

6i 

15 

6i 

15 

6i 

15 

6i 

14 

6i 

14 

6i 

14 

6i 

14 

6i 

14 

6i 

14 

m 

14 

m 

14 

m 

22 

4U 

17 

m 

17 

m 

16 

m 

15 

^ 

15 

m 

15 

m 

14 

m 

14 

4H 

14 

■m 

18 

m 

16 

3i 

25 

3i      23 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


LOOP,  BUTTEB  Tit 


Kami.  Per  Ok: 

Lizzie  D.  10,408  .     .     .     .  3i 
Pride    of    Mashamoquet 

Farm  6469 3i 

Lady  Alice  of  tlie  Wilder- 
ness 12,207 3i 

Tobira8400 3i 

Rollof  Honor  13,610    .     .  3i 

Maud  Lee  2d  8839    .     .     .  3i 

Moiiocacy  Dimple  9680     .  3i 

Miami  Prize  8100     .     .     .  3i 

Ethalka  2d  14,128    .  2^    15 

Sister  Casli  33,987    .     .     .  6i     14 


Naue. 

Pl«  C»l 

SlVM  DaTB. 

Milkmaid  Felch  12,839 

.  m 

16  lbs 

7i    0 

Alice  Donald . 

■  m 

14    " 

0     ■ 

Clover  Bloom  9783   . 

■  m 

14    " 

14i    ' 

Belle  of  Uwchland  8468    .     2^^ 

14    " 

7      ' 

Duchess     of     Manchester 

20,832      .... 

.  m 

14    " 

0      ' 

Clover  Mel  16,159     . 

.  m 

14    " 

9      ' 

Medrie  Le  Brocq  8888 

■  h\ 

14    " 

7      ' 

Marpetra  10,284  .     . 

■    lA 

14    '• 

6      ' 

Evaof  Snipsic  17,650 

•  h\ 

14    " 

1      ' 

PEINCE   55. 

Color,  light  fawn  and  white.     Dropped  1850.     Bred  by  W.  C.  Wilson.     Sire, 
Commodore  56.     Dam,  Duchess  82. 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Naue. 

Bi.ooi., 
Pee  Ce.s 

Butte 

EN  Days. 

Bloob, 
Name.                        Per  Ce.t) 

Sex- 

Yield  i. 
_N-  Davs. 

Grace  2d  919    .    .    .    . 

.    50 

20  lbs 

0     oz. 

Grandiflora  9953  .     .     . 

91 

is  lb.S. 

8       OJ 

Oxalis  606        . 

.   50 

0      " 

Ada  Minka  15,562    .     . 

9# 

14    " 

0        ' 

Reckless  3569  . 

.  37* 

17     " 

8 

Nan  Day  17,192  .     .     . 
Mary  M.Allison  6308    . 

20    " 

4 

Memento  1913 

.  37i 

14     " 

5      ■' 

20    " 

14      ' 

Haddie  921      . 
Oxalis  2d  15,631 

.  25 
.  25 

0      " 
0       " 

Belle  of  Prospect  2d  14,32( 
Florinanna  9862  .     .     . 

6i 

19    •• 

17    " 

0     ■ 
5      ' 

Mirth's  Blanche  19,592. 

.  184 

13}    " 

Rose  of  Rose  Lawn  9365 

H 

16    " 

3      * 

AUieMinka  15,562    .     . 

.  184 

14    " 

6+     " 

Urbana5597    .... 

6i 

16    " 

0      ' 

Cigarette  2849      .     .     . 
Muezzin  3670  .... 

.  184 
.  184 

14    " 

4      " 
0      " 

Merry  Burlington  7600. 
Dark  Cloud  9364 .     .     . 

6i 
6i 

15    " 
15    " 

4      ■ 
3}    ' 

Rosaline  of  Glenmore  31 

79  12i 

10       " 

Enibla  Brick  15.690  .     . 

6i 

14    " 

3      ' 

Embla4799 

.  m 

17    " 

8      " 

PET  OF  ROSE  LAWN 

3i 

18    •• 

2i    ' 

Maggie  May  2d  li 
Naomi  Cramer  86 
Bonnie  Yost  7943 

,926  . 

28.     . 

.  12} 
.  12i 
.    9* 

18    " 

6      " 
0      " 
3      " 

11,326      

Corn  10,504     .... 
Total,  28  cows. 

15  " 

16  " 

8}     ' 
2      ' 

JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMEBICA. 


1858. 

BULLS. 

PILOT  3. 
Color,  fawn,   with  little  white.     Dropped  on  ship   Stalwart,   May  2d,   1858. 
Imported  by  WilKam  F.  Potts,  June,  1858. 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Blood,  Butter  Yield 

Name.                         Per  Cent.  Seven  Days. 

Silver  Rose  4753  ....  25  16  llis.  14     < 

Thisbe  607       35  15  "  13 

Adiiial943 35  14  "  4 

Beauty  184  30  "  15 

Reiialba4117 18f  17  "  4+ 

Leoni  11,868 134  18  "  7 

Thisbe  3d  3301     ....  124  19  "  \\ 

Creole  Maid  11,017  .     .     .13+  16  "  15 

Chamomilla  7552 .     ...  13+  16  "  10 

Linda  3d  3319      ....  134  16  "  8 

Flora  Lee  of  Tennessee  7694  134  16  "  5 

Lutea4563 134  16  "  3 

Belle  of  Vermilion  8798     .  12i  15  "  14 

Romp  Ogden  3d  4764    .     .  134  15  "  5 

Kalmia4561 12i  15  "  0 

Opaline  7590 134  14  "  10 

Pixie  4115 134  14  "  0 

Elmora  Mostar  15,955   .     .  131  14  "  0 

Dollie  Dale  16,140    .     .     .     9f  15  "  7 

Alice  Donald ...     7^  14  "  0 

Mollie  Garfield  13,173   .     .     6i  33  "  13 

Mary  M.  Allison  6308   .     .     6i  30  "  14 

Roonan5138 6i  30  "  4 

Belle  of  Prospect  3d  14,336    6J  19  "  0 

Harmony  3d  17,118  .     .     .     6i  18  "  3 

Bonnie  Yost  7943      .     .     .     6i  18  "  3 

Kaoli  18,980 6i  17  "  8 

Safrano4568 6i  17  "  8 

CeritaofMeadowbrook5056  6i  17  "  8 

Mhoon  Lady,  6560    .     .     .     6i  17  "  3 

Princess  Mostar  9700     .     .     6i  17  "  3 

Dudu  of  Linwood  8336     .     6i  16  "  15 

Auria4567 6i  16  "  13 

Pattie  Mc  3d  4754     .     .     .     6i  16  "  8 

Gossip  6165 6i  16  "  7 

Urbana5597 6i  16  "  0 

Fleurette  of  Linwood  13,918    6J  16  "  0 

Kate  Gordon  8387    .     .     .    6i  15  "  15 

Zoe  Henry  6693    .     .     .     .     6i  15  "  14f 


Per  ( 


Mary  Hinnian  17,619  . 
Petite  Mere  8516  .  .  . 
Cenie  Wallace  3d  6557  . 
Bellini's  Maid  15,170  . 
Winsome  of  Ipswich  9313 
Clover  Bloom  9788  .  . 
Bellini  La  Biche  15,091 
Florry  Keep  6556  .  . 
Magnibel7976  .  .  . 
Charmer  4771  .... 
Mountain  Lass  13,921  . 
Epiga?a4631  .... 
Susie  La  Biche  3d  15,171 
Jaquenctta  10,958  .  . 
Gem  of  Sassafras  8434  . 
Bintana9837  .... 
Lillian  Mostar  10,364  . 
Lucetta  6856  .... 
Queen  of  Prospect  11,997 
Bathsheba  2556  .  .  . 
Elmora  Mostar  15,955  . 

Erith  4564 

Scituate  of  Woronoco  18,040 
Hazen's  Nora  4791   . 
Jennette  Montgomery  5177 
Volie  19,465    .... 
TETTE  20,803   .     .     . 
Daisy  Brown  13,313      . 
Dot  Buttercup  16,358  . 
Arawana  Buttercup  6053 
Calypris  5643  .... 
Dora  Doon  13,909    .     . 
Fall  Leaf  8587      .     .     . 
Violet  of  Glencairn  10,231 
Adora  18,569  .     .     . 
Taglioni  9183  .     . 
Duchess     of     Manchester 

30,838 3i 

Total,  76  cows. 


Seven  Days. 
15  lbs.  114    O 
15    "    13      ' 
15    "      4J 
15    "      H 
15    "     0 
14    ■'    144 
14    "    144 


6i 

14  ■ 

3 

6i 

14  ' 

3 

6J 

14  ' 

6i 

14  • 

6i 

14  ' 

3i 

34  ' 

14 

3i 

30  ' 

3i 

30  ■ 

3i 

18  ' 

3i 

17  ' 

3i 

17  ' 

6 

3i 

16  ' 

3 

3i 

15  ' 

5 

3i 

15  ' 

0 

3i 

15  ' 

0 

3i 

14  ' 

8 

3i 

14  ' 

4 

3i 

14  ' 

3 

34 

14  ' 

1 

JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICj 


Colur,  jcUuw   and  wli 
Paterson,  N.  J. 


PATERSON  11. 
Dropped    185S.     Bred    by  lieirs    of    li.   L.   Colt, 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Blood.  Butter  Yi 
Xake.                        Pie  Cent.        S 

Cowslip  .5tli  849    ....  50  15  1 

HlaiKlie  594 35  1« 

VALUE  2d  6844     .     .     .  3U  26 

Cliroiiiii  4572 18J  20 

Vixen  7591 12i  17 

Oktibbeha  Duchess  4422  ,12*  17 

Lucky  Belle  2d  6037     .     .  121  16 

lauthe  8562 12i  16 

Maggie  May  3255     .     .     .  12i  14 

Sue  Gallagher  15,945    .     .  9f  23 

Geranium  2ii  7838    ...  61-  26 

Fadelte  of  Verna  3d  11,122  6i  22 

Tenella  6712 6i  32 

Croton  Maid  5305     .     .     .  6i  21 

Optima  6715 6i  21 

Fairy  of  Verna  2d  10,973  .  6i-  20 

Leoui  11,868 6i  18 

Roonan  5133 ^  18 

Jersey  Cream  3151    .     .     .  6i  17 

Silver  Rose  4753  .     .     .     .  6^  16 

Valhalla  5300 6i  17 

Kate  Gordon  8387    .     .     .  6i  15 

(Enone  8614 Oi^  15 

Zithey  9184 6i  16 

Valerie  6044 i.>i  15 

Belle  of  Patterson  5664 .     .  Of  10 

Edwina6713 i\\  15 

Urbana  5597 6^  16 

Fanny  Faylor  6714  .     .     .  6^  15 

Signalana  7719     .     .     .     .  OJ  15 

Aldarine  5301 6^  15 

Arnold's  Lulu  7338  .     .     .  (i^  15 

01ie4133 0^  15 

Cowles' Nonsuch  6199  .     .  (i^  14 

Pansy  K.  23,889  .     .    .    .  ^^  14 

Maggie  May  2d  12,926       .  Oi  14 

Maggie  C.  12,216      ...  6^  14 

Kate  Daisy  8304  .     .     .     .  GJ  14 

Litza6338 6^  14 

Creamer  3467 6^  14 

VaricUa  of  Linwood  10.954  ()^  14 

Pixie  4115 6i  14 


VlEI.I>   IK 

s  Dat.s. 

4     oz. 

XA1.E.                                P 

Guinevere  Sinclair  11,167 

Blood. 
EE  CE.N-T 

.    4H 

BuTTEE  Yield  ii 

Seve.-!  Date. 

14  lbs.    9      o 

0      ■' 
6      " 

Daisy  Hamilton  18,301  . 
Lady  Mel  3d  1795     .     . 
Celeste  Cox  12,948    .     . 

■    m 
.     3i 

14    • 
21    • 
20    " 

0      ' 
0     • 
8      ' 

6      " 

Hilda  A.  2d  11,130  .     . 

.    34 

20    ' 

0      ' 

4      " 
14      " 

Gardiner's  Ripple  11,693 
EVELINA  OP  VERNj 

.    34 

19    " 

124    • 

10      " 

10.971  

H 

19    " 

lOi    • 

2i    '■ 

Tcuella  2d  19,531.     .     . 

34 

18    •• 

12      ' 

4i    " 

8i     " 

Harmony  2d  17,118  .     . 
Signaldella  34,107    .     . 
Reckless  3569  .... 

34 

.    34 

34 

18    " 
18    " 

17    '• 

3      • 
li    ' 
8      ' 

U    " 

Patlie  iMc  3d  4754    .     . 

.    34 

16    " 

8      ' 

Hi   " 

Celeste  Cox  12,948    .     . 

34 

16    " 

4      ' 

8i    " 

Gazella3d9355    .     .     . 

34 

16    " 

3      ' 

3i    " 

7      " 
2      " 

(Dahlia) .... 

Ruperlina  10,409  .     .     . 
Ultima  14.456  .... 

34 

34 
34 

16    " 
15    " 

0     • 

124    ' 
13      ' 

0      " 

Friz  Cam  14,655  .     .     . 

34 

15    " 

7      * 

14      " 

Sultana  3d  11,798     .     . 

34 

15    " 

4      • 

0      " 
15       " 
14      " 

Bronze  Leaf  14,903  .     . 
Signal  Maid  19,361   .     . 
Earl  Cow .     .     . 

34 
34 
34 

15    " 
15    " 
15    " 

1       ' 
0     ■ 
0      * 

7      " 

01ie4133 

34 

15    " 

0     ■ 

13      •' 

Duchess  of  Argyle  3758 

34 

14    " 

13      • 

6      " 

13      " 

Jersey  Cream  3d  8519   . 
Reception  3d  11,035      . 

34 
34 

14    " 

14    " 

12      * 
10     •• 

0      " 
12      " 

Euphorbia  11,229     .     . 
Lady  Clarendon  3d  17,578 

34 
34 

14    " 
14    " 

9f    " 
.54     •• 

4       " 

Gem  of  Sassafras  8434  . 

34 

14    ■• 

34    " 

n   " 

Signetilia  16,333  .     .     . 

34 

14    ■• 

3       " 

0      " 

Fall  Leaf  8587      .     .     . 

2U 

14    •' 

8 

0 

Atlanta's  Beauty  12,949 

21    " 

3      " 

12      " 

Alberta  Signal  18,611    . 
Polly  Clover  7052     .     . 
Olie's  Lady  Teazle  12,307 

20    " 
16    " 
16    " 

11      " 

15      " 

6      ■• 

4      " 

Pansy  Patterson  18,613 
Orphean  4636  .... 

15    " 

15    " 

15      " 
7      " 

3      " 

Clover  Bloom  9788  .     . 

lA 

14    '• 

644    " 

1      " 
1      " 

Lady  Gray  of  Hilltop  3( 
14,642 

h"« 

14    ■' 

2      " 

0     •• 

Total,  81  com. 

JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


COM  US  54. 
Color,  French  gray ;  black  nose,  black  around  eyes.     Imported  in  dam  Diana 
77,   by  John  A.  Taintor,  Hartford,  for  John  Eidgely,  of    Hampton,    Baltimore 
County,  Md.     Dropped  May  3d,  1858. 

TESTED   DESCENDANTS. 


Blood, 

Bdtte 

t  Yield  in 

Slood, 

BuTTEK  Yield  m 

Name. 

Pie  Cm 

T.            SkV 

.N    DATS. 

Name.                      Peb  Ceni 

Sev 

EN  Days. 

Plenty  950       .... 

50 

14  lbs 

8      oz. 

Cornucopia  3414  .... 

6i 

15  lbs 

12     oz. 

Eugenie  Chouteau  6186 

341 

24    " 

8         " 

Naomi's  Pride  16,745    .     . 

6i 

15    " 

2      " 

Lillie  Pope  8589  .     .     . 

341 

14    •■ 

5       " 

Bessie  Ridgely  8393  .     .     . 

6i 

14    " 

114    " 

Zampa  2194     . 

35 

18    " 

0     •• 

Celia  Belle  5865   .... 

6i 

14    " 

3      " 

Haddie  921      . 

25 

16    '• 

0       " 

Ada  Minka  15,562    .     .     . 

6i 

14    " 

0      " 

Allie  Minka  2982 

25 

14    " 

6+     ■• 

Mary  Norton  13,052      .     . 

6i 

17    ■' 

14      " 

Turquoise  1129 

25 

14    '■ 

3       " 

Miami  Prize  8100     .     .     . 

6i 

14    " 

0      " 

Nellie  1507      . 

25 

14    " 

2      " 

Alberta  Signal  18,611     .     . 

4U 

20    '■ 

11      " 

Mother  Carey  11,746     . 

211 

27    " 

H    " 

Cerita    of     Meadowbrook 

Jessie    Lee    of    Labyrintl 

5056 

34 

17    " 

8      " 

5290 

m 

14    " 

7      " 

Maudine  of  Elmwood  8718 
Pattie  Mc  3d  4754    .     .     . 

3i 
3i 

16    " 
16    " 

15      " 

Sunset  of    Pleasant  View 

13,071       

13/s 

15    " 

3      " 

Lily  of  Maple  Grove  5079 

3i 

16    " 

3      " 

Beulah  of  Baltimore  3370 

12+ 

14    " 

61    " 

Dot  Buttercup  16,358    .     . 

3i 

16    " 

2      " 

Buttery  3502  .... 

13i 

14    " 

1      " 

Gledelia  10,524    .... 

3i 

15    " 

13      •' 

Queen  of  De  Soto  13,318 

9| 

14    " 

13      " 

Fancy  Juno  6086       .     .     . 

3i 

15    " 

10      " 

Putnam  Belle  13,116     . 

9| 

14    " 

0      " 

Oitz  8649 

34 

15    " 

1      ■' 

Valma  Hoffman  4500    . 

6i 

31    ■■ 

0      " 

Alice  of  the  Meadows  20,748 

34 

14    " 

12      " 

The     Widow's     Daughte 

Gold  Princess  8809   .     .     . 

34 

14    " 

13      " 

11,507      

6i 

19    " 

8i    ■' 

Halsie  McCurdy  13,379    . 

34 

14    " 

34    " 

Harmony  2d  17,118  .     . 

6i 

18    " 

3      " 

Litza6338 

34 

14    " 

3      " 

Conover's  Beauty  12,650 

6i 

18    " 

0      " 

Pixie  4115 

34 

14    " 

0      " 

Cyrene4th480     .     .     . 

6i 

17    " 

1       " 

Rose  of  Rose  Lawn  9365    . 

1t\ 

16    " 

3      " 

Lady  Josephine  11,560  . 

6i 

16    " 

llf     " 

Dark  Cloud  9364.     .     .     . 

lA 

15    '■ 

34    " 

Ochra  2d  11,816 

6i 

16    " 

6i     " 

Total,  45  cows. 

1859. 

BULLS. 

DICK  SWIVELLER  JE.   276. 


Color,  fawn  and  white.     Bred  by  B.  D.   Godfrey,  Milford,   Mass.     Dropped 
April,  1859. 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Blood,       Butteb  Yield  in 
Name.  Pee  Cent.        Seven  Days. 

Countessof  Lakeside  12,135  75       19  lbs.    7     oz. 

Jersey  3260 50       15    "      6      " 

Minnie  of  Scituate  17,829  401     14    "      44    " 


Name.  Peb  Cent.        Seves 

Jersey  Belle    of    Scituate 

7838 374     35  lbs. 

Eupidee's  Perfection  30,175  374     15    " 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


Nake.  Pzb  Cix: 

Clara  of  Lakeside  10,827  25 
Dolly  of   Lakeside   10,834  35 

Gilda  3779 25 

Belle  of  Scituate  7977  .  .  ISJ 
Pauline's  Vivienne  11,305  ISJ 
Lass  of  Scituate  9555    .     .18} 

Jersey  Queen  of  Barnct 

851  lbs.  1  oz.  in  one  j'car  13+ 
Lily  of  Burr  Oaks  11,011  .  131 
Scituate  of  Woronoco  18,040  m 


BCTTEE  TlKI-D  IH 

BlOOD. 

BCTTEB  YiEL 

Seveh  Datb. 

Sua. 

Pm  CIS- 

r.     Seven  Dat 

15  lbs.    0     oz. 

Lily  Scituate  12,665      . 

.     91 

24  lbs.    9i 

14    "      8      " 

Effie 

.     6i 

23    "      2 

14    "      6      " 

Jenny  Dodo  H.  14,448  . 

.     6i 

31    "      8 

18    "     0      '• 

Roland's  Bonnie  2d  18.054    6i 

19    "      2 

16    "    13      " 

Dove  Dee  18,059       .     . 

■     6i 

15    "     3 

15    "    14      '• 

Snowdrop  P.  W.  16,948 

.     6i 

14    "      8 

Eva 

.     6i 

14    "      0 

19    "      4      •■ 

Nan  Day  17,193    .     .     . 

•     4H 

30    "     4 

15    "    13      " 

COWS. 

PRINCESS  836. 
Color,  dark  fawn.     Dropped  1859.     Imported  1861,  from  Jersey,  by  H.  Kulin. 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Name. 

Blood,       Buttee  Yield  in 
Pee  Cent.        Seven  Days. 

Name, 

Blood,       Buttee  Yield  im 
Feb  Ce.\i.       Seven  Days. 

Wybie  595 75 

17  lbs 

4     oz. 

Lucky  Belle  2d  6037 

.     3J      16  lbs 

14     oz. 

Chenie  4570     .     . 

371 

19    " 

71    " 

Gos.sip  (iior>     .    .    . 

.     3J      16    " 

7      " 

Thisbe  607      .     . 

37A 

15    " 

10      " 

Juli:i  Evelyn  0007     . 

.     3J      15    " 

151    " 

Thisbe  2d  2201     . 

18f 

H    " 

GILT  EDGE  C.  12,23 

3   .     3J      15    " 

94    " 

Chamomilla  7552 

18} 

10      " 

Valerie  6044    .     .     . 

.     3J      15    " 

13      " 

Ma  Belle  4942       . 

18} 

0      " 

Duchess  Caroline  3d  60 

11  .     3J      15    " 

8      " 

Adina  1942      .     . 
Belle  of  Ogden  Parr 
Princess  Mostar  9700 

nl57C 

18} 
124 
91 

W    " 

4      " 
0      " 
3      " 

Arawana  Buttercup  60^ 
Arawana  Poppy  6053 
Bettie  Di.xon  4527     . 

3  .     3J      15    " 
.     3J      15    " 
.     3J      15    " 

5      " 
2      " 
0      " 

Lillian  Mostar  10,364    . 
Elniora  Mostar  15,955   . 

9| 
9| 

14    " 

3      " 

0      " 

Plorry  Keep  6556     . 
Coronilla  8367      .     . 

•  3J      14    " 

•  3J      14    ■' 

14      " 
91    ■• 

Mamie  Coburn  3798     . 

6i 

18    " 

4      " 

Pride  of  the  Hill  4877 

.     3J      14    " 

8      " 

Rose  of  Hillside  3866    . 

6i 

31    " 

Maggie  May  2d  12.926 

.     3J      14    •• 

6      " 

Maggie  May  3255      .     . 
Gilt  Edge  3d  4430    .     . 
Maculae  24,277    .     .     . 
Hazcn's  Nora  4791    .     . 
Rosebud  of  AUerton  635J 

6i 
3J 

15    " 
20    ■' 
19    " 

21     ■'. 
0      " 

3  " 

4  " 
13      •• 

Maggie  C.  12,216      . 
Plamant  11,270    .     . 
Minnie  Lee  3d  6009  . 
Starkvillo  Beauty  4897 

■     3J      14    " 
•     3J      14    " 
.     3|      14    " 
.     3J      14    " 

6      " 

2  '■ 

3  •' 
0      " 

Marea  10,167    .     . 

. 

3J 

17    " 

10     <■ 

Total,  36  ccmi. 

JERSEY  CATTLE  IIST  A3fEJiICA.  503 

1860. 

BULLS. 

SIB  CHARLES  131. 

Imported  1860,  from  Prince  Albert's  Shaw  Farm,  Windsor,  England,  by  Com- 
modore E.  F.  Stockton,  New  Jersey.     (Age  not  given.) 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Name.                        P 

Monmouth    Duchess    4th 

Blood,        Bcttee  Yield  in 
EB  Cent.        .Seven  Days. 

Blood, 
Name.                        Pie  Cen 

Monmouth  Duchess  3895  .  35 

BuTTEB  Yield  i 

14  lbs.    7     0 

7129 

62i 

18  lbs.    0     oz. 

Countess  of  Warren  3896  .  25 

14    " 

0      ' 

Tamy2d7135      .      .     . 
Monmouth     Duchess     3fl 

62+ 

16 

'      4      .. 

Lady  Conover  3d  17,589    .  15i 
Tamy  Lowndes  35,316     .  151 

20    " 
16    " 

0      ' 
3      ' 

4620 

62+ 

14 

'      7      " 

Countess  Lowndes  26,874  .  12+ 

17    " 

8      ' 

Violet  273 

Carrie  3894      .... 

50 
50 

17 
16 

'      8      " 
'      8      ■■ 

Lady  Warren  12,168    .     .  12+ 
Ida  of  Bear  Lake  6169  .     .  12+ 

16    " 
16    " 

7 
0 

Warren's  Duchess  4622 
Tamy  3d  7127      .      .     . 
Dot  of  Bear  Lake  6170 

50 
31i 
25 

16 
16 
19 

'      1      " 
'      0      •' 
'     4      .. 

Mary's  Silver  Drop  14,325  12^ 
Duchess  of  Dudley  8670    .  12i 
Lena  Lowndes  23,203   .     .  13i 

15    " 
15    " 
14    " 

4i    ' 
0 

7 

Princess  Imperial  11,620 

25 

18 

'    15      " 

Niobe's  Alpheanette  33,336    6i 

33    " 

10*    ' 

Mary  of  Bear  Lake  6171 
My  Queen  12,614    .     . 

25 
25 

15 

15 

'    14      " 

'      8       " 

Total,  22  cows. 

MARY  LOWNDES  273. 

Imported  in  autumn    of   1860,  from  Prince  Albert's  Shaw   Farm,  Windsor, 
England,  by  Commodore  R.  F.  Stockton,  New  Jersey.     (Age  not  given.) 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Violet  272 50  17  i 

Carrie  3894 50  16 

Monmouth    Duchess    4th 

7129 35  18 

Tamy  2d  7125      ....  25  16 

Warren's  Duchess  4622     .  35  16 

My  Queen  13,614    ...  35  15 

Monmouth  Duchess  3895   .  35  14 
Monmouth     Duchess    3d 

4630 25  14 

Countess  of  Warren  3896  .  35  14 

Dot  of  Bear  Lake  6170  ..13*  19 

Princess  Imperial  11,630    .  12*  18 


Yield  in 

Blood, 

BUTTEE  Yield 

N  Days. 

Name.                        Pee  Cent.       Seve 

N  DATS. 

8     oz. 

Lady  Warren  12,168      .     .  13* 

16  lbs 

7          0 

8        " 

Ida  of  Bear  Lake  6169  .     .  12* 

16    ■' 

0 

Tamy  3d  7127      ....  12* 

16    " 

0 

0         " 

Mary  of  Bear  Lake  6171    .  12* 

15    " 

14 

4         " 

Duchess  of  Dudley  8670  .  13* 

15    " 

0 

Lena  Lowndes  23,202    .     .  13* 

14    " 

7 

8         " 

Niobe's  Alpheanette  33,336    6i 

33    " 

10* 

7      " 

Lady  Conover  2d  17,589    .     6* 

30    " 

0      ' 

Countess  Lowndes  26,874  .     6i 

17    " 

8      ' 

7 

Tamy  Lowndes  25,316  .     .     6J 

16    " 

2      ' 

15      " 

Mary's  Silver  Drop  14,325    6* 

15    " 

4*    ' 

Total,  23  cows. 

504 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMEBIC  A. 


18G1. 

CHARLESTON  1. 

Color,  fawn,  dnn,  and  wliite.     Imported  in  dam  Princess  836,  September,  1861, 
by  H.  Kulm.     Dropped  October,  1861. 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


>'amb.                        I'EB  Cent.  Seven  Dats. 

Wybie595 50  17  lbs.  4  oz 

Ma  Belle  4943 37i  15  "  0  " 

Adinal943 37i  14  "  4  " 

Chenie4570 25  19  "  7i  " 

Thisbe607 25  15  "  10  " 

Belle  of  Ogden  Farm  1570  25  14  "  0  " 

Tlilsbe2d2301     .     .     .     .  12i  19  "  U  " 

Mamie  Coburn  3798     ..12^  18  "  4  " 

Chamomilla  7553     ..    .     .  12*  16  "  10  " 

Rose  of  Hillside  3866    .     .  12J  14  '■  3J  " 

Maggie  May  3355     .     .     .12*  14  "  2i  " 

Gilt  Edge  2d  4420    .     .     .  12i  14  "  0  " 

Hazen's  Nora  4791   .     .     .     6i  20  "  4  " 

Rosebud  of  Allerton  6353    6i  19  "  12  " 

Marea  10,167 6i  17  "  10  " 

Princess  Moster  9700    .     .     6i  17  "  3  " 

Lucky  Belle  2d  6037     .     .     6i  16  "  14  " 

Emma  Hudson  12,469  .     .     6i  16  "  8  " 

Gossip  6165 6i  16  "  7  " 

.Tulia  Evelyn  6007    .     .     .     6i  15  ■■  1.5+  " 

Valerie  6044 6i  15  "  13  " 

GILT  EDGE  O.  12,223  .     6i  16  "  9i  " 

Duchess  Caroline  3d  6041    6i  15  "  8  " 

Arawana  Buttercup  6052  .    6i  15  "  5  " 


1863. 

BULLS. 

McCLELLAN  25. 
Color,  French  gray,  black  muzzle.     Bred  by  William  Eedmond,  Connecticut. 
Dropped  January  27tli,  1862. 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Pansy  1019  (rated) 

574i  lbs.  in  one  year. 
Champion's  Chloe  13,335  .  849 
Lady  Mel  2d  1795 


Bl/)OD, 

BCTTER  Tuld  is 

Kami. 

Pee  lex- 

r.         Seve.-(  Datb. 

Arawana  Poppy  6053   . 

.     6i 

15  lbs 

2     oz 

Bettie  Di.xon  4527    .     . 

.     6i 

15    " 

0      " 

Florry  Keep  6556     .     . 

.    6i 

14    " 

14      " 

Coronilla  8367     .     .     . 

.     6i 

14    " 

9i    " 

Pride  of  the  Hill  4877  . 

.    6i 

14    " 

8      " 

Maggie  May  3d  13,936 . 

.     6J 

14    " 

6      " 

Maggie  C.  12,216     .     . 

.     6i 

14    " 

6      " 

Minnie  Lee  2d  6009  .     . 

.     6i 

14    " 

3      " 

Lillian  Mostar  10,364   . 

.     6i 

14    " 

3      " 

Flamant  11.270    .     .     . 

.     6i 

14    " 

3      " 

Elmora  Mostar  15,955  . 

.     6i 

14    " 

0      " 

Starkville  Beauty  4897 . 

.     6i 

14    " 

0      " 

Vivalia  12,760      .     .     . 

.     6i 

14    " 

0      " 

Little  Han  8004  .     .     . 

.     6i 

14    " 

0      " 

Atlanta's  Beauty  12.949 

•     3  J 

31     " 

3      " 

Gabrielle  Champion  14, 

102  3J 

17    " 

8      " 

Arraon  10,863      .     .     . 

.     3J 

16    " 

13i    " 

Maculae  24,277    .     .     . 

.     3i 

15    " 

3      " 

Mountain  Liiss  13,921   . 

.     3J 

14    " 

9      " 

Marpetra  10,384  .     .     . 

.     3i 

14    " 

6      " 

Therese  M.  8364  .     .     . 

.     3J 

14    " 

2      " 

Le  Rosa  10,078    .     .     . 

•     H 

14    " 

0      " 

Total,  46  cwBi. 

Blood.       Bi-ttek  Yield  is 
Feb  Cent.         Seves  Davs. 

Name. 

Blood,       Butteb  Yield  xs 
PlB  Cest.         Seven  Dats. 

.  37i      20  lbs.    0      OZ. 

Lady  Brown  433  .     . 

.      .   25         14  lbs.      0       OZ. 

Ethalka  2d  14,128    . 

.     .  22ii    15    "      0      " 

.849     15    "      5i    " 

VALUE  2d  6844    . 

.     .  18}     26    "      2ii  " 

.  35       21     "      0      " 

Maggie  3d  3221    .     . 

.     .  15S     17    "      8      " 

JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


Blood 

Bdtter  Yield 

Name. 

Pek  Cen 

T.        Seven  Days 

Louvie  3d  6159    .     .     . 

151 

14  lbs 

13 

Maggie  May  2d  12,926  . 

15i 

14      " 

6 

Maggie  C.  12,316      .     . 

151 

14     " 

6 

Webster's  Pet  4103  .     . 

151 

14    " 

2 

Peggy  Leah  3097     .     . 

12* 

18     " 

12 

Kitty  Potter  9893     .     . 

m 

18    " 

5 

Dimple  3248    .... 

13i 

16    '■ 

11 

Cascadilla  3103    .     .     . 

12+ 

15     " 

12 

Arawana  Queen  5368    . 

12i 

15     " 

9 

Romp  Ogden  2d  4764  . 

13+ 

15     " 

5 

Mary  Clover  9998    .     . 

m 

14    ■' 

15 

Lady  Brown  4tli  6911  . 

13+ 

14    '■ 

12 

Bloomfield  Lady  6913  . 

13+ 

14     " 

12 

Lilley  Rex  9853   .     .     . 

13+ 

14    " 

7 

Halsie  McCurdy  12,379 

13+ 

14     ■■ 

3i 

May  Blossom  5657   .     . 

9| 

18     " 

11 

Gabrielle  Champion  14,10 

J    91 

17     " 

8 

Silveretta  6852     .     .     . 

91 

16     " 

9 

Princess  Sheila  7379     . 

91 

16     " 

4+ 

Tobira8400     .... 

91 

15     " 

13 

GILT  EDGE  C.  12,223 

9* 

15     " 

9* 

Marie  C.  Magnet  22,903 

9f 

15     " 

Oi 

Coronilla  8367     .     .     . 

91 

14     " 

9i 

Guinevere  Sinclair  11,167 

9f 

14     •• 

9 

Maggie  May  2d  12,926  . 

91 

14    " 

6 

Lady  Greville  12,930    . 

91 

14     ■' 

6 

Maggie  C.  12,316     .     . 

91 

14    " 

3 

Minnie  Lee  2d  12,941    . 

91 

14    " 

3 

Webster's  Pet  4103  .     . 

H 

14    " 

2. 

Therese  M.  8364  .     .     . 

91 

14    " 

3 

Jessie  Leavenworth  8248 
Jersey  Cream  3151  .  . 
Ultima  14,456  .  .  . 
Forget-Me-Not-0  10,564 

01ie4133 

Mary  Clover  9998  .  . 
Deborana  4718  .  .  . 
La  Pora  2d  13,404  .  . 
Creamer  12.467  .  .  . 
Romp  Ogden  3d  5458  . 
Fall  Leaf  8587  .  .  . 
Polly  Clover  7053  .  . 
Pet  Clover  14,634  .  . 
Alhena  15,995  .  .  . 
Lady  Gray  of    Hilltop  2d 

14,641      .... 
Lady  Gray  of    Hilltop  3d 

14,643      

Baby  Buttercup  10,888 
Celeste  Cox  12,948  .  . 
Hazen's  Bess  7329  .  . 
Hazen's  Nora  4791  .  . 
CEnone  8614  .... 
Alfleda6744  .... 
Pansy  Patterson  18,612 
Frances  C.  Magnet  22,904 
Jersey  Cream  3d  8519 
Gem  of  Sassafras  8434 

Total,  63  cowi. 


4^    14 


6i     14    ' 

'     8 

6i     14    ' 

'      1 

6i      14    ' 

1 

5^    14    • 

'     8 

4U    16    ' 

15 

4H    16    ' 

'      8 

4ii    16    ' 

'      3 

^\    14 

'      3 

4U    14    ' 

'     0 

3i|    30 

'     8 

3|     24    ' 

'    11 

3J     20     ' 

'     4 

31-     18 

'    15 

%\      16 

'      5 

3^     15     ' 

'    15 

3i     14 

'    13J 

%\     14    ' 

'    12 

31     14 

'     3J 

KOXBUKY  247. 
Color,  fawn  upon  back  and  sides,  shading  into  gray  and  black.     Dropped  1862, 
Bred  by  Jonathan  French,  Massachusetts.     Sire,  Commodore  229.     Dam,  Rose  709. 


TESTED   DESCENDANTS. 


Name. 

Blood,        Butte 
Pee  Cent.        Seve 

1  Yield  in 

•J   DATS. 

Name. 

Blood 
PiB  Cen 

Buttee  Yield 

Angela  1682    .    .    . 

.     .  50 

14  lbs 

3     oz. 

Roonan5133    .... 

.    13+ 

30  lbs.    4 

Belle  Dawson  8270  . 

.     .  37i 

18    ■' 

3      " 

Lara  4306 

.    13+ 

17    ••     8 

Pattie  Mc  3d  4754    . 

.     .  87+ 

16     •■ 

8      " 

Kate  Gordon  8387    .     . 

.    12+ 

15    "    15 

Duchess  of  Bloomfield  3653  35 

20    " 

0+     '■ 

Lorella  12,913      .     .     . 

.  13+ 

14    "      7 

SULU4705    .     .     . 

.     .  35 

17     ■■ 

15      " 

Litza6338 

.  12* 

14    "      3 

Vixen  7591 

or, 

17    " 

6 

Variella  of  Linwood  10  954.  1  o,j 

14    "      1 

Letitia3977     .     .     . 

.  35 

15     " 

5      " 

Pixie  4115  

.  134 

14     "      0 

Bathsheba  2556    .     . 

.     .  35 

14    " 

ETHLEEL  2d  33,391 

.    6i 

30     "    15 

Urbana5597    .     .     . 

.     .  18f 

16    " 

0       " 

Jeunette  ^Montgomery  51 

77    6i 

30     "      0 

Lucetta6856   .     .     . 

.     .  18f 

14    " 

3      " 

Bonnie  Yost  7943    .     . 

.    6i 

18    '■      2 

JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


Leoiii  11,868    .... 

B..OOD.          BlTTtE  T..LD 

Peu  Cknt.       Ss\in  Dais. 
6i     18  lbs.     2     c 

Dudu  of  Linwood  8336 

6i      16    "    15 

Silenta  17,685      .     .     . 

6i     15     '■    10 

Fall  Leaf  8587     .     .     . 

6i     14    "      8 

Epigica  4631   .... 
Jaquenetta  10,958    .     . 

6i     14    "      7 
6J     14    "      6 

Adora  18,509 6i 

Silene4307 6i 

Jule3640 6i 

Lady  of  Otsego,  26,671      .  6i 

Putnam  Belle  12,116     .     .  ^ 
Total,  31  cows. 


COWS. 
PANSY  6th  38. 
Color,  light  silver  fawn;   silver  white  saddle  on  withers. 
Norton,  Farmington,  Conn.     Dropped  February  16th,  1862. 
Dam,  Pansy  8. 


Bred  by  John  T. 
Sire,  Paterson   11. 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 

Blood, 
Name.                         Pm  Ceu 

Bdtteb  Yiild  in 
r.       Seven  Daib. 

NAME. 

Blood, 
Feb  Cen 

BcTTiB  Yield 
r.       Seven  Days 

Oktibbeha  Duchess  4422 

.  25 

17  lbs 

.    4     oz. 

Harmony  3d  17,118  . 

.     .     6i 

18  lbs 

.    3 

Lucky  Belle  2d  6037     . 
Maggie  May  3255      .     . 
Maggie  3d  3221    .     .     . 
Geranium  2d  7838    .     . 

25 

.  25 

18i 

12* 

16  ■' 

14     " 

17  " 
26    •■ 

14      " 
2i    " 
8      ■' 
4i    " 

Signaldella  24,107    . 

Gazella  3d  9355    .     . 
Pan.sy  Patterson  18,613 

.     6i 
.     .     6] 
.     .     6i 

.     6i 

18    " 
17    •• 

10   •• 

15    '■ 

If 
6 
3 

15 

Tenella6712    .... 

12+ 

22    " 

1+    " 

Rupertina  10,409  .     . 

.     6i 

15    " 

12+ 

Croton  Maid  5305     .     . 

12i 

21    ■' 

Hi   " 

Ultima  14,456 .     .     . 

.     6i 

15    ■• 

13 

Optima  6715    .... 

13i 

21    " 

8i    " 

Friz  Cam  14,655  .     . 

.     6i 

15    '■ 

7 

(Eiione  8614     .... 

12+ 

18    " 

15      •' 

Signal  Maid  19,361   . 

.     6i 

15    " 

0 

Valhalla  5300  .... 

12+ 

17    " 

0      " 

OIie4133     .... 

.     6i 

15    " 

0 

Jersey  Cream  3151    .     . 
Belle  of  Patterson  5664 

12+ 
12+ 

17    ■' 
16    " 

0      " 
6      " 

Duchess  of  Argyle  375 
Jersey  Cream  2d  8519 

3    .     6i 
.     6i 

14    " 
14    •• 

13 

12 

Edwina  6713 

12+ 

15    " 
15    " 

13      ■' 

Euphorbia  11,399     . 
Pansy  K.  23,889  .     . 

.     6i 
•     6i- 

14    " 
14    " 

9} 

Valerie  6044    .... 

12^ 

9 

Fanny  Taylor  6714  .     . 
Signalana  7719     .     .     . 

12+ 
12+ 

15    " 

13      •■ 
13      " 

Lady  Clarendon  3d  17 
Gem  of  Sassafras  8434 

578    6i 
.     6i 

14    " 
14    " 

3i 

Aldarine  5301  .... 
Maggie  C.  12,216      .     . 
Maggie  May  2d  12,936  . 
Creamer  2467  .... 

13+ 

15    " 

14    " 
6      " 

Signetilia  16,333  .     . 
Fall  Leaf  8587 

.     6i 

5J£ 

14    " 
14    " 

3 

12i 
12+ 

14    " 

14    " 

6      " 
1      " 

Alberta  Signal  18,611 
one's  Lady  Teazle  12,3 

.     3i 
07.     3i 

20    •' 
16    " 

11 
5 

Guim.vcrc  Sinclair  11,107 

9f 

14    " 

9      " 

Dahlia .     .     . 

.     3+ 

16    ■' 

0 

VALUE  2d  (i,s44      .     . 

0} 

25    " 

2i;  •' 

Orphean  4636  .     .     . 

.     3i 

15    " 

7 

Fadettcof  Vcrna3dll,12i 

6i 

22    " 

8+     " 

Bronze  Leaf  14,902  . 

.     34 

15    " 

1 

Atlanta's  Beauty  12,949 
Lady  Mel  2d  1795     .    . 

6i 
6i 

21    " 
21    " 

3      •' 
0      " 

Earl  Cow .     . 

Clover  Bloom  9788   . 

.     34 
.     34 

15    " 
14    " 

0 

14* 

Celeste  Cox  12,948    .     . 

6i 

20    " 

8      " 

Louvie  3d  6159    .     . 

.    34 

14    " 

13 

Fairy  of  Verna  2d  10,793 
Hilda  A.  2d  11,120   .     . 
Ganlimr's  Uipple  11,093 
EVELINA  OF  VERN/ 

6i 
6J 
6i 

L 

20    " 
20    ■■ 
19    " 

3J    " 
0      " 
12i     '■ 

Cowle.s'  Nonsuch  6199 
Lady  Gray  of  Hilltop 
14  641 

.    34 
2d 
.    34 

14    •• 

14    " 
14    " 

12 
12 

Monocacy  Dimple  9680 

.    34 

3 

10,971 

Tenella  2d  19,521      .     . 

6i 
6i 

19   " 

18    " 

10+     " 

12      " 

Lady  Gray  of  Hilltop 
14,642 

3d 
.    34 

14    " 

2 

May  Blos,som  5657    .     . 

6i 

18   " 

11      " 

Total,  62  cwoa. 

JERiiEY  CATTLE  IJST  AMEBIC  A.  507 

1863. 

BULLS. 

SAM  WELLER  271. 
Color,  fawn,  brown  and  white.     Dropped  1863.     Imported  from   Island   of 
Jersey,  by  E.  F.  Bowditcli,  Massachusetts,  August,  1864. 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Blood, 
Name.                         Feu  Cen 

BoTTEii  Yield  in 
.       Seven  Days. 

Blood,        EnxTEn  Yield 
Name.                          Per  Cent.        Seven  Dats 

Hilda  2d  5447 50 

28  lbs.    5      oz. 

Jer.sey  Queen  of  Barnet  —  12* 

19  lbs.    4 

HILDA  D.  6683  ....  50 
Hilda  A.  3d  11,130    ...  25 
Hennie  3335 25 

21    "      2*     «' 
20    "      0      " 
15    "      0       " 

851  lbs.  in  one  year. 
Lily  of  Burr  Oaks  11,001  .  12* 
Niva7523 13+ 

15    "    13 
15    "      8 

Masena  35,732      .     .     .     .  12i 
8995i  lbs.  milk  and  892  lbs. 

30    •'      7      " 

Nibbette  11,635    .     .     .     .  13| 
Nordheim  Creamer  9758    .  12^ 
HuUa  7898 6i 

14    "      7 
14    "     0 

3  oz.  butter  in  one  year— 

Roland's  Bonnie  2d  18,054    6i 

19    "      3 

902  lbs.  3  oz.  in  one  year 

Snowdrop  F.  W.  16,948    .    6i 

14    "      8 

and  eleven  days. 

Total,  13  cows. 

For  Sam  Weller  type,  see  portrait  of  HILDA  D. 


EEGINA,  P.  32  J.  H.  B.— H.  C. 
Color,  brown  and  white.     Dropped  1863.     A  noted  prize-winner,  taking  First 
Prize  over  Jersey  as  a  yearling.  Second  Prize  over  Jersey  as  a  two-year-old.  First 
Prize  over  Jersey  in  Aged  Cow  Class,  and  reputed  to  have  made  eighteen  pounds 
of  butter  (Jersey  weight)  in  seven  days'     Sire,  Old  Noble.     Dam,  Mignonne. 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Name.                         Pee  Ceit 

.        Seve 

N    DATS. 

Name. 

Pee  Cen 

.       Sev 

N  Days. 

Regina  4th  13,732    .     . 

50 

17  lbs 

13i     OZ. 

Saragossa  33,019  .     .     . 

.  134 

15  lbs 

.     2        OZ 

Regina3d2475     .     .     . 

50 

14    " 

8      " 

Kate  Pansy  15,177    .     . 

.  124 

15    " 

1         " 

Chrome  Skin  7881     .     . 

35 

20    " 

10      " 

Regina's  Guide  16,863  . 

.  124 

14    " 

12        " 

Merry  Duchess  13,693  . 

25 

18    " 

94    " 

Ccsetta  15,991       .     .     . 

.  134 

14    " 

11         " 

Sultane  2d  11,373     .     . 

25 

16    " 

8      " 

L'Etoile  Du  Nord  16,419 

.  124 

14    " 

9      " 

Walkyrie  5708     .     .     . 

25 

14    " 

1      " 

Tale-Bearer  24,535    .     . 

.  134 

14    " 

8      " 

MAMELLE  20,804    . 

12i 

21    " 

8i     " 

Brown  Princess  30,941 

.  124 

14    '• 

8      " 

Calendine  9415     .     .     . 

13i 

20    '• 

5       " 

Sultan's  Lily  18,099      . 

.  124 

14    " 

0      " 

13+ 

17    •• 

6       " 

Signaldella  34,107    .     . 

.    6i 

18    " 

If    " 

Bramballetta  10,451  .     . 

12i 

16    '• 

4      " 

Total,  19  coim. 

Butter  Yield  i 


ALPHEA  171. 
Color,  solid  brown  fawn  ;  black  points.    Sire,  Saturn  94.    Dam,  Ehea  166.    Bred 
by  E.  M.  Hoe,  New  York.     Dropped  March  11th,  1863. 


508  JEESIJy   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

Alpliea  made  a  pound  of  butter  from  six  quarts  of  milk  when  jnelding  at 
the  rate  of  one  hundred  and  eighty  quarts  of  milk  in  seven  days,  on  grass  only, 
a£  reported  by  Mr.  George  Harris,  the  manager  of  Colonel  Hoe's  "  Briglitside 
Farm."  Consequently,  a  full  week's  test  should  have  yielded  thirty  pounds  of 
butter.  The  accounts  of  her  partial  tests,  as  kept  by  Mr.  George  Harris,  have  been 
examined  with  great  care  by  Colonel  M.  C.  Weld,  and  it  is  his  conviction  that  the 
above  estimate  of  the  butter  capacity  of  Alphea  171  is  correct. 

TESTKD    DESCENDANTS. 


Xymphffia  5141     .     . 

100 

Purest  13.730  .     .     . 

100 

Clvtemnestra  2455    . 

100 

Richness  16,336    .     . 

.  87+ 

Leah  Darlington  13,836 

.  871 

MnrvBl  m  7S4 

75 

Smoky  13,733 .     .     . 

Ideal  Alphea  18.755  . 

.  75 

Alphea  Star  16,532  . 

.  75 

Alphetta  16  531 

r.r 

Lernella  22,322     .     . 

.  75 

Alphea  Jewell  32,331 

.  75 

Reality  16,537 .     .     . 

.  62i 

Renown  13,729     .     . 

.  m 

Bessie  Bradford  7269 

.  62i 

Iola4627     .... 

.  56i 

Eurotas2454    .     .     . 

.  50 

778  lbs.  in  one  year. 

Torfrida  3596  .     .     . 

.  50 

Idaletta  11,843     .     . 

.  50 

Lerna3634.     .     .     . 

.  50 

Idalene  11,841      .     . 

.  .50 

Crust  4775  .... 

.  50 

Porget-Me-Not  0  10,56' 

t    .  50 

Ideal  11,842     .     .     . 

.  50 

Nimble  22,335      .     . 

.  50 

Hartwick  Belle  7722 

.  50 

Ve8tina2458    .     .     . 

.  50 

Ballet  Girl  18,750     . 

.  50 

Dove  Dee  18.059  .     . 

.  43i 

Robinette  7114      .     . 

.  43J 

BOMBA  10,330  .     . 

.  37* 

Colie8309   .... 

.  37i 

Zitella  3d  11,922  .    . 

.  37i 

19  lbs.  13     oz. 

18    '•      7J 
15    "      4 


1,068 


Ceccola  13,C 
j    Matilda  5th 

'    Malope  2d  11,923      .     .     . 
^    Eupidees  Perfection  20,175 

Nazli  10.327 

Honey  Drop  10,033  .     .     . 
I    Mother  Hubbard  10,331     . 

Dia  13,658 

Little  Torment  15,.581    .     . 

Xiobe's  Alpheanette  23,336 

Quarhette  17,091  .... 

Typha5870 

Lass  Re.\  Alphea  16,965    . 

j    Lady  Alice  of  Hill  Crest 

7450 

Pride  of  Corisande  5323    . 

Gray  Therese  5322    .     .     . 

Bessie  S.  5002 

Fillpail  16,.530      .     .     .     . 

Niva7523 

Darling  of  Neatham  20,086 

Forsaken  7520     .... 

Faustlne  10,a54    .... 

Estrella2831 

Belle  of  Uwchland  8468    . 

Silversides  3857    .     .     .     . 

St.  Xick's  Flora  16,195 

Silver  Belle  4313  .     .     .     . 

Lily  of  Maple  Grove  5079  . 

Princess  Mostar  9700    .     . 

Rioter  Alphea  10,091     .     . 
!    Bertha  Black  26,275      .     . 

Com  10,.5O4 

Pansy  Patterson  18,613     . 

Calpurnia  13.267  .... 

Bessie  Bradford  2d  7291    . 


7i      16  lbs. 


7*  15 

n  15 

7i  15 

n  13 


25  22 

35  19 

25  16 

25  16 

25  16 

25  16 

25  16 

25  16 

25  15 

25  15 

25  15 

2.5  15 

25  14 

25  14 

25  14 

35  14 

25  14 

25  14 

15J  16 

12i  17 

13*  16 

12i  17 

12i  16 

12i  15 

12i  15 

13i  15 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMEBICA. 


Blood, 
Name.                          Per  Cen 

BuTTEit  Yield  in 
Seven  Dire. 

Blood.       Bdttee  Yield 
Name.                          Pee  Cent.       Seven  Days. 

- 

Verora  10,766  .     .     .     . 

m 

15  lbs.    li    oz. 

Lucy  Lanier  13,053  .     .     .     6i     18  lbs.    3     oz. 

Lady  Louise  4339     .     . 

I'Zi 

15    "      0      " 

Lida  Mullin  9198      .     .     .     6i     16    ' 

'      8 

Peggy  Ford  21,713   .     . 

13i 

14    "    10      " 

Gabrielle  Champion  14,102    6i     17 

'      8 

Lillian  Mostar  10,364    . 

12i 

14    "      3      " 

Corinna  2d  6594   .     .     .     .     6i      16 

'      5 

Signetilia  16,333  .     .     . 

12i 

14    "      3      " 

GILT  EDGE  C.  13,333   .     6i      15 

•      9* 

Elmora  Mostar  15,955  . 

12i 

14    "     0      " 

Leoline  3d  18,315      .     .     .     6i     14 

'      4 

Gilt  4th  4308    .... 

VM 

14    "     0      " 

Sasco  Bell  13,601      .     .     .     6i     14 

'     0 

Gilt  Edge  3d  4430    .     . 

12i 

14    ■'     0      " 

Bronze  Leaf  14,902  .     .     .     3|      15 

'      1 

Referette  15,209    .     .     . 

9| 

15    "      8      " 

Shiloh  Daughter  20,378     .     Ifs    14    ' 

•   n 

Lizzie  D.  10,408   .     .     . 

'il 

16    "    15      " 

Goldstraw  3d  14,724     .     .     6i     14    ' 

•    12      ' 

Alberta  Signal  18,611    . 

6i 

20    "    11      " 

Total,  91  cows. 

1864. 

EIOTEE   746   E.   H    B. 

Color,  mulberry  fawn  with  gray  saddle;  black  points.  Dropped  February, 
1864.  Fatted  1869.  Bred  by  Philip  Dauncey,  Horwood  Eectory  Farm,  "Winslow, 
Bucks,  England.     Sire,  Pedlar  631  E.  H.  B.     Dam,  Eita,  imported  from  Jersey. 


TE.STED    DESCENDANTS. 


Blood 

Butte 

R  Yield  in 

Name.                         Per  Cent.       Sev 

EN  Days. 

La  Petite  Mere  3d  12,810 

28i 

16  lbs 

7       OZ. 

Eurotas2454    .... 

25 

33    " 

7         " 

Torfrida  3596  .... 

35 

17    ■' 

6i     " 

Hebe  3d  3613  .... 

25 

15    " 

0      " 

Rioter  2d's  Venus    .     .     . 

25 

14    ■' 

0      " 

MATILDA  4th  12,816 

18f 

21    ■• 

Z\     " 

Miunie  ot  Oxford  13,806 

18* 

16    " 

0      " 

La  Belle  Petite  .5473 .     . 

18f 

15    " 

8      " 

Marjoram  3d  13,805      . 

18i 

15    " 

0      " 

Mintba  12,812      .     .     . 

I-ItV 

15    " 

0       " 

Colie8309 

TH 

18    " 

4      " 

Typha5870     .... 

13+ 

16    " 

Dia  13,658 

13+ 

15    " 

13      " 

True  Inwardness,  10,362 

12i 

14    " 

0      " 

MARY   ANNE  OF  ST. 

LAMBERT  9770 

91 

36     " 

12i     ■' 

IDA  OF  ST.  LAMBERT 

24,990 

91 

30    " 

2+     " 

MERMAID  OF   ST 

LAMBERT  9771      . 

9f 

25    " 

13+    " 

NAIAD   OF   ST.   LAM- 

BERT 13,965  .     .     . 

91 

22    " 

2i     " 

Blood,       Butte: 


Nora  of  St.  Lambert  13,963 

9| 

33  lbs 

0 

NIOBE    OF    ST.  LAM- 

BERT 12,969    .     .     .     . 

9f 

21    " 

94 

Brenda  of  Elmhurst  10,763 

91 

30    " 

8 

Honeymoon 

of  St.  Lambert 

11,231 .     . 

9f 

30    " 

54 

RIOTER 

PINK       OF 

BERLIN 

33,665  .     .     . 

9f 

19    " 

14 

Crocus  of  St 

Lambert  8351 

91 

17    '■ 

12 

Cowslip    of 

St.    Lambert 

8349 

9f 

17    " 

n 

Minette    of 

St.    Lambert 

9774     .     . 

91 

17    " 

4 

Diana  of  St 

Lambert  6636 

9f 

16    " 

8 

Maggie  of  St 

Lambert  9776 

9f 

16    " 

3 

Moth  of  St. 

Lambert  9775 

91 

16    " 

2 

Mary  Hinman  17,619     .     . 

91 

15    " 

11+ 

Rioter's  Nora  31,778     .     . 

91 

15    " 

9 

Mavourneen  of  St.  Lambert 
9777 91 

May  Day  Stoke  Pogis 
28,353 9f 

Cupid  of  Lee  Farm  5997    .     9f 


610 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  A3IEJiICA. 


Blood. 
Nam.                      Pes  Ckxt 

Nancyof St.  Lambert  12,964  9f 

BnTTHi  YwLD  ra 

SCVEK  DiT8. 

14  lbs.    5     oz. 

Blood, 
Nawj.                         Pm  Cest 

Rose  of  St.  Lambert  20,436    4|i 

Bottib  Tiild 
Sevzk  Dats. 

21  lbs.   3i    c 

z. 

Rioter's  Beauty  14,894  . 
Mother  Hubbard  10.331 
BOMBA  10,330  .     .     . 
M:ililii:i  5th  18,068     .      . 

7A 
6i 
6i 
6i 

14    ■' 
34    " 
21    " 
16    " 

0      " 
U    " 
Hi     " 

4       " 

Rioter's  Maggie  22,530  . 
Carrie  Pogis  22,568  .     . 
Maggie  Sheldon  23,583. 
Rioter's  Ruth  14,883     . 

m 

18    "     6i 
15    "     9 
15    ■■      3 
14    "    13 

EUPHONIA  0783  .     . 

6i 

16    '■ 

Oi     " 

Daisy  Morrison  14,035  . 

3i 

25    ■■    12i 

Leah  Darlington  13,836 
Nazli  10,327    .... 
Nimble  22,335      .     .     . 

6i 
6i 

15    " 
15    " 
14    " 

5i     " 
3i     " 
10      " 

Rioter  Alphea  10,091     .     .    3i 
Eupidee's  Perfection  30,175    3i 
Dove  Dee  18,059  .     .     .     .     3^ 

16    "      7 
15    "     4 
15    "      3 

Smoky  13,733.     .     .     . 
Jennie  Johnson  3d  6782 

6i 

14    " 
14    " 

9       " 

0     ■' 

ToM,  55  cows. 

LIVING  STORM  173. 

Color,  brown,  black  and  white.     Dropped  March  20th,  1864.     Bred  by  John 
T.  Norton,  Farmington,  Conn.     Sire,  McClellan  25.     Dam,  Pansy  8. 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Blood. 

BtTTTE 

Yield  ih 

Blood. 

Bdtte 

R  Yield  is 

Nahz.                        Peo  Cent 

.       Reve 

N  Dais. 

Name. 

»ER  Cen 

Sev 

EN  Days. 

Pansy  1019 

50 

20  lbs 

0     oz. 

Ethalka  2d  14,138    .     . 

124 

15  lbs 

0      oz 

5744  lbs.  in  one  year. 

Debnrana4718      .     .     . 

124 

14    " 

8      ■■ 

Peggy  Leah  3097      .     . 

25 

18    " 

12      " 

Pet  Clover  14,634      .     . 

n 

16    " 

8      " 

Dimple  3248    .... 

25 

16    " 

11       " 

Lady  Gray  of  Hilltop  2( 

CascadiUa  3103     .     .     . 

25 

15    " 

12      " 

14,641       

9S 

14    •• 

12      " 

Gabrielle  Champion  14,10; 

18f 

17    " 

8      " 

Bell  Rex  11,700    .     .     . 

9| 

14    " 

10      " 

Silveretta  6853     .     .     . 

18J 

16    " 

9      " 

Chautauqua  Queen  26,40 

J    9| 

14    " 

11      " 

Princess  Sheila  7379     . 

18} 

16    " 

U    '• 

Lillcy  Rex  9853   .     .     . 

9f 

14    " 

7      " 

Tobini  8400     .... 

18J 

15    ■' 

13      " 

Lady  Gray  of  Hilltop  3c 

GILT  EDGE  C.  12,323 

18J 

15    " 

94     •• 

14,643 

9| 

14    " 

3      " 

Marie  C.  Magnet  32,903 

18J 

15    " 

8      " 

Hurrali  Pansy  12,153    . 

91 

14    " 

14    " 

Champion's  Chloe  12,225 

18J 

15    " 

54    " 

Baby  Buttercup  10,888 

91 

14    ■' 

0      " 

Dairy  C.  13,227    .     .     . 

18f 

15    " 

04    " 

Celeste  Cox  12,948    .     . 

6JI 

20    " 

8      " 

Mary  Clover  9998     .     . 

18} 

14    " 

15      " 

Hazen's  Nora  4791    .     . 

^ 

20    •' 

4      " 

Coronilla  8367 .     .     .     . 

184 

14    " 

94     •' 

Cordelia  Baker  8814      . 

ej 

17    " 

9      '• 

Maggie  C.  12,216      .     . 

18} 

14    " 

6      " 

Polly  Clover  7053     .     . 

6} 

16    ■• 

15      " 

Maggie  May  2d  12,926  . 

18} 

14    '■ 

6      " 

Alhena  15,995.     .     .     . 

6} 

16    " 

3      " 

Lady  Greville  12,930    . 

18} 

14    " 

6      " 

Orphean  4636  .... 

6} 

15    ■' 

7 

Minnie  Lee  2d  12.941    . 

181 

14    " 

3      •• 

Frances  C.  Magnet  32,904 

6} 

14    " 

134    " 

Jessie  Leavenworth  8248 

18} 

14    " 

2      " 

Cowles'  Nonsuch  6199  . 

6} 

14    ■■ 

12      " 

Webster's  Pet  4103  .     . 

18} 

14    " 

2      " 

Hillside  Gem  16,640.     . 

m 

20    " 

0      " 

Thercse  M.  8364  .     .     . 

18i 

14    " 

3      " 

La  Pera  2d  13,404    .     . 

4H 

14    " 

8      " 

May  Blossom  5657    .     . 

124 

18    " 

11       " 

Total.  42  coim. 

JERSEY  CATTLE  IJV  AMERICA. 


1865. 

BLUCHER  48. 

Color,  dark  brown.     Bred  at  Shaw  Farm,  Windsor  Park,  England.     Imported 
September  9th,  1865,  by  R.  W.  Cameron,  Staten  Island,  New  York. 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Lilly  Cross  13,796     .     .     .  31i 

Golden  Princess  4557    .     .  35 

Myrtle  3d  211 35 

Copper  1979 25 

Hulla  7898 12+ 

Floret  9959 12i 

Pride     of     Mashamoquet 

Farm  6469 12+ 

Grandiflora  9953  ....  12+ 
Maud  Lee  2d  8839    .     .     .12+ 

Myrtle  of  Ridgewood  7858  13i 

Gold  Lace  10,726 .     .     .     .  6i 

Hillside  Gem  16,640     .     .  6i 

Belmeda6239 6i 

Lizzie  D.  10,408  .     .     .     .  6i 

Lida  Mullin  9178 .     .     .     .  %\ 

Lady  Bidwell  10,303     .     .  6J 

Golden  Skin  10,861  .     .     .  6i 

Elsie  Lane  13,302      .     .     .  6i- 

Canto  7194 6i 

Elsie  Lane  13,302      .     .     .  6i 


Butte 

YiEL 

D  IN 

Blood, 

BuTTZE  Yield 

Sbv 

K   DATS. 

Name.                          Pee  Ce^ 

r.       Seven  Dats. 

14  lbs 

3 

Little  Sister  11,666    .     .     . 

6i 

14  lbs 

12 

15    " 

14 

Pawtucket  Belle  12,406     . 

6i 

14     " 

12 

15    " 

12 

Lady  Ives  3d  6740    .     .     . 

6i 

14    ■' 

8 

15    " 

7 

Shiloh  Daughter  30,378     . 

6i 

14    " 

74 

19    " 

12 

Kate  Daisy  8304  .... 

6i 

14    ■■ 

4 

17    '■ 

6 

Lucy  Gaines  Buttercup  5058  6i 

14    •■ 

0 

Miami  Prize  8100     .     .     . 

6i 

14    " 

0 

16    " 

1* 

Queen  Mary  of  Woodlawn 

15    " 

8 

11,659 

3i 

22    " 

5 

14    " 

9 

Sue  Gallagher  15,945    .     . 

3i 

23    " 

H 

14    " 

1 

Alfleda  6744    

3i 

16    " 

4 

21    " 

1 

Topaz  of  Woodlawn  11,661 

34 

16    " 

4 

20    ■' 

0 

Pierrot's  Picture  13,481      . 

3i 

16    " 

0 

18    " 

13 

Lady  Alice  of  the  Wil- 

16   " 

15 

derness  12,207  .... 

34 

15    " 

14 

16    " 

8 

Lady  Hayes  10,136  .     .     . 

34 

15    " 

13 

15    " 

12 

Moonah's  Pet  7484    .     .     . 

34 

15    ■' 

6 

16    " 

8 

Gold  Princess  8809  .     .     . 

34 

14    " 

12 

15    " 
15    " 
15    " 

12 

Sister  Cash  33,987    .     .     . 

34 

14    " 

10 

4 

Toial,  37  CWM. 

1866. 

BULLS. 

ALBE 

RT   M. 

Color,  orange  fawn.     Bred  by  W.  B.  Dinsmore,  Staatsburg,  N.  Y.     Dropped 
July  26th,  1866.     Sire,  Jerry  15.     Dam,  Frankie  17. 

Albert  ii  was  remarkable  for  symmetry  and  elegance  of  form.     His 
descendants  outnumber  those  of  any  other  bull. 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Name. 

Bl.OOD, 

Pee  Cen 

r.        Seven  Dats. 

Name. 

Blood,        Bottee  Yield  m 
Pee  Cent.         Seven  Datb. 

Lady  Mel  2d  1795     . 

.     .  50 

21  lbs.    0     oz. 

Kitty  Colt  2213    .     . 

.  50       15  lbs.    9+    oz. 

Couch's  Lily  3337    . 

.     .  50 

16    "     9      " 

Fragrance  4059    .     . 

.  50       15    "      3      " 

Lady  Love  3d  2212  . 

.     .  50 

16    "     8      " 

Lady  Brown  4th  6911 

.  50       14    "    12      " 

jer;sey  cattle  in  America. 


Bl-TTEE   Yl 


DAT 


2d 


Lady  Oniy.if  Hilltop 
t'onlcliti  Baker  S814 
CAKRIE    LENA    3d 

20,077       .... 
Countess  Poloka  7496 
Belle  Grinnoll  4073  . 
Rosa  Miller  4333  .     .     , 
Oktibbeha  Uuclicss  4421 
Jersey  Cream  3151   .     , 
Lucky  Belle  2d  6037    . 
Dusky  2535     .     .     . 
01ie4133     .... 
Brightness  3d  14,824 
Louvie  3d  61D9    .     . 
Bright  Lady  .5938 
Lady  Gray  of  nillto]: 

14,641 

Phyllis  of  Hill  Crest  9007  .  25 
Susette  4068     . 
Maggie  May  3255 
Lady  Gray  of   Hilltop 

14,642 

Rarity  2d  7724  .  . 
Creamer  2467  .  .  . 
Pretty  2526  .  .  . 
Jersey  Cream  3d  8521 
Elhalka  2d  14,128  . 
Prince's  Bloom  .  . 
I'.l  Clovir  14,024  . 
(J.-n.niiim  2,1  7838  . 
VALUE  2d  6844  . 
Tenella6712  .  .  . 
Croton  Maid  5305  . 
Optima  6715  .  .  . 
(EnoDe8614  .  .  . 
Peggie  Leah  3097  . 
.May  Blossom  .  .  . 
Siiinnicrliiic  8(101 
Hepsy  2(1  12,008  .  . 
Jennie  of  the  Vale  9553 
Floret  9959  .  .  . 
Valhalla  5300  .  .  . 
Arawana  Queen  5368 
Belle  of  Paterson  5664  .  12i 
01ic'.s  Lady  Teazle  12,307  .  12i 
May  Lankton  15,872     .     .  12* 


14  lbs.  12 
18    "    12 

17  "     9 

16    "     5 

18  "    15 


3d 
.  25 
.  25 
.  25 
.  25 
.  18i 
.  181 
.  18J 
•  14A 
.  12* 

.  m 

.  12i 

.  12i 

.  12* 

.  12i 

.  12i 


4J 

H 
Hi 

8i 
15 
12 


Xamb. 
Ed\vina6713  .... 
Valerie  6044  .... 
Funny  Taylor  6714  .  . 
Princess  Bellworth  6801 
Etiquette  4300  .  .  . 
Signalana  7719  .  .  . 
Usilda  2d  Gl,57  .  .  . 
Aldarine  5301  .... 
Favorite  Rajah  Rex  16,153 
Mary  Clover  9998  .  . 
Duchess  of  Argyle  3758 
Jersey  Cream  2d  8519  . 
Bell  Rex  11,700  .  .  . 
Princess  Rose  6249  .  . 
Maggie  C.  12,216  .  . 
Deborana  4718  .  .  . 
Maggie  May  2d  12,926  . 
Jeannie  Piatt  6005  .  . 
Lottie  Rex  18,757  .  . 
Gem  of  Sassafras  8434  . 
Pet  Rex  20,166  .  .  . 
Belle  Grinnell  3d  16,503 
Kerui  Rex  13,671  .  . 
Hurrah  Pansy  12,153  . 
Celeste  Cox  12,948  .  . 
Roll  of  Honor  13,610  . 
Chautauqua  Queen  26,403 
Signetilia  16,333  .  . 
Fadette  of  Verna  3d  11,122 
Atlanta's  Beauty  12,949 
Celeste  Cox  12,948  .  . 
Fairy  of  Verna  2d  10,79£ 
Hilda  A.  2d  11,120  .  . 
Gardiner's  Ripple  11,693 
EVELINA  OF  VERNA 

10,971 

Tenclla  2d  19,521  .  . 
Harmony  2d  17,118  .  . 
Rosy  Kate's  Rex  13,192 
Signaldella  24.107  .  . 
TETTE  20,802  .  .  . 
Colts  La  Biohe  0399  . 
Maggie  Rex  28,623  .  . 
Polly  Clover  7052  .  . 
Grinnell  Lass  11,859  . 
Sister  Rex  13,194  .  . 
GazeUa3d9355    .    .    . 


Bm-M  YlBLD  in 

Sh- 

ES  DATS. 

is  lbs. 

13          OZ. 

15    " 

18      " 

15    " 

13      " 

15    " 

m  •• 

15    •■ 

8      '• 

15    " 

4      " 

15    " 

24    " 

15    ■■ 

H    " 

15    ■• 

0      " 

14    " 

15       •' 

14    " 

13      '• 

14    " 

12      •• 

14    " 

10      " 

14    " 

8      " 

14    " 

6      '• 

14    " 

8      " 

14    " 

6      •■ 

14    •' 

5i     •■ 

14    " 

4      " 

14    " 

34     " 

14    " 

2i    " 

14    " 

2      " 

14    " 

0      ■' 

14    " 

U     " 

20    •' 

8      " 

14    " 

12       " 

14    " 

11       " 

14    " 

3      •' 

22    " 

8i    ■■ 

21    '• 

3       " 

20    ■' 

8      '• 

6}      19    "    12i 


19    ••    lOJ 


6] 

18    ' 

IJ 

ei 

17    • 

6 

«1 

17    ■ 

2* 

6] 

17    • 

Oi 

fij 

16    • 

15 

6} 

16    • 

10 

6] 

Ifi    ' 

8 

6} 

16    • 

3 

COUCH'S    LlLy    3237. 

Albert— Splendid  Type. 

GREEN    MOUNTAIN    HEED. 

Moui.TON  Brothers,  West  Randolph,  Vr.RjtoNT. 


rt^--- 


ALBERT    REX    7724. 

AT  4  YEARS   OLD. 

Albert — Eurotas  Type. 

GREEN   MOUNTAIN  HEED. 

MouLTON  Brothers,  West  Randolph,  Vermont. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


BuTTEU  Yield  i 


Name. 

Dahlia .     . 

Lady  Cecilia  24,831 
Rupertina  10,409 
Friz  Cam  14,655  . 

6i 
6i 

r.        Sev 

16  lbs 

15    '• 
15    " 

EN   DATS, 

0      oz. 

12i     " 

Susie  La  Biche  3d  15,171 
Marpetra  10,384   .     .     . 
Lady  Clarendon  3d  17,57t 
Monocacy  Dimple  9680 

ER   L'INT.             SEV 

^\      14  lbs 
6^     14    " 
6J     14    " 
6}     14    " 

EN   DATS 

6i     0 
6 

5i 

Orpliean  4636  .     . 
Elsie  Lane  13,302 
Earl  Cow . 

6-} 
6i 
6J 

15    " 
15    ■' 
15    " 

4       " 
4      " 
0      " 

Alberta  Signal  18,611    . 
Guinevere  Sinclair  11,167 
Belmeda  6329  .... 

3i      30    " 
411    14    " 
3i      18    ■' 

11 
9 

12 

Signal  Maid  19,361 
Clover  Bloom  9788 

6J 

6^ 

15    " 
14    " 

0       " 
144     ■■ 

PERCIE  14,937  .     .     . 

3i-^^'    " 

10 
6i 

Cowles' Nonsuch  6199 

6i 

14    " 

12       •■ 

Lass  Rex  Alphea  16,965 

3i      16    ■' 

lOJ 

Reception  3d  11,035 
Sister  Cash  33,987    . 

6} 
6i 

14    " 
14    ■• 

10       " 
10      " 

Rcsoua  13,956      .     .     . 
Alfleda  6744    .... 

3i      16    " 
3i     16    " 

4 

Euphorbia   11,229 
Lllley  Rex  9853    . 

6i 
6i 

14    " 
14    ■' 

9i     " 

Sue  Gallagher  15,945     . 
Total,  133  ama. 

lA    23    " 

U 

CLEMENT  115   {F.   61  -/.   //.    B.—IL    C). 

Color,  light  red  and  white  ;  hind  legs  white  below  hocks.  Dropped  1866. 
Imported  October,  1868,  by  J.  H.  McHenry,  Maryland.  Clement  sired  the  bulls 
Orange  Peel  502  (F.  129  J.  H.  B.— H.  C.)  and  Orange  Peel  86i.  Clement  was 
half-brother  of  Lawrence  61. 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Name. 

Joan  d' Arc  3163   .     . 

Bloop. 
Pee  Cen 

.  50 

Butte 

16  lbs 

B  TiELI.  IN 
N    DATS. 

3i     OZ. 

Alice  of  Salem  5053. 

.  50 

14    " 

8             " 

Nerissa  of  Nyack  9693 
Valma  Hoffman  4500 

.  37i 
.  35 

15    " 
31    " 

0       " 

Lucy  Lanier  13,053  . 
Conover's  Beauty  12,65 
Mary  Norton  13,052 
Portia  of  Nyacli  9690 
Ochra  2d  11,516  .     . 

9    .  35 
.  35 
.  25 
.  25 

18    ■• 
18    " 
17    " 
17    '■ 
16    " 

0  " 
14      " 

9  •'  ! 
6*     "     I 

Lustre  2063     .     .     . 

.  35 

15    " 

81    " 

Buttery  3503    .     .     . 
Witch  Hazel  1360     . 

.  35 
.  25 

14    " 
14    " 

1  -  i 
0      "     i 

Alberta  Signal  18,611 
Miami  Prize  8100     . 

.  18f 
.  25 

30    " 

14    " 

11  ••  1 
0       "     1 

Beauty  of  the  Grange  75 
Cora  of  Linwood  13,91c 
Rosa  of  Bellevue  6954 

02.  12i 
.  12i 
.  13i 

23    " 

18    " 

: ;: 

7+    " 

Eveline  of  Jersey  6781 
Viva  Le  Brocq  13,702 
Mary  Jane  of  Bellevue  6 
Vixen  7591.     .     .     . 

.  124 

.  134 

956  12* 

.  12i 

18    ■• 
18    " 
17    " 
17    " 

: : 

7  " 
6      •'     1 

Gold  Trinket  9518    .     .     .  13^  17 

Leonice  3d  8343  .     .     .     .134  16 

Easy  Bee  6336      ....  134  16 

Lily  of  Maple  Grove  5079  .134  16 

Dot  Buttercup  16,358    .     .  12|  16 

Dairy  Pride  4th  31,681  .     .  134  16 

Witch  Hazel  4th  6131   .     .  124  15 

Romping  Lass  11,021     .     .   134  15 

Atricia6039 134  15 

Royal  Princess  33,013    .     .  134  15 

Dora  Doon  13,909     .     .     .  134  15 

Rosy  Dream  9808      .     .     .134  14 

Gold  Princess  8809   .     .     .134  14 
Alice    of     the '    Meadows 

30,748 124  14 

Opaline  7590 134  14 

Caroline  13,019     ....  124  14 

Gilda  3779 134  14 

Denise8381 12i  14 

Fandango  13,908.     .     .     .134  14 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IiY  AMERICA. 


Blood. 
Xaiie.                       Pm  Cex 

Litza  633S 12i 

Robinette  7114     .     .     .     .  12* 

BUT 

.       Si 

141 
14 

rCB   TlILD 

FES  Dais. 
3S.     3 
'       1 

Romp  Ogden  3(1  5458    .     . 
Pixit'  4115 

12i 
12* 

14 
14 
30 

;  1 

ETHLEBL  2d  33.2i)l     . 

9g 

•    15 

Bertha  Black  26,275 .     .     . 
Rose  of  Oxford  13,409  .     . 
Moberly  Creamer  23,051    . 
Auntybel  12,582  .... 
Mother  Cirey  11,746     .     . 
Island  Stiir  11,876    .     .     . 

9| 

9| 
9f 
6i 
61 

17 

14 
14 
27 
21 

•      0 
'    14i 
'      5 
'     9    ' 
'     H 
'      3 

Elhleel  18.724 

6] 

19 

'    14 

Beauty  Romeril  36,090  .     . 
Bounie  Yost  7943     .     .     . 

6] 
61 

18 
18 

■      9 

Floret  9959 

61 

17 

'      6 

Floriiiamm  24,354     .     .     . 

61 

17 

•      5 

Bellita4553 

61 

17 

•      2 

Milkmaid  Felch  12,339      . 

61 

16 

'      li 

Troth  6139 

61 

16 

'      5 

Pear  Not  2d  6061      .     .     . 

6] 

16 

•      2 

Lily  of  Burr  Oaks  1101      . 

61 

15 

'    13 

Countess  Gascla  9571      .     . 

61 

15 

'    11 

Lady  of  Bellevue  7705  .     . 
Etiquette  4300      .... 
Belle  Dame  2d  22,048    .     . 

6  J 
61 
61 

15 
15 

15 

■      8 
•      3 

Nelida  3d  22,043  .... 

6] 

15 

•      3i 

Naomi's  Pride  16,745    .     . 
Grace  Felch  8291      .     .     . 

6] 
61 

15 

■      2 
'      0 

Magnolia  Ridgely  17,269   . 
Fall  Leaf  8587      .... 

61 
61 

14 
14 

'      8 

Jaquenetta  10,958     .     .     . 
Milkmaid  of  Burr  Oaks  903- 

61 
61 

14 
14 

Lucetta6856 

61 

14 

Variella  of  Linwood  10,954 

61 

14 

Comtesse  d'Espagna  10,308 

61 

14 

'      04 

Sa.sco  Bell  13,601      .     .     . 
I5lite4299 

61 
61 

14 

14 

'      0 
'      0 

Lizzie  D.  10,408  .... 

61 

14 

•     0 

Gazelle  15.961      .... 

61 

14 

'      0 

Cario-s  Fancy  14,.591      .     . 

61 

14 

'      0 

Lotchen  19,823    .... 

■^u 

10 

'      7 

Kami.  Pu  Ceiit. 

Miss  Porter  20,300    .     .     .  4' J 

Young  Garenne  3d  13,648 .  4}J 

Prize  Rose  16,309     .     .     .  4}  J 

Niobe  of  Linwoixl  11,134  .  41 J 

Cherokee  Rose  20,921    .     .  3i 

Jenny  Dodo  H.  14,448  .     .  3i 

Hypathia  2d  14,774  .     .     .  3i 
Lady  of  the  Isles  2d  10,653 

(rated) 34 

The     Widow's     Daughter 

11,507 3i 

Fan's    Grouville     Beauty 

10,079 34 

LE  BROCQ'S  CUR-  \       \ 

l^£>r  30.697.     .     .     .j  ] 

Attractive  5Iaid  16,925  .     .  34 

Princess  of  Ashautee  13.467  34 

Corn  10,504 34 

Eclipse  14,427 34 

Les  Marais  Dell  20,314  .     .  34 

Queen  of  Ashantee  14,5.54  .  34 
Stinset  of   Pleasant  View 

13,071 34 

Cicero's  Mabel  18,238    .     .  34 

Daisy  Di.xie  9469 ....  34 

Romping  Lass  11,021    .     .  34 

Jenny  AVilliams  29,058 .     .  3i 

Como  La.ss  24,309     ...  34 

Medrie  Lo  Brocq  8888  .     .  34 

Bella  Delaine  10,356     .     .  34 

Leoline  2d  18,315      ...  34 

Nannie  Fitch  9143    ...  34 

Kate  Pansy  15,177    ...  34 

Birdie  Le  Brocci  17,633      .  34 

Elinor  Wells  13,060  ...  34 

Le  Ro.sa  10,078    ....  34 

Nutley's  Alma  13,581    .     .  34 

Frances  C.  Magnet  22,904  .  2|1 

Daisy  Morrison  14,035  .     .  l^j 

Total,  116  COTOT. 


16  lbs, 
16 


15 

•  12h 

16 

■    13 

16 

•    12 

16 

•      2 

15 

'    12 

15 

'     8 

15 

■      2 

15 

'      2 

15 

•      2 

15 

'      1 

15 

'      0 

15 

'      0 

14 

•      9 

14 

'      7 

14 

14 

14 

14 

'      04 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14    ' 

'    134 

35 

■    124 

ji:rsey  cattle  in  America.  515 

SULTAN^,  F.  58  J.  H.  B.— H.  C. 

Color,  light  brown  ;  white  spot  on  left  wither.  Dropped  1866.  First  Prize 
over  Jersey  1867-68.  Sire,  Prince  of  "Wales,  son  of  Noble.  Dam,  Flower  53 
J.  H.  B. 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Name.                          Peg  Ce.n 

r.        Sev 

EN  IlATS. 

Name. 

Pek  Cen 

Sei 

esDa 

Fine  (le  I'Air  2474    .     . 

50 

14  lbs 

0     oz. 

Queen  of  Prospect   11,99 

-12+ 

14  lbs 

3 

Arietta  3tl  14,274      .     . 

46S 

14    " 

m   " 

Grace's  Nightingale  19,855  12+ 

14    ■' 

3 

Garenne  24,534    .     .     . 

37i 

16    " 

3       " 

Walkyrie5708      .     .     . 

.  13+ 

14    " 

1 

Calendine  9415     .     .     . 

3n 

20    " 

5       " 

Little  Torment  15,581    . 

9« 

33    " 

2+ 

Sultane  2d  11,373      .     . 

•i\\ 

16    " 

8      " 

Fear  Not  2d  6059      .     . 

9f 

16    '■ 

3 

Bramballettii  10,451      . 

31 1 

16    " 

4      '■ 

Pillp.<iil  16,,530      .     .     . 

91 

15    " 

11 

Mitteu  13,368  .... 

311- 

15    " 

11       " 

Saragossa  33,019  .     .     . 

91 

15    " 

3 

Frugal  14,925  .... 

35 

17    " 

2}     ■■ 
15       " 

Cosetta  15,991 .... 

91 
1    91 

14    " 

■11 

Thorndale  Belle  3d  10,45t 

35 

15    " 

Niobe  of  Linwood  11,13 

14    " 

9 

Regina2d2475    .     .     . 

35 

14    '• 

8       ■' 

Sultan's  Lily  18,099       . 

9* 

14    •■ 

0 

Belle  Thorne  13,369      . 

25 

14    ■' 

11       " 

MAMBLLE  30,804     . 

•     7^ 

21    " 

8| 

Mary  of  Gilderoy  11,219 

35 

14    •' 

4       •• 

PRINCESS  2d  8046     . 

■     6i 

46    •' 

13-t 

Negress  7651    .... 

35 

14    " 

0       " 

Niobe's  Alpheanette  33,33 

3    Q\ 

32    " 

10^ 

Rosebud  of  Allerton  6353  18f 

19    " 

13       ■' 

Reception  8557    .     .     . 

6i 

31    " 

^ 

Queen  of  Delaware  17,02£ 

181 

IS   ■' 

13       " 

Merry  Duchess  13,693    . 

•     6i 

18    " 

9i 

Panatella  4778      .     .     . 

18} 

18    " 

3       " 

Lady  Josephine  11,560 

6i 

16    " 

lU 

Regina  4tli  13,733     .     . 

18f 

17    ■' 

13+     ■■ 

Nutley  Silverelte  33,410 

6i 

15    ■■ 

12} 

Fear  Not  6059      .     .     . 

m 

17    " 

10       " 

Daisy  3d  15,761    .     .     . 

H 

15    " 

8 

Faultless  13,018  .     .     . 

m 

17    " 

5A     " 

Trudie  3d  4084    .     .     . 

^ 

15    " 

.0 

Faith  of    Oaklands  19,69( 

18} 

17    " 

4       " 

TETTE  20,803    .     .     . 

6} 

17    " 

6 

Lucilla  Kent  8893     .     . 

184 

15    " 

10       " 

St.  Jeannaise  15,789      . 

•5M 

16    ■' 

4 

Enigma  5360    .... 

18} 

15    " 

6       " 

Eugenie   Tourneur  34, 53;^ 

Fan  of  Grouville  7458  . 

18} 
151 

15    " 

0 

(rated) 

3i 

15    " 

2' 

Alfritha  13,673     .     .     . 

15    " 

ETHLEEL  2d  32,291 

30   " 

15 

Mary  M.  Allison  6308  . 

m 

20    " 

14      " 

Westphalia  24,384    .     . 

3i 

34    " 

n 

Chrome  Skin  7881 

13+ 

20    " 

10       " 

Ona  7840 

3i 

5  ^ 

00     << 

10+ 

Belle  of  Prospect  3d  14,33( 

13i 

19    " 

0      " 

Daisy  of  St.  Peters  18,17 

20    " 

54 

Butter  Star  7799       .     . 

m 

18    " 

4+     " 

Oakland's  Cora  18,853  . 

3i 

19    " 

9+ 

Cream  of  Sidney  17,038 

m 

17    " 

2+    ■• 

Valentine  of  Trinity  7460 

3i 

19    " 

4 

Nightingale  K.   3d   19,84 

m 

16    " 

14+     ■' 

Fan's    Grouville    Beauty 

Lednice  2d  8342 

12i 
13i 

16    " 

8       " 
5       " 

10,079 

34 
3i 

19    " 

3 

Corinna  3d  6594    .     .     . 

16    " 

Beauty  Romeril  26,090 

IS    " 

9 

Desire  9654      .... 

vu 

16    ■• 

3      " 

Queen   of  Nubbin  Ridge 

31 

Lady    Alice    of    Hillcrest 
7450 

s 

12* 

16    " 

3       '• 

Lactine  10,680      .     . 
Pyrrha6100     .     .     . 

34 
34 

il    ., 

14 

14i 

Maid  of  Five  Oaks  7178 

12i 
13i 

15    " 
15    " 

4       " 
4      " 

16    " 
16    " 

Merry  Burlington  7600 

Daisy  Queen  9619     . 

4 

Gledelia  10,534     .     .     . 

12i 

15    •■ 

0      " 

Dot  Buttercup  16,358 

34 

16    " 

3 

Magnolia  Ridgely  17,369 

VU 

14    " 

8       " 

Dairy  Pride  4th  31,681 

:34 

16    " 

0 

Violet  of  Glencairn  10,22 

13i 

14    ■■ 

4       " 

Brunette  Le  Gros  9755 

34 

15    " 

15 

JERSEY   CA  TTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


Nam.. 

Pis  Ce.v 

,            S.VEN  DaT«. 

Name. 

Pee  Cen 

.       Seve 

Jenny  Lc  Brocq  9757 

.     .     3t 

14  lbs  14     ov.. 

Como  Lass  24,369     .     . 

.     3i 

14  lbs. 

OOCOTTE  11,958  . 

..' 

14    ■•    12      " 
14    "     6       " 

Brown  Princess  30,941 
Total,  80  cows. 

.     3i 

14    " 

BROWN  PRINCE,  F.  85  J.  II.  B.— H.  C. 
Color,  fawn  ;  white  line  across  withers  ;  white  patch  on  right  rump.     Dropped 
November  let,  1866.     Sire,  Prince  of  Wales.     Dam,  Browuey,  F.  113  J.  H.  B.— 
H.  C. 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Xamk. 

Per  Cen 

Bdtte 

Sev 

I  Yield  in 

EN  DATS. 

Name.                       P 

Blood,       Butte 
ER  Cent.        Sev 

E  Yield  in 
EN  Days. 

Lady  Vclvetiiie  15,771 

.  311 

17  lbs 

3       OZ. 

Ona  7840 

6i 

23  lbs 

lOi    oz. 

Queen  of  Ashantce  14,554  28i 

15    " 

3        " 

Island  Star  11,876    .     . 

6i 

21    " 

3      '■ 

Xelly  6456 

.  25 

31    " 

0        " 

Olymph  17,957     .     .     .     . 

6} 

17    " 

8      •■ 

Ladyof  the  Isles  3d  16,652 

Daisy  Queen  9619     .     . 

6| 

16    " 

4      " 

(rated) 

.  25 

19    •' 

11        " 

Les  Cateaux  2d  15,538  .     . 

6J 

16    " 

1       " 

Pear  Not  6059      .    .     . 
Coomassie  11,874      . 

.  25 
.  35 

16    " 

10  " 

11  " 

Lady  Kingscote  36,085      . 
Lady  Jane  of  St.  Peters  747 

6} 
)   6} 

15    " 
15    " 

10      " 
0      " 

Queen  of  Asliantee  14,554  25 

15    " 

3      " 

Lady  Vcrtumnus  13,317 

6} 

14    " 

10      " 

Daisy  of  St.  Peters  18, 

175  13i 

30    " 

5i     •' 

Auntybcl  13,583  .     .     .     . 

6| 

14    " 

9      " 

Matin  7768  .... 

.  13i 

17    " 

11       " 

La  Rouge  13,405 .     .     .     . 

6} 

14    " 

9      •' 

Fear  Not  2d  6061      .     . 

.  m 

16    " 

2      " 

Como  La.ss  24,369     .     .     . 

6J 

14    " 

9      " 

Little  Torment  15,581  . 

■     91 

23    " 

2i    " 

Blonde  2d  9268    .     .     .     . 

6} 

14    " 

4      " 

Daisy  Brown  13,213      . 
St.  Jeannai.se  15,789 
Ruby  "Wray .     . 

.     91 
.     9f 
.     9f 

16    " 
16    " 

6i     " 
4      " 
0      " 

Gazelle  15,961      .     .     .     . 
Lady  Young  16,668  .     .     . 
ETHLEEL  2d  33,291 

6} 
6} 

14    " 
14    " 
30   " 

0      " 
0      " 
15       " 

Rose  of  Oxford  13,469  . 

.     9« 

15    •■ 

Uk    - 

Young  Garenne  3d  13,648  . 

m 

16    " 

3      ■* 

Kompiiig  Lass  11,021    . 

.     91 

15    " 

0      " 

Prize  Ho.sc  16,309     .     .     . 

w. 

15    " 

1       " 

Ada  Miiika  15,.503     .     . 

.     9| 

14    " 

0     ■• 

PRINCESS  2d  8046    . 

■     6i 

46    " 

12i    '■ 

Total,  35  cows. 

CLIFF  17(1. 
Color,  fawn,  with  smoky  face  and  sides.     Bred  by  D.  B.  Fearing,  Massaclui- 
i.     Dropped  March  29th,  1866. 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Thlsbe  3d  3201    .    .    . 

.  50 

19  lbs. 

U    oz. 

Estrella3831    .     .     .    . 

.  50 

12      " 

St.  Perpetua  3d  5557    . 

.  35 

0       " 

Gossip  6165     .     .     .     . 

.  13i 

7      " 

Corinna  3d  6594  .     .     . 

.  13i 

Lady  Louise  4339     .     . 

.  13i 

0      " 

Gilt  4th  4208  .     .     .     . 

.  Vil 

0      " 

Gilt  Edge  2<1  4430     .     . 

.  12i 

0      " 

Gabrielle  Champion  14,103 

"I 

17  lbs 

.    8 

GILT  EDGE  C.  12,233   . 

<5J 

15     •• 

9* 

Cenie  Wallace  3d  6557  .     . 

CJ 

15    " 

^ 

Bettie  Di.von  4527     .     .     . 

«f 

15    " 

0 

Florry  Keep  6556     .     .     . 

6i 

14    " 

14 

Leoline  2d  18,315      .     .     . 

6i 

14    " 

4 

Sasco  Bell  13,601      .     .     . 

6i 

14    " 

0 

Total,  15  cows. 

JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMEIilCA. 


G(EUR  DE  LION  318. 


Color,  brown  fawn,  gray  and  white.     Dropped  February,  1866.     Imported  from 
Island  of  Jersey,  by  Thomas  Motley,  Massachusetts,  July  27th,  1868. 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


NAira. 

Blood, 

Pee  Ce.v 

Butter  Yield  in 
T.       Seven  Days. 

Blood. 
Nam.                       Peb  Cent 

BCTTER  Yield 
Seven  Days 

Maud  Lee  2416    .    . 

.     .  50 

23  lbs.    0      oz. 

Vivalia  12,760      ....  35 

14  lbs.    0     c 

Cornucopia  3414  .     . 
Corinne8518   .     .     . 

.     .  50 

.     .  50 

15    '■    13      " 

14    "      7      " 

Mrs.  Knickerbocker  19,367  13| 
Ochra  3d  11,516   ....  134 

15  "     2 

16  "     61 

Miss  BeU  5083      .    . 

.     .  25 

14    "    15      " 

Total,  7  cowi. 

NELLY  55. 

Color,  gray  and  white.      Dropped  March,  1866.     Bred  by  H.  Kuhn.     Sire, 
Charleston  1.     Dam,  Nannie  4. 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Name. 

Per  Cent.       Seve 

N    DATS. 

Name.                           Per  Cen 

r.       Seve 

V  Dai 

Mamie  Coburn  3798  . 

.  25 

18  \hh 

4           OZ. 

Maggie  May  3d  13,926  . 

.  13+ 

14  lbs 

6 

Maggie  May  3355     . 

.  25 

14    " 

3+     " 

Maggie  C.  13,316      .     . 

.  13i 

14    ■' 

6 

Gilt  Edge  3d  4430    . 

.  35 

14    " 

0      " 

Minnie  Lee  3d  6009  .     . 

.  12i 

14    " 

3 

Hazen's  Nora  4791    . 

.  12+ 

30    " 

4       ■' 

Vivalia  13,760      .     .     . 

12i 

14    '■ 

0 

Marea  10,167   .     .     . 

.  m 

17    •• 

10     •' 

Starkville  Beauty  4897 

13* 

14    '■ 

0 

Lucky  Belle  3d  6037 

.  13i 

16    " 

14      " 

Little  Han  8004    .     .     . 

134 

14    •■ 

0 

Emma  Hudson  13,469 

.  13+ 

16    " 

8      " 

Atlanta's  Beauty  13,949 

6i 

31    " 

3 

Julia  Evelyn    .     .     . 

.  13+ 

15    " 

15+     " 

Gabrielle  Champion  14,10 

J    6i 

17    " 

8 

Valerie  6044     .     .     . 

.  13.i- 

15    " 

13       " 

Obella  B.  10,575  .     .     . 

6i 

17    " 

4 

GILT  EDGE  O.  13,32 

3  .  12+ 

15     " 

9+     " 

Armon  10,863  .... 

6i 

16    " 

13i 

Duchess  Caroline  3d  60 

11  .  13+ 

15    " 

8      " 

Mountain  Lass  12,921    . 

6i 

14    " 

9 

Arawana  Poppy  6053 

.  13+ 

15    " 

3      " 

Marpetra  10,284  .     .     . 

6i 

14    " 

6 

Settle  Dixon  4527    . 

.  13+ 

15    " 

0     ■' 

Therese  M.  8364  .     .     . 

6i 

14    " 

3 

CoronilUi  8367      .     . 

.  12+ 

14    " 

9+     " 

La  Ro.sa  10.078     .     .     . 

6i 

14    " 

0 

Pride  of  the  HUl  4877 

.  m 

14    " 

8      " 

Total,  29  cmxs. 

518  JERSEY    CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

PANSY  1019. 

(!<jlor,  (lark  hmwii  ;  line  of  back  and  back  of  legs  liglit  l)uff;  black  points. 
Bml  by  .iolm  II.  Siitlilf.  Jiristol,  Conn.     l)rop]KHl  Deconiber  i:Uii.  iStWj. 

Pansy  niade  tive  hundred  and  scventy-fonr  and  a  half  pi)unds  of  butter  in  one 
year. 

I'A.NSY    1019    AND    TKSTKD    DESCENDANTS. 


Bi.oop.  Bu 
Name,                          Pel  Ce.vt. 

Pansy  1019  (raud)    .     .      lUO  20 

Gabriolle  Champion  14,102  3.")  17 

Silveretta  6852     ....  Sf)  16 

Princess  Sheila  7279      .     .  25  10 

T..l.ira8400 25  ir> 

GILT  EDGE  O.  12,223  .  25  15 

iMarie  C.  Magnet  22,903    .  25  15 

Champion's  Chloe  12,225  .  25  15 

Dairy  C.  12,227    ....  25  15 

CoroniIIa8367      ....  25  14 

Maggie  C.  12,216      .     .     .  25  14 

JIaggie  May  2d  12,926  .     .  25  14 

Lady  Greville  12,930    .     .  25  14 

Webster's  Pet  4103  ...  25  14 

Tliercse  M.  8364  ....  25  14 

Jessie  Leavenworth  8248   .  25  14 


BiTTEB  Yield  i 


0     oz. 

Minnie  Lee  2d  12,941 

25 

14  lbs 

3 

8      " 

Frances  C.  JIagnet  22 

904 

12i 

14    " 

13 

9      " 

Lady  Gray  of   Hilltop 

2(1 

4i     " 

14,641      .... 

12^ 

14    " 

12 

13      '■ 

Bell  Hex  11,700    .     . 

I'-H 

14    " 

10 

9\     •' 

Lady  Gray  of   Hilltop 

3d 

8 

14,642      .... 

12A 

14    " 

2 

5i     " 

Baby  Buttercup  10,888 

12i 

14    " 

0 

Oi     " 

Chautauqua  Queen  26,403 

n 

14    " 

11 

9i     " 

Kate  Daisy  8204  .     . 

91 

14    " 

4 

6      '■ 

La  Pera  2d  18.404     . 

7}f 

14    " 

8 

6      •' 

Pet  Clover  14,624      . 

Ci 

16    " 

8 

6      " 

Ethalka  2d  14,128    . 

6i 

15    '■ 

0 

2 

Lilley  Rex  9852    .     . 

6i 
34 

14    '• 

7 

Celeste  Cox  12,948    . 

20    " 

8 

2      " 

Total,  29  cows. 

DAZZLE  37!t. 


Color,  fawn  and  white, 
linuton,  Massaclm.setts,  iMan 


Dropped  in  ISfifi. 


Imported  from  Jersey  by  C.  "Wel- 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


LANDSEER'S  FANCY 


.Jersey  Queen  of  Banicl  —  25 

19    ■ 

4 

851  lbs.  1  oz.  in  one  year. 

Pride     of     JlaslianKxpiet 

Farm  6469 25 

16    • 

IS 

Snowdrop  F.  W.  l(i.S48     .  25 

14    ■ 

8 

.lulia  Walker  10,133      .     .  12i 

15    ' 

12 

Rosabel  Hudson  5704    .     .  12* 

15    • 

12 

Lady  Hayes  10,136   .     .     .12* 

15    ■ 

12 

Rosy  Dream  9808     .     .     .13* 

14    • 

13 

Gold  Princess  8809   .     . 

12* 

14  lbs 

12 

Queen  Fannie  10,275     . 

12i 

14    •■ 

2 

Miami  Prize  8100     .     . 

12i 

14    ■' 

0 

Starlight  Rose  8804  .     . 

12* 

14    ■' 

0 

Pride  of  Eastwood 

H 

20    " 

11 

Emma  Hudson  12,469  . 

6i 

16    •■ 

8 

Pierrot's  Picture  12,481 

6i 

16    '■ 

0 

Pierrot's  Lady  Hayes  11,67 

2    6i 

15    " 

12 

Sister  Cash  33,987    .     . 

6} 

14    " 

10 

Pierrot's  Countess  12,480 

6i 

14    " 

0 

Tohil,  18  cows. 

JEMHI^Y   CATTLE  IJST  AMElilCA. 


1867. 


LA  WRENCE  61. 

Color,  orange  fawn  and  gray  ;  black  points ;  white  spot  on  left  slionlder. 
Dropped  1867.  Imported  from  Jersey,  1868,  by  Thomas  J.  Hand,  New  York. 
Brother  to  Clement  115. 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Memento  1913  .  .  . 
Turquoise  1139  .  .  , 
Nan  Day  17,193  .  .  . 
Lady  of  Bellevue  7705  . 
Countess  of  Gasela  9571 
Witch  Hazel  4th  6131  . 
Bronze  Leaf  14,903  .  . 
Ma  Belle  4943  .  .  . 
Fall  Leaf  8587  .  .  . 
Lorella  13,913  .  .  . 
Irene  of  Short  Hills  5137 
Allie  Miuka  3983      .     . 


50       14 

38i     30 


14  lbs.    5 
3 


Cigarette  3849 

35 

Muezzin  3670  .... 

35 

The     Widow's    Daughter 

11,507      

13* 

Bonnie  Yost  7943     .     . 

13i 

Grandiflora  9958  .     .     . 

13i 

Fannie  Bugler  19,902    . 

13* 

Rosy  Dream  9808      .     . 

12i 

Ada  Minka  15,563    .     . 

131 

Attractive  Maid  16,925 . 

6i 

14  lbs 
14    " 

19 

18 
15 
15 


Total,  21  cows. 


BISMARCK  292. 

Color,  roan  and  white ;  black  switch  ;  horns  crumpled.     Dropped  1867.     Im- 
ported by  "W.  B.  Dinsmore,  New  York,  1868. 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Name. 

Blood,      Butteb  Yield  in 
Pee  Cent.       Seven  Days. 

Name. 

Blood,      Bdttee  Yield 
Pee  Cent.       Seven  Days. 

Tilda  3720  .... 

.   50 

16  lbs 

0     oz. 

Tobira8400     .     .     . 

.  121 

15  lbs 

13     0 

Almeda3843    .     .     . 

.  50 

15    " 

5      " 

GILT  EDGE  O.  13,3 

3  .  12i 

15    " 

9* 

Zina  1434 

50 

14    " 

Marie  C.  Magnet  33,90 
Orphean  4636  .     .     . 

J    .  12* 
.  13i 

15    " 

g 

Hazen's  Bess  7339    . 

.  35 

34    " 

11      " 

15    " 

Hazen's  Nora  7339    . 

.  25 

20    '• 

4      " 

Champion's  Chloe  12,33 

5   .  13i 

15    " 

5* 

CEnone  8614    .     .     . 

.  25 

18    " 

15       " 

Dairy  C.  13,227    .     . 

.  13i 

15    " 

0* 

Maggie  Rex  38,633  . 

.  25 

17    " 

OA     " 

Corouilla  4636      .     . 

.  13* 

14    " 

n 

Polynia  10,753     .     . 

.  35 

16    " 

7      " 

Maggie  C.  13,316      . 

.  13* 

14    " 

6 

Deborana  4718     .     . 

.  35 

14    " 

8       " 

Lady  Greville  13,930 

.  12* 

14    " 

6 

Gabrielle  Champion  14, 
Herberta  8811 .     .     . 

103  12A 

.  13A 

17    " 
16    " 

15 

Maggie  May  3d  13,926 
Minnie  Lee  3d  12,941 

Webster's  Pet  4103  . 

.  13* 

12* 

14    " 

14    " 

6      ' 

Silveretta  6852      .     . 

.  12} 

16    " 

9       " 

.  12* 

14    •' 

2 

Princess  Slieila  7397 

.  13i 

16    " 

4A     " 

Therese  M.  8364  .     . 

.  12* 

14    " 

3      ' 

Alhena  15,955      .     . 

.  13A 

16    " 

3      ■' 

Jessie  Leavenworth  824 

S    .  12i 

14    " 

2      ' 

JERSEY  CATTLE  IJV  AMERICA. 


Beaiilv  Bismarck  4967  .     . 

m 

14  lbs. 

VALUE  2d  (W44    .     .     . 

6i 

25    •• 

BclnKaa6229 

6i 

18    " 

Katie  Basliford  15,982  .     . 

61 

17    " 

May  Lanktoii  15,872     .     . 

6i 

16    " 

Lady  Gray  of  Hilltop  2d 

14,641      

6i 

14    " 

BeU  Rex  11,700    .    .    .    . 

6i 

14    " 

Blood. 

Bdttbe  Tiiu)  ra 

Name. 

Pie  CiLM 

.          StVE.S   DATB. 

Kate  Daisy  8204  .     .     . 

•     6i 

14  lbs.    4     oz 

Lady  Gray  of  Hilltop 

3d 

14,642      .... 

•     6} 

14    ■•      2      " 

Hurrah  Pansy  12,153 

•    ej 

14    ••      U     " 

Baby  Buttercup  10,888 . 

.     6} 

14    "      0      •' 

La  Pera  2d  13,404     . 

.  ^ 

14    "      8      " 

LiUey  Hex  9852    .     . 

.    H 

14    "      7      " 

Total,  41  com. 

VICTOR   3550. 

Color,  squirrel  gray  and  white.     Dropped  September,  1S67.     Bred  by  L.  H. 
Bowker,  Massachusetts. 

TESTED     DESCENDANTS. 


Jersey  Belle  of  Scituatc7828  75 

705  lbs.  in  one  year. 
Minnie  of  Scituate  17,829  .  68} 
Belle  of  Scituate  7977   .     .  37J 
Pauline's  Viviennc  11,305 .  37| 


14  '■  4i 
18  ••  0 
16    "    13 


Lass  of  Scituate  9555    .     . 
Scituate     of     Woronoco 

18,040 

Lily  Scituate  12,665 .     .     . 
Total,  7  coijct. 


U.      15  lbs.  14J    oz. 


9*     24    "    14 
9f     24    "      9i 


by 


FOB   ROY   17. 

Color,  gray ;  black  points.     Dropped  November,  ISC'; 
3.  C.  Colt,  Hartford,  Conn.,  July  10th,  1869. 


Imported  from  Jersey 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Naue.                 r 

r.R  Cej, 

r.         Sev 

E.V  Dais. 

Namz.                        I 

EBCE.-n 

.        SZVI.V  Dat^ 

Belle  Hartford  2718  .     . 

50 

15  lbs 

0     oz. 

Katie  Ba.shford  15,982  . 

12i 

nibs 

0     oz 

Eugenie  2d  1623  .     .     . 

.50 

14    " 

0     ■• 

Jersey  Cream  3d  8521   . 

m 

16    " 

5      ■ 

Princess  Rose  6249  .     . 

37i 

14    " 

8      " 

Arawana  Queen  5368    . 

m 

16    '• 

9      " 

Belle  Grinncll  4073  .     . 

25 

18    " 

8      '■ 

Lily  of  Maple  Grove  5079 

m 

16    " 

3      " 

White  Clover  Leaf  4512 

25 

17    " 

15      " 

Princess  Bellworth  6801 

12* 

15    ■■ 

lOi    • 

Fair  Starlight  1745   .     . 

25 

17    " 

71    '• 

Arawana  Buttercup  6052 

12i 

15    •' 

5      ' 

Corolla  4392    .... 

25 

17    " 

4      " 

Usilda2d6157     .     .     . 

m 

15    ■■ 

2i    ' 

Jersey  Cream  2d  8519   . 

25 

14    " 

12      " 

Favorite  Rajah  Rex  16,153  12i 

15    " 

0      ' 

Chloe  Beach  3931      .     . 

25 

14    " 

^  " 

Louvic  3d  6159    .     .     . 

m 

14    " 

13      ' 

Lucy    Gaines'    Buttcrcur 

Bell  Rex  11,700   .     .     . 

.  m 

14    " 

10      ' 

5058 

25 

14    " 
14    " 

0      " 
0      " 

Jenny  of  the  Vale  9553 
Jeannie  Piatt  6005    .     . 

13i 
12* 

14    " 

14    " 

6*     • 
4      ' 

St.  Perpctua  2d  5557    . 

25 

Countess  Potoka  7496   . 

12i 

18    " 

15      " 

Lottie  Rex  18,757     .     . 

.  12A 

14    " 

4      • 

Hepsy  2d  12,008  .     .     . 

12i 

17    " 

8      " 

Pet  Rex  20,166     .    .    . 

.  12i 

14    " 

2i    " 

JERSEY  CA  TTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


Nave.                       P 

EB  CeN 

r.        Sev 

N   DaV3 

Name. 

Per  Cent.         Seven  Days. 

Belle  Grinucll  3d  16.503 

131 

14  lbs 

3 

oz. 

Olie's  Lady  Teazle  12,307 

61 

16  lbs 

5      oz 

Kami  Rex  13,671      .     . 

13i 

14    " 

0 

" 

Lady  Cecilia  24,831 

61 

16    " 

1 

Hillside  Gem  16,640      . 

6i 

30    ■' 

0 

Elsie  Lane  13,303 

6} 

15    " 

4      " 

Gardiner's  Ripple  11,693 

6} 

19    " 

m 

Chautauqua  Queen 

36,403    6i 

14    " 

11      " 

Rosy  Kate's  Rex  13,193 

6i 

18    " 

8 

Sister  Cash  33,987 

6i 

14    " 

10      " 

Maggie  Rex  38,363   .     . 

6i 

17    " 

0+ 

Euphorbia  11,339 

61 

14    " 

91     ■' 

Grinnell  Lass  11,859     . 

6i 

16    " 

10 

Lilley  Rex  9853   . 

6i 

14    " 

7      '■ 

Sister  Rex  13,194      .     . 

6i 

16    " 

8 

Prince's  Bloom  9739 

61 

14    " 

3      " 

Lida  Mullin  9198      .     . 

61 

16    •■ 

8 

Lizzie  D.  10,408  . 

61 

14    " 

0      " 

CARRIE     LENA     3d 

Ethalka  3d  14,128 

3i 

15    " 

0      " 

20,077 

6i 

16    " 

5 

Total  47  cows. 

cows. 

LADY 

MARY  1148. 

Color,   pure   gray ;    black   tongue ;  black  switch.     Dropped  1867.     Imported 
from  Jersey,  .September  21st,  1868,  by  William  H.  Scbieffelin,  New  York. 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Blood. 

Butter  Yield  in 

Blood, 

Botter  Yield  m 

Name.                          Per  Cent.        Seve 

N  Days. 

Name.                           P 

eeCen 

r.        Sev 

EN  Days. 

Welma5943     .... 

37i 

17  lbs 

8        OZ. 

Fleuretteof  Linwood  13,918 

184 

16  lbs 

0      oz 

Chenda4599    .... 

371 

15    " 

9i    '• 

Edwiua6713 

184 

15    " 

13      " 

Calypris  5943  .... 

371 

15    " 

4i    " 

Fanny  Taylor  6714  .     .     . 

184 

15    •• 

12      " 

Evri5282 

37i 

15    " 

4      " 

Lisetta  Johnson  5331     .     . 

184 

15    " 

10      " 

Pussie3035      .... 

25 

19    " 

1      ■■ 

Denise8381 

184 

15    '■ 

9      " 

Lady  of  Bellevue  7705  . 

25 

15    " 

11      " 

Etiquette  4300      .     .     .     . 

184 

15    " 

8      " 

Countess  Gasela  9571    . 

35 

15    " 

11       •• 

.Jewell  3d .     .     .     . 

184 

15    ■■ 

4      " 

Witch  Hazel  4th  6131   . 

25 

15    ■• 

54     " 

Signalana  7719     .     .     .     . 

184 

15    " 

4      " 

Fall  Leaf  8587      .     .     . 

35 

14    " 

8      " 

Aldarine5301       .     .     .     . 

184 

15    " 

1|     " 

Lorella  12,913      .     .     . 

35 

14    " 

7      " 

Jenny  Williams  29,058       . 

184 

15    ■' 

0      " 

Geranium  7838     .     .     . 

18f 

36    " 

44    •• 

Dora  Doou  13,909     .     .     . 

184 

15    •■ 

0      " 

Tenella0712    .... 

18f 

32    •■ 

H    " 

Opaline  7590 

184 

14    " 

10       " 

Cora  of  Linwood  12,915 

18i 

33    " 

0     ■' 

Medrie  Le  Brocq  8888  .     . 

184 

14    " 

7      " 

Croton  Maid  5305     .     . 

181 

21    " 

\U     " 

Marpetra  10,384   .     .     .    . 

184 

14    " 

6      " 

Optima  6715     .... 

184 

21     " 

3i     " 

Litza6338 '. 

184 

14    " 

3      •• 

(Enone  8614    .... 

184 

18    " 

15       " 

Fandango  13,908 .... 

184 

14    " 

3       " 

Fair  Starlight  1745    .     . 

184 

17    " 

7i    '■ 

Romp  Ogden  3d  5458    .     . 

184 

14    " 

1       " 

Vixen  7591 

184 

17    " 

6      ■■ 

Comtesse  d'Espagna  10,308 

184 

14    " 

01    " 

Beeswax  9807.     .     .     . 

184 

17    " 

5 

Le  Rosa  10,078     .     .     .     . 

184 

14    ■' 

0      " 

Bellita4553      .... 

184 

17    " 

3       " 

Elite  4399 

184 

14    " 

0      " 

Valhalla  5300  .... 

181 

17    " 

0       ■' 

ETHLEEL  2d  33,391      . 

14iV 

30    " 

15       " 

Belle  of  Patterson  5664. 

184 

16    " 

6       " 

Signetilia  16,333  .... 

14iV 

14    " 

3      " 

Troth  6139 

184 

16    •■ 

0       ■■ 

The    Widow's    Daughter 

Busy  Bee  6336      .     .     . 

184 

16    •■ 

4       " 

11,507      

m 

19    " 

84    " 

EUPHONIA  6783  .     . 

184 

16     • 

Oi     " 

Fanny  Bugler  19,962     .     . 

12J 

15    " 

2      " 

522 


JEIiSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


TllLD  IX 

Blood, 

Brrrra  Yiilo 

Datb. 

Xaue.                          I-e 

B  Text 

.          S.VE 

X  Dats. 

13     oz. 

Friz  Cam  14,055  .... 

»l 

15  lbs 

7 

10      '• 

AlfritUa  13,673    .... 

9| 

15    " 

3 

8J    •• 

Romping  Lass  11,021     .     . 

91 

15    •• 

0 

5      •• 

Earl  Cow .... 

9f 

15    •• 

0 

3      " 

Signal  Maid  19,361   .     .     . 

9f 

15    " 

0 

8      •• 

Belle  Thome  13.369      .     . 

9| 

14    •• 

11 

3i     ■' 

Reception  3(1  10.020      .     . 

91 

14    •■ 

10 

0      " 

Euphorbia  11,229     .     .     . 

9f 

14    " 

9J 

14      " 

Guinevere  Sinclair  11,167  . 

91 

14    •• 

9 

12i     •' 

JaquenetUi  10,958     .     .     . 

9f 

14    •• 

6 

Lady  Clarendon  3d  17.578 

91 

14    •' 

5i 

lOi    •■ 

Variella  of  Linwood  10.954 

9f 

14    " 

1 

12       " 

Jennie  Johnson  3d  6782     . 

n 

14    " 

0 

10      •• 

Sadie's  Choice  7979  .     .     . 

9f 

14    " 

0 

6i     •■ 

Fair  Starlight  7745   .     .     . 

6i 

17    •' 

7i 

3      •' 

Daisy  Jlorrison  14.035  .     . 

■Hi 

25    " 

124 

IJ     '■ 

Alberta  Signal  18,611    .     . 

■tH 

20    •' 

11 

li     •• 

Pansy  Patterson  18.612 

■tH 

15    " 

15 

0       " 

Frances  C.  Magnet  22.904 

HJ 

14    ■' 

13i 

4      " 

Lottie  Rex  18.757     .     .     . 

■HJ 

14    " 

4 

3      •• 

Dai.sy  Hamilton  18,301  .     . 

■I'lO 

14    •' 

0 

0     •• 

Duchess     of     Manchester 

15       •• 

20.838 

■tu 

14    •• 

0 

11       •• 

8      " 

Tuua.  94  <:«(/■«. 

18 

68. 

BUI 

.LS. 

r.  nEi 

UER    4.-i. 

Rosy  Dream  9808     .     .     .  12J  14  1 

Cherokee  Rose  20,921    .     .  9|  23 

Fadctte  of  Vema  3<1  11,122  95  22 

Attractive  Maid  16,925  .     .  9f  22 

Atlanta's  Bejiuty  12,949     .  9|  21 

Celeste  Cox  12,948    ...  91  20 

Fairy  of  Verna  2<1  10,973  .  9|  20 

Hilda  A.  2d  11,120  .     .     .  9|  20 

Ethlecl  18,724       .     .     .     .  9|  19 

GardimrV  Ripple  11,693   .  9|  19 
EVELINA  OF  VERNA 

10,971 9|  19 

Tenella  2d  19,521      .     .     .  9|  18 

FERCIB  14,937      .     .     .  9«  -^ 

(  ^* 

Harmony  2d  17,118  .     .     .  9|  18 

Signaldella  24,107    .     .     .  9|  18 

Rupertina  10,409 .     .     .     .  9|  15 

Bertha  Black  26,275      .     .  9«  17 

Troth  Plight  10.258  .     .     .  9|  16 

Gazella  3d  9355    .     .     .     .  9|  16 

Dahlia  9f  16 

Thorndale  Belle  3d  10,459  9|  15 

Mitten  13,368 9J  15 

Pinafore  2d  15,072    .     .     .  9|  15 


■ST. 

Color,  bright  salmon  fawn  and  silver  gray.  Bred  to  order  of  ().  S.  Hnhbell,  by 
Philip  Quenanlt,  St.  Martin,  Jersey.  Dropped  June  30th,  1868.  Imported  by  O.  S. 
Hubbell,  Stratford,  Conn.,  June  15th,  18t>9.  Mr.  Hiibbell  kept  him  at  the  head  of 
his  herd  six  years,  when  he  ])resented  him  to  General  Lincoln,  of  Worcester,  Mass., 
in  1875,  where  he  was  kejrt  until  his  death,  in  1879.  The  dam  of  St.  Ilelier  made 
at  the  rate  of  twenty-three  pounds  of  butter  in  seven  days  on  the  Island  of  Jer.sey. 
This  famous  bull  was  the  product  of  forty  years  of  inbreeding  in  one  line. 


TfCSTKD    DESCENDANTS. 


Lcsbie9179 87J  16  lbs. 

Volie  19,465 Bij  18    " 

Renim9181 8U  14    " 

Taglioni  9183 81i  14    " 


Queen  of  Chenango  ; 
(at  2  years)  .     .     . 


78i     14  lbs. 


Trenie  17,770  (at  2  years)  .  78i     14    "      6 
j    Chroma  4572 75       20    "      6 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


Ef  YIELD  IH 

Blood 

DUTT 

EB  Yield 

VEN  DATS. 

Name.                          Pei.  Cent.         Seven  Days 

s.    6     oz. 

Bessie  Bradford  3d  7371 

37i 

15  lbs.    3     c 

'      3i    " 

Nannie  Pitcli  9143    .     . 

37i 

4 

'      7      '• 

Reckless  3569  .... 

35 

8 

'     0      " 

iVDioon  Lady  6560     .     . 

35 

3 

.      3      „ 

Avis  B.  9714    .... 

35 

14 

'      Zi    " 

Cenie  Wallace  3d  6557  . 

25 

44 

'      2       " 

Florry  Keep  6556     .     . 

35 

14 

'      1       ■' 

Mountain  La.ss  13,931    . 

35 

'    11       " 

Daisy  Hamilton  18,301  . 

18f 

'      7i    " 

Willis  3d  4461  .... 

1^+ 

,      3      .. 

Renown  13,739    .     .     . 

13i 

6 

'      0      " 

Lebanon  Daughter  6106 

13i 

4 

'      8       ■• 

Lebanon  Lass  6108   .     . 

\%\ 

3 

'      8       " 

Reality  16,537 .     .     .     . 

6i 

3+ 

'      0       " 

Marpetra  10,386   .     .     . 

6i 

6 

'    10      ■' 

Total,  39  cows. 

ZAiVBS 

EER  331. 

Pyrola4566 75  18  lbs. 

Safrano4568 75  14 

Zithey  9184 68f  16 

Niplieta9180 68J  16 

Maculae  17,118    .     .     .     .  68i  15 

Bintana9837 68f  14 

Flamant  11,270    ....  59f  14 

Meines  3d  7741     ....  50  30 

Ianthe4563 50  19 

Chenie4570 50  19 

Kaoli  18,980 50  17 

Oxalis  3d  15,631  ....  50  15 

Pavon  12,485 50  14 

Del  of  Willow  Farm  23.461  50  14 

Silene  4307 50  14 

Jule3640 50  14 

Silenta  17,685 43f  15 


Imported  in  dam  Dazzle  379,  March  31st,  1868,  by  C.  Wellington,  Massachv 
;.     Dropped  September  IStli,  1808. 


TESTf:D    DESCENDANTS. 


LANDSEER'S  FANCY 

21  Ills 

Pride     of     Mashamoquet 

Farm  6469    .... 

50 

16    '• 

1, 

Rosabel  Hudson  5704 

35 

15    " 

13 

Julia  Walker  10,133 

35 

15    " 

13 

Rosy  Dream  9808     . 

35 

14    '• 

13 

Little  Sister  11,666    . 

35 

14    " 

12 

Gold  Princess  8809  . 

35 

14    " 

13 

Queen  Fanny  10,275 

35 

14    " 

3 

Miami  Prize  8100     . 

25 

14    '■ 

0 

Blood. 
Name.                         Pee  Cent 

Starlight  Rose  8804  ...  25 

BuTTKE  Yield 
Seven  Days. 

14  lbs.    0 

Lady  Hayes  10,136   ...  184 

15    "    13 

Pride  of  Eastwood .  124- 

20    "    11 

Emma  Hudson  12,469   .     .  121 

16    "      8 

Pierrot's  Picture  12,481      .  13+ 

16    "      0 

Pierrot's  Lady  Hayes  11,673  13i 

15    "    12 

Sister  Ca.sh  33,987    .     .     .  12| 

14    "    10 

Pierrot's  Countess  13,480  .  13i 

14    "      0 

Hypathia  3d  14,774  .     .     .    3J 

19    "    13 

RAJAH  3-K). 
with  squirrel  gray  back 


Color,  black  and  tan 
Bred  by  Clement  Buesnel,  Grouville,  Jersey. 
Island,  June  17th,  1869. 


Dropped  January  1st,  1868. 
Imported  by  John  S.  Barstow,  Khode 


DESCENDANTS. 


Name. 

Oonan  1485      . 
Fantine  1271    . 


Per  Oe 
.    50 
.    50 


23  lbs. 
15    " 


Spirea  3915      .     . 
Moonah's  Pet  7484 


50        14  lbs. 
37i     15    " 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


Nam..                           Feb  Cm 

T.         .S«vzs  Datb. 

Pride  of  the  Hill  4877 

37i 

14  lbs 

Hazen's  Nora  4791    .     . 

35 

20    " 

4      " 

Roonan5133    .... 

25 

20    " 

4      " 

Mamie  Coburn  3798      . 

25 

17    " 

8      " 

Dudu  of  Linwood  8330 

25 

10    " 

71     " 

Callie  Nan  7959   .     .     . 

25 

16    " 

2      " 

Roselaine  7167     .     .     . 

25 

15    " 

7 

Arawana  Buttercup  6053 

25 

15    " 

3      " 

Pet  Lee  7993    .... 

25 

14    •• 

12      '• 

Enid  2d  10,783    .     .     . 

25 

14    " 

71     •• 

Rose  of  Hillside  3866    . 

25 

14    " 

31     " 

Maggie  May  3255     .     . 

25 

14    " 

21     " 

Myrtle  of  Ridgewood  785S 

25 

14    " 

1       " 

Gilt  Edge  2d  4420    .     . 

25 

14    " 

0       " 

Little  Han  8004    .     .     . 

25 

14    " 

0 

Bennie  Hiuman  7166     . 

25 

14    •■ 

0     •■ 

Calcndine  9415    .     .     . 

12J 

20    " 

5       •• 

Marea  10,167   .... 

12A 

10     ■• 

Lucky  Belle  2d  6037     . 

12i 

10    " 

14      •■ 

Arawana  Queen  5368    . 

12i 

16    " 

9      " 

Emma  Hudson  12.469  . 

12  i 

10    " 

8      " 

Braniballctta  10,451       . 

121 

16    " 

4      " 

Valeric  0044     .... 

12i 

15    " 

13      " 

GILT  EDGE  0. 13,223  . 

121 

15    " 

91     •• 

Duchess  Caroline  3d  6041 

12* 

15    " 

8      " 

Julia  Evelyn  6007     .     . 

121 

15    " 

.51     " 

Calypris  5943  .... 

121 

15    •■ 

41     •• 

Bellini's  Maid  15,170     .     . 

\%h 

15  lbs 

\\    oz. 

Bettie  Di.xon  4527     .    . 

121 

15    " 

0      " 

Bellini  La  Biche  15,091 

121 

14    " 

14*    ". 

Florry  Keep  6556     .     . 

121 

14    ■• 

14      •■ 

Cosetta  15,991       .     .     . 

121 

14    " 

11      " 

Coronilla  8367      .     .     . 

12i 

14    ■' 

91     ■' 

Mountain  Lass  12,921    . 

131 

14    " 

9      " 

Susie  La  Biche  3d  15,171 

121 

14    " 

61    " 

Maggie  C.  12,216      .     . 

121 

14    ■' 

6      " 

Maggie  May  2d  12,926  . 

121 

14    " 

6      " 

Mnnie  Lee  2d  12,941     . 

131 

14    •' 

3      " 

Walkyrie  5708      .     .     . 

121 

14    " 

1      " 

Stark ville  Beauty  4897  . 

131 

14    " 

0      " 

Vivalia  12,760      .     .     . 

121 

14    " 

0      " 

Scituate  of  Woronoco  18,040  6i 

24    " 

14      " 

Atlanta's  Beauty  12,949 

6i 

21    ■' 

3      " 

Gabrielle  Champion  14,10x 

6i 

17    " 

8      " 

Obella  B.  10,.575  .     .     . 

6i 

17    " 

4      " 

Armon  10,863  .... 

6i 

16    •' 

13i     " 

Dora  Doon  12,909    .     . 

6i 

15    " 

0      " 

Favorite  Rajah  Re.\  10,15: 

6i 

15    " 

0       " 

Marpetra  10,284   .     .     . 

6i 

14    " 

6       " 

Therese  M.  8364  .     .     . 

6i 

14    " 

3       " 

Le  Rosa  10,078    .     .     . 

Oi 

14    " 

0       " 

Dai.sy  Hamilton  18,301 

6i 

14    '■ 

0      " 

ToUd,  56  ( 


MR.  MWAWBER  5.5fi. 


Color,  steol  gray.     Dropped  1S«8.      Imported  l)y  Tlioinas  Motley,  1869. 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


BlOOD,  BtTTTKB  ' 

Name.  Peb  Cikt.       Sive: 

Countess  Micawbcr  17.59    .  50  17  lbs. 

Clara  of  Lakeside  10,827   .  371  15    " 

Mink  2d  3890 25  19    " 

Medrena  3939 25  18    " 

Lady  Essex  4749  ....  25  18    " 

Mirtha3437 25  17    " 

Mink  3d  4868 25  14    " 

Dolly  of  Lakeside  10,284   .  25  14    " 

Woodland  Lass  3444     .     .  25  14    " 


D^vr. '" 

Blood. 
Name.                        Peb  Cexi 

Bdtteb  Y«u>  ra 
Skvi.v  Dat8. 

1      oz. 

Marie  C.  Magnet  23,903 

121 

15  lbs.    8     oz. 

0      " 

Dove  Dee  18,059  .     .     . 

121 

15    "      3      " 

11     " 

Village  Maid  7069    .     . 

12i 

14    ■■      0      " 

4      " 

Frances  C.  Magnet  22,904 

91 

14    "    131    " 

OJ     " 

Mhoon  Lady  6560    .     . 

6i 

17    "     3      " 

131     " 

Julia  Evelyn  6007     .     . 

6i 

15    "    151     " 

9       ■' 

Medrie  Le  Brocq  8888  . 

6i 

14    "      7      " 

8      '■ 

Therese  M.  8364  .     .     . 

6i 

14    "      2      " 

0      " 

TotaZ,  17  arws. 

JJSBSJEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA, 


DOLPHIN  %J  468. 


Color,  dark  fawn ;  back  and  loins  tipped  with  silver  gray.  Dropped  March, 
18C8.  Bred  by  F.  M.  Wilson,  England.  Imported  from  England,  November,  1869, 
by  Colonel  E.  M.  Hoe,  ISTew  York. 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Blood,        Butteb  Yield  in 
Name.                           Pbk  Cent.         Seven  Days. 

Nasie. 

Blood, 
Pee  Cehi 

Butte 
Sevi 

Yield 
N  Days. 

Miss  Willie  Jones  6918  .     .  35 

16  lbs.    4     oz. 

Typha  5870 13i 

16  lbs 

11       0 

Pride  of  Corisande  5323    .  25 

16 

'      0      " 

Idaletta  11,843 

13i 

15    " 

141 

Gray  Therese  5322    .     .     .25 

16 

'      0 

Dia  13,658  .     . 

12i 

15    " 

13 

Zalina8778 25 

15 

,         g          „ 

Fillpail  16,530 

13i 

15    " 

11 

Forget-Me-Not-0  10,564    .  25 

15 

•     4      " 

Idalene  11,841 

13i 

15    " 

8i 

FanstitiR  10,354    ....  25 

14 

•    14i    " 

Calpuruia  13,367 

131 

15    " 

31 

Silversides  3857    ....  25 

14 

■      8      " 

Marvel  13,734  . 

121 

15    " 

1 

Pet  Rex  20,166     ....  25 

14 

■      3*     " 

Signetilia  16,333 

13i 

14    " 

3 

Robinette  7114      .     .     !    .  25 

14 

'      1       " 

Sadie's  Choice  7979 

12i 

14    " 

0 

Silver  Bell  4313    ....  35 

14 

'      0      " 

Alberta  Signal  18,611 

6i 

20    " 

11 

True  Inwardness  10,363    .  35 

14 

'      0      " 

Smoky  18,933  .     .     . 

6i 

14    " 

9 

Niobe's  Alpheanette  33,336  13i 

22 

'    lOi    " 

Colie8309 13i 

18 

.     4      " 

Total,  24  cow 

. 

VICTOR  HUGO  197. 


Color,  black   and   dark    brown.     Bred  by  J.  DeVeuUe,  St.  Clement, 
Imported  August,  1868,  by  S.  S.  Stephens,  Montreal,  Canada. 


Jersey. 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Name.  Per  Cent.        Seven  Day 

Oaklands  Nora  14,880  .  .  50  33  lbs.  5 
Lady  Fawn  of  St.  Anne's 

10,930 50  16    "  12i 

Tidy  of  St.  Lambert  31,114  50  14    "  3 

Melia  Ann  5444    ....  37*  18    "  OA 

Carrie  Pogis  33,568  ...  374  15  "  9 
Moss  Rose  of  St.  Lambert 

5114 374  15    "  8i 

Coquette  of    Glen   Rouge 

17,5.59 37i  15    "  \\ 

IDA  OF  ST.  LAMBERT 

24,990 35  30    ■'  2i 


Name.  Peb  Cent,        Seven  Days. 

Sweet  Brier  of  St.  Lambert 

5481 35  23  lbs.  13     oz. 

Brenda  of  Elnihurst  10,763  25  30  "      8      " 

Rioter's  Maggie  33,530  .  .  35  18  "  6+  " 
Cowslip    of    St.    Lambert 

8349 35  17  "  13      " 

Minette    of    St.    Lambert 

9774 35  17  "     4      " 

Jolie  of  St.  Lambert  5136  .  25  15  "  13^     " 

Lucy  Dale  5129  ....  25  15  "  13  " 
Duchess   of    St.   Lambert 

5111 35  15  "  11      " 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMEBIC  A. 


May    Day    Stoke    Pogis 

28,383 

25 

15  lb.v 

.    3 

Uinta  5743 

25 

14    •• 

10 

Gem  of  St.  Cloud  7342 

25 

14    " 

8i 

Nancy    of    St.     Lambert 

12,984 

25 

14    " 

5 

Clematis  of    St.    Lambert 

r.478 

25 

14    " 

3 

Bonnie  Fawn  CVM    .     .     . 

25 

14    •' 

0 

Kosenf  SI.  Lambert  20,426 

20A 

21     •■ 

U 

MARY  ANNE  OF   ST. 

LAMBERT  9771)      .     . 

m 

36    ■ 

12} 

Daisy  M,,rris„ri  14,U3r,  .     . 

m 

25    " 

m 

NAIAD   OF   ST.  LAM- 

BERT 12,095   .     .     .     . 

m 

22     ■' 

2i 

(rcnsof  St.  Lambert  8351 

m 

17    " 

12 

Maggie  Sheldon  28,583      . 

m 

15    " 

3 

Honeysuckle  of  St.  Anne's 

18.fi74       

18} 

14    " 

14 

Kioter's  Beauty  14.8!)4  .     . 

IS} 

14    " 

0 

MERMAID    OF    ST. 

LAMBERT  9771      .     . 

12i 

25    •• 

13i 

Nora  of  St.  Lambert  12,962  124 
NIOBE   OF    ST.  LAM- 


Honeyi 


lofSt.  Lambert 


13i 


Obella  B.  10,575  . 
Tutal,  48  cowa. 


22  lbs.    0      oz. 


RIOTER       PINK      OF 

BERLIN  23,665 .  .  .  12i  19 
Judith  Coleman  11,391  .  13i  17 
Baronetti  8425  .  .  .  .  VU 
Chamorailla  7552  .  .  .  12* 
Diana  of  St.  Lambert  6636  12i 
Cill  of  Glen  Rouge  13,818  13i 
Moth  of  St.  Lambert  9775  12i 
Bonnie  2d  5742  .  .  .  .  m 
Pearl  of  St.  Lambert  5527  12i 
Nordheim  Creamer  9758  .  12A 
Flower    of    Glen     Kouge 

17,560 ^.     9|     23 

AlephJudea  11,389.     .   *.     9| 
Rioter's  Nora  21,778     .     .     9| 


16    • 

■    14 

16    ' 

10 

16    ' 

8 

16    ' 

6 

16    • 

3 

14    ' 

11* 

14    • 

2 

14    • 

'      0 

23    ' 

14} 

15    • 

1» 

15    • 

9 

6i     17 


PRIDE  OF  WIXDSOR  -ts.3. 

Color,  brown.  Bred  at  Shaw  Farm,  Windsor  Park,  Eiiirlaiul.  Iiiiportfil 
August  17tli,  1868,  by  S.  S.  Stephens,  of  Montreal,  Canada. 

Mr.  Valancey  E.  Fuller  writes  of  Pride  of  Windsor :  "  She  was  a  cow  of  im- 
mense substance,  and  milked  si.\teen  quarts  a  day  at  fourteen  years,  on  grass  alone." 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Name.  I'kb  Cent.        S 

Duchess    of    St.    F/ambert 

5111 ,50  15  1 

Lily  of  St.  Lambert  5120  .  50  14 
Coquette   of  Glen   Rouge 

17,559 43}  15 

Cill  of  Glen  Rouge  13,818  .  37i  16 

Rioter's  Nora  31,178  .  .  37i  15 
Honeysuckle  of  St.  Anne's 

18,672 31}  M 


VIEI.D  1» 

Blood, 

Btn-T.R  Ylld 

DaV9. 

Name.                          I" 

Sweet  Brier  of  St.  Lambert 

K  Cen 

T.       Seve.-.  Days. 

13     oz. 

14,880 

25 

22  lbs.  12 

0       " 

Nora  of  St.  Lambert  12,962 
Flower    of     Glen     Rouge 

25 

23    "      9 

n  " 

17, -^yo 

155 

23    ■■    14} 

«    ■■ 

MERMAID    OF    ST. 

9      " 

T.AMBERT  21.!)!I0 
RIOTER  PINK  OF 

12i 

26    "    13.t 

14      " 

BERLIN  23,605   .     ,     . 

12i 

19    "    14 

JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMEIilCA. 


527 


Name.                         Pe 

R   CeN 

.       Seven  Days. 

Kame.                          Pe 

E   OEN 

Seve 

N  Days. 

Moth  of  St.  Lambert  9775 

134 

16  lbs.    2     oz. 

NAIAD  OF    ST.    LAM- 

Moss Rose  of  St.  Lambert 

BERT  13,965       .     .     . 

6i 

22  lbs 

2+     OZ 

15    "      8i     •■ 
14    "•      3      " 

Rose  of  St.  Lambert  30,436 
Crocus  of  St.  Lambert  8351 

6i 
6i 

31    " 
17    " 

Pearl  of   St.  Lambert  5537 

13i 

12         " 

Rioter's  Beauty  14,894  .     . 

91 

14    "      0      " 

Judith  Coleman  11,391       . 

6i 

17    " 

5         " 

MARY  ANNE    OF   ST. 

AlephJudea  11,389  .     .     . 

H 

15    " 

If      " 

LAMBERT  9770    .     . 

6i 

36    '■    12i     " 

Total.  21  com. 

PAULINE  494. 

Bred  by  Eli  Hubert,  St.  Ouens,  Jersey.     Imported  iii  daiu  Ilebe,  August  ITtli, 
1868.     Dropped  October  18th,  1868. 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Blood,       Buttee  Yi. 


jNIelia  Ann  5444    .... 

37A 

18  lbs 

Oi 

Oaklands  Nora  14,880  .     . 

35 

33    " 

5 

Sweelbrier  of  St.  Lambert 

5481 

35 

33    •• 

12 

NIOBE    OF    ST.    LAM- 

05 

21      • 

18    '• 

Rioter's  Maggie  22,530  .     . 

35 

6+ 

Jolie  of  St.  Lambert  5136  . 

35 

15    " 

13 

Duchess    of    St.   Lambert 

5111 

35 

15    " 

12 

Uinta  5743 

•^^ 

14    ■■ 

10 

Clemati-s   of    St.    Lambert 

5478 

25 

14    " 

3 

Bonnie  Fawn  6190    .     .     . 

35 

14    " 

0 

Rose  of  St.  Lambert  20,436 

23xV 

21    " 

3+ 

Carrie  Pogis  33,568  .     .     . 

181 

15    •• 

9 

IDA  OF  ST.  LAMBERT 

24  990 

124 

30    " 

S+ 

Daisy  Morrison  14,035  .     . 

181 

35    " 

13+ 

Nora  of  St.  Lambert  12,962 

12i 

22    •■ 

0 

Brenda  of  Elmhurst  10,762  12i 

20    " 

8 

Honeymoon  of  St.  Lambert 

11,221 

12i 

20    ■' 

oi 

Cowslip    of    St.    Lambert 

8349 

12+ 

17    •• 

1'' 

Minnette   of   St.    Lambert 

9774 

13+ 

17    •• 

4 

Baronetti  8435      .... 

13+ 

16    '• 

14 

Chamomilla  7552     .     .     . 

13+ 

16    " 

10 

Name.  Pee  Cent.       Seven  Dats. 

Diana  of  St.  Lambert  6636  13J  16  lbs.  8  oz. 
Moss  Rose  of  St.  Lambert 

5114 12+  15  "  8+  " 

Maggie  Sheldon  23,583 .  .13+  15  "  3  " 
May    Day     Stoke     Pogis 

28,383 12+  15  "  3  " 

•Coquette  of    Glen  Rouge 

17,5.59 12+  15  "  U  ■' 

Honeysuckle  of  St.  Anne's 

18,672 13+  14  •'  14  " 

Bonnie  2d  5743    ....  13+  14  "  11+  " 

Obella  B.  10,575  .     .     .     .  9|  17  "  4  " 

Rioter's  Nora  21,178     .     .  9|  15  "  9  " 

Rioter's  Beauty  14,894  .  .  9|  14  "  0  " 
MARY  ANNE   OF   ST. 

LAMBERT  9770  .  .  iS{  36  "  12i  " 
MERMAID    OF    ST. 

LAMBERT  9771  .  .  (ii  25  "  13+  " 
Flower     of     Glen    \V^\\s,^• 

17,560 61-  33  "  141  " 

NAIAD  OF  ST.  LAM- 
BERT 13,965  ....  6i  22  "  2+  " 
RIOTER  PINK    OF 

BERLIN  23,665   .     .     .  6i  19  "  14  " 

Crocus  of  St.  Lambert  8351  ^\  17  "  13  " 

Judith  Coleman  11,391       .  6i  17  "  5  " 

Aleph  Judea  11,.389 .     .     .  6i-  15  "  If  " 

Total,  39  cows. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


EMBLEM  90. 


Color.  o:ray ;  lielly  and  legs  partly  white ;  dark  dish  face ;  black  tongue. 
Dropped  February,  1808.  Ured  by  E.  Gibaut,  Jersey.  Imported  by  T.  J.  Hand, 
New  York,  October,  1868. 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Name.                           Per  Cent.  Skv 

Com  of  Linwood  13,915    .  25  22  lbs 

Vixen  7591 35  17  " 

Busy  Bee  6336     ....  25  16  " 

FleuretteofLiuwood  12,918  25  10  " 

Dcnise8281 25  15  " 

Romping  La.s.s  11,021    .     .  25  15  " 

Opaline  7590 25  14  " 

Lilza  6338 25  14  " 

Fandango  12,908  ....  25  14  " 

Romp  Ogden  3d  5458    .     .  25  14  " 

ETHLEEL  2d  32,291       .   18f  30  " 

Clicrokw  Rdsi- 20.921    .     .12^  23  '■ 

Ellilccl  18,724 12A  19  " 

Troth  6139 12i  16  " 

Corn  10,504 12i  16  " 

Etiqviette  4300 12i  15  " 

Jaquenetla  10,958     .     .     .  12J  14  " 


YlI!I.I.  IN 

Blooi., 

BlTTK 

K   YlEL 

s  Datb. 

Na>.k.                         P 

ER  C.;s 

Se\ 

E.V  Da 

0      oz. 

Variella  of  Linwood  10,954  12* 

14  Ib^ 

1 

6      " 

Comtesse  d'Espagna  10,308  12i 

14    •• 

Oi 

4      •■ 

Sasco  Bell  13,601      .     . 

12J 

14    " 

0 

0     ■• 

Bertha  Black  36,375      . 

6i 

17    " 

4 

9 

Attractive  Maid  16,925 . 

6i 

16    ■• 

13 

0     •• 

Troth  Plight  10,258  .     . 

Gi 

16    ■• 

4 

10       • 

EUPHONIA  6783  .     . 

c^ 

16     ■ 

0* 

3      ■• 

Rosy  Dream  9808     .     . 

6i 

14    " 

13 

3      ■• 

Nannie  Fitch  9143    .     . 

6i 

14    " 

4 

1       •• 

Daisy  Morrison  14,035  . 

34 

25    •' 

12i 

15      " 

10 

PERCIE  14,937      .     . 

34- 

18    " 
14    " 

10 
6\ 

14      " 

Lottie  Rex  18,757     .     . 

34 

14    " 

4 

5      " 

Daisy  Hamilton  18,301  . 

34 

14    " 

0 

2      " 

Duchess     of     Manchester 

8       '•  • 

20.838 

3J 

14    " 

0 

6      " 

Total,  31  cows. 

DANDELION  2521. 

Color,  pure  lemon  fawn  ;  dark  face,  white  star.  Dro])ped  ilarch  lOtli,  1808. 
Imported  by  W.  II.  T.  Hughes,  for  James  15.  A\' illiams,  (41astoiil)ury,  Conn.,  Ajiril 
6th,  1870. 

DANDELION    AND    TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Dandelion  2521  (at  15yrs.)  100  16  lbs.  9  oz. 
Gentle  of  GIa.stonbury  4651  50  14  "  0  " 
Pretty  2526 50       14    "      0      " 


Roll  of  Honor  13,610    .     .  25       14  lbs.  12     oz. 
Sunset  15,130 15|     16    "      2i    " 

Total,  5  eoim. 


For  portraits  of  Dandelion  2521,  her  son  Dandy  Boy  7334:,  and  two  daughters, 
see  frontispiece. 


.^*^^ 


■ji^Kf:uv'>>:iv  >',c, }  if;{ 


EDDINGTON    2250. 

AT     iS     YEARS    OI.l). 

R/otrr  Tiwc 

SIMPSON"     IIEIU). 

William  Simpson,  5t  CiiA-rnAM  Strkkt,  New  York. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


1869. 


RIOTER  U  469. 


Color,  solid  dark  fawn  and  gray.  Bred  by  the  Marquis  of  Bristol,  England. 
Dropped  April,  1869.  Imported  by  Colonel  E.  M.  Hoe,  New  York,  November, 
1869. 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Name. 

Pek  Cex- 

Se% 

EN  DATS. 

Name. 

Pee  Cen 

.       Seve 

N  DATS. 

Eurotas  2454    .     . 

50 

33  lbs 

7      oz. 

EUPHONIA  6783  .     . 

.  m 

16  lbs 

0+      0% 

and  778  lbs.  in  on 

e  year 

Leah  Darlington  13,836 

.  134 

15    ■' 

5*     •• 

Torfrida  3596  .     . 

50 

17    " 

6+    " 

Nazli  10,337    .... 

.  12i 

15    " 

3i     " 

Colie8809    .     .     . 

35 

18    ■' 

4      " 

Nimble  33,335      .     .     . 

.  13i 

14    " 

10      " 

Pyrrha  6100    .     . 
Typha  5870      .     . 

25 

16    " 

14i    " 

Smoky  13  733 

134 

14    " 

9      " 

25 

16    " 

11      " 

Jennie  Johnson  3d  6783 

.  12i 

14    " 

0      " 

Dia  13,658  .     .     . 

35 

15    " 

13      " 

Daisy  Morrison  14,035  . 

•     6i 

25    " 

13^     " 

True  Inwardness  10,363 

35 

14    " 

0 

Rioter  Alphea  10,091    . 

.     6i 

16    " 

7      " 

Mother  Hubbard  10,331 

13* 

34    " 

H    " 

Eupidee's  Perfection  20,1 

75    6i 

15    " 

4      " 

BOMBA  10,330  . 

13+ 

21    " 

lU     " 

Dove  Dee  18,059  .     .     . 

.     6i 

15    " 

3      " 

Matilda  otli  18,068 

VU 

16    " 

4      " 

Tohil,  20  cows. 

ORANGE  PEEL  502   {F.   129   J.  II.  B.—Il.  C). 

Color,  orange  fawn  and  white ;  three  small  white  spots  below  right  flank. 
Bred  by  John  Arthur,  St.  Mary's,  Jersey.  Sire,  Clement  115.  Dam,  Cowslip 
(F.  3.30  J.  H.  B.— H.  C).  Dropjjed  February,  1869.  Imported  by  A.  Kobeson, 
June  30th,  1870. 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Blood, 

Butte 

i  Yield  in 

Name.                          Pee  Cent.         Set 

EN   DATS. 

Lustre  3063 

50 
35 

15  lbs 
18    " 

8i     OZ. 

Rosa  of  BeUevue  6954  . 

7i     " 

Viva  Le  Brocq  13,702   . 

35 

18    " 

3      " 

Mary  Jane  of  Belle  vue  695( 

25 

17    " 

7      " 

Gold  Trinket  9518    .     . 

35 

17    " 

2      " 

Dairy  Pride  4th  31,681  . 

35 

16    " 

0     '• 

Rose  of  Oxford  13,469  . 

35 

15    " 

144    '■ 

Atricia6039     .... 

35 
35 

15    " 
15    " 

O            <l 

Naomi's  Pride  16,475    . 

2      " 

Caroline  12,019    . 

35 

14    " 

8      " 

Gilda  2779 

25 

184 

14  " 

15  " 

6 

Prize  Rose  16,309 

1      " 

Island  Star  11,876 

12i 

21    " 

3      " 

Florinanna  24,3.54 

13+ 

17    " 

5      " 

Milkmaid  Felch  13,339 
Fear  Not  2d  6061  .  . 
Lily  of  Burr  Oaks  1101 
Countess  Gasela  9571  . 
Grace  Felch  8291  .  . 
Charmer  4771  .... 
Rosebud  of  Bellevue  7703 
Magnolia  Ridgley  17,269 
Milkmaid    of   Burr  Oaks 


Lotchen  19,833     .     .     . 
Young  Garenne  3d  13,648 
Niobe  of  Linwood  11,134 
Cherokee  Rose  30,931    . 


12i 

16    ' 

'      2 

12i 

15    ' 

'    13 

13i 

15    ' 

'    11 

13i 

15    ' 

■      0 

12i 

14    ' 

12 

124 

14    ' 

'    11 

121 

14    ' 

8 

124 

14    ' 

5 

9f 

16    < 

7 

91 

16    ' 

3 

9f 

14    ' 

9 

6i 

23    ' 

10 

JERSEY  CA  TTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


Blood, 
Nauk.                        riB  Cexi 

Jenny  Dodo  H.  14,448  .     .     6J 
Lady  of  the  Isles  2d  16,653 
(rated) CJ 

BCTTIK  YllLD  IK 

Seven  Dats. 
21  lbs.    8      OZ 

19    "    11      " 

Fan's     Grouville     Beauty 

10,079 

6i 

19    " 

3      " 

Beauty  Romeril  26,090  .     . 

6J 

18    " 

9      '■ 

LE  BROCQ'S  CUR- 
FEW 30.697  .... 

H 

18    " 
13   '• 

0     •■ 
12i    " 

Fear  Not  5059      .... 

6i 

17    ■■ 

10     ■• 

Lady  Velvctine  15,771  .     . 
Lady  Josephine  11,560.     . 
Corn  10,504 

6i 
6i 

17    " 
16    " 
16    •• 

2      •• 

lis   " 

Wakena  19,721     .... 

6i 

16    " 

0      " 

Eclipse  14,427 

Les  Marais  Dell  20,314  .     . 
Belle  Dame  2d  22,043    .     . 

6i 
6i 
6i 

15    " 
15    " 
15    " 

12      " 

8      " 

Queen  of  Ashantce  14,554  . 

6J 

15    " 

2      " 

Cicero's  Mabel  18,238    .     . 

6i 

15    " 

2      •' 

Verora  10,766  .... 

Daisy  Di.\ie  9469  .     .     . 

Jenny  Williams  29,058 . 

Jledrie  Le  Brocq  8888  . 

Island  Dots  17,023    .     . 

Embla  Brick  15,690  .  . 
'  Bella  Delaine  10,356  . 
I    Nervine  25,932     .     .     . 

Birdie  Le  Brocq  17,263 . 
'    Elinor  Wells  12,060  .     . 

Le  Rosa  10,078  .  .  . 
I  Nutley's  Alma  13,581  . 
j    Carlo's  Fancy  14,591     . 

Frances  C.  Magnet  22,904 

Moggie  Bright  25,891    . 

Liberty  2d  16,717      .     . 

Pendule  2d  16,709  .  . 
Total,  59  cows. 


IB  CE.>n 

BlTTE.  YlEI.1.  IS 

Sevex  Dats. 

.     6i 

15  lbs. 

U    oz. 

6i 

15    " 

1      " 

.     6i 

15    •■ 

0      " 

.     6i 

14    " 
14    " 

7      " 

.    H 

14    " 

3      " 

6i 

14    " 

2      " 

.     6i 

14    " 

u   •• 

.     6i 

14    " 

0      " 

.     6i 

14    " 

0      '■ 

.     6i 

14    " 

0      " 

.     6i 

14    " 

0     ■' 

.     6J 

14    " 

0      " 

■     3i 

14    " 
16    " 

13*     " 
6      " 

.     3i 

14    " 

6i    " 

.     3i 

14    " 

6      " 

MOXAECH   OF   EOXBUEY   499. 


Dropped  July  26tli,  1869.     Bred  by  Thomas  Motley. 
Dam,  Nellie  289. 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Merry  Burlington 
Topsey  Roxbury  7 
Audrey  1447    .     . 


Sire,  John  Le  Bas  398. 


TlELD  IN 
1)*T8. 

Naiie. 

Blood,       Bitteh  Yield 
Pee  Cent.       Seven  Dais. 

4          OZ. 

Clover  Top  9910  .     . 

.     .  50       14  lbs.    0     c 

0           " 

Walkyrie  5708     .     . 

.     .  13i     14    '•     1 

0      '■ 

Total,  5  com. 

RIOTER  670. 

Color,  dark  gray  brown.  Bred  by  Mr.  Alexandre,  Jersey.  Dropped  August, 
1869.  Imported  by  P.  H.  Fowler,  November,  1871.  Purchased  by  Silas  Belts,  of 
Bloomfield  Cottage  Farm,  Camden,  N.  J. 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Blood,       Butter  Y'ield  i 


Blood,       Bctter  Yi 


Lady  Bloomfield  4704    .     .  75 

14  lbs 

m   oz. 

Lucetta6856    .... 

25 

14  lbs. 

3     0 

Duchess  of  Bloomfield  3653  ,50 

20    " 

Oi    '■ 

Elmora  Mostar  15,955  . 

18f 

14    " 

0      ' 

8U  LU  4705 .50 

16      " 

ETHLEEL  2d  32,291 

12* 

30    •■ 

15 

Leiitia  3977 ,50 

5      " 

Celeste  Cox  12.948    .     . 

12J 

20    " 

8      • 

Princess  Mostar  9700    .     .  37i 

3      " 

Jaquenettu  10,958     .     . 

12+ 

14    •' 

6      ' 

Princess  Bowen  9699    .     .  25 

13      " 

Leoline  2d  18,315     .     . 

13* 

14    " 

4      • 

Lorella  12,913      ....  25 

7      " 

Total,  18  «)«•». 

JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


COLUMBIAD  534. 


Bred  by  A.  Le  Gallais,  Jersey.     Dropped  on  ship  Hndson,  September   7th 
1869.     Imported  by  Captain  Pratt,  September  1-ith,  1869. 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Aspirante  9272     .     .     .     . 
PET  OP  ROSE  LAWN  \ 

Alluring  5541  . 


)=«*(.. 


14  lbs,    7 
\  18    "      2+ 

19    ■■      5 


Rose  of  Rose  Lawn  ! 
Deoine  6343     .     .     , 
Dark  Cloud  9364  . 
Total,  6  cow*. 


16  lbs 
14    " 


LOPEZ  313. 
Imported   in    dam  Amy   595,    January    29th 
Massachusetts.     Dropped  Jime  4th,  1869. 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


1869,   by   H.    M.   Wellington, 


Namb.                      Pee  Cen 

T.           SeVE 

N    D 

Bertha  Morgan  4770      .     .  50 

19  lbs 

6 

Molly  Brown  7831     .     .     .50 

16    " 

0 

LTDIADARRAOH4903  35 

17    •• 

14 

Violet  of  Glencalrn  10,231  25 

14    " 

4 

May  Lankton  15,872      .     .  12i 

16    " 

H 

Lydia  Darracli  2d  8056      .  12i 

16    '■ 

0 

Lydia  Darrach  3d  10,662   .  12i 

16    •• 

0 

Orphean  4636 12i 

15    •• 

7 

Lydia  Darrach  5th  16,577 

\%\ 

15 

NIOBE   OF   ST.    LAM- 

BERT 12,969    .     .     . 

6i 

21 

Behneda  6329 

6i 

18 

Olie's  Lady  Teazle  12,307  . 

6i 

16 

Gem  of  Sassafras  8434  .     . 

6i 

14 

TOM  DASHER  42u. 
Dropped  January  30th,  1869.     Bred  by  S.  W.  Robbins,  "Wethersfield,  Conn. 
Sire,  Albert  44.     Dam,  Flora  420. 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Jersey  Cream  3151    .     . 
OUe4133 

Blood, 
Pee  Cen 
.    50 
.    50 

Seven  Dats. 
17  Hw.    0      oz. 
15    "      0       •■ 

Name.                         P 

Polly  Clover  70.52     .     .     . 
Olie's  Lady  Teazle  12,307 

BUTIEE  Yield 
Seven  Dats. 

16  lbs.  15 
16    "      5 

Creamer  2467  .... 

.  50 

14    " 

1      " 

May  Lankton  15,872 

3U 

16    " 

li 

Jersey  Cream  3d  8521    . 

.  37* 

16    " 

5       '■ 

Orphean  4636  .... 

m 

15    " 

7 

VALUE  2d  6844    .     . 

.  25 

25    " 

2H  " 

Cowles'  Nonsuch  6199 

12i 

14    " 

13 

Peggy  Leah  3097      .     . 
May  Blossom  5657    .     . 
Duchess  of  Argyle  3758 

.  25 
.  35 
.  25 

18    " 
18    " 
14    " 

12  " 
11       " 

13  " 

Lady  Gray  of  Hilltop 
14  641 

2d 

13+ 

14    " 

12 

Lady  Gray  of   Hilltop 

3d 

Jersey  Cream  2d  8519   . 
Gem  of  Sassafras  8434  . 

.  25 
.  35 

14    " 
14    " 

12       " 

12i 
6i 

14    •• 
20    " 

Hillside  Gem  16,640 

0 

Katie  Bashford  15,982  . 

.  12i 

17    " 

0       " 

Belmeda6329       .     . 

6i 

18    " 

12 

JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


Cordelia  Baker  8814 
Rosona  12,956      .     .     . 
Ethalka  2<i  14,138    .     . 
Phyllis  of  llillcri'st  906'; 


Blood.       Bctteb  TraLD 

NiMi;. 

Peb  Ckkt.       Sbvek  Days. 

Roll  of  Honor  13,610 

.     6i      14  lbs.  13     c 

Celeste  Cox  12,948    . 

.     .     3i     20    "     8 

Pet  Clover  14,634     . 

.     34     16    "     8 

Total,  37  cows. 

YOUNG  BARON  702. 
Color,  solifl  bronze  fuwn  ;  black  points.    Bred  by  Mr.  Mallett,  Jersey. 
1869.     Imported  by  E.  P.  P.  Fowler,  1871. 

T?;STED   DESCENDANTS. 


Dropped 


Hr.ooD. 

BlTTTEE  YIELD   IS 

Blood 

BUTTEK  YlBL 

Kamz. 

Tee  Uen 

r.       Seven  Dats. 

Name. 

Pe«  cex 

T.       Seve.v  Dat 

Gipsy  May  6259   .     . 

.  75 

17  lbs.    8      OZ. 

Peggotty  II.  8639     .     . 

.  25 

15  lbs.    6 

Pearl  Armstrong  2670 

.  50 

21    "    10      " 

Suuuy  Lass  6033  .     .     . 

.  25 

14    "      7 

Amethyst  2699     .     . 

.  50 

18    "      0      •■ 

Muezzin  3670  .... 

.  25 

14    "     0 

Arietta  5115     .     .     . 

.  50 

15    "      0      " 

La.ss  Rex  Alphea  16,965 

.  m 

16    "    lot 

Bertie  Briggs  5213    . 

.  50 

14    "      4      " 

Duenna's  Duchess  5508 

.  25 

16    "    10      " 

Total.  10  cmcs. 

MERCURY  432. 

Coliir.  solid  dark  f;;ray,  shading  to  black  ;  lilaek  tiin<rne  and  switcli.  Sire,  Jupiter 
93.  Dam,  Alphea  171.  Bred  by  R.  M.  Hoe,  New  York.  Di-opped  October  7th, 
1869.  Still  in  servdce,  at  sixteea  years  of  age,  at  the  head  of  the  Simpson  Herd. 
Has  given  from  fifty  to  one  hundred  per  cent,  of  his  blood  to  twenty -five  tested  cows. 
Mercury  is  the  product  of  full  brother  and  sister,  and  is  a  good  lesson  for  those  who 
theorize  so  energetically  against  the  practice  of  inbreeding. 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Naue. 

Phaedra  2561  .  . 
Nymphica  5141  . 
Purest  13,730  .  . 
Richness  16,536  . 
Marvel  13,734  .  . 
Ideal  Alphea  18,755 
Alphea  Star  16,532 
Alphetta  16,.531  . 
Lernella  22,322  . 
Alphea  Jewell  22,331 
Reality  16,537 . 
Smoky  13,733 
Renown  13.729 
Idaletta  11,843 
Lernu  3634  .     . 


.        Sk> 

E.N    DATS 

19  lbs 

13           0 

18    ■• 

7i    • 

15    " 

4 

.  63i 
.  63i 
.  63^ 
.  50 


50 


2i 

u 

0 

3J 

9 

6 

14* 

13 

Idalene  11,841  . 
Crust  4775  .  .  . 
Zalma  8778  .  . 
Clytemnestra  3455 
Tola  4627  .  .  . 
Ideal  11,843  .  . 
Nimble  22,335  . 
Ilartwick  Belle  7731 
Vestina2458  .  . 
Ballet  Girl  18,750 
Zitella3d  11,933  . 
Ceccola  13,608  . 
Malope  3d  11,933 
Nazli  10.327  .  . 
Robinetle  7114     . 


.  50 
.  374 

.  374 
.  374 
.  374 


15  lbs. 

15  " 

15  " 

15  " 

15  " 
14  " 
14  " 
14  " 
14  " 

14  " 
17  " 

16  " 

15  " 
15  '■ 
14  " 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


Nam 


Feb  < 


Colie  8309 25  18  lbs. 

Bessie  S.  5002 25  16  " 

Fillpail  16,530      ....  25  15  " 

Niva7523 25  15  " 

Forsaken  7520      .     .     .     .35  15  " 

Faustine  10,354   ....  25  14  " 

Bessie  Bradfoid  7269    .     .  25  14  " 

Honeydrop  10,033    ...  25  14  " 

St.  Nick's  Flora  16,195      .  25  14  " 

Mother  Hubbard  10,331     .  12+  24  " 

Little  Torment  1.5,581    .     .  12i  23  " 

BOMBA  10,330  ....  12+  21  " 

Quachette  17,091  ....  12+  19  " 

Bertha  Black  26,275      .     .  12+  17  " 

Matilda  5th  18,068    .     .     .13+  16  " 

Lily  of  Maple  Grove  5079  12^  16  " 


s  Days. 

Name.                       Pee  Cent 

Sev 

N  Dai 

4     oz. 

Corn  10,504      .... 

13+ 

16  lbs 

3 

0      " 

Referette  15  309 

12+ 

15    " 

g 

11      " 

Leah  Darlington  13,836 

12i 

15    " 

54 

8      " 

Bessie  Bradford  2d  7371 

12+ 

15    " 

3 

1      " 

Verora  10,766       .     .     . 

13i 

15    '• 

H 

14i    ■' 

Lucy  Lanier  13,053  .     . 

6i 

18    " 

3 

2       " 

Lass  Rex  Alphea  16,965 

6i 

16    " 

lOJ 

Oi    " 

Rioter  Alphea  10,091     . 

6i 

16    ■■ 

7 

0      " 

Eupidee's  Perfection  20,17 

6i 

15    " 

4 

li  " 

Dove  Dee  18,0.59  .     .     . 

6i 

15    " 

3 

2*     " 

Bronze  Leaf  14,903  .     . 

6i 

15    " 

1 

Hi     " 

Goldstraw  3d  14,724      . 

6i 

14    " 

13 

11+     " 

Peggy  Ford  21,713  .     . 

6i 

14    " 

10 

0      " 

Dia  13,658 

3i 

15    '■ 

13 

4      ■' 

Shiloh  Daughter  20,378 

lA 

14    " 

% 

3      " 

Total,  61  cowi. 

PIERROT  636. 
Color,  silver  gray  fawn  ;  Iilack  tongue  and  tail. 
S.  C.  Colt,  Hartford,  Coini..  1871. 


Dropped  1869.     Imported  by 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Blood, 

BcTTER  Yield  in 

Blood, 

Butter  Yield 

Name. 

Pee  Cek 

N  DATS. 

Name. 

Pee  Cen 

.       Seve 

N  Days. 

Minneola  of  Elmarch  8 

339  50 

15  lbs 

15     OZ. 

Little  Sister  11,666   .     . 

.  35 

14  lbs 

12 

Elsie  Brown  4021      . 

.  50 

14     " 

6+     " 

New  London  Gipsy  11,6 

57  35 

14    " 

8 

Geranium  3963     .     . 

.  50 

14    " 

0      " 

Susie  La  Biche  3d  15,171 

.  35 

14    " 

64 

Rosy  Kate  10,376     . 

.  37+ 

18    '■ 

13      " 

Palestine's  Last  Daught 

Lady  Cecilia  24,821  . 

.  37+ 

16    " 

1      " 

12,603      

.  35 

14    " 

6 

Pierrot's  Picture  13,481 

.  374 

16    " 

0      " 

Lady  Fanning  11,169    . 

.  25 

14    " 

6 

Pierrot's  Countess  12,480  .  37+ 

14    " 

0 

Rarity  3d  7724     .     .     . 

.  35 

14    " 

2 

Pierrot's  Lady  Bacon  12 

483  3U 

16    ■' 

10       " 

Queen  Fannie  10,375     . 

.  25 

14    " 

2 

Geranium  2(i  7838 

35 

26    " 

4f     " 
10       " 

Little  Han  8004 

25 

14    " 

0 

PEROIE  14,937  .     . 

.  35 

18    ■■ 

Rosy  Kate's  Rex  13,193 

.  18f 

18    " 

8 

14    •■ 

6+     " 

Celeste  Cox  12,948    .     . 

.  134 

30    " 

8 

Jennie  of  the  Vale  9553 

.  35 

17    " 

7+     '■ 

Belmeda  6239  .... 

.  13+ 

18    " 

13 

Colt's  La  Biche  6399 

.  35 

17    " 

3+     " 

Kitty  Potter  9893      .     . 

.  134 

18    " 

5 

Polly  Clover  7052     . 

.  35 

16    " 

15       " 

Floret  9959 

.  134 

17    ■' 

6 

Hattie  Douglass  34,960 

.  35 

16    " 

5       " 

Lida  Mullin  9198  .     .     . 

.  124 

16    " 

18 

Fannie  Taylor  6714  . 

.  25 

15    " 

13      " 

Lizzie  D.  10,408  .     .     . 

.  134 

16    " 

15 

Julia  Walker  10,133 

.  25 

15    " 

12       " 

Jersey  Cream  3d  8531    . 

.  134 

16    " 

5 

Canto  7194.     .     .     . 

.  35 

15    " 

13      " 

Lady  Hayes  10,136  .     . 

.  134 

15    " 

13 

Ultima  14,4.56  .     .     . 

.  35 

15    " 

12       " 

Pierrot's  Lady  Hayes  11,6 

72  124 

15    " 

13 

Palestina  4644      .     . 

.  25 

15    ■' 

8      " 

Bellini  La  Biche  15,091 

.  134 

14    " 

144 

Princess  of  Mansfield  8 

070  35 

15    " 

2      " 

Pawtucket  Belle  13,406 

.  124 

14    " 

13 

Bellini's  Maid  15,170 

.  25 

15    " 

H     •' 

Yellow  Locust  10,679    . 

.  134 

14    " 

104 

JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


Blood. 
Kami.                          Per  Ceni 

Eva  of  Snipsic  17,650    .     .  12* 

BuTTEli  YiELl.   I!< 

Skvin  DAYe. 

14  lbs.    1      oz. 

BI...OI.. 

Signal  Maid  19,361    .     .     .     6i 

Bi 

15 

Atlanta's  Beauty  12,949     .     Oi 
Hypathia  2(1  14,774  .     .     .     6i 
Pet  Clover  14,624     .     .     .     6| 

21    ••      3      " 
19    ■■    13i     " 
16    •■      8      •' 

Chautauqua  Queen  26,403    6i 
Leoline  2d  18,315      .     .     .     6^ 
Baby  Buttercup  10,888 .     .     6i 

14 

14 
14 

Olie's  Lady  Teazle  12,307  .     6> 
Pinafore  2tl  15,073    .     .     .     6i 

16    "      5      " 
15    '•      8      " 

Tohd,  52  mws. 

COUCH'S  LILY  3237. 
Color,  light  orange  fawn  ;  dark  shading  around  eyes  ;  black  switch.     Dropped 


February,  1869.     Bred  by  Joseph  M.  Waters,  Cromwell,  Conn. 
Dam,  Lily  Dale  3230. 

couch's  lily  and  tested  descendants. 


Sire,  Albert  44. 


Blood, 

Butteb  Yield  in 

Blood. 

BOTTE 

«  Yield  in 

Name. 

Peb  Cent.        Seven  Davs. 

Naue.                          Per  Cen 

T.            SeV 

en    DATS. 

Couch's  Lily  3237 

.      .      100 

16  lbs 

9      oz. 

Rosy  Kates  Rex  13,192     .  12A 

18  lbs 

8     oz. 

Ilepsy  2d  13,008  . 

.      .   25 

17    " 

8      " 

Maggie  Rex  28,623   .     .     .  12i 

17    " 

Oi    ■■ 

Floret  9959      .     . 

.     .  25 

17    " 

6       " 

Sister  Rex  13,194      .     .     .  12* 

16    " 

8      •• 

Arawana  Queen  5368    .     .  25 

16    •• 

9       " 

Elsie  Lane  13,302      .     .     .  12i 

4      " 

Princess  Bellworth  6801    .  25 

15    " 

lOi   •• 

Chautauqua  Queen  26,403  \i\ 

11       " 

Usilda  2d  6157      . 

.     .  25 

15    " 

21     " 

Sister  Cash  33,987    ...  12* 

10      " 

Favorite  Rajah  Rex  16,153  25 

15    ■• 

0       ■' 

Lillcy  Rex  9852   .     .     .     .  12J 

7      " 

Louvie  3d  6159    . 

.     .  25 

14    •• 

13       ■■ 

Lass  Rex  Alpliea  16,965     .     6] 

16    •• 

lOf     " 

Bell  Rex  11,700    . 

.     .  25 

14    '• 

10     •• 

CARRIE    LENA    3d 

Princess  Rose 

.     .  25 

14    " 

8      " 

20,077 6i 

16    •' 

5      " 

Jeannie  Piatt  6005 

.     .  25 

14    ■• 

4      •• 

Guinevere  Sinclair    ...     6} 

16    " 

2      " 

Lottie  Rex  18,757 

.     .  25 

14    " 

4      " 

Elhalka2.1  14.128    .     .     .     i\\ 

15    " 

0      " 

Pet  Rex  20,166    . 

.     .  25 

14    •■ 

2i     •■ 

Kerni  Rex  13,671 

.     .  35 

14    •• 

0 

Total,  25  evwa. 

1870. 

BfLLS. 

WELCOME,  F.  106  J.  11.  B.— H.  C. 
White  line  on  left  side ;  tail  brown,  tongue  black.     Dropped  1870.     Second 
prize  over  Jersey  1871.     First  prize  over  Jersey  1872. 


tested 

DESCENDANTS. 

Naue. 

Blood. 

BuTTEE  Yield 
Seven  Day 

r 

Name. 

Blood, 
Pee  Ceni 

Bi'TTEE  Yield  in 
Seven  Date. 

Garenne  24,534    .     .     . 

.   50 

16  lbs.    3 

OZ. 

Trudie2d4084     .     .     . 

.  25 

15  lbs.  10      OZ. 

Lucilla  Kent  8892     .     . 

.  37i 

15     "     10 

" 

Fan  of  Grouville  7458   . 

.  25 

15    •'     0      " 

Fear  Not  6059 

25 

17    "    10 
17    ••      4 

Lily  of  Staatsburg  5427 
Miss  Porter  20,300    .     . 

.  25 

.  181 

14    "      2i    " 
16    "     6      ■• 

Faith  of  Oiiklnnds  19,696 

.  25 

Buttercup  17,285  .     .     . 

.  25 

16    "      8 

St.  Jcannaise  15,789      . 

.  18J 

16    "     4      •' 

JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMEBIC  A. 


Eugenie   Tourneur  24,533 

(rated) 18f 

PRINCESS  2d  8046  .  .  13A 
Westphalia  24,384     .     .     .12+ 

Ona7840 13i 

Primrose  11,956  ....  13* 
Daisy  of  St.  Peters  18,175  12+ 
Oaklands  Cora  18,853  .  .  12+ 
Fan's     Grouville     Beauty 

10,079 13i 

Blue  Bell  of  Maple  Grove 

10,687 13J 

LE  BROCQ'S  CUR-  [  ^ 

FEJF  30.697  ...("* 
Lactine  10,680      . 
Pyrrha  6100    .     . 
Daisy  Queen  9619 
Young  Garenne  3 
Desire  34,360   .... 
Fear  Not  3d  6061      .     . 
Dot  Buttercup  16,358    . 
Brunette  Le  Gros  9755  . 
Happy  Blossom  18,218  . 
Satin  Bird  16,380      .     . 
Jenny  Le  Brocq  9757    . 


13,648  12J 

12+ 


OOCOTTE  ll,95)r 

Corao  Lass  34,369 
Blonde  2d  9268  . 
Ballet  Girl  18,750 
Nell  Gwynn  9654 
Fillpail  2d  34,388 

EHELULA  17,970 

King's  Tru.st  18,946  . 
Granny's  Gem  30,406 
Roxie  R.  13,503   .     . 


13+ 


12+ 


12+ 


13+ 


12+      14    ■ 

0 

9f      25    • 

2 

».};:: 

8 
6+ 

9|      18    • 

0 

9|      16    • 

•5i 

9f      16    ' 

0 

1,467 


Name.  Pei 

Pendulc  2d  16,709     .     .     . 
OXFORD  KATE    13,646 
Little  Torment  15,581   . 
Island  Star  11,876     .     . 
Pilot's  Veronica  18,917 . 
Floribundus  2d  14,949  . 
Arthur's  Mistletoe  11,968 
Daisy  Brown  12,313      . 
Mousy  3d  14,963  .     .     . 
Princess  of  Ashantee  1 
Dairy  Pride  4th  31,68 
Rose  of  Oxford  13,46! 
Calington  22,031  .     . 
Victory  16,379      .     . 
Queen  of  Ashantee  14,554. 
Cicero's  Mabel  18,338 
Romping  Lass  11,031 
Beauty  17,414  .     .     . 
Lady  Fair  33,103.     . 
Rosebud  of  Bellevue  7702 
Nimble  22,335      .     .     . 
Miss  Huelin  22,296  .     . 
Scipio's  Lively  19,869    . 
Belle  Grinnell  3d  16,503 
Lizzie  C.  7713 .... 
Ada  Minka  15,562     .     . 
ETHLEEL  2d  33,291 
Queen  Neptune  15,501  , 
Cetewayo's  Silver  Bell  18,952  34 
Rosona  12,956  .     . 
Lotchen  19,833     . 
Elsie  Lane  13,303 
Prize  Rose  16,309 
Deletta  21,305  .     . 
Betsona  16,776      . 
Variella  of  Linwood  10,954 
Total.  77  cows. 


3i 


Seven  Days. 

14  lbs.     6     c 
39    "    12       ' 


DUKE  OF  GRAYIIOLDT  1035. 

Dropped    1870.      Imported   from 


Color,    solid   gray   brown  ;    black    points 
Jersey  1871,  by  J.  V.  Prather. 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Duenna's  Duchess  5508 
Verbena  of  Fernwood  9088  50 


Blood, 
Pee  Ozn 

BuTTEK  Yield  in 
.        Seven  Day8. 

Name. 

Blood,        Butter  Yie 
Per  Cent.         Seven  D 

.  50 

16  lbs.  10     oz. 

Morlacchi  2725    .     . 

.     .  50       14  lbs.    0 

8  50 

15    "      0      " 

Putnam  Belle  13,116 

.     .  37+     14    ••      0 

JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


Plilox  16,399 25 

Ada  S.  18,366 25 

Sunset  of  Pleasant  View 

13,071 25 

Miss  Baden  Baden  14,760  .  25 

Sunny  Lass  6033  ....  25 


21  lbs.  11      oz. 

Marv    of    Pleasant    View 

10    ■•      9      •• 

13,448 18f 

141b.s.    6 

Belle  Mardi  18,362    .     .     .  12i 

18    "      Oi 

15    "      2      " 

Belle  of  Lynwood  18,364  .  12^ 

17    "    14 

14    •'    14A     " 

Lass  Rex  Alphea  16,965    .  12+ 

16    ■•    lOf 

14    "      7      " 

Toua,  13  cows. 

Dropped  1870. 
New  York.  Sire, 
J.  II.  B.— C. 


YANKEE  1003  (/'.  27  ./.  //.  B.—II.  C). 

Imported  from  Jersey  August  15th,  1872,  by  W.  B.  Dinsmore, 
Paddy,    F.   97   J.    H.   B.— C.      Dam,    Georgette,    F.    309 

TESTED    DESCENDAlfTS. 


Biooi), 

SVTTT. 

a  Yield  is 

Blood. 

BuTTEn  Vield 

NiMt. 

Pee  Cen 

r.        Sevbn  DATS. 

Name.                         Pee  Ces 

Sevex  Days. 

Ca.ssia  2d  21.307  .     .     . 

.  50 

30  lbs. 

10}    oz. 

Mother  Carey  11,476     . 

12* 

27  lbs 

1      ( 

Chloe4tU4612     .     .     . 

.  .50 

17    ■' 

4      " 

Lady  of  the  Isles  2d  16,652 

Susie  Marshall  5782  .     . 

.  50 

16    " 

2      " 

(rated) 

12i 

19    •• 

11 

Kitty  5tli  3849      .     .     . 

.  50 

16    " 

0      " 

Mabel  of  St.  Mary's  8627 

m 

16    ■• 

10 

Ida  8tli  5429    .... 

.  50 

14    " 

3      " 

Farmer's  Floss  17,773   . 

12* 

15     " 

Ij 

Viva  Le  Brocq  13,702   . 

.  35 

18    " 

3      .. 

Fall  Leaf  8587      .     .     . 

m 

14    ■' 

8 

Queensborough  24,345  . 

.  35 

17    " 

5      •• 

Adora  18,569   .... 

12+ 

14    " 

3 

Belle  Dame  2d  22,043  . 

.  35 

15    " 

3      " 

Lotchen  19,823    .     .     . 

91 

16    " 

7 

Fancy  Fan  13,657    .     . 

.  25 

14    " 

14      " 

Viva  Le  Brocq  13,702   . 

6} 

17    " 

7 

Lily  of  the  Valley  7439 

.  25 

14    " 

0      " 

Armon  10,862 .... 

6} 

16    " 

13i 

Cleliola  14,042      .     .     . 

.  35 

14    " 

0      " 

Nibbett  16,635     .     .     . 

61 

14    " 

7 

Queen  of  De  Soto  12,318 

.  18i 

14    " 

13      " 

Belle  Grinnell  3d  16,503 

6i 

14    " 

2 

Carlo's  Fancy  14,591     . 

.  18J 

14    " 

0      '■ 

Total,  24  cows. 

MOGUL    532. 

Dropped  February,  1870.     Bred  by  Mr.  Payn,  St.  Martins,  Jersey.     Imported 
by  S.  J.  Sharpless,  Pennsylvania,  January,  1871.     Sire,  Sultan,   F.   58  J.  H.  B. — 

n.  c. 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Blood, 

Buttei 

Yield  in 

Blood. 

BlTTE 

.  Yield 

Name.                      '  Pee  Cen 

T.       Seves  Days. 

Name.                         Pee  Cent.       Sev 

N   DATS. 

Rosebud  of  Allerton  6352  .  37i 

19  lbs 

12       OZ. 

Thorndale  Belle  8d  10,459  25 

15  lbs 

15       0 

Belle  of  Prospect  2d  14,326  25 

19     " 

0        " 

Mitten  13,368 25 

15    ■■ 

11 

Mary  M.  Allison  6308   .     .  25 

20    •• 

14       •■ 

Merry  Burlington  7600  .     .  25 

15    " 

4 

Calendine  9415     ....  25 

17    " 

9       •• 

Gledelia  10,534     ....  25 

15    " 

0 

Leonice  2d  8342    .     .     .     .  25 

16    " 

8       " 

Belle  Thorne  13,369       .     .  25 

14    " 

11 

Corinna  2d  6594  ....  25 

16    " 

5       " 

Violet  of  Glencairn  10,221  25 

14    " 

4      ' 

Bramballetta  10,451  ...  25 

16    " 

4       " 

Mary  of  Gilderoy  11,219    .  25 

14    " 

4      ' 

Lady    Alice    of    Ilillcrest 

Queen  of  Prospect  11,997  .  25 

14    " 

4      ' 

7450 25 

16    " 

3      " 

Little  Torment  15.581    .     .  13* 

23    " 

3i    ' 

JERSEY   CATTLE  IJST  AMEBIOA. 


537 


Name. 

Niobe's  Alpheanette  23,3: 
Lady  Josephine  11,560  . 


12i     32  lbs.  m 
m     16    "    lU 


Alfritha  13,678     , 
Nutley  Silverette 


.     .     .  13i     15  lbs.    3 
,410    .     6J     15    "    12f 


Tvtal,  31  coies. 


NELUSKO   479. 


Solid  color. 
Sire,  Kajah  340. 


Dropped  May  20th,  1870. 
Dam,  Nelly  55. 


Bred  at  Ogden  Farm,  Newport,  R.  I. 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Kame.                          Pee  Ce 

T.        Seven  Days. 

Name. 

Per  Cin 

r.       Seve 

1  Days. 

Maggie  May  3255.     .     . 

50 

14  lbs 

3+    oz. 

Starkville  Beauty  4897  . 

.  35 

14  lbs 

0 

Gilt  Edge  2d  4420    .     . 

50 

14    " 

0       " 

Atlanta's  Beauty  13,949 

.  m 

31    " 

3 

Lucky  Belle  2d  6037      . 

35 

16    " 

14      " 

Gabrielle  Champiqn  14,103  13J 

17    '■ 

8 

Julia  Evelyn  6007     .     . 

35 

15    " 

154     " 

Obella  B.  10,575  .     .     . 

.  13i 

17    " 

4 

"Valerie  6044    .... 

25 

15    " 

13       " 

Armon  10,863  .... 

.  13i 

16    " 

134 

Duchess  Caroline  3d  6041 

35 

15    " 

8       " 

GILT  EDGE  O.  13,33 

5.  13i 

15    " 

9i 

Bettie  Dixon  4537     .     . 

35 

15    " 

0       " 

Mountain  Lass  13,931    . 

.  134 

14    '■ 

9 

Florry  Keep  6556     .     . 

25 

14    " 

14       •• 

Minnie  Lee  3d  12,941    . 

.  13i 

14    " 

3 

CoroniUa  8367 .     .     .     . 

25 

14    " 

9|     '■ 

Therese  M.  8364  .     .     . 

.  12i 

14    •' 

3 

Pride  of  the  Hill  4871    . 

25 

14    ■' 

8      " 

Vivalia  13,760 .     .     .     . 

.  13i 

14    " 

0 

Maggie  C.  13,216      .     . 

25 

14    " 

6       " 

Marpefra  10,384  .     .     . 

.    H 

14    " 

6 

Maggie  May  2d  13,926  . 

25 

14    " 

6      " 

Total,  33  C0W6. 

Color,  dark  fawn 
Bred  by  John  Arthur,  Jersey 
C.  Ridgely,  of  Hampton,  Md 


ORANGE  PEEL    864. 
gray  head ;    black  switch  ;    white  on  belly.     Dropped  1870. 
Brother  of  Orange  Feel  502.      Imported  1871,  by 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Name. 

Valma  Hoffman  4500 


Pee  Ceijt.       Sevej 

.  50  21  lbs. 

Kate  Pansy  15,177    ...  50  15    " 

Lady  Mary  Hampton  4861  50  14    " 

Leonice  2d  8343  ....  25  16    " 


Name. 

Mary  Norton  13,0 
Nelida  3d  8337     . 


13i     17  lbs.  14 
13i     15    "      3i 


OMAHA    482. 
Imported  in  dam  Omoo  1247,  by  S.  J.  Sliarpless,  April  18th,  1870.     Dropped 
June  3d.  1870. 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Blood 

Name. 

Pee  Cen 

Metah's  Queen  4886  . 

.     .  50 

Mendota  3d  36,326    . 

.     .  50 

Bryant  4193 
Metah's  Baby  ! 


Pee  Cent.  f 
.  50  141 
.  50        14 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


MONlTOIl  878. 


Color,  solid  dark  gray ;  black  tongue ;  mixed  switch.     Dropped  July  8th,  1870. 
Bred  by  S.  C.  Colt,  Hartford,  Coun.     Sire,  Rob  Roy  17.     Dam,  Emma  801. 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Nakk. 

Hlood. 

BUTTIE  YlKLD  IN 

Sbvix  Days. 

Name. 

Blood, 
Pke  CE.-n 

Bdttie  Yield 
Sevem  Datb. 

Belle  Grinnell  4073 

.    50 

18  lbs.    8     oz. 

Lady  Cecilia  34,821 

.      .    12* 

16  lbs.      1       0 

White  Clover  Leaf  4513 

.  50 

17    •'    15      " 

Prince's  Bloom  9729 

.     .  12i 

14    ■•      3 

Belle  Grinnell  3d  16,503 

.  25 

14    ••      2      •■ 

Ilypathia  3d  14,774  . 

.     .     6i 

19    "    13i 

Grinnell  Lass  11,859     . 

.  12* 

16    •'    10      •■ 

Sunset  15,130  .... 

.  12i 

16    "      3i     " 

Total.  8  mwa. 

SON  OF  ALPIIEA  oti2. 
Color,  solid ;  black  points.     Dropped  November  17tli,  1870.     Bred  by  R.  M. 
Hoe,  New  York.     Sire,  Dolphin  2d  468.     Dam,  Alphea  171. 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Pride  of  Corisandc  .' 
Gray  Therc.se  5322 
Silversides  3857    . 
Silver  Bell  4313    . 


Niobe's  Alpheanette  25 

Calpurnia  13,267  .     . 

Alberta  Signal  18,611 

Total,  7  cows. 


35 


33  lbs.  lOi  oz. 
5  15  "  3J  " 
3i     30    ••    11      " 


ANGELA  1682. 
Color,  deep  fawn,  nearly  solid.     Dropped  March  22d,  1870.     Bred  by  L.  H. 
Twaddcll,  W.  Pliiladelplua,  Pa.     Sire,  Roxbury  247.     Dam,  Europa  121. 

ANGELA    AND    TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Blood, 
Name.                       Pee  Cent 

BiTTTER  Yield  in 
.Seven  Dats. 

XAME. 

Blood, 

BUTTEB  YiE 

DIN 

Angela  1682    ....       100 

14  lbs.     2       OZ. 

Luci-tta3!)17    .... 

25 

14  lbs.    3 

OZ 

Duchess  of  Bloonitield  3653  50 

20    •■      OS     ■• 

ETHLBEL  2d  33,291 

12i 

30    "    16 

SU  LU  4705 50 

17    "    15       • 

.Jiuiucnctta  10,958      .     . 

12* 

14    "      6 

" 

Letitia3917 .50 

15    •■      3J     " 

Lcolinc  2d  18,315      .     . 

13i 

14    "      4 

" 

Lorella  12,913 25 

14    "      7      " 

Total,  9  cows. 

LADY  OK  THE  ISLES,  F.  992  J.  H.  B.— H.  C. 

Color,  light  brown  and  white  ;  white  speck  on  right  slioulder ;  wliite  speck  right 
of  setting  of  tail.     Dropped  April,  1870. 

First  prize  over  Jer.sey,  1874,  1875,  1876.  Sweepstakes  and  Silver  Cup,  1875. 
Also  Sweepstakes  Parish  Prizes  many  years. 


JERHEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


Bred  by  J.  Arthur,  of  St.  Mary.     Sire,  Brown  Prince,  F.  85  J.  H.  B.— H.  C. 
Dam,  Nonsuch,  F.  334  J.  H.  B.— C. 


TESTED     DESCENDANTS. 

Blooh,        Butter  Yield  in      i 
Name.  Pee  Cekt.         Seven  Days.  Name. 

Lady  of  the  Isles  2d  16,6.53  I    Lady  Velvetine  15,771 

(rated) 50       19  lbs.  11      oz.       Pear  Not  3d  6061      . 

Fear  Not  5059      ....  50        17    "    10       "I  ToM .  4  corns. 


Blood,        Botteo  Yield  l 


50        17  lbs.    3 
35        16    "      2 


1871. 


MILO  590. 
Color,  nearly  solid ;  white  iieck  on  eacli  shoulder,  right  hip  and  left  flank ; 
black  switch  and  tongue.    Dropped  March  12th,  1871.     Bred  by  T.  J.  Hand.     Sire, 
Lawrence  61.     Dam,  Motto  80. 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Name. 

Per  Cen 

T.          SeVE 

N   DATS. 

Name. 

Per  Cent.        Seven  D 

Allie  Minka  3983 

.      .    50 

14  lbs. 

6i      OZ. 

Bonnie  Yost  7943      . 

.     .  35        18  lbs.    3 

Cigarette  3849      . 

.     .  50 

14    •• 

4      " 

Ada  Minka  15,563    . 

.     .  35       14    "      3 

Muezzin  3670  .     . 

.     .  50 

14    " 

n 
MAEI1 

Total,  5  mws. 
[JS  760. 

Color,  solid  gray;  black  switch  and  tongue.  Dropped  April  23d,  1871.  Bred 
by  W.  H.  Schieffeliu,  New  York.  Sire,  Willie  Boy  434.  Dam  and  granddam,  Lady 
Mary  1148.  A  model  of  good  breeding,  having  seventy-five  per  cent,  of  Lady  Mary 
1148,  his  dam,  and  showing  the  largest  number  of  tested  descendants  of  any  bull  of 
his  era.     Another  grand  lesson  upon  the  true  art  of  inbreeding. 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Nam 


Per  I 


"Welma5943 50 

Chenda4599 50 

Calypris5943 50 

Evri  5283 50 


Geranium  3d  7838  .  . 
Tenella6713  .  .  .  . 
Cora  of  Llnwood  13,915 
Croton  Maid  5305  .  . 
Optima  6715  .  .  .  . 
CEnone  8614  .... 
Vixen  7591       .     .     .     . 


K  DATS. 

Name.                          Per  Cen 

T.            SevI 

N   I) 

8     oz. 

Beeswax  7805 35 

17  lbs 

5 

9i     " 

Bellita  4553 35 

17    " 

3 

4i     " 

Valhalla  5300 25 

17    ■' 

0 

4      " 

Belle  of  Patterson  5664.     .  25 

16    " 

6 

4f     " 

Troth  6139 35 

16    " 

5 

li     " 

Busy  Bee  6336      ....  35 

16    " 

4 

0 

Fleurette  of  Linwoodl3,918  25 

IG    " 

0 

lU     " 

Edwina  6713 25 

15    ■' 

13 

8i     ■' 

Fanny  Taylor  6714  ...  25 

15    " 

12 

15       " 

Li.setta  Johnson  3d  6783    .  25 

15    " 

10 

6      " 

Denise8381 25 

15    " 

9 

JERSEY  CA  rrLE  IX  AMERICA. 


Nav 


Etiquette  4300      ....  2r>  15  lbs. 

Jewell  3d ....  25  15    " 

Signiilana  7719     ....  25  15    " 

Aldimne  5301 25  15    " 

Jenny  William.s  29.058      .  25  15    " 

Dora  Doon  12,909     ...  25  15    " 

Opaline  7590 25  14    " 

Medrie  Lc  Brocq  8888  .     .25  14    " 

Marpetra  10,284   ....  25  14    " 

Litza6338 25  14    " 

Fandango  12,908      ...  25  14    " 

Romp  Ogden  8d  5458    .     .  25  14    " 

Comte.s.se  d'Espagna  10,308  25  14    " 

felile  4299 25  14    " 

Le  HoHii  10,078     ....  25  14    " 

ETHLEEL  2d  32,291      .  18f  30     ' 

Signetilia  10,333  .     .     .     .  18f  14    " 

Clierokec  Hose  20,921    .     .  12*  23    " 

Fadctte  of  Verna  3d  11,122  12i  22    " 

Celeste  Co.\  12.948    .     .     .  12i  20    "      8 

Attractive  Maid  16,925      .  12*  20    "     5 

Fairy  of  Verna  2d  10,793  .  12i  20    "      3J 

Hilda  A.  2d  11,120   .     .     .12*  20    "     0 

Ethlecl  18,724       .     .     .     .  12i  19    "    14 

Gardiner's  Hippie  11,093    .   12i  19    "    12j 
EVELINA  OF  VERNA 

10,971 12i  19 

TeneUa  2d  19,521      .     .     .12*  18 

Harmony  2d  17,118  .     .     .  12i  18 

Signaldella  24,107    .     .     .  12*  18 

Bertha  Black  26,275      .     .   12*  17 

Troth  Plight  10,258  .     .     .12*  16 

Gazella  3d  9355    ....  12*  16 


10* 


Dahlia .... 

Rupertina  10,409 .  .  . 
Mitten  13,368  .... 
Pinafore  2d  15,072  .  . 
Friz  Cam  14,655  .  .  . 
Alfritha  13,073  .  .  . 
Fanny  Bugler  19,962  . 
Romping  Lass  11,021  . 
Signal  Alaid  19,361    .     . 

Earl  Cow .     .     . 

Belle  Thome  13,369  . 
Reception  3d  11,025  . 
Euphorbia  11,229  .  . 
Guinevere  Sinclair  11,16 
Jaquenetta  10,958  .  . 
Lady  Clarendon  3d  17,5 
Lottie  Rex  18,757  .  . 
Variella  of  Linwood  10,954 
Sadie's  Choice  7979  .  . 
Daisy  Hamilton  19,962 
Jennie  Johnson  3d  6782 
Daisy  Morrison  14,035  . 
Atlanta's  Beauty  12,949 
Alberta  Signal  18,611    . 

PERCIE  14,937      .     . 

Pansy  Patterson  18,612 
Frances  C.  Magnet  22,904  , 
Duchess    of    Manchester 

MaquiUa  24,043   .     .     . 
TiAal,  84  com. 


Per  C«k: 
12* 
12* 
12* 

12* 
12* 
12* 
12* 
12* 
12* 
12* 
12* 
12* 
12* 
12* 
12* 


16  lbs.    0*    oz. 


GRAND  DUKE  ALEXIS  1040. 
Color,  solid  squirrel  gray ;  full  black  points.     Imported  in  dam  Victorine  La 
Chaise  2740,  by  Dr.  E.  W.  Voris,  Scarborough,  N.  Y.     Dropped  November,  1871. 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


N..,. 

Blood, 

Btm-IE  TlELD 
SiVES  DATS 

Chrissy2d7720    .     .     . 

.   50 

16  lbs.  14 

Polynia  10,753     .     .     . 

.  50 

16    ••      7 

Countess  of  Croton  5307 

.  50 

15    "    12 

Roselaine  7167     .     .     . 

.  50 

15    ■•      1 

Cosette3874     .     .     .     . 

.  50 

14    •'    10* 

Name.  Peb  Ceki 

Hartwick  Belle  7722     .     .  50 

Corolla  4392 50 

TencUa  6712 25 

Gold  Trinket  9518    .     .     .25 
Valhalla  5300 25 


Bt-TTEB  Yield  in 
Seven  DaT8. 

14  lbs.  8  oz. 

14    "  4  " 

22    "  1*  " 

17    "  2  " 

17    "  0  " 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IJV  A3IERICA. 


Name.                         Pee  Cekt 

Seve 

U  DATS. 

Name.                          Pek  Cen 

Seven  Dats. 

Belle  of  Patterson  5664.     .  25 

16  lbs 

6     oz. 

EVELINA  OF  VERNA 

Rupertina  10,409 .     .     .     .25 

15    " 

121     " 

10,971 

13J 

leibs.  10|    oz 

Azelda  2d  7022    ....  25 

15    " 

3      '• 

Tenella  3d  19,521     .     . 

121 

18    ■'    13      " 

Aldarine  5301       ....  25 

15    " 

li    " 

Signaldella  34,107    .     . 

124 

18    "      If     " 

Guinevere  Sinclair  11,167  .  25 

14    " 

9      " 

Pansy  Patterson  18,613 

134 

15    "    15      " 

Alphea  Jewell  22,331     .     .  25 

14    " 

0      " 

Euphorbia  11,329     .     . 

134 

14    "     91    " 

Signetilia  16,333 18| 

14    " 

34     " 

Litty8017 

12J 

14    "      0      •• 

Fadette  of  Verna  3d  11.122  124 

22    " 

84     " 

Sadie's  Choice  7979  .     . 

134 

14    "      0      " 

Fairy  of  Verna  2d  10,793  .  12+ 

20    " 

Si     " 

Alberta  Signal  18,611    . 

6i 

30    "    11      " 

Hilda  A.  2d  11,120  .     .     .12^ 

20    " 

0       " 

Gardiner's  Ripple  11,693  .  134 

19    " 

131     •' 

Total,  39  cows. 

G  UY  MA  NN^ERTNG  698. 

Solid  color ;    white  muzzle ;  black  switch.     Imported  in  dam  Bnmette  Lass 
1870,  by  E.  P.  P.  Fowler,  January  14th,  18Y1.     Dropped  March  24th,  1871. 

TESTED     DESCENDANTS. 


Name. 

Blood, 
Pek  Cent 

Butter  Yield  in 
Seven  Datb. 

Blood, 

Butter  Yield  in 

FAIR  LADY  6733  .     . 

.    75 

19  lbs.    1      oz. 

Queen   of  Nubbin  Ridge 

May  Fair  5184      .     .     . 

.  75 

16    "      7      " 

14,.538 31J 

17  lbs.     0    oz 

Phlox  16.399    .... 

.  50 

21    "    11      " 

COTTAGE  LASS  5353 

.  50 

14    "      8       " 

Total,  5  cows. 

WETHERSFIELD  966. 

Color,  dark  gray  and  brown  ;  black  switch  and  tongue.  Dropped  November  27th, 
1871.     Bred  by  S.  W.  Eobbins.     Sire,  Albert  44.     Dam,  Grinella  2d  1303. 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Name.                       Peb  CEI,^ 

Butter  Yield  in 
Seven  Dais. 

Blood, 

Butt 

I.        Se 

EB  Yield  in 
en  Dats. 

Lady  Gray  of  Hilltop  6850  50 

18  lbs.  13     oz. 

Jennie  of  the  Vale  9553     .  25 

14  lbs.    61    oz 

Summerline  8001      ...  25 

18    ■'      6      " 

Olie's  Lady  Teazle  12,307  .  25 

16    ' 

5       •■ 

Cordelia  Baker  8814     .     .  25 
Mary  Clover  9998     .     .     .25 

17    "      9      " 

14    "    15      " 

PERCIE  14,937 .     .     .     .  131  - 

18    ' 
14    ' 

10       " 

61     " 

Lady  Gray  of  Hilltop  3d 

Pet  Clover  14,634     ...  131 

16    ' 

8       " 

14,641 25 

14    "    13      " 

Ethalka  2d  14,138    .     .     .131 

15    ■ 

0      " 

Deborana4718      ....  35 

14    ■•      8      " 

Cele-ste  Cox  13,948    .     .     .     6i 

20    ' 

8      " 

Lady  Gray  of   Hilltop  3d 

Chautauqua  Queen  36,403    61 

14    ' 

11      " 

14,643 35 

14    "     2      " 

Total,  14  cows. 

JERSEY   CA  TTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


IRON  BANK  1120. 


Nearly  solid  color ;  white  on  belly.     Imported  iu  dam  Birdie  2611,  September 
19th,  1871,  by  A.  M.  Herkness,  Philadelphia.     Dropped  December  25th,  1871. 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Nawk. 

Blood, 
Peb  Cen 

BvTTEit  Yield  in 
.       Seven  Dats. 

AVillis  2(1 44«1 .     .     .     . 

.    50 

16  lbs.    3      OZ 

Vaniah6g97    .     .     .     . 

.  50 

15    "      9i     " 

Lebanon  Daugliter  6106 

.  50 

14    "     4      " 

Lebanon  Lass  6108  .     . 

.  50 

14    "      2      " 

Royal  Sister  12,457  .     . 
Blossie  Reynolds  6082  . 

.  37i 
.  25 

14  "  11  " 
16    '■      3i    " 

Name.  Feb  Ce 

Dora  Bell  of  Shelly 's  Island 

9394 25 

Dom  Pedro's  Julian  8631  .  25 
Home  JIatron  6707  ...  25 

ToUd,  9  cows. 


17  lbs.  10  OZ. 
16  "  0  " 
14    "      0      " 


LEMON.  F.  170  J.  H.  B. 


Color,  dark  bro\ra  ;  -white  patch  between  forelegs.     Dropped  1871. 


TESTED     DESCENDANTS. 


Name. 

Nelly  6456  .     .     . 
Nancy  Lee  7618   ....  21 
Mi.ss  Vermont  7698  ...  2: 
Daisy  of  St.  Peters  18,175  .  2i 
Royal  Beauty  18,908 


I  Cent.        Seven  Dats.  I                              Name.                      Feb  Cent.       Seven  Dais. 

50       21  lbs.    0     OZ.  j    Bohemian  Gipsy  17,452     .  12i     14  lbs.  11     oz. 

25       26    "      8A     "  Lizzie  C.  7713 m      14    "      0      " 

25       16    "      5      "  Variella  of  Linwood  10,954    6i      14    "      1      " 

"      5i     " 

12*      15    "      2J     "  ToUd,^  eoifs. 


PADDY   899. 

Solid  color  ;  black  ])oints.     Imported  from  Jersey  by  Captain  Pratt,  November, 
1871,  at  two  months  old. 

TESTED   DESCENDANTS. 


Name. 
Ella  of  Sidney  4522 .     . 

Blood.       Bitteb  Yield  in 
Pee  Cent.         Seven  Dats. 
.  50        14  lbs.     7      OZ. 

Rosetta  of  Sidney  4520  . 

.50       14    "     2      " 

Rosalia  of  Sidney  4521 . 

.  50       14    "     2      " 

Jefferson  Albiua  12,196 

.  37i      14    "    13      •■ 

Moberlv  Creamer  23,051 


Cream  of  Sidney  17,028    .  25  17  lbs.    2i  oz. 

Hypathia  2d  14,744  .     .     .  12i  19    "    131  " 

Queen  of  Delaware  17,029  12i  18    "    13  •' 

Total,  8  co>cii. 


JERtiEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


PERTINATTI  713. 
Color,  neck  and  head  dark  ;  body  gray  ;  white   points.     Dropped  September, 
1871.     Bred  by  C.  L.  Sharijless,  Philadelphia,  Penn.     Sire,  Pilot,  Jr.  141.     Dam, 
Pert  110. 

TESTED   DESCENDANTS. 


NAME. 

Pe»  Ce> 

T.             SeV 

EN  Days. 

Name. 

Per  Cent.        S 

EVEN  Days. 

Beauty • 50 

30  lbs 

15      oz. 

Kate  Gordon  8387    . 

.  25 

15  lbs.  15     oz 

ReDalba4117   .     .     . 

50 

17    " 

4i     " 

Petite  MiSre  8516  .     . 

.  25 

15 

'    13      " 

Romp  Ogden  2d  4764 

50 

15    " 

5       " 

Lucetta6856    .     .     . 

.  25 

14 

'      3      " 

Pixie  4115   .... 

50 

14    " 

0 

Daisy  Brown  13,313 
Dot  Buttercup  16,358 
Dora  Doon  12,909    . 

.  12i 

17 

'      6|     " 

Roonan  5133    .     .     . 

30    " 

4 

.  12i 

16 

'      2      " 

Leoni  11,868    .     .     . 

35 

18    " 

7 

.  12i 

15 

'      0      " 

Harmony  3d  17,118  . 

35 

18    " 

3      ■• 

Fall  Leaf  8587      .     . 

.  12i 

14 

'      8      " 

Bonnie  Yost  7943      . 

25 

18    " 

2      " 

Leoline  2d  18,315      . 

.  121 

14 

■     4 

Creole  Maid  11,017  . 

35 

16    " 

15      " 

Adora  18,659   .     .     . 

.  12i 

14 

'      3      " 

Dudu  of  Linwood  8336 

25 

16    " 

7i     •• 

FleuretteofLinwoodlS 

91 

B35 

16    " 

0     ■• 

Total,  20  cows. 

CHIEF  JUSTICE   2d  1643. 
Color,  dark  on  head  and  sides ;  orange  twist,  light  scrotum,  white  heels,  black 
switch.     An  inbred  Sara  Weller  Ijnll.     Bred  by  Peter  W.  Jones,  New  Hampshire. 
Dropped  November,  1871. 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 
Blood,        Butter  Yield  in      i  Blood,       Butter  Yield  in 

Name.  Per  Cent.         Seven  Days.  Name.  Per  Cent.        Seven  Days. 

HILDA  D.  6683   ...      100      21  lbs.    2.\  oz.   |    Hilda  3d  5447  .     . 
Total,  2  com. 


m\      23  lbs.    5  oz. 


Color,  fawn ;  white  on  hind  quarters. 
Dropped  July  30th,  1871. 


cows. 
OONAN    1485. 

Bred  at  Ogden  Farm,  Newport,  E.  I. 


OONAN    AND   TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Blood, 

Butter  Yield  in 

Blood, 

Butter  Yield 

Name, 

Per  Cent 

Seven  Days. 

Name. 

Per  Cent 

Seven  Days. 

Oonan  1485      .     . 

.     .      100 

22  lbs.    2i    oz. 

Callie  Nan  7959     . 

.     .  50 

16  lbs.    2  c 

Roonan  5133    .     . 

...  50 

30    ■■      4      " 

Total,  3  cowa. 

EUEOTAS  2454. 
Color,  dark  fawn  and  gray  ;  black  points.     Bred  by  Colonel  E.  M.  Hoe,  New 
York.     Sire,  Eioter  2d  469.     Dam,  Enropa  176.      Dropped  August  13th,  1871. 
Dam  of  eight  bulls  and  two  heifers.     Eurotas  dropped  a  calf  October  30th,  1879, 


JJ-ntSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


and  began  her  notable  test  for  a  year  November  lOtli,  1879,  her  next  calf  October 
24:tli,  1880,  and  the  test  concluded  October  loth,  1880,  making  seven  hundred  and 
seventy-eiglit  pounds  one  ounce  of  butter  in  eleven  months  and  six  days,  with 
calves  a  little  less  than  a  year  apart.  She  was  never  fed  more  than  six  quarts  of 
grain  daily,  a  mixture  of  maize,  oats  and  wheat  bran,  with  a  few  potatoes  and  the 
best  hay  in  winter,  and  the  best  of  pasture  in  summer. 

EUKOTAS    AND   TESTED    DESCEXDAJJTS. 


Blood,        Bitteb  Yield  i.n- 
Nahi.                        Pkh  Cent.        Se^is  Days. 

Blood.        BirrxER  Yield 
Xahe.                        Feb  Cent.       Seven  Days. 

Eurotas34o4    ....      100 

23  lbs.    7      oz. 

Leah  Darlington  13,836     .  25       15  lbs.    5i    c 

778  lbs.  1  oz.  in  one  year. 

Nazli  10,327 25       15    •'      3i 

Mother  Hubbard  10,331     .  25 

24    ■•      li     " 

Eupidee's  Perfection  20,175  12i      15    "      4 

BOMBA  10,330  ....  2.5 
Matilda  5th  18,068    .     .     .  25 

21    ••    Hi     " 
16    "      4      " 

Dove  Dee  18,059  ....  12i      15    "      3 

Dia  13,658 25 

15    "    13       " 

Total,  9  cows. 

COOMASSIE  11,87-1  (F.  144:.'  J.  H.   I*..— II.  C.\ 

Color,  brown;  figure  7 between  hips.  Dropped  1871.  Imported  January  23d, 
1881,  by  S.  M.  Burnham,  Saugatuck,  Conn. 

Cooinassie,  with  different  judges  every  year,  took  the  following  prizes  :  1876, 
first  prize  over  Jersey,  young  cow  class ;  1877,  first  prize  over  Jersey,  young  cow 
class;  1878,  first  prize  over  Jersey,  champion  cow  class;  1879,  first  prize  over 
Jersey,  champion  cow  class  ;  1880,  first  prize  over  Jersey,  champion  cow  class ;  also 
four  first  parish  prizes,  1874  to  1870. 

COOMASSIE    AXD  DESCENDANTS. 


TESTS    OF 

coo^ 

Blood 

BOTTEE  YlII 

XiKE. 

Pee  Ce.v 

T.            SeV 

EH  Da 

Coomassie  11,874      .     . 

ion 

16  lbs 

.   11 

St.  .Jeaniiaisc  15,789       . 

.  37i 

16    " 

4 

PRINOESS  2d  8046    . 

.  25 

46    " 

12i 

Ona  7840 

.  25 

23    •■ 

m 

Island  SUir  11,876     .     . 

0-, 

21    " 

3 

LEBBOCQ'SCUR 

.;. 

18    " 

0 

FEtF  ■M.di)-;  .     .     . 

IS   " 

12i 

Olyniph  17,937     .     .     . 

.  25 

17    " 

8 

Daisy  Brown  12,213 

.  25 

17    " 

6i 

Lady  Velvetine  15,771  . 

.  25 

17    " 

2 

Daisy  Queen  9619     .     . 

.  25 

16    " 

4 

Desire  24,360  .     .     .     . 

.  3.5 

16    " 

3 

Lady  Kiugscotc  26,085 

.  25 

15    " 

10 

Lady  Verturanus  13,217 

.  25 

14    " 

10 

Auntybel  12,582  .     .     . 

.  25 

14    " 

9 

Como  Lass  24,369     .    . 

.  25 

14   " 

9 

Name. 

Blood,       Bcttek  Yield 
Per  Cent.        Seven  Date. 

Blonde  2d  9268    .     .     . 

25 

14  lbs 

4      0 

Le  Rouge  12,405  .     .     . 
Lady  Young  16,668  .     . 
Young  Garcnnc  3d  13,648 
OXFORD  KATE  13,646 

25 
25 
18f 
12i 

14    " 
14    ■' 
16    " 
39    " 

3 

0 

3 

12      • 

Westphalia  24,384    .     . 
Little  Torment  15,581   . 
Pilots  Veronica  18,917. 

12i 
.  12i 

24    " 
23    " 
30    " 

9i     • 
2i    ' 
2 

Ethleel  18,724 .     .     .     . 

.  12i 

19    " 

14 

Arthurs  Mistletoe  11,968  .  12i 
PrincessofAshantee  13,467  12i 

16    " 

lU 
12 

Miss  Porter  20,300    .     . 

.  13i 

16    " 

6 

Pear  Not  2d  6061      .     . 

m 

16    " 

2      ' 

Thaley  14,299  .     .     .     . 
Ruby  Wray .     . 

.  12i 
.  12i 

16    •■ 
16    " 

0 
0 

Rose  of  Oxford  13,469  . 

.  m 

15    " 

14i 

ISLAND    VALEUR    5514. 

AT   4    YEAliK   OLD. 
Comnitme   Tape 
CHEAM     ((ITTAGP:     IIElil). 
J.  S.   HoGKUs,  Patkhsox.  Xkw  Jeus 


JERSEY    LASSIE    15,945. 


JERSEY    CATTLE  IJSf  AMEBIC  A. 


Blood, 

BUTTEB 

Yield  in 

Blood, 

Butte 

»  Yjel 

Name.                        Peu  Ceot 

.       Seve 

M  DaT3. 

Name. 

Per  Oek 

Sev 

EN  Da 

Happy  Blossom  18,318 . 

13* 

15  lbs. 

8        OZ. 

King's  Trust  18,946  . 

.     6i 

18  lbs 

0 

Eugenie  Tourneur  24,532 

Toltec's  Fancy  7172 .     . 

.     6i 

17    " 

6 

(rated)      

12+ 

15    " 

3+    •• 

Rosona  13,956      .     .     . 

.     6i 

16    " 

7 

Queen  of  Ashaatee  14,554 

12A 

15    " 

3       " 

Moggie  Bright  35,891    . 

.     6i 

16    ■' 

6 

Romping  Lass  11,021    . 

13* 

15    " 

0       " 

Granny's  Gem  30,406    . 

.     6i 

16    ■' 

■>-i 

Lady  Fair  22,103      .     . 

13+ 

14    " 

13      " 

Roxie  R.  13,503   .     .     . 

.     6i 

16    " 

0 

Pendule  3d  16,709    .     . 

13+ 

14    " 

6       ■■ 

Les  Marais  Dell  20,314  . 

.     6i 

15    ■' 

8 

Nell  Gwynn  9654      .     . 

12+ 

14    ■' 

0      ■' 

Elsie  Lane  13,302     .     . 

.     6i 

15     " 

4 

Ada  Minka  15,563     .     . 

12* 

14    •■ 

0     •■ 

Cicero's  Mabel  18,238    . 

.     Ci 

15    " 

3 

Gazelle  15,961 .... 

13+ 

14    " 

0 

Prize  Rose  16,309      . 

.    01- 

15    " 

1 

ETHI.TJEIi  2d  32,291 

«i 

30    " 

15      ■■ 

Deletta  21,305.     .     .     . 

.     Ci 

14    " 

15+ 

Fillpail2d24,388.     .     . 

6i 

25    " 

2      " 

Liberty  3d  16,717     .     . 

•     61 

14    " 

6+ 

Maquilla  24,043    .     .     . 

H 

30    •' 

1       " 

Betsona  16,776     .     .     . 

•     6i 

14    " 

3 

KHELULA  17,970  .     . 

6i- 

19    " 
14    " 

8      " 
6+     " 

Total,  57  cows. 

JEESEY   BELLE   OF   SCITUATE   7828. 


STORY   OF   THE    MODEL    COW. 

I  think  Kature  hath  lost  the  mould 
Where  she  her  shape  did  take." — Old  Poet. 


In  a  little  liamlet  of  eastern  Massachusetts,  on  a  cold  Sunday  in  February,  1871, 
two  good  dames  in  the  village  church  at  the  hour  of  noon,  while  partaking  of  their 
lunch,  left  the  discussion  of  the  morning  sermon  and  all  kindred  subjects  to  talk 
about  that  which  all  good  housewives  allow  to  have  a  pre-eminent  importance  in 
conversational  culture — that  is,  golden,  sweet-flavored  butter. 

One  of  these  good  dames  informed  her  neighbor  that  their  "  Jersey  cow  Jenny 
had  last  week  made  eleven  poimds  of  butter  as  yellow  as  California  gold,  being  fed 
only  upon  good  hay  and  beets." 

"  What  a  wonder !  We  would  like  to  own  something  as  choice  as  that,  for 
it  is  something  we  have  not  been  able  to  do — make  yellow  butter  in  winter." 

The  charmed  listener  told  the  story  of  Jenny,  the  golden-butter  cow,  to  her  son, 
on  arriving  home,  and  he  then  determined,  if  possible,  to  procure  some  of  the 
progeny  of  such  a  cow,  so  that  he  could  with  certainty  make  yellow  butter  in  winter. 
By  an  effort  to  secure  the  next  calf  he  was  agreeably  surprised  to  receive  as  a  present 
a  fine  heifer  soon  after  its  birth,  July,  1871.  The  heifer  was  named  Jersey  Belle  of 
Scituate.  As  the  time  approached  when  the  heifer  should  have  her  first  calf  a 
neighbor  who  chanced  to  be  in  the  barn  examining  her  points  exclaimed  to  the 
owner:  "  Have  you  ever  examined  this  heifer?  She  is  all  swollen  under  her  belly 
clear  to  her  shoulder,  and  has  an  enormous  bag  !" 

After  calving  her  milk  was  mixed  with  that  of  another  cow,  a  Shorthorn  grade, 


540  JERSEY   CATTLE  TLV  AMERICA. 

and  the  two  cows  yielded  six  Iniiidred  and  four  pounds  of  butter  that  year,  but  it  was 
suspected  that  the  little  heifer  made  the  major  part  of  the  butter.  The  next  year 
the  milk  was  kept  separate  and  tlie  quality  of  Jersey  Belle  as  a  butter-yielder 
demonstrated.  When  six  years  old  her  udder  measured  five  feet  one  inch  in 
circumference,  in  after  years  five  feet  three  inches.  On  March  5th,  1877,  she  made 
three  pounds  six  oitnces  of  butter,  and  for  the  week  ending  March  11th  twenty-one 
pounds  five  ounces,  and  for  the  year  ending  March  5th,  1878,  seven  hundi-ed  and 
five  pounds  of  butter.     For  five  months  she  averaged  nineteen  pounds  a  week. 

In  1879  her  greatest  weekly  yield  was  twenty-two  pounds  thirteen  ounces.  In 
the  year  188(t  her  greatest  weekly  yield  was  twenty-five  jiounds  three  ounces.  In 
the  color  of  her  butter  she  was  very  remarkable.  In  midwinter  it  was  of  so  rich  a 
golden  hue  that  those  not  familiar  with  it  supposed  it  artificially  c(jlored. 

The  yield  of  Jersey  Belle  of  Scituate  is  also  the  largest  ever  known  for  kind  and 
quality  of  feed.  During  her  six-year-old  test  she  received  in  summer,  ])asture  in 
cranberry  marsh-land  and  two  quarts  of  wheat  bran  at  night.  In  winter  her  feed 
was  rowen  hay  and  two  quarts  of  bran  daily.  She  was  an  enormous  feeder,  with 
an  almost  insatiable  ajjpetite,  and  wonderful  powers  of  mastication,  digestion  and 
assimilation.  Iler  feed  during  her  best  week's  test  was  for  tliu  tinst  four  days : 
pasture  by  day ;  at  night  cut  grass,  w^ith  one  <|uart  corn  meal  and  two  (piarts  wheat 
shorts ;  last  three  days,  pasture  by  day  ;  cut  grass  at  night,  with  twi>  quarts  corn  meal 
and  two  quarts  wheat  shorts,  or  three  and  three  seventh  quarts  of  grain  daily  for  the 
seven  days. 

This  cow  was,  in  almost  every  point,  the  ideal  of  perfection.  Her  breeding 
was  according  to  one  of  the  best  formulas  for  inbreeding,  the  product  of  sire  and 
daughter,  her  sire  having  been  the  product  of  brother  and  sister. 

Her  udder  was  very  large  and  of  the  perfect  spheroidal  type,  the  sole  on  a  line 
with  the  belly,  and  giving  in  combination  with  the  barrel  the  best  po.ssible  illustration 
of  the  term  "wedge-shape."  The  udder  was  of  a  nankeen  color.  T!ie  teats  were 
perfect  in  pattern  and  placing  and  of  a  mahogany  color.  I  am  iinalilu  to  give  the 
dimensions  of  the  fore  escutcheon.  The  fore-veins  were  the  most  remarkable  of  any 
cow  ever  described.  There  were  two  very  large  tortuous  veins  on  each  side  of  the 
belly  and  a  fifth  shorter  vein,  two  large  fountains  on  each  side  where  but  one  is 
usually  foiuid,  and  one  large  vein  upon  either  side  extending  along  the  belly  to  the 
chest  and  upward  to  the  shoulder,  terminating  about  midway  between  the  elbow 
and  the  jjoint  of  the  withers. 

The  hind  escutcheon  was  of  tlie  Limousine  tyi)e,  but  witliout  buttock  feathers, 
and  therefore  etpiivalent  to  a  rii-st  order  curveline,  being  very  wide  and  deep  on  the 
thighs. 

Her  skin  color  was  a  rich  orange  within  the  ear  and  annotto  tint  beneath  all 
the  white  i>atche8. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  547 

She  had  a  clean,  thoroughbred  appearance.  The  rump  was  remarkable  for 
height,  and,  being  level,  gave  a  fine  setting  to  the  tail,  which  hung  plumb,  without 
touching  the  cow  at  any  part. 

The  bony  structure  was  of  the  finest  quality,  as  shown  by  the  thin  flat  thigh, 
making  a  striking  contrast  with  the  broad  surface  of  the  full  udder.  The  hide  was 
mellow  and  delightful  to  the  touch,  remarkably  loose  about  the  belly,  and  the  navel 
was  a  most  notable  feature,  because  of  its  great  size,  observed  by  many  while  she  was 
a  young  heifer. 

The  hips  were  of  great  breadth  and  of  the  finest  shape  and  quality ;  the  back 
of  great  breadth  at  the  loins ;  the  neck  long,  thin  and  clean ;  the  eyes  full  and  placid  ; 
the  temper  most  notable  for  equanimity,  being  wholly  occupied  with  feeding  or 
chewing  the  cud ;  tlie  head  small,  the  muzzle  fine,  the  masticatory  muscles  round  and 
very  prominent. 

The  cow  gave  the  following  measurements  at  ten  years  of  age  : 

"Weight,  952  poimds ;  udder,  5  feet,  3  inches ;  height  at  rump,  .5i  inches ; 
length  of  tail  and  switch,  54  inches  ;  height  at  withers,  50  inches  ;  girth  at  shoulder, 
68  inches ;  girth  at  navel,  92  inches  (not  with  calf) ;  length  of  back,  55  inches ;  width 
of  hips,  21  inches ;  length  of  neck,  28  inches  ;  girth  of  neck,  4Y  inches  (at  shoulders) ; 
girth  of  neck  at  throat,  27  inches ;  girth  of  muzzle,  16  inches ;  breadth  at  eyes, 
8  inches ;  breadth  of  crown,  7  inches  ;  length  of  head,  18  inches ;  width  of  liind 
escutcheon  across  the  thighs  and  udder,  18  inches. 

The  cow  was  a  marvel  for  symmetry  and  beauty  of  proportions,  and  well  worthy 
to  be  ranked  as  the  very  choicest  model  of  perfection. 

Not  until  she  made  a  large  record  was  she  registered  in  the  American  Jersey 
Cattle  Club  Herd  Eegister. 

Mr.  Charles  O.  Ellms,  of  Scituate,  Mass.,  who  owned  her,  refused  an  offer  of 
twenty  thousand  ($20,000)  dollars  for  her,  and  afterward  was  urged  by  the  late 
Mr.  C.  L.  Sharpless  to  name  the  sum  which  he  would  be  willing  to  take  for  her  ;  but 
he  had  determined  to  keep  her  as  long  as  she  lived,  and  refused  to  name  any  price 
for  her.  While  yet  a  heifer  he  had  offered  her  to  a  neighbor  for  thirty  ($30)  dollars, 
who  thought  the  animal  not  worth  the  money. 

It  will  ever  be  a  cause  for  regret  that  she  was  not  mated  with  some  of  the 
great  bulls,  such  as  Albert  44,  St.  Helier  45,  Sam  Weller  271,  Mercury  432, 
Marius  760,  Chief  Justice  2d  1643,  Signal  1170,  Stoke  Pogis  3d  2238,  or  Land- 
eeer  381.  There  never  existed  a  finer  model  for  the  experimenting  hand  of  a 
skiKul  breeder.  Jersey  Belle  was  a  perpetual  milker,  and  gave  twenty-five  pounds 
of  milk  on  the  morning  of  the  day  of  her  last  calving. 

Her  color  was  strawberry  fawn  and  white ;  white  saddle  on  withers  ;  white  across 
hips,  on  belly,  sides  and  legs  ;  white  star  and  switch,  with  indigo  margin  bordering 
the  white  markings.     Bred  by  E.  D.  Soliier,  Boston,  Mass.     Sire  and  grandsire. 


548 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


Victor  3550.     Dam,  Jenny  7827.     Dropped.  July  lOth,  1871.     Died  August,  1881, 
of  colostrum  apoplexy. 

JKKSKY    BELLK   OK    SCITUATK    AND    IIER    DESCENDANTS. 


Jersey   Belle  of    Scituatc  Lass  of  Scituate  9555    .     .  50       15  lbs.  U 

7828 100  25  lbs.    3  oz.  Scituate      of      Woronoco 

Minnie  of  Scituate  17,829  .  75  14    "    14i  "  18,840 12*     24    "    14 

Belle  of  Scituate  7977   .     ..TO  18    "0  "I  Lily  Scituate  12,665 .     .     .  12*     34    "     9i 

PauIine'.sViviennp  11,305.  .TO  16    "    13  "     '  7'«to?,  7  coir*. 


NOR  A  J  AH  812. 

Color,  nearly  solid  fawn ;  white  spot  in  forehead ;  white  spot  back  of  left 
shoulder.  Dropped  June  10th,  1872.  Bred  at  Ogden  Farm,  Newport,  E.  I. 
Sire,  Rajah  .34(1.     Dam.  Nora  434. 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Hazen's  Nora  4751  . 
Arawana  Buttercup  t 
Arawana  Poppy  6053 


Blood.       Butteb  Yield  in 

Blood 

Bin-TER  Yield  in 

Pus  CiNT.        Seven  Days. 

Name. 

Pee  Cen 

r.       Seven  Days. 

.  50        20  lbs.    4      cz. 

Little  Han  8004     . 

.      .    50 

14  lbs.    0     oz. 

.   .50        15    ■'      5       " 

Arawana  Queen  5368 

.     .  25 

16    "      9      " 

.  50       15    ••      3      " 

Total,  5  coics. 

GREY  PRINCE,  F.  168  J.  H.  B.— C. 

Color,   solid   silver  gray ;   black   puint.s.     Dropped  January,  1872.     Bred  by 
W.  Alexandre,  Trinity,  Lsland  of  Jer.sey.     Sire,  (4rey  of  the  West.  F.  1317  J.  H.  B. 


Name.  Pee  Cent.         Seven  Dai 

Beauty  of  the  Grange  7.502  50        23  ll)s.     9 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 

Butter  Yield  in      | 

B.  Naiii. 

oz.   I    Eveline  of  Jersey  ( 


Tijtal,  2 


JACQUOT,  P.   63  J.   H.  B.— C. 

Color,  light  gray  and  white.     Dropped  1872. 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Blood,       Butteh  Yield  in 
Name.  Per  Cent.        Seven  Dat». 

Heception  8557    ....  ,50       21  lbs.    4i    oz. 
Dora  Neplune  20,318    .     .  35       20    "      Oi    " 


Reception  3d  11,035 
Total,  3  cowa. 


14  lbs.    10  oz. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


NOBLE  901. 


Solid  color ;  black  points.  Imported  in  bam  Fanny  of  Babylon  23-1:5,  by 
Captain  Pratt,  November  ISth,  1871.  Dropped  June  lOtli,  1872.  Bred  by  J.  F. 
Journeaux,  St.  Martin,  Jersey.     Sire,  Noble,  F.  104  J.  H.  B.— H.  C. 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Queen  of  Delaware  '. 
Cream  of  Sidney  17,( 


Seven  Days.  Name. 

18  lbs.  13     oz.      Desire  9654      .... 
17    "      3+    "        Daisy  of  Chenango  18,583 
Total,  4  cows. 


3    o: 
7    ' 


PIERROT   2d   1669. 


Color,  light  fawn  and  white.     Dropped  March  10th,  1872.     Bred  by  S.  C.  Colt, 
Hartford,  Conn. 


ESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Blood, 
Name.                       Per  Ckn 

Botte 
r.       Seve 

!  Yield  in 
•«  Days. 

Rosy  Kate  10,376     .     .     .75 

18  lbs 

12     oz. 

Julia  Walker  10,133      .     .  50 

15    " 

13        " 

Palestina  4644      .     .     .■    .  50 

15    " 

8      " 

Princess  Mansfield  8070     .  50 

15    •' 

3       " 

Little  Sister  11,666    .     .     .  50 

14    " 

13      " 

New  London  Gipsy  11,667  50 

14    ■' 

8      '■ 

Queen  Fanny  10,375     .     .  50 

14    " 

2      " 

Rosy  Kate's  Rex  13,193     .  37+ 

18    " 

8      '■ 

Belmeda  6339 35 

18    " 

12      " 

Floret  9959 25 

17    " 

6      " 

Lizzie  D.  10,408  ....  25 
Pierrot's  Lady  Bacon  13,482  25 
Lida  Mullin  9198  .  .  .35 
Pierrot's  Picture  13,481  .  35 
Lady  Hayes  10,136  ...  35 
Pierrot's  Lady  Hayes  11,672  35 
Pawtucket  Belle  13,406  .  35 
Pierrot's  Countess  13,480  .  35 
Hypathia  2d  14,774  ...  121 
Total,  19  cows. 


RALPH   957. 

Dropped   September   1st,    1872.     Bred   by  O.  S.  Hubbell,    Stratford,  Conn. 
Sire,  St.  Helier  45.     Dam,  Ibi  671. 


I'ESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Name. 

Mhoon  Lady  6560     . 
Cenie  Wallace  2d  6557  . 


SB  Cent.         Seven  Dats. 

50       17  lbs.    3     oz 
50       15    "     4i     " 


Florry  Keep  6556 
Total,  3  coirs. 


Butter  Yield  i 


14    lbs.    14  oz. 


fiSO 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IaV  AMERICA. 


LORD   LISGAR    IdGG. 


Solid   color.     Dropped    May  5th,  1872.     Bied   h; 
Canada.     Sii-e,  Victor  Hugo  197.     Dam,  Pauline  -lii-i. 


S.  S.  Stephens,  Moutreal, 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Blood,  Bdtteb 

Namk.                         Pek  Cent.  Seven 

Carrie  Pogis  22,568  .  .  .62*  15  lbs. 
Sweetbrier  of  St.  Lambert 

5481 50  22  " 

Jolie  of  St.  Lambert  5126  50  15  " 

Lucy  Dale  5129  ....  50  15  " 
Duchess    of    St.    Lambert 

5111 50  15  •' 

Clematis  of   St.    Lambert 

5478 50  14  ■■ 

Bonnie  Fawn  6190    .     .     .50  14  " 

Rose  of  St.  Lambert  20,426  284  21  " 
IDA  OF  ST.  LAMBERT 

24,990 25  30  ■■ 

Flower    of    Glen     Rouge 

17,560 25  2:i  " 

Nora  of  St.  Lambert  12,962  25  22  •• 
NIOBE    OF    ST.  liAM- 

BERT  12,969   ....  25  21  " 

Brenda  of  Elmhurst  10,762  25  20  ' 
Honeymoon  of  St.  Lambert 

11,221 25  20  •• 

Rioter's  Maggie  22,530  .     .  25  18  " 

Melia  Ann  5444  ....  25  18  " 
Cowslip    of    St.    Lambert 

8:i49 25  17  " 

Minnette  of    St.    Lambert 

9774 25  17  " 

Baronetti  8425      .     .     .     .25  16  " 

Chamomilla  7552      .     .     .25  16  • 

Diana  of  St.  Lambert  6636  25  16  " 


oz.   I    Cill  of  Glen  Rouge  13,818  25 
j    Moss  Rose  of  St.  Lambert 

5114 25 

May  Day  StokePogis  28,383  25 
Coquette  of    Glen   Rouge 

17,559 25 

Honeysuckle  of  St.  Anne's 

18,674 25 

Bonnie  2d  5742    ....  25 

Gem  of  St.  Cloud  7342 .     .  25 

Rioters  Beauty  14,894  .     .  18} 
MARY   ANNE  OF  ST. 

LAMBERT  9770      .     .  12i 
MERMAID  OF   ST. 

LAMBERT  9771      .     .  12J 
Dai,sy  Morrison  14,035  .     .  12i 
NAIAD  OF   ST.  LAM- 
BERT 12,695  .     .     .     .  12i 
RIOTER      PINK      OF 

BERLIN  23.6().-)  ,     ,     .  12i 

Crocus  of  St.  Lambert  8351  12J 

.Tutlith  Coleman  11,391      .  12i 

Obella  B.  10,575  ....  12* 

Rioter's  Nora  21,778     .     .  12* 

Maggie  Sheldon  23,583 .     .  12i 

Aleph  Judea  11,389  .     .     .  12i 

Rioter's  Ruth  14,882     .     .  n\ 

Uinta  5743 12^ 

Total,  42  cows. 


BcTTBB  Yield  ni 


16  lbs.     6       oz. 


14    ' 

14 

14    ■ 

IH 

14    • 

8i 

14    ■ 

•      0 

STOKE  POGIS  1259. 


Color,  dark  favrti ;  black  ]K)ints.  Bred  by  E.  J.  Coleman,  Stoke  Park,  Bucking- 
hamshire, England.  Dropped  1872.  Sire  and  grandsire.  Young  Rioter  751  E.  II.  B. 
Dam,  Essay.     Stoke  Pogis  had  eighty-one  and  a  (piarter  ])er  cent,  of  the  blood  of  his 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


551 


sire.  Imported  by  Peter  Leclair,  Winooski,  Vt,  July  19tb,  1873.  A  pure  Dauneey 
bull  and  tbe  result  of  forty-six  years  of  systematic  inbreeding,  begun  in  the  year  1826 
and  carried  out  by  Philip  Dauneey,  Horwood  Eectory  Farm,  Winslow,  Bucks, 
England. 


TESTED     DESCENDANTS. 


Name.  Pek 

La  Petite  Mere  2d  12,810 
MATIIiDA  4th  12,816 
Minnie  of  0.xford  13,806 
La  Belle  Petite  5473 .  . 
Marjoram  2d  13,805.  . 
Mintha  12,812  .  .  . 
MARY  ANNE   OF   ST. 

LAMBERT  9TT0     .     .  25 
IDA  OF  ST.  LAMBERT 

34,990 25 

MERMAID     OF    ST. 

LAMBERT  9771      .     .  25 
NAIAD   OF    ST.  LAM- 
BERT 12,965  ....  25 
Nora  of  St.  Lambert  12,963  25 
NIOBE   OF    ST.   LAM- 


Blood 
kCes 

Bdtter  Yield 
T.        Seven  Days. 

75 

16  lbs.    7     ( 

50 

21    ■■      8i 

50 

16    "      0 

50 

15    "     8 

50 

15    ■'      0 

50 

15    "      0 

Brendaof  Elmhurst  10,762  25 
Honeymoon  of  St.  Lambert 

11,221 25 

RIOTER      PINK      OF 

BERLIN  33,665  .  .  .25 
Cowslip    of    St.    Lambert 

8349 25 


Blood,  Buttek  Yield  i 
Name.                          Per  Cent.         Seven  Days. 

Crocus  of  St.  Lambert  8351  25  17  lbs.  12      c 
Minnette  of   St.    Lambert 

9774 25  17 

Diana  of  St.  Lambert  6630  25  16 

Maggie  of  St.  Lambert  9776  25  16    "      3 

Moth  of  St.  Lambert  9775 .  25  16    "      3 

Mary  Hinman  17,619    .     .  25  15    "    lU 

Rioter's  Nora  21,778     .     .  25  15 
Mavourneen  of  St.  Lambert 

9777 25  15 

May    Day    Stoke     Pogi.s 

28,383 35  15 

Cupid  of  Lee  Farm  5997   .  25  14 
Nancy     of    St.     Lambert 

12,964 25  14 

Rioter's  Beauty  14,894  (two 

years) 18f  14    "     0 

Rose  of  St.  Lambert  20,426  13+  21 

Rioter's  Maggie  32,530  .     .  12^  18 

Carrie  Pogis  22,568  .     .     .  12|  15 

Maggie  Sheldon  33,583.     .  12|  15 

Rioter's  Ruth  14,882     .     .  12i  14    "    12 


DOCTOK   H.   2132. 


Color,  fa-WTi   and  white.     Dropped  December  11th,  1872. 
Huston,  Coatesville,  Pa.     Sire,  St.  Malo,  Jr.  733.     Dam,  Julia  2 


Bred  by  Charles 
4902. 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Lydia  Darrach  2d  8056 
Lydia  Darrach  8d  10.66! 


Blood. 

BUTTEE  Yield  in     |                                                                    Blood,       Buttei 

Pee  Cent 

Seven  Days.                                  Name.                           Pee  Cent.         Sev 

.    75 

16  lbs.     0     oz.   j    Lydia  Darrach  5th  16,577  .  75      15  lbs 

.  75 

16   "      0      "        LYDIA  DARRACH  4903  50      17    " 

Total.  4  ams. 

JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


MARJORAM  3239. 


Color,  silver  gray  fawn;  full  l)lack  points.  IJivd  by  "William  G.Duncan, 
Bradwell,  Buckinghamsliire.  England.  Sire,  Dr.  Syntax.  Dam,  Magnet.  Both  sire 
and  dam  were  descended  from  stock  from  the  Dauncey  herd,  at  Winslow,  and 
consequently  Marjoram  3239  was  of  kindred  blood  witli  Stoke  Pogis  1259.  Dropped 
April,  1872.  Imported  by  Peter  Leclair,  Winooski,  Vt.,  July  19th,  1873.  Marjoram 
was  considered  by  Mr.  Duncan  the  finest  and  handsomest  heifer  he  ever  bred. 


AIARJORAM    3239    AND 


Blood.       Butteb  Tibld  i 
Name.                       Pee  Cent.        Seven  Dats. 

Marjoram  3239     .     .     .      100 

16  lbs 

0     0 

Mai-j..niin  id  lO.MOr,.     .     .  .50 

15    ■• 

0      ' 

MARY  ANNE   OF   ST. 

LAMBUKT  lirro      .     .   2.5 

36    ■• 

m  ■ 

IDA  OF  ST.  LAMBERT 

24.'.l!l() 2.5 

30    ■■ 

2*     • 

MERMAID    OF    ST. 

LAMBERT  !)771      .     .  25 

25    •■ 

13A     • 

NAIAD   OF   ST.  LAM- 

BERT 12,905   ....  25 

22    " 

2i     • 

Norn  of  St.  Lambert  12,902  25 

22    '• 

0 

NIOBE   OF   ST.   LAM- 

BERT 12,969   ....  25 

21    •• 

4*     • 

Broiiila  of  Elmhur.«t  10,702  35 

30    •■ 

8      • 

IIoiu-jiuouu  of  St.  Lambert 

11,221 25 

20    " 

5i     • 

RIOTER  PINK    OF 

BERLIN  23,605  .     .     .25 

19    " 

4 

CowslipotSt.Lambert8349  25 

17    " 

12      • 

Crocus  of  St.  Lambert  8351  25 

17    " 

13      ' 

Minnette  of  St.    Lambert 

9774 25 

17    " 

4      ' 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 

Blood.  Butteb  Yield  i 
Name.                        Per  Cent.       Seven  Days. 

Diana  of  St.  Lambert  6636  25  16  lbs.    8  o 

Maggie  of  St.  Lambert  9776  25  16    "      3  ' 

Moth  of  St.  Lambert  9775  25  16  "      2  ' 

Minnie  of  0.\ford  12,806   .  2.5  16  "      0  ' 

Mary  Hinmau  17,619     .     .  25  15  "  lU  ' 

La  Petite  M^re  2d  12,810  .  25  15  "  11  ' 

Rioter's  Nora  21,778  .  .  25  15  "  9  ' 
Mavourneen  of  St.  Lambert 

9777 25  15  "      7  ' 

MayDayStokePogis28,383  35  15  "      3  ' 

Cupid  of  Lee  Farm  5997  .25  14  "  6  • 
Nancy    of    St.     Lambert 

12,964 25  14  "      5  ' 

Rioter's  Beauty  14,894  (two 

years) 18}  14  "  0  ' 

Roseof  St.  Lambert  20,426  12*  21  "  3i  ' 

Rioter's  Maggie  22,530  .     .  13*  18  "  6i  ' 

Carrie  Pogis  33,568  .     .     .  ISJ  15  "  9  ' 

Maggie  Sheldon  33,583      .  13*  15  "  3  ' 

Mintha  13,813      ....  13*  15  "  0  ' 


LUCKY   BELLE   2214. 
Nearly  solid  color.     Sire,  Albert  44.     Dam,  Pansy  6th  38.     Bred   by  S.  W. 
Bobbins,  Wethersfield,  Conn.     Dropped  February  13th,  1872. 


Oktibbeha  Duchcs.s  4433  .  .50 
Lucky  Belle  3d  6037  .  .  50 
Maggie  May  3355  .  .  .50 
Valerie  6044 25 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 

Bdtter  Yield  m 

Blood.       BtrrrER  Yit 

Seven  Days.                                  Name. 

Pee  Cent.       Seven  Da 

17  lbs.    4     oz.       Maggie  C.  12,216 

.  m     14  lbs.   6 

16    "    14      "        Maggie  May  2d  13 

936. 

.  13J     14    "      6 

14    "      3*     " 

15    ■■    13       ■■                 Total.  ^  coms. 

JERSEY  CATTLE  IN^  AMERICA. 


553 


MINK   2548. 
Bred  by  Thomas  Motley,  Massachusetts.     Dropped  March  10th,  1872. 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Name. 

Blood, 
Pee  Cent 

Butter  Yiel 
Seves  Day 

Mink  2d  3890  .     .     . 

.     .  50 

19  lbs.  11 

Miuk  3d  4868  .     .     . 

.     .  50 

14    "     9 

Mhoon  Lady  6560     . 

.     .  35 

17    "      3 

Julia  Evelyn  6007    . 

.     .  25 

15    "    15i 

Name. 

Marie  C.  Magnet  22,908    .25  15  ! 

Frances  C.  Magnet  22,904.  25  14 

Therese  M.  8364  .     .     .     .  12^  14 
Total,  7  cows. 


BUFFER  2055. 

Color,  solid  ;  black  tongue  ;  black  and  gray  points.     Dropped  May  11th,  ISI 
Bred  by  R.  H.  Stephens.     Sire,  Lord  Monck  304.     Dam,  Amelia  484. 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Blood,       Butter  Yi 


Name.  Pes  Ce, 

Moss  Rose  of  St.  Lambert 
5114 50 

Pearl  of  St.  Lambert  5527  50 

MART  ANNE  OF  ST. 
LAMBERT  977  .     .     .  25 

MERMAID  OF  ST. 
LAMBERT  9771      .     .  25 

NAIAD  OF  ST.  LAM- 
BERT 24,965  ....  25 

RIOTER  PINK  OF 
BERLIN  23,665  .     .     .35 

Crocus  of  St.  Lambert  8351  25 


15  lbs.    8i    oz. 


Blood,       Buttee  Yield 
Name.                        Pee  Cent.        Seves  Dats 

Judith  Coleman  11,391      .  25 

171b,s.    5     0 

Moth  of  St.  Lambert  9775  25 

16    ■'      2 

Aleph  Judea  11,389  ...  35 
Coquette  of    Glen  Rouge 
17,559 25 

15    "      14 

15    "      H 

Honeysuckle  of  St.  Anne's 
18,674 25 

14    "    14      ' 

Rose  of  St.  Lambert  20,426  12* 

21    "     31    ' 

Rioter's  Ruth  14,882    .     .  12* 

14    "    12 

Rioter's  Beauty  14,894  .     .  13* 

14    "     0      • 

HAMILTON  1074. 

Color,  gray ;  white  spot  behind  right  shoulder  and  on  left  side  and  flank ;  black 
switch  and  tongue.  Dropped  May  24th,  1873.  Bred  by  T.  J.  Hand.  Sire,  Marius 
760.     Dam,  Emily  Hampton  1912. 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Name. 

Blood,        Butteb  Yield  in 
Pee  Cent.       Seven  Dats. 

Name. 

Blood, 
Per  Cent 

Butteb  Yield  in 
Seven  Days. 

Bemta4553      .     .     . 

.     .  50       17  lbs.    2     oz. 

filite4299    .... 

.      .   50 

14  lbs.     0      OZ. 

Lisetta  Johnson  5321 

.     .  50       15    "    10      " 

Pinafore  2d  15,072    . 

.      .   25 

15    "      8      " 

Etiquette  4300      .     . 

.     .  50       15    "      8      " 

EUPHONIA  6783  . 

.     .  35 

16    "     Oi    " 

JEIiSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMElilCA. 


Kamx. 

Daisy  Hamilton  18,301  .     .  25       14  lbs.  0  oz. 

Daisy  Morrison  14,035  .     .  12i      25    "  12i  " 

)    18    "  10  ■• 

PEROIE  14,937      .     .     .  12i  ^  ,  ^,  „ 

S    14  6i 


Blood.      B<n-riR  Yiiu>  ix 
Name.  Feb  Cent.        Sives  Days. 

Lottie  Hex  18,757     .     .     .12*     14  lbs.     4    oz. 
Juiinie  Johusou  3d  6782    .  12^     14    "       0     " 

ToUd,  11  cowa. 


1873. 

BULLS. 

ALDINE  1136. 

Sire,  Nelusko  479.     Dam,  Gazelle  of  Moltile.     Bred  by  W.  B.  Montgomery, 
Alabama.     Dropped  July  7tli,  1873. 

TESTKD    DESCKNnANTS. 


Namk.  Peb  Ce 

Lucky  Belle  2cl  6037  .  .  50 
Julia  Evelyn  6007  .  .  .50 
Duchess  Caroline  3d  0039  50 
Bettie  Di.xon  4527  .  .  .  .50 
Starkvillc  Beauty  4897  .  .  50 
Gabrielle  Champion  14,102  25 

Armon  10,803 25 

OUiT  EDGE  O.  12,223  .  25 
Mountjiin  Lass  12,921    .     .  25 


Seven  Dai 
16  lbs    14 
15     "     15i 


Minnie  Lee  2a  12,941 
Therese  M.  8364  .  . 
Gilt  Edge  2d  4420  . 
Coronilla  8367  .  . 
Marpetra  10,284  .  . 
Maggie  C.  12,316  . 
Maggie  May  2d  12,936 
Vivalia  12,760  .  . 
Total,  17  cow». 


BuTTEB  Yield 
Seven  Dav8. 

14  lbs. 

3     0 

14    " 

2 

14    " 

0 

14    " 

9i 

6 

14    " 

6 

14    " 

6 

14    " 

0 

THE  HUB  1009. 
Dropped  March  9th,  1873.     Bred  by  C.  S.  Sargent. 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Name.  Feb  Ceni 

Mink  2d  3890 50 

Oktibbeha  Duchess  4422    .  50 

Dairy  3fl  5891 50 

Mink  3d  4868 50 

Adora  18,569 50 

Mhoon  Lady  6560     .     .     .  25 


Seve 

N   DATS. 

Xahe. 

Pee  Cent.        Seven  Datb. 

19  lbs. 

11    oz. 

Julia  Evelyn  6007     . 

.     .  25       15  lbs.  15i   oz. 

Valerie  6044    ..     . 

.     .  25       15    "    13      " 

Dairy  C.  12,227    .     . 

.     .  12i     15    •'     Oi    " 

Marpetra  10,384  .     . 

.     .  13i     14    "      6      " 

Therese  M.  8364  .     . 

.     .  12A      14    "      2      " 

17    " 

Total.  11  cmos. 

JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  A3IERICA. 


IKE  FELCH  1292. 
Color,  solid  dark  brown.     Bred  by  Moses  Ellis.     Dropped  May  18th,  1873. 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Milkmaid  Felch  13,339  .  50  16  lbs.  7i  oz. 
Lily  of  Burr  Oaks  1101  .50  15  "  13  " 
Grace  Felcli  8291      ...  50       15    "     0      " 


Milkmaid  of    Burr    Oaks 


50       14  lbs.      5   oz. 
12i      16    "        0    " 


REMARKABLE  (F.  229  J.  H.  B.— C.) 

Solid  color ;  black  points.  Dropped  April,  1873.  Double  grandson  of  Orange 
Peel  502.  Sire,  Orange  Peel  2d  (P.  36  J.  H.  B.— H.  C).  Dam,  Young  Rose 
(P.  i3  J.  H.  B.— H.  C). 


TESTED 

DESCENDANTS. 

Name,                         Per  Ceni 

Butter  Yield 
Seven  Days. 

■" 

Name. 

Rosa  of  Bellevue  6954  .     .  50 

18  lbs.    7+ 

a. 

Rosebud  of  Bell 

Mary  Jane  of  BeUevue  6956  50 

17    "      7 

Cherokee  Rose  20 

Countess  Gasella  9571    .     .  50 

15    ■'    11 

Caroline  13,019    ....  50 

14    "      8 

" 

Total,  6  cmcs 

CHAMPION  OF  AMERICA  1567. 

Color,  solid  brown  ;  full  black  points.  An  inbred  Pansy  bull.  Sire,  May  Boy 
705.  Dam,  Pansy  1019.  Bred  by  John  H.  Sntliff,  Bristol,  Conn.  Dropped  April 
17th,  1873. 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Gabrielle  Champion  14,102  50 
Silveretta  6853  ....  50 
Princess  Sheila  7279      .     .  50 

Tobira8400 50 

GILT  EDGE  C.  13,323  .  50 
Marie  C.  Magnet  33,903  .  50 
Champion's  Chloe  13,225  .  50 
Dairy  C.  12,327  ....  50 
Coronilla  8367  ....  50 
Maggie  C.  13,316  ...  50 
Maggie  May  2d  13,926  .     .  50 


17  lbs.    8  oz. 

16    "     9  " 

16    "      4|  " 

15    "    13  " 

15    "      9\  " 

15    "      8  " 


BuTTBB  Yield  i 


Lady  GreviUe  12,930 
Minnie  Lee  2d  12,941 
Jessie  Leavenworth  8248  .  50 
Webster's  Pet  4103  ...  50 
Therese  M.  8364  ....  50 
Prances  C.  Magnet  23,904  .  25 
Lady  Gray  of  Hilltop  3d 

14,641 35 

Bell  Rex  11,700    ....  35 
Lady  Gray  of  Hilltop  3d 

14,643 35 


i  Cent.         Seve: 

50       14  lbs. 
50        14    " 


13i 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


ClnrHC.  Magnet  31,563     . 
Hurrah  Pansy  12,153    .     . 
Baby  Buttercup  10,888 
Hillside  Gem  16,640      .     . 
Chautauqua  Queen  26,403 


BlTTEI.    YiEl 

Seven  Da 

14  lbs.  11 
14  ••  U 
14  •■  0 
20  "  0 
14    ■■     11 


La  Pera  2d  13,404 
Lilley  Rex  9852  . 
Celeste  Cox  12.948 

Total,  28  cows. 


14  lbs.    8 
14    "      7 


SIGNAL  1170. 


!.     llicb   orange   amber  lioms. 
I'd  by  Joliii  T.  Foote,   Morris- 


Color,  solid  mulberry  fawn  witb  gray  .sacklL 
Sire,  Marius  760.  Dam,  Pansy  Morris  2060.  13i 
town,  K  J.     Dropped  August  27tb,  1873. 

This  bull  inherited  the  butter  qualities  of  a  rare  line  of  ant-esturs,  including 
Pansy  8,  Paterson  11,  Pansy  6th  38,  Albert  4-4,  Lady  Mary  1148,  and  Marius  760. 
Transferred  to  Mr.  James  A.  Ilayt,  of  Patterson,  N.  Y.,  he  produced  only 
fourteen  daughters,  and  was  killed  by  his  owner  before  his  signal  qualities  were 
known,  because  he  sired  so  many  bulls.  It  is  not  stated  what  proportion  of  his 
progeny  were  males.  It  would  be  well  to  preserve  all  statistics  in  regard  to  the  sexes, 
in  order  to  get  a  clue  to  breeding  for  sex.  It  would  also  be  a  matter  of  interest  to 
know  if  the  greatest  bulls,  like  some  of  the  wonderfid  cows,  produce  a  majority  of 
males.  Of  his  fourteen  daughters,  eleven  appear  in  the  accompanying  table,  with 
an  average  weekly  test  of  eighteen  pounds  eleven  and  nineteen  forty-fourth  oimces. 
Two  of  the  other  three  met  with  injuries  which  caused  a  loss  in  one  of  three 
quarters  of  the  udder  and  half  the  udder  in  the  other,  «)nly  o\w  sound  daughter 
remaining  untested.  Twenty-two  granddaughters  and  great-granddaughters  average 
seventeen  pounds  eleven  and  one  fourth  ounces  in  weekly  tests. 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Blood,  Buttkk  \ 
Name.                        Per  Cent.       Seven  I 

Geranium  2d  7838     .     .     .  50  26  lbs. 

Tenella6712 .50  22    " 

Croton  Maid  5305     .     .     .  50  21    "    1 

Optima  6715 .50  21    " 

(Enone8614 50  18    "    1 

Valhalla  5300 .50  17    " 

Belle  of  Pattenson  5664      .50  16    " 

Edwina6713 .50  15    "    1 

Fanny  Taylor  6714  .     .     ..50  15    "    1 

Bignalana  7719      ....  .50  15    " 

Aldarine  5301 .50  15    " 

Signetilia  16,333  .     .     .     .37+  18    " 
Fadette  of  VernaSd  11,122 

(at  31  years)     ....  25  22    " 


Blood.       Bcttee  Yield  in 


Pei.( 


Celeste  Co.\  12,948  .  .  . 
Fairy  of  Verna  2d  10,793  . 
Hilda  A.  2d  11,120  .  .  . 
Gardiner's  Hippie  11,693  . 
EVELINA  OF  VERNA 

10,971  .... 
Tenella  2d  19,.521 
Harmony  2d  17,118 
Signaldella  24,107 
Rupertina  10,409  . 
Gazella  3d  9355    . 

Dahlia .     . 

Signal  M'ii<l  19,361 
Earl  Cow . 


Seven  Dats. 

Olbs.    8      ( 
0    "      3i 
0    "      0 
9    "    13i 

9    "    101 

8    ■'    12 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  A3IERIGA. 


557 


Euphorbia  11,339      .     .     .  35  14  lbs.  9f  oz. 

Guinevere  Sinclair  11,167  .  35  14    "  9 

Lady  Clarendon  3d  15,578  35  14    "  5i  " 

Sadie's  Choice  7979  .     .     .  25  14    "  0  " 


Kaue. 

Blood. 
Feb  Ubn 

Bdtteb  Yield 
Seven  Days 

Atlanta's  Beauty  13,949 

.    13J 

31  lbs.    3     < 

Alberta  Signal  18,611    . 

.  13i 

20    "    11 

Pansy  Patterson  18,612 

.  m 

15    "    15 

Total,  33  cows. 

SAUGATUCK  1144. 

Color,  solid.     Dropped  December  12th,  1873.      Bred  by  W.  K.  McCready, 
Connecticut. 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 
Blood,      Butter  Yield  in     i  Blood,       Bdtter  Yield  in 


Alice  Jones  8335  ....  50 
Alfleda  6744 25 


Seven  Dats.  Name. 

31  lbs.  13+    oz.   I    Nannie  Fitc:li  9143 
16    "      4       "     i    Alfritha  13,673    . 
Total,  4  CHIPS. 


Feb  Cent.  Seven  Days. 
.  35  14  lbs.  4  o 
.  VU     15    "      3      ■ 


LANDSEER'S   FANCY   2876. 

Color,  light  fawn  and  white  ;  eyelids  buffi ;  white  star ;  white  on  shoulders  ;  white 
forefeet,  hind  legs  and  belly.  Dropped  November  23d,  1873.  Bred  by  "W.  "W. 
Billings,  New  London,  Connecticut.     Sire,  Landseer  331.     Dam,  Young  Fancy  97. 

This  is  now,  for  the  amount  of  butter  and  richness  of  milk,  the  champion  cow 
of  the  world,  she  having  produced  the  largest  amount  of  butter  for  tests  of  thirty 
days,  sixty  days,  and  a  year. 

In  regard  to  her  oiEcial  test,  Mr.  William  J.  Webster,  in  a  communication  to 
the  Country  Gentleman,  says  : 

"  The  various  tests  of  this  cow  are  supported  by  more  disinterested  proof  than 
any  I  know  of.  They  have  been  twice  questioned,  and  each  time  proved  to  the 
satisfaction  of  the  party  questioning,  who  on  both  occasions  became  a  witness,  and 
made  statement  giving  details  of  the  test. 

"  She  was  tested  again  one  day,  December  28th,  under  care  of  the  clerk  of  our 
Circuit  Court  and  Mayor  of  Columbia,  and  made  on  this  day  sixteen  pounds  ten  ounces 
of  milk,  and  two  pounds  fifteen  ounces  of  butter.  We  tested  her  again  from  15th  to 
21st  of  May,  when  her  calf  was  nine  months,  old,  and  she  was  due  to  calve  in  three 
months.  She  gave  one  hundred  and  twenty  and  a  quarter  pounds  of  milk,  which  was 
churned  in  four  churnings,  and  jdelded  seventeen  pounds  of  butter.  This  was  worked, 
and  one  ounce  of  salt  added  to  the  pound,  and  then  reworked,  and  weighed  when 
ready  for  market. 

"  After  this  test  was  made,  knowinij  that  Mr.  Samuel  N.  Warren  doubted  her 


558  JERSEY  CA  TTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

former  test,  owing  to  its  exceeding  great  richness,  I  invited  liim  to  come  and  conduct 
a  test  of  one  day  to  bis  satisfaction.  He  is  a  breeder  well  known  and  of  bigb 
reputation  in  tins  State,  and  is  associated  witli  Major  Campbell  Brown  and  Mr.  Polk 
in  the  ownership  of  the  Clovernook  Herd,  at  Spring  Hill,  Tenn.  She  was  due 
to  calve  in  two  months  after  this  last  test,  and  her  calf  was  ten  months  old.  She 
made  si.xteen  poimds  three  ounces  of  milk,  which  chm-ned  two  pounds  ek'\  l-h  and  a 
half  ounces  of  butter,  or  at  the  rate  of  nineteen  pounds  a  week.  I  regret  I  did 
not  have  her  tested  officially  for  a  full  week  at  the  time,  but  thought  we  might  be 
induced  to  feed  her  too  heavily,  and  called  in  Mr.  Warren  simply  to  satisfy  him  as  to 
her  yield  of  one  day  and  the  richness  of  her  milk." 

The  ratio  of  milk  to  butter  in  the  official  test  of  Laiulseer's  Fancy  was  h-^ 
pounds  to  one,  or  2f  quarts  of  milk  to  one  pound  of  butter. 

The  week's  test  in  May,  three  months  before  calving,  required  7yV  pounds  of 
milk  to  one  pound  of  butter,  and  the  one-day  test,  two  months  before  calving, 
required  h^^  poimds  of  milk,  or  two  and  three  quarter  qixarts  to  make  a  pound  of 
l)Utter. 

Her  year's  test  began  January  2r)th,  1885,  when  past  twelve  years  old,  and  was 
finished  January  25th,  1886,  making  a  record  of  111  pounds  15i^  ounces  for  thii-ty 
days,  206  pounds  9  ounces  for  sixty  days,  302  pounds  15  ounces  for  ninety  days,  and 
for  tlie  year  936  pounds  l-tf  ounces  of  liutter. 

TEST    FOK    OXE    YEAK. 

"  We  started  her  when  four  months  and  four  days  in  calf,  the  test  running  with 
the  year  and  not  with  the  calf,  to  try  her  powers  as  a  brood  cow,  as  well  as  capacity 
as  a  butter  cow. 

"  She  was  served  by  Pogis  Chief  3898,  on  September  22d,  1884,  and  dropped 
a  bull,  Landseer's  Pogis,  June  29th,  1885,  having  carried  him  over  five  montlis 
during  the  test.  She  was  served  by  Toltec  6831,  September  29th,  1885,  and  now 
carries  tlie  calf.     So  she  carried  the  two  calves  nine  months  during  the  test. 

"Her  usual  feed,  till  May  15th,  1885,  was  four  quarts  cornhearts  and  two 
quarts  bran,  over  cut  hay,  twice  daily,  sometimes  more,  sometimes  less.  No 
iiccurate  account  of  her  feed  was  kept.  On  May  15th  we  began  to  cut  down  the 
feed,  and  took  it  entirely  from  her  May  30th,  and  turned  her  in  the  meadow,  where 
she  cfiuld  get  plenty  of  grass  and  cool  out.  In  doing  this  many  would  think  I  took 
great  risk  of  milk  fever.  But  I  don't  believe  in  starvation  at  any  time.  Tiu; 
record  needs  no  explanation.  The  weights  of  milk  were  not  kept  till  July  i:5tli. 
After  July  4th  her  usual  feed  was  four  quarts  cornhearts,  four  quarts  oats,  and  two 
(juarts  bran,  till  October  24th,  when  it  was  two  quarts  cornhearts,  two  quarts 
oats,  and  two  quarts  bran,  twice  daily.     She  is  as  great  a  brood  cow  as  she  is  in 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IJV  A3IERICA. 


January  36,  27  . 

"      28,  29  . 

"      30,  31 
February  1,    3  . 
3,    4. 


5  8 

\  5  4 

i  5  12 

6  4 

5,    6 5 

7,    8 5  14 

9,10 6  4 

11,  12 *  7  8 

13,14 1  5  4 

15,16 6  4 

17,  18 ■  5  6 

19,  20 7  4 


"      28  and  March  1 6        4 

March       2,    3 5        9 

4.    5  (milk  partly  wasted).'       4      10 

6.    7 

8,    9 


10,  11. 

13,  13  . 

14,  15  , 
16,  17  . 
18,  19  . 
20,  21  . 
32,  23  . 
24,  25  . 
26 


6  13 
6  13 
6        1 


5  9 

6  4 

5  13 

5  12 

3  10 


Amount  first  60  days j  180      14 

3      10 


March     27  ... . 

28,  29  . 

30,  31  . 
April         1,    2  . 

5,    6. 

7,    8  . 

9,  10  . 
11,12. 
13,  14  . 


5  8 

6  12 
6  12 
6  4 
5  9 


April 


*15,  16  . 
+17,  18  . 

19,  20  . 

21,  32  . 
|33,  34 . 
§35,  36  . 
||37,  38  . 

29,  30  . 


May 


1[3,    4 

5,    6 

**7,    8 

9,  10 

From  March  27  to  May  10  in 

elusive 

First  60  days  forward 


Total  for  120  days 299 


This  is  correct.     I  superintended  this  test  to 
this  date.  L.  Taylor,  Manager. 


May  11,  12 

"    13,14 

"    15,  16 

"  17,18.... 

"    19,30 

"  20,  21,  33  , 

"  24,  25,  26  . 

"  27,  28,  29, 


Total . 


lbs.  oz. 
4  14 
3      10 


"  The  milk  of  the  33d  was  not  saved,  and  from 

*  Feed  reduced  on  15th. 

+  Feed  increased  on  17th. 

X  Feed  reduced  on  23d. 

§  Feed  increased  on  25th. 

II  Cut  down  gradually  on  27th  and  28th. 

^  Increased  on  ZA  and  4th. 

**  Cut  down  on  7th. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


the  30th  on,  although  there  was  one  churning  of 
2.19,  it  was  not  counted,  because  too  close  to 
calving  to  be  called  gilt-edged  butter.  We  no- 
ticed this  churning  wa.s  a  little  strong,  because 
she  was  being  milked  irregularly  to  reduce  flow 
of  milk  and  quantity  of  butter. 


July 


lbe.oz.  11m.  oz. 


July    4. 


July  4-16. 


July  11). 


13 

10  8 
10  11 
111    6 


ii) :io  1113 

21 |lO  1210 

22  11     210 


21 

20  12 
30  11 

23  11 
20  15 
22    1 


July  16-22. 


5  12 

3  9 

4  8 
7    6 


4    9i 
4    4 


"  It  will  be  noticed  that  tJie  milk  of  the  16th 
and  morning  of  the  17th — three  milkings,  31.4 — 
was  churned  together  on  the  18th,  and  the 
night'.s  milking  of  the  17th  was  churned  on  the 
30lh.  This  was  caused  by  our  moving  from  one 
barn  to  another  on  the  17th,  and  the  evening's 
milk  placed  in  a  different  house. 


27 112 

28 Il3 

29 'll 


1310 
11 
11 
11 
11 
112 


21  4 
33  15 

22  9 


July 


23-29. 


July        30. 
31. 

August     1 . 


July  3()-August  1 


August     6. , 

8.. 

9.. 
10., 
11., 


August    6-12    in- 
clusive  , 


11  Hi 
1213  8 
311  10 

3il0    4 
810 
211    3 
710    3 


August    1.3.. 


I      Ibe.   oz. 

\<i,h\  3  13 

26  3  13 

27  3  6 
:28  4  1 
139  3  11 
JSO  3    8 

31  3  10 


22  Hi    13  6 

34    4     2   3  10 

22  13     3J  3  8 

23  7  I  4^  3  7 

21  8  :  5;  3  7 
23    5     6   4  1 

22  11  I  7I  3  8 


159  IH 

22  15 
31  13 
23 

31  7 
22  11 
21  8 
20    7 


9   3  15 
10   3    6 


3 
12   3 

13!  3 
14   3 


28  15i 


August  13-19 
elusive 


11  1210 
11     3'  9 


15  3 

16  3 


21  11 

30  10 
21 

31  6 
30    3 


LANDSEER'S    FANCY    2876. 

AT    10   YEARS   OLD. 

Dazzle— Splendid  Type. 
Webstee  it  Morrow,  Columbia,  Tennessee. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


August 


Aufust  20-26   in- 
clusive  


September 


13  11 
10 

9     3 

9 
10 


10  11 
13 

10  11 
8  1 
10  3 
10 


August     27 -Sep 
teuiber  3 


September  3. , 
4., 
5. 


11    8 
11    8 
9  15 
10 
11 


September  3-9  in- 
clusive  


September  10 10  12 

11 9 

10 

8  13 
10  10 


30  3 
22  2 
22  10 


16  11 

17  9 
19    9 


129 

18  8 

19  3 

19  11 

17  8 

20  3 
16  4 

18  6 


39  11 

22  4 
17  13 
19  8 
17  5 
19  14 
15  13 
17  13 


September     10-16, 
inclusive ' . 


lbs.  oz. 
3    li 


3    4 
3  15 


3    4 
3    4 


3  15 
3  3 
3    6 


3    7 
3  14 


September     17-23 
inclusive 


September  24. . 
35. 
36. 

37.. 
38., 

30., 


September     24-30 
inclusive . . . 


October    1-7     in 
elusive 


.  lbs.  oz. 

17  6 
19  13 

18  10 
17  10 

19  3 
15  8 
13  15 


3    6 

3  13 
3    9 


9 
9 

7 
10  14 

7  12 

8  1 


8  15 
5  12 


123    1 

18    3 

14  13 

15  8 
17  1 
15  13 
15  10 
15    7 


8    1 
8  11 


7  13 

7  3 
6    9 

8  11 


9  11 
11  11 


.'  9  14 

.|  9  13 


21  10 

3  15 
3  13 
3  5 
3  14 
3  3 
3  2 
3    9 


31  13 

3  3    8i 

4  3    6 

5  3    6 

6  3 

7  3    8 

8  3  10 

9  4    4 


33  lOi 

3  13 

4  11 
3  11 
3  15 
3 


October   8-14    in-j 
elusive 


JICRSIJV   lATTLK  IX  AMERICA. 


1885. 

October      15. , 


lbs.c 
,  11 
.11  15 

f     ' 

'  9  10 
9  10 
10    3 


Octolier  V: 
clu.sivu. . 


October  23-27  in- 
clusive  


12    2 

6  8 

7  11 

7    4 
7  11 

7  11 


4  14 
4    7 

4  7 

5  1 
5  11 
5  11 


October     28 -No. 
veml)cr  0 


NovenilKT    7-13. 


31  6  3 

01  G  6 
ISj  6  6 

2|  4  13 

4|  5  0 

0^  5  9 

2  6  3 
e  7 
6  2 
5  0 


Total. 

1 
1 

s 

Butter. 

lbs.  oz. 

lbs.  oz. 

19  10 

3  10 

18  14 

18 

3  8 

20  12 

19 

3  13 

18  15 

20 

3  3 

19  4 

21 

3  8 

16  -9 

22 

3  5 

15  6 

23 

3  9 

129  6 

i! 

23  8 

t  17 

34 

3  12 

10  5 

25 

2  2  t 

12  3 

26 

112 

13  5 
13  6 

27 
28 

3  1 
2  14 

13  6 

39 

3  2 

79  2 

1 
13  11 

14  6 

31 

5  4 

16  6 

15  3 

3 

4  14 

11  15 

13  4 

3 

3  2 

13  9 

4 

3  3 

13  5 

5 

3  2 

14  13 

6 

3  1 

15  5 

7 

3  0 

13  14 

8 

3  1 

142 

38  U 

15  5 

9 

2  12 

14  2 

10 

3  0 

14  6 

11 

2  14 

16  4 

12 

3  4 

14  1 

13 

3 

14  9 

14 

3 

16  13 

15 

2  10 

105  7 

30  8  i 

1885. 

November  ] 


November  31-37. 
November  38 


6  10 
6  3 


November  14-30. 


11   O,     I        I 

11  10:  6  15 


9  7 

29 10  8 

30 jlO 

December  1 ,9  5 

2 

6  12 
4, 


December  5 4  12  4 


5  10 


Nov.  38- Dec.  4 1  95  9 


14  10  16 


14  6 
14  13 
15 

14  7 
13  14 

15  11  132^  2  11 

103  12   20  12 

16  1  '23  3  13 


16  2 

34  2  13 

15  8 

25  2  14 

16  7 

26  3  3 

18  10  127  3  12 
18  9  !28  2  8 
15  11  29  3  3 


117 

j  15  10 

15  10 

15  14 

14  12 

12  1 

12  6 

9  4 


8  13 
8    3 


5  10,  3  3 

6  4l  3  13 
6  I  3  1 
6  3J  3  13 
6  13   4  8 

6  10   4  8 

7  10  4  7 
7  12  4  3 
7  14  5  3 
7  14  5  11 
7    4   5  7 


31  3 

30  2  12 

1  3    1 

3  3  13 

3  3  1 

4  4  1 

5  2  7 

6  1  14 

20    1 


5  14   5 

=  [! 

1  Il6,  4 

1114J     I 

13    1  |18|  4 
13    9 

12  11  20i  4 


Dec.  5-18  inclusive I |147  11 


I P 


JERSEY   CATTLE  lA^  AMERICA. 


December  19. 
30. 
21. 


30 

31 

December     19-31 
inclusive 


January        1. 


January    1-7    in- 
clusive  


lbs.  oz, 
11  9 
11  10 

11  10 
13  8 
15  11 
13    8 

12  3 

13  6 
18  3 
18  10 

12  8 

13  3 


13  4 
13  4 
11  12 
13  0 
13    0 


lbs.  oz. 
3  12 

3  6 

4  14 

4  13 

5  1 
4  4 
4    5 


January 


3  1 

4  1 

4    7 


January    8-14  in- 
clusive  


Januar3'  1.5. 
16. 
17. 
18. 
19. 


January  15-3.5  in- 
clusive  


7  13 
7  4 
7  7 
7  9 
6  14 
6  14 

4  11* 
6    3 

5  lOA 
4  4 
4    1 


4  2 
4  0 
4  13 
4  13 
4  11 
4  4 
3  10 
3  2 
3  10 


13    3 

13  0 
10  7 
13  5 
10  10 


11  10 
11  9 
11  9 
11  11 
II  10 

9  6 
10    7 

9    4i:2; 

7    6 

7  11  ^27 


114  lU      24  15i 


8  10 

4  8 

5  1 

18    3 

4  13 

4  11 

4  11 

4  11 
3  lOf 


The   foregoing  record  of  Landseer's  Fancy  2876,    from   July   4tb,    1885,    to 
January  25tli,  1886,  evenings  inclusive,  is  correct. 


RECAPITULATION. 


From  January  26th,  1883,  to  March  26th,  1885,  inclusive. 
From  March  17th,  1885,  to  May  10th,  1885,  inclusive 


Ills.  oz. 

180         14 
lis         11 


Total. 


This  as  per  statement  of  L.  Taylor,  manager. 


Part  spilled. 


564  JERSEY  CATTLE  IN"  AMERICA. 

lbs.  oz. 

Carried  forward 2!tO         9 

From  May  llth,  18S5,  to  May  3Utb,  1885,  inclusive 28         5 

This  as  per  statement  of  W.  J.  Webster.  

Aiiionnt  before  dropping  calf 327  l-t 

From  July  4th  to  loth,  inclusive 36         3 

From  July  16tb  to  22d,  inclusive 29  i 

From  July  23d  to  29th,  inclusive 25  13 

From  July  30th  to  August  5tli,  inclusive 2-1  15 

From  August  6th  to  12th,  inclusive 23  15^ 

From  August  13th  to  19tb,  inclusive 21  11^ 

From  August  20th  to  26tb,  inclusive 21         8^ 

From  August  27th  to  September  2d,  inclusive 22         4 

From  September  3d  to  9th,  inclusive 22  12 

From  September  10th  to  Kith,  inclusive 22         Q^ 

From  September  17th  to  23d,  inclusive 21  10 

From  Septemljer  24th  to  30th,  inclusive 21  13 

From  October  Ist  to  7th,  inclusive 23  lOi 

From  October  8th  to  14th,  inclusive 24         C 

From  October  1 5th  to  21st,  inclusive 23         8 

From  October  22d  to  27th,  inclusive 13  11 

From  October  28th  to  November  6th,  inclusive 28  11 

From  November  7th  to  13th,  inclusive 20         8 

From  November  14th  to  20th,  inclusive 20  12 

From  November  21st  to  27th,  inclusive 21         2 

From  November  28th  to  December  4th,  inclusive 20         1 

From  December  5th  to  18th,  inclusive 27  12 

From  December  19th  to  31st,  inclusive 31         8 

From  January  1st,  1886,  to  January  7th,  inchisive 10         4 

From  January  8th  to  14tli,  inclusive 18         3 

From  January  15th  to  25th,  inclusive 24  15f- 

Amount  of  butter  from  January  2<It]i,  1885,  to  evening  of  January 

25tli,  1886— one  year 930  14J 

''  During  this  year  she  was  out  of  the  dairy  from  May  30th,  1885,  to  June  29th, 
date  of  calving,  and  till  July  4th  after  calving,  the  first  day's  milk  being  July  4tli, 
after  dropping  bull,  Landseer's  Pogis." 

On  the  three  hundred  and  sixty-third  day  of  her  year,  and  tlie  three  hundred  and 
thirty-eighth  of  her  test,  four  and  a  half  months  in  calf,  she  made  2  pounds  lOf  oimces 
of  butter  from  9  pounds  4^  ounces  of  milk,  a  pound  of  butter  from  ^-^^  pounds 
or  three  pints  rf  milk. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  A3IEEICA. 


565 


The  test  for  richness  of  milk  was  a  pul)lic  one,  conducted  by  the  Tennessee 
Breeders'  Association. 

Mr.  Webster  says :  "  A  great  many  think  that  there  must  be  some  unusual 
treatment  to  produce  such  results..    It  is  much  more  simple  than  they  suppose. 

"  There  have  several  serious  mistakes  been  made  during  the  year,  and  if  she  had 
not  been  a  cow  of  great  recuperative  power,  she  would  have  broken  down.  The 
record  shows  that  our  most  successful  treatment  was  when  she  was  under  good,  high 
feed,  but  not  the  highest.  I  am  satisfied  that  there  is  more  in  constant  care  and 
watchfulness  than  in  forcing,  and  the  feed  should  be  for  butter  only. 

''  A  cow  is  not  made  rich  in  a  week  or  month,  and  possibly  not  the  richest  even 
in  a  year." 

landseee's  fancy  and  tested  descendants. 


liANDSEER'S  FANC7  | 

2876 I 

Rosy  Dream  9808      .     .     . 


(  29  lbs. 


(21 

50    19 


Toltec's  Fancy  37,172    .     . 
Maquilla  24,043    .     .     .     . 

Total,  4  cows. 


50      17  lbs.    6    oz. 
25      20  "       1      " 


1874. 


SANS   PEUR,  F.  201  J.  H.  B.— H.  C. 
Color,  gray ;  right  foreleg  and  lower  part  of  arm  white ;  white  line  on  right 
stifle.     Dropped  April,  1874.      Sire,  Welcome,  F.  166  J.  H.  B.— H.  C.      Dam, 
Fanchon,  F.  1-432  J.  H.  B. 

tested  descendants. 


Fear  Not  6059 50  17  lbs.  10 

Buttercup  17,825 ....  50  16    "      8 

Fan  of  Grouville  7458  .     .  50  13    "      0 

Fear  Not  2d  6061      .     .     .25  16    "      2 


Fan's     Grouville     Beauty 

10,079 25       19  lbs.    3 

Lucilla  Kent  8893    ...  35       15    "    10 
Total,  6  coios. 


DEERFOOT  BOY  1926. 

Color,    solid    gray ;    black    points.      Dropped    July   19th,   1874.      Bred    by 
E.  Burnett.     Sire,  Albion  490.     Dam,  Daisy  of  Deerfoot  3182. 


tested  descendants. 


Naiie. 

Blood, 
Pee  Cejt 

BOTTEE  TlZLD  IN 
r.          SeVEK  DATS. 

Blood, 
Name.                       Pee  Cen 

Butte 
Seve 

Abbie  Z.  Sd  14,743   .     . 

.  50 

17  lbs.    0     oz. 

Dena  of  Deerfoot  15,325   .  50 

14  lbs 

Polly  of  Deerfoot  15,338 

.  50 

15    "      0      " 
Total, 

Cressy  of  Deerfoot  15,324  .  50 
4  cows. 

14    " 

JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


CLAIMANT,  P.  Si  J.  H.  B.— C. 
Color,  solid  fawn  ;  black  points.     Dropped  1874. 


TESTED    PESCENDANTS. 
Butter  Yield  m     I 


Xame. 

Nancy  Lee  7618  .  .  . 
Royal  Beauty  18,908  . 
Bohemian  Gipsy  17,452 
Lizzie  C.  7713      .     .     . 


26  lbs.  8i 
15  "  2i 
U  "  11 
14    "      0 


BiTTTER  Yield  ra 


XiME.  Peb  Ce.vt.      Seves 

Lalla  Rookh  of  Sugar  Grove 

15,882 12i     20  lbs. 

Variella  of  Linwood  10,954  12i      14    " 
Tohd,  6  cows. 


COLUMBIAD   2(1  1515. 
Solid  color;  black  points.     Dropped  A]iril  lltli,  1S71.     Bred  by  C.  and  D. 
Pennington.  Paterson.  X.  J.     Sire,  Cohimbiad  531.     Dam,  Celestia  1898. 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


14  lbs.    7     oz. 


PET  OP  ROSE  LAWN  (  ^18 

11,326 \''^    {  15 


Xame.  Feb  Cent.        Seven  Days. 

Alluring  5541 50       19  lbs.    5     02 

Rose  of  Rose  Lawn  9365   .  50       16    "     3      " 
Total,  4  coin. 


HEKO,   P.  90  J.  PL  B.— LL  C. 
Color,  solid  dark  red  ;  eyes  encircled  with  orange.     Dropped  1871. 


Daisy  of  St.  Peters  18, 
Satin  Bird  16,380 
Jenny  Le  Brocq  9757 

COOOTTE  11,958    . 

Westphalia  24,384     . 


.  50 

.  50       14 

.  50       14 

no  J 

14 

24 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 
rTEB  Yield  in 

EVES  DXTS. 

lbs.  5i  oz. 
"  15A  " 
"    14      " 


50- 


Blood, 

BuTTEB  Yield  is 

Name.                        Feb  Cexi 

Seves  Days. 

Mousy  2d  14,963  ....  25 

nibs.     1       oz. 

Bergcrelia  15,546      .     .     .  25 

14    •'      li     " 

Cetewayo's     Silver     Bell 

18,953 12+ 

17    "      2i     ■' 

Cetewayo's  Dorcas  20,287  .  13i 

16    "      3i    " 

Tokil,  9  coica. 

CECCO  1673. 

Color,  solid  dark  fawn  ;  black  points.     Dropped  October  15th,  1871.     Bred  by 
Robert  Iloe,  Tarrytowii,  N.  Y.     Sire,  Mercury  132.     Dam,  Ceres  427. 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Ceccola  13,608     ....  50 

Idalettal  1,843 50 

Idalene  11,841 .50 


BuTTEB  Yield  is 
Seves  Days. 

Name. 

Hlood,       Butter  Yield  is 
Pes  Ce.vt.        Seves  Day«. 

16  lbs.  13     oz. 

Ideal  11,843     .     .     . 

.     .  50       14  lbs.  12J    oz. 

15  "  \^  ■• 

Ideal  Alphca  18,755 . 

.     .  25       14    "      6      " 

15    ••      8i    " 

ToUa,  5  ooics. 

JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


PIERROT  7tli  lOiiT. 
Color,  dark  gray ;  black  switch  ;  black  tongue.     Dropped  December  1st,  IS 74. 
Bred  by  S.  C.  Colt,  Hartford,  Conn.     Sire,  Pierrot  636.     Dam,  Pet  811. 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Nam 


Palestine  Pierrot  34,099  .  To 
Pierrot's  Ludy Bacon  13,482  50 
Pierrot's  Picture  13,481  .  50 
Lady  Hayes  10,136  .  .  .  .50 
Pierrot's  Lady  Hayes  11,673  50 
Lady  Fanning  11,169    .     .  50 


Seven  Days. 

Name.                       Per  Cen 

Seven  D 

14  lbs.    6     oz. 

Palestine's  Last  Daughter 

16    '•    10      " 

12,603 50 

14  lbs.    6 

16    "      0      " 

Pierrot's  Countess  13,480  .  50 

14  "      0 

16    "      0      " 

Countess  of  Lome  30,823  .  25 

14  "     14 

15    "    13      ■' 
14    "      6      ■■ 

Madame  Argyle  19,476  .     .  35 
Tutal,  10  cows. 

14  "      1 

RECTOR   1458. 
Color,  .solid.     Dropped  April  9th,  1874.     Bred  by  Campbell  Brown,  Spring 
Hill,  Tenn.     Sire,  Pertiiiatti.     Dam,  Roxana  2d  2532. 


Bonnie  Yost  7943 
Leoni  11,868  .  . 
Dudu  of  Linwood  i 


TESTED   DESCENDANTS. 


18  lbs.     3      oz. 


Name. 

Lucetta  6856    . 

Dora  Doon  13,! 

Total,  5  co\ 


Bi.ooD,       Better  Yield  in 
Pee  Cent.        Seven  Dats. 
.    .50         14  lbs.     3       OZ. 

.  35       15    "      0      •■ 


HURRAH  2814. 
Solid  fawn ;  black  points.     Bred  by  S.  R.  Gridley,  Bristol,  Conn.     Dropped 
March  11th,  1874.     An  inbred  Tom  Dasher  420  and  Paterson  11.     Sire.  Colonel 
Crockett  1694.     Dam  Village  Girl  5744. 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


VALUE  2d  6844 


BoTTEB  Yield  in 

Blood, 
Per  Cini 

Butter  Yield  in 
Seven  Days. 

25  lbs.    2H  oz.       Hurrah  Pansy  13,153 

.  50 

14  lbs.    li   oz. 

Total,  3  C0W.1. 

JERSEY  BOY,  P.  92  J.  H.  B.— H.  C. 

Color,  solid  dark  gray.     Dropjjed  1874. 


Name. 

Oakland's  Cora  18,853  . 
Sclpio's  Lively  19,869  . 
Queen  Neptune  15,501 . 
Rosona  13,956 .     .     .     . 


TESTED   DESCENDANTS. 


19  lbs.  94  oz. 

14    ■'      7  " 

18    '■  13i  " 

16    "      7  " 


Blood,       Biitter  Yield 

Name. 

Pee  Cent.        Seven  Days 

Lane  13,303     . 

.     .  m     15  lbs.    4     0 

na  16,776     .     . 

.     .m     14    "     3 

Total,  6  < 


JERSEY  CA  TTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


LORD  LxUVREXCE  UU. 

Color,  dark  French  gray  ;  black  tongue  and  switch. 
York.     Dropped  May  lltli,  IbT-t. 

TESTED    DESCEXDAXTS. 


Bred  by  T.  J.  Hand,  2st 


Same. 

Pee  CE^ 

T.        Seves  Days. 

X..KE.                        Pee  Ce.> 

T.       Seve.\-  Di 

Lady  of  Bellcvue  7705 

.   50 

15  lbs.  11      OZ. 

The    Widow's    Daughter 

Countess  Giiscla  9571 

.  50 

15    ■■    11      ■' 

11,507 25 

19  lbs.    8 

■\Vitch  Hazel  4th  6131 

.  50 

15    "      5i     " 

Fanny  Bugler  19,963    .     .  25 

15    '•      2 

Fall  Leaf  8587      .     . 

.  50 

14    "      8      " 

Rosy  Dream  9808     ...  25 

14    "    13 

Lorella  12,913 .    .    . 

.  50 

14    •'      7      " 

ToUil,  8  cows. 

8i    OZ. 


LOED  BRONX  2d  1730. 

Solid  color ;  black  points.     Bred  by  II.  E.  Johns.  Bloomfield.  Conn.     Dropped 
June  10th,  1874. 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Blood,       Butteb  Yielp  ix 

Kaiie. 

Pee  Ce.\t.        Sevex  Davs. 

X 

Hazen-s  Bess  7329    . 

.     .  50        24  lbs.  11      OZ. 

Herberta  8 

Arnold's  Lulu  7328  . 

.     .  50       15    •'      0      " 

Total, 

16  lbs.      15  OZ. 


OXOLI  1022. 

Color,  fawn ;  shaded  with  dun.  Sire,  grandsire  and  great-grandsire,  eighty 
seven  and  a  half  per  cent.  St.  Helier  45.  Bred  by  Dr.  0.  S.  Hubbell,  Stratford, 
Conn.     Dropped  March  3Uth,  1874. 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Blood.       Bitteb  Yield  i 
Naxe.  Feb  Ce.vt.       Seves  Days. 

Volie  19,465 .50  18  lbs.    1     o 

Kaoli  18,980 .50  17    "      i 

Zithey9184 .50  16    "      ' 

Lesbie9179      .....  50  16     '      ; 

Maculae  24,277    .     .     .     .  .50  15    "      ; 

Renini  9181 .50  14    "    1( 


Blood,  BnTBB  Yield  is 

7 50  14  lbs.   3i  oz. 

Taglioni  9182 50  14    "      1  " 

Trenie  17,770 37*  14    "    10  " 

Queen  of  Chenango  17,771  25  14    "     6  " 

Flamant  11,370    ....  25  14    "      2  " 
Total,  11  cowt. 


JERISEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


PEINCE  OF  WAEREN  1512. 


Solid  color ;  black  points.  Bred  bj  J.  11.  McHenry,  Baltimore,  Md.  Dropped 
July  17th,  1874.  Sire,  Southampton  117.  Dam,  Golddrop  222.  For  Prince  of 
Warren  type  see  portrait  of  Lady  Madeline  10,526  in  frontispiece. 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Name. 

Pra  Ceki 

Sev 

^^  DATS. 

Name.                        Feb  CEh 

T.        Sev 

N   DATS. 

Lady  Conover2dl7,.589 

.  75 

20  ll)s 

0       OZ. 

Mary  of  Bear  Lake  6171    .  50 

15  lbs 

14     OZ 

Taniy  Lowndes  35,316  . 

.  75 

16    " 

3      ■■ 

Gledelia  10,534    ....  50 

15    " 

0      " 

Dot  of  Bear  Lake  6170  . 

.  50 

19    " 

.3      " 

Lena  Lowndes  23,203    .     .  50 

14    " 

7      " 

Coaover's  Beauty  12,650 

.  50 

18    " 

4      " 

Countess  Lowndes  36,874  .  25 

17    " 

8      " 

Lady  "Warren  12,168     . 

.  50 

16    " 

7      " 

Witch  Hazel  4th  6131    .     .  25 

15    " 

U    " 

Tamy3d6127.     .     .     . 

.  50 

10   •• 

0 

Mary's  Silver  Drop  14,325  25 

15    " 

4*    " 

Ida  of  Bear  Lake  6169  . 

.  50 

16    " 

U 

Total,  13  cows. 

EEX  1330. 

Color,  solid  orange  gray  fawn,  with  dark  shadings  around  eyes  ;  black  switch 
and  tongue.  Bred  by  John  O.  Couch,  Middlefield,  Conn.  Dropped  April  17th, 
1874.     Sire,  Colt  Jr.  825.     Dam,  Couch's  Lily  3237. 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Hepsy  2d  13,008        .     . 
Arawana  Queen  5368    . 

Blood 
Feb  Cen 
.    50 
.    50 

Butte 

17  lbs 

16     " 

YiEI, 

ekDa 

8 
9 

Prmcess  Bellworth  6801 

.  50 

15     " 

lOi 

Usilda2d6157     .     .     . 

.  50 

15    " 

3i 

Favorite  Rajah  Rex  16, 
Louvie3d6159     .     .     . 

53  50 
.  50 

15    ■' 
14    " 

0 
13 

Bell  Rex  11,700    . 

.  50 

14    " 

10 

Princess  Ro,se  6249 

.  50 

14    " 

8 

Jeannie  Piatt  6005 

.  50 

14    " 

4 

Lottie  Rex  18,757 

.  50 

14    " 

4 

Pet  Rex  30,166    . 

.  50 

14    " 

4 

Kerni  Rex  18,671 

.  .50 

14    " 

0 

Rosy  Kate's  Rex  13, 

93 

.  35 

18    " 

8 

Name.  Pek  Cek 

Maggie  Rex  38,633  .  .  .35 
Sister  Rex  13,194  .  .  .25 
Elsie  Lane  13,303  .  .  .35 
Chautauqua  Queen  26,403  25 
Si.ster  Cash  33,987  .  .  .35 
Lilley  Rex  9853  ....  25 
Lady  Panalphrex  17,400  .  13i 
CARRIE   LENA   3d 

20,077 13i 

Guinevere  Sinclair  11,167  .  12| 

Lass  Rex  Alphea  16,965    .  12| 

Ethalka  2d  14,138     . 

Total,  34  com. 


17  lbs.    Oi    OZ. 


131 


570 


JERSiEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


SWEEPSTAKES  DUKE  19(>5  {P.  76  J.  H.  B.—II.  C.) 

Color,  solid  gray.  Bred  on  Island  of  Jei-sey.  Won  Sweepstakes  Prize  with 
complete  score,  of  Island  Scale  of  Points,  at  one  year  old,  show  of  1875.  Dropped 
April,  1S74.     Imported  by  Moses  Ellis,  Massachusetts,  October,  1875. 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Fairy  Quteii  of  St.  Belades 
7404 50 

Valentine  of  Trinity  7409    50 

Queen  of  Nubbin  Ridge 
14.538 50 

Forget-Me-Xot  5809 

Deertoot  Girl  15,329 

Florence  Billot  7849 

Energy  23,010      .     . 

Lily  of  the  Valley  7439 

Handsome  Myra  14,244 

Camelia  3d  11,188     .     . 

Lady  Velvetine  15,771  . 

Les  Cateaux  2d  15,538 

Cassis  13,028    .     .     .     , 

Olyniph  17,957    .     . 

Lady  Kingscote  26,085 

La  Financiere  11,970    . 

Lydia  of  Libby  11,698 

Forsaken  7530 .     .     . 

Lady  Jane  of  St.   Peters 


Sweetrock  18,356  .  . 
Lady  Vertumnus  13,217 
.Jazel's  Maid  11,011  .  . 
La  Rouge  12,405  .  .  . 
Beulah  de  Gruchy  13,480 


25 


BCTTE 

Y«I,D  IS 

Bl.noD, 

Butter  Yield  is 

Sev 

S  DATS. 

Navi. 

Pee  Ckxi 

.       Sev 

X  Days. 

MAMELUi  20,804    . 

.    124 

211bs 

8i     OZ. 

19  lbs. 

7i    oz. 

Rozel  Lass  20,208     .     . 

.  12i 

19     " 

9*     " 

19    " 

4 

St.  Jeannaise  15,789      . 

.  12* 

16    •■ 

4       " 

Maritana  12,039    .     .     . 

.  13* 

16     " 

3*    " 

17    " 

8      " 

Fear  Not  2d  6061      .     . 

.  13i 

16    " 

2      " 

15    " 

8      •' 

Geneva  13,220      .     .     . 

.  13* 

15    " 

11      •• 

15    " 

0      " 

Farmer's  Floss  17,773   . 

.  13* 

15    " 

11      •' 

14    " 

13      " 

Happy  Blossom  18,318  . 

.  13* 

15    " 

8      •• 

14    " 

5      '• 

Jlarie  S.  12,043     .     .     . 

.  13i 

15    " 

0      •' 

14    " 

0      " 

Kate  Pansy  15,177    .     . 

.  13* 

15    " 

1      " 

20    " 

8      " 

Sweet  SLxteen  10,683    . 

.  13* 

14    " 

15      •' 

20    " 

3      " 

Regina'.s  Guide  16,863  . 

.  13* 

14    " 

13      " 

17    " 

o       <. 

Peggy  Ford  31,713  .     . 

.  13* 

14    " 

10      " 

16    " 

1     " 

L'Etoile  du  Nord  16,419 

.  12* 

14    " 

9      " 

16    " 

0       " 

Tale-Bearer  34,535    .     . 

.  12* 

14    " 

8       " 

15    " 

13       " 

Lady  Young  16,668  .     . 

.  12* 

14    " 

0      " 

15    " 

10      " 

Well  Done  25,987     .     . 

.     6i 

19    " 

4      " 

15    " 

5i     " 

Signaldella  24,107    .     . 

.     6i 

18    " 

If    " 

15    " 

3      " 

Glory  of  Elmarch  31,.521 

.     6i 

15    " 

13*     " 

15    " 

1      " 

Cicero's  JIabel  18,338    . 

.     6i 

15    " 

3      " 

Les  JIarais  Dell  30,314 . 

.     6i 

15    " 

8      " 

15    " 

0      " 

Baron's  Rosette  35,988  . 

.     6i 

15    " 

4      " 

14    " 

lU     " 

Lady  Fair  32,103      .     . 

.     6i 

14    " 

13      " 

14    •• 

10       " 

Pendule  2d  16,709     .     . 

.     Oi 

14    " 

6      " 

14    •• 
14    " 
23    " 

0     •• 

Nervine  25,933     .     ,     . 

.     Oi 

14    ' 

1*     " 

3      " 

Total,  49  rotts. 

TOP  SAWYEIl  1404. 

Color,  solid  squirrel  gray ;  black  points.     Dropped  ^lay  19th,  1S74.     Bred  by 
T.  J.  Hand,  New  York.     Sire,  Marius  760.     Dam,  Emblem  !Mi. 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 

Name. 

Blood, 
Peb  Ce.n 

BiTTEE  Yield  i.-« 
.       Seven-  Days.                                    Name. 

Blood. 
Per  Cex 

Butter  Yield 
r.         Sevex  Dat». 

Cora  of  Linwood  13,915 

.    50 

23  lbs.    0      oz.       Busy  Bee  7590      . 

.   50 

16  lbs.    4     0 

Vi.\en  7.591  .... 

.  50 

17    '•      0      "        Fleurette of  Linwo 

)dl2 

,918  .50 

16    ••      0 

Beeswax  9807  .    .    . 

.  50 

17    "      5      "         Dora  Doon  13,909 

.  50 

15    "     0 

JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


Br.oor 
Naue.  Feb  Ce! 

Opaline  7590 50 

Denise8381 50 

Litza  6338 50 

Fandango  13,908  ....  50 
Romp  Ogden  3d  5458  .  .  50 
ETHLEEL  2d  32,391  .  37* 
Maquilla  34,043    ....  35 


Butt 

N  Days. 

Blood, 
Name.                         Pee  Cen 

Butter  Yield 
r.       Seven  Days. 

14  lbs. 

10       OZ. 

Ethleel  18,734 35 

19  lbs.  14 

14    " 

44     ■• 

Cherokee  Rose  20,931    .     .  25 

23    "    10 

14    " 

3      " 

Romping  Lass  11,021    .     .  35 

15    "      0 

14    " 

3      " 

Jaquenetta  10,958     ...  25 

14    "      6 

14    " 

1      " 

Variella  of  Linwood  10,954  35 

14    "      1 

30    " 

15      " 

30    " 

1       " 

Total,  18  cows. 

CLIVE  DUKE  1901. 
Color,  solid.     Dropped  -Time  19th,  1874.     Bred  by  T.  S.  Kennedy,  Lonisville, 
Ky.     Sire,  Prize  Duke  942.     Dam,  Welcome  Beauty  1268. 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Oitz  8fi49     . 
Peggotty  H. 


15  lbs. 
15    " 


Name. 

Halsie  McCurdy  13,379 
Total,  3  cows. 


.  50       14  lbs.    34    oz. 


AZELDxi   3872. 
Solid   color;  black   points.     Sire,    Grand  Duke   Alexis   1040.      Dam,  Grand 
Duchess  of   St.  Peters  2733.     Bred   by  J.  A.  Hayt,  Patterson,  N".  Y.     Dropped 
March  13th,  1874. 


Name.  Per  Ce 

Gold  Trinket  9.518    ...  50 

Valhalla  5300 50 

Belle  of  Patterson  5664 .     .  50 
Azelda  2d  7033     ....  50 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 
Butter  Yield 


Name. 

Pansy  Patterson  ....  35  15  lbs.  15 

Guinevere  Sinclair  11, 167.  35  14    "     9 

Alberta  Signal      ....  13*  30    "    11 
Total,  7  cows. 


1875. 


DUKE   OF   DAPtLINGTON  2460. 
Color,  solid   gray;   black  points.     Sire,  Sarpedon    930.     Dam,  Eurotas   2454. 
Bred  by  A.  B.  Darhng,  Kamseys,  jST.  J.     Dropped  April  1st,  1875. 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Blood, 

Butter  Yield  ra 

Blood, 

Butter  Yield  in 

Name. 

Per  Ce.m 

T.        Seven  Days. 

Name.                         Per  Cent 

Seven  Days. 

rsrother  Hubbard  10,331 

.  50 

24  lbs.     U    oz. 

Nazli  10,.327 50 

15  lbs.   34   oz. 

BOMBA  10,330  .     .     . 

.  .50 

21    "    114     " 

Eupidee's  Perfection  20,175  25 

15     "       4        " 

Matilda  5th  18,068    .     . 

.  50 

16    "      4      " 

Dove  Dee  18,059  ....  25 

15    "      3      " 

Leah  Darlington  13,836 

.  50 

15    "      54     " 

Total,  7  cows. 

JERSfJY  CATTLE  IX  A  .VESICA. 


KIIEDm:,  P.  103  J.  11.  B.— H.  C. 


Color,  solid  light   fawn. 
Cooniassie  ll.ST-t. 


Dropped   1S75.     Sire,  Leo  F.  198— H.   C.     Dam, 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Blood,        Bitter  YitLD  is 
XAur.                        Pee  Cent.       Seven  Dam. 

Xa»e. 

Blood, 
Per  C-En 

BrrrtB  Yield  ix 

.         SEVE.X  DATS. 

PRINCESS  2d  8046    . 

.  50 

46  1b. 

.12i    oz. 

Romping  Lass  11,021 

.   25 

15  lbs 

0     oz. 

Oua  7840 

.  50 

22    " 

lOi    ■' 

Nell  Gwjnn  96.54     . 

.   25 

14     " 

0      " 

LEBROCQ'SCUR- 

h 

18    • 

0      " 

Ada  Minka  15.562     . 

.  25 

14    •• 

0      " 

J^£»r  30,967  .     .     . 

15 

12i    " 

ETHLEEL  2d  32,291 

.  12i 

30    •• 

15       " 

Daisy  Qiiwii  9619    .     . 

.50 

16    " 

4      " 

Fillpail  2d  24,388     . 

.  12A 

25    •• 

2      " 

Desire  24,360  .... 

50 

16    " 

3      •■ 

MaquiUa  24,043  .     . 

.  12i 

20    " 

1      " 

Blonde  2<I  9268    .     .     . 
St.  Jeannaise  15,789      . 

50 
37i 

14    " 
16    •' 

4      •' 
4      " 

KHELULA  17,970 

.12, 

19" 
14    " 

8      " 
6+    •• 

OXFORD  KATE  13.646 

25 

39    " 

12      " 

King's  Trust  18,946  . 

.  12i 

18    ■' 

0      " 

Weslphalia  34,384    .     . 

25 

24    " 

H    •■ 

Toltec's  Fancy  27,172 

.  m 

17    " 

6      •• 

Little  Torment  15,.581   . 

25 

23    " 

2i     " 

Rosona  12,956 .     .     . 

.  m 

16    " 

7      " 

Pilot's  Veronica  18,917. 

25 

20    " 

3      " 

Granny's  Gem  30,406 

.  m 

16    " 

5}     '■ 

Ethleel  18,724       .     .     . 

25 

19    " 

14      " 

Bessie  R.  13,503  .     . 

.  12+ 

16    " 

0      " 

Arthur's  Mistletoe  11.968 

25 

17    " 

in   '•' 

Elsie  Lane  13,302     . 

.  12.i 

15    " 

4      " 

Daisy  Brown  12,213      . 

25 

17    " 

6i    '• 

Prize  Rose  16,309     . 

.  12+ 

15    •• 

1      " 

Prince-ss  of  Ashantee  13,467  25 

16    ■■ 

12      " 

Deletta  21,305 .     .     . 

.  12+ 

14    " 

15+    •• 

Miss  Porter  20,300    .     . 

25 

16    " 

6      ■• 

Betsoua  16,776     .     . 

.  13+ 

14    - 

3      " 

Ruby  Wray .     .     . 

25 

16    " 

0      " 

Rose  of  Oxford  13,469  . 

25 

15    " 

14+     '■ 

Totiil,  34  coics. 

SILVER  MINE   1658. 
Color,  solid  fawn  ;  black  tongue.     Dropped  January  28th,  1875.     Bred  by  Dr. 
A  D.  Newell,  New  Jersey.     Sire,  Silverlocks  Jr.  699.     Dam,  Minerva  1529. 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Nancy  Lovelock  15,511 
Siloam  17,623  .... 
Countess  Coomassie  19,3 


Blood,       BirrrEK  Yield  in 
Pee  Cext.       Setes  Days. 

Blood,       Bitter  Yield  in- 
Name.                        Per  Cent.         Seven-  Dats. 

.  75       17  lbs.    9     oz. 

Queen  of   Nubbin  Ridge 

.  50       18    "    10      " 

14,528 25       17  lbs.    0    oz. 

39  50       16    ■'    10      " 

Total,  4  cows. 

BARONET  22-10. 
Color,  dark  gray.  Dropped  April  12th,  1875.  Bred  by  R.  II.  Stephens,  Montreal, 
Canada.     Sire,  Lord  Li.sgar  1066.     Dam,  Amelia  484. 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Baronetti  8425  .  . 
Chamomilla  7552 .  . 
Bonnie  2d  5742    .     . 


1"ER  Cbkt.         Sevex  Days. 

.  50  16  lbs.  14  O 
.  50  16  •'  10  ' 
.  .50       14    "    lU     ' 


Uinta  5743  .     .     . 

Bonnie  Fawn  6190 

Total,  5  cows. 


50       14  lbs.    10    oz. 
50       14    "       0    •• 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IJST  A3IERIGA. 


573 


GUY   FAWKES,   F.  251  J.  IL  B.— H.  C. 

Color,  solid  light  gray,  except  white  spot  on  forehead ;  black  points.  Dropped 
December,  1875.  Bred  by  Philip  Godeaux,  Trinity,  Jersey.  Sire,  Koffee,  F.  233 
J.  H.  B.     Dam,  Angelica,  F.  1T3S  J.  H.  B. 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Name.                       Peb  Cest.        Seve 

Island  Star  11,876     .     . 

50        21  lbs 

Thaley  14,299       .     .     . 

50        16    " 

Queen  of  Ashantee  14,554 

50        15    " 

Auntybel  15,582  .     .     . 

50        14    " 

Moggie  Bright  35.891    . 

25       16    " 

Blood, 

Butter  Yiel 

Name.                        Feb  Ces 

T.       Seven  Da 

Young  Garenne  3d  13,648 .  25 

16  lbs.    3 

Liberty  2d  16,717      ...  35 

14    "      6* 

Pendule  2d  16,709    .     .     .  25 

14    "      6 

Total,  8  I 


STOKE   POGIS    3d  2238. 

Bred  by  Peter 


Leclair,  Winooski,  Vt. 


Color,  mulberry  fawn  ;  black  switch. 
Dropped  March  29th,  1875. 

Just  previous  to  the  announcement  of  the  test  of  Mary  Anne  of  St.  Lambert 
9770  the  owner  of  Stoke  Pogis  3d  2238,  living  near  Montreal,  killed  him  "because 
he  made  such  a  nice  lot  of  beef ; "  he  "  dressed  seventeen  hundred  pounds." 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Blood,        Bcttee  Yield  in 
Name,  Pek  Cent  Seven  Days. 

MARY  ANNE   OF   ST. 

LAMBERT  9770     .     .  50        36  lbs.  12i    oz 
IDA  OF  ST.  LAMBERT 

24,990 50       30    "      2i     " 

MERMAID    OF    ST. 

LAMBERT  9771       .     .   50        25     "    13i     " 

NAIAD  OF  ST.  LAM- 
BERT 12,965  ....  50       22    "     2|     " 

Noraof  St.  Lambert  12,963  .50       33    "      0 

NIOBE  OF  ST.  LAM- 
BERT 13,969   ....  50       21    "      4*     " 

Brenda  of  Elmhurst  10,763  50       30    "      8      " 

Honeymoon  of  St.  Lambert 

11,231 .50        20    "      5J     " 

RIOTER  PINK  OF 

BERLIN  33,665  ...  50        19    "    14       " 

Cowslip  of  St.  Lambert 
8849 50       17    "    13      " 

Minnette  of  St.  Lambert 
9774 50       17    "     4      " 


Name.                       Pee  Cen 

1.       Seve 

nDat 

Crocus  of  St.  Lambert  8351  50 

17  lbs 

12 

Diana  of  St.  Lambert  6636  50 

16    " 

8 

Maggie  of  St.  Lambert  9776  50 

16    " 

3 

Moth  of  St.  Lambert  9775  50 

16    " 

2 

Rioter's  Nora  21,778     .     .  50 

15    " 

9 

La  Belle  Petite  5473      .     .  50 

15    " 

8 

Mavourneen  of  St.  Lambert 

9777 50 

15    " 

7 

May     Day     Stoke     Pogis 

38,333 50 

15    " 

8 

Cupid  of  Lee  Farm  5997   .  50 

14    '■ 

6 

Nancy    of    St.     Lambert 

13,964 50 

14    " 

5 

Rioter's  Beauty  14,894  .     .  37* 

14    " 

0 

Rose  of  St.  Lambert  30,436  35 

21    " 

3* 

Rioter's  Maggie  23,530  .     .  25 

18    " 

6i 

Carrie  Pogis  32,568  ...  25 

15    " 

9 

Maggie  Sheldon  23,583      .  25 

15    " 

3 

Mintha  12,813      ....  25 

15    " 

0 

ToUil,  37  cows. 

JERSEY  CA  TTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


SUPERB  1956. 


Xearlv  solid  color.     Sire.  Pierrot  2d  1G09.     Dam,  Myrtle  2d  211.     Bred  by 
Thoiuas  Fitch,  New  London,  Conn.     Dropped  Jnne  16th,  1875. 


Belraeda  6229 
Floret  9959      . 


TESTED    DESCEXDAXTS. 


18  lbs.  12     oz.       Lida  Mullin  9198 

17    "      6      "         Lizzie  D.  10,408 

Total,  4  coins. 


Blood,       Butter  Yield  is 
PZB  Cest.        Seves  Days. 
.    50  16  lbs.     8       OZ. 

.  50       14    "     0      " 


cows. 
MOSTAPv  6971. 


Color,  fawn,  with  pray  shading.s,  a  little  white.     Bred  by  James  Young,  Jr. 
Pennsylvania.     Dropped  April  27th,  1875. 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Name. 

liLOOD 
I-EB  CeN 

Bt-TTEB  TiELD 
T.            SeVES  DaT8 

rincess  Mostar  9700     . 

.     50 

nibs.  3 

illian  Mostar  10,304    . 

.  50 

14    "      3 

El  Mora  aiostar  15,955  .    .  50       14  lbs.    0   oz. 
ToM,  3  cows. 


1876. 


NIOBE   DUKE   2364. 


Solid  color ;  black  points.     Sire,  Jeweler  1.385.     Dam,  Niobe  6th  3516.     Bred 
by  J.  S.  Jenkins.     Dro])ped  April  24th,  1876. 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Thorndale  Belle  3d  10,459  .  50 

Jlitlen  13,368 .50 

Belle  Thornp  13,.369      .     .  .50 


15  llw.  15 
15  "  11 
14    "    11 


Alfritha  13,673     ....  25 
Pegjry  Ford  21,713  .     .     .  25 
Total,  5  coies. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMEBIC  A.  575 

CASH  BOY  2248. 

Color,  nearly  solid  ;  a  faint  white  spot  on  right  side  ;  dark  switch.  Dropped 
January  1-tth,  1876.  Bred  by  Lyman  A.  Mills.  Sire,  Eex  1330.  Dam,  Dido  of 
Middlefield  3416. 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Rosy  Kate's  Rex  13,193 
Maggie  Rex  28,623  .  . 
Sister  Rex  13,19-1      .     . 


Blood,       Butteh  Yi] 


Pee  Cent. 


Seven  Days. 


.50       18  lbs.    8     oz.       Sister  Cash  33,987    .     .     .  .50       14  lbs.  10 
50        17    "      Oi     "         CARRIE    LENA   3d 

50        16    '■      8       "I        20,077 2.5       16    "      5 

Total,  5  coios. 


GEEY  KING,   P.   169   J.  H.  B.— H.  C. 


Dropped  181 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


BuTTEn  Yield  i 


Name.  Per  Cent.        Seve 

Camelia  3d  11,188    ...  50  20  lbs. 

Cassis  13,038 .50  16    " 

La  Pinanciere  11,970     .     .  .50  15    " 
Lady  Jane  of   St.   Peters 

7475 .50  15    " 

Beulali  de  Gruchy  13,480  .  25  22    " 

Rozel  Lass  20,368     ...  25  19    " 

Maritana  13,039    ....  25  16    '• 

Geneva  13,220      ....  25  15    " 

Farmer's  Floss  17,773   .     .  25  15    " 


9i     " 
3+     " 


Marie  S.  13,043  ....  35 
Beauty  of  the  Grange  7503  \2l 
Well  Done  25,987  .  .  .121 
Eveline  of  .Jersey  6781  .  .  124 
Glory  of  Ehnarch  21, .521  .  12* 
Baron's  Rosette  25,988  .  .  12+ 
Queen  ofAshantee  2d  16,6.59  13+ 
Nervine  35,933     ....  12+ 

Total,  17  cows. 


BrTTER  Y'l 

Seven  I 

lolb.s.    6 


VERTUMNUS,  P.  161  J.  H.  B.— II.  C. 

Color,  brown  ;  white  jJatch  in  forehead.  Drojjped  February,  1876.  Bred  by 
Philip  Godeaux,  Trinity,  Jersey.  Sire,  Sioeepstahes  Dnlie  1595  (P.  76  J.  II.  B. — 
H.  C.)     Dam,  Coojnassie  11,874 — the  two  most  noted  prize-winners  of  Jersey. 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 

Name. 

Blood,       Butter  Yield  in 
Per  Cent.         Seven  Days. 

Name. 

Blood, 
Per  Cekt 

Seven  Dats. 

Olyinph  17,957    .     .     . 

.   50 

17  lbs.    3      OZ. 

St.  Jeannaise  15,789      . 

.  25 

16  lbs.   4     0 

Lady  Velvetine  15,771  . 

.  50 

17    "      3       " 

Fear  Not  2d  6061      .     . 

.  25 

16    "      2      ' 

Les  Cateaux  2d  15,.538  . 

.  50 

17    "      2       " 

Happy  Blossom  18,318  . 

•  25 

15    "      8      ' 

Lady  Kingscote  36,085  . 

.  50 

15    "    10       " 

Les  Marais  Dell  30,314  . 

.  12+ 

15    "      S      ' 

Lady  Vertumnus  13,317 

.  50 

14    "    10       " 

Cicero's  Mabel  18,338    . 

.  12+ 

15    "      2      ' 

La  Rouge  12,405  .     .     . 

.  50 

14    ■■      2       " 

Pendule  2d  16,709     .     . 

.  12+ 

14    "      6      ' 

Lady  Young  16,668  .     . 

.  50 

14    "      0      " 

Total,  13  cows. 

JERtiEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


BROWNY,  P.  15S   J.    II.    I).— 11.   C. 

Color,  light  brown ;  black  switch  ;  tongue  black  and  wliite.     Dro])ped  March, 
1876.     Sire,  Tom  77  J.  11.  B.     Dam,  Fairy  96-i  J.  H.  B. 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 
liLoon.       Butter  Yield  is     I 


Miss  Browny  7288    ...  50 

Rojal  Beauty  18,908     .     .  .'iO 

Beauty  7414 50 

Rosebud  of  Bcllcvuc  7702  .  .10 

Lizzie  C.  7713      ....  50 


But 


24    ■• 
0      " 


Naue.  Peb  Cent.        Seven  Days. 

Cherokee  Rose  20,921  .  .  25  23  lbs.  10  oz. 
Graniiy'.s  Gem  30,406  .  .  25  16  "  5i  " 
Variella  of  Linwood  10,954  25       14    '       1      " 


THORN  DALE  2582. 

Solid  light  fawn  ;   l^lack  switcli.     Dropped  November  18th,   1S70.     Bred  by 
E.  Tliorne,  New  York.     Sire,  Balsora  2357.     Dam,  Katinka  5204. 


Maggie  McM.  14,073     .     .  51) 

Jennie 50 

Almah  of  Oak  lands  11,102  .50 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 
ButterYiei.d  1 


Oakland  Girl  11,103 

Florie  May  10,728    . 

Total,  5  covis. 


50       14  lbs.  12*    oz. 
50       14    "      8      " 


DUKE  OF  BRANDYWINE  2213. 

Color,  brown,  tinged  with  gray  ;  star  in  face  ;  white  sptit  on  l)ack  ;  lower  part 
of  legs  white.  Dropped  Jnly  11th,  ls7t;.  ]5red  l)y  Isaac  Morgan,  Barkersville, 
Pa.     Sire,  Doctor  II.  2132.     Dam,  Lillie  Morgan  +752. 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 

Blood,       Butter  Yield  in  Blood,       Butter  Yield  in 

Name.  Per  Cent.        Seven  Days.  Name.  Per  C'e.nt.        Seven  Dath, 

Lydia  Darrach  2d  8056 .     .50       l(ni)s.    0     oz.       Lydia  Darracb  .5th  16,577  .  50       15  lbs.    0     oz. 
Lydia  Darrach  3d  10,662  .  50       Hi    "      0      "  Tut<il,  S  eoics. 


VICTOR  (P.  US  J.  II.  1?.— 11.  C.) 
Color,  brown  ;  wliite  on  left  Hank  ;  black  switch.     Dropjied  Ajiril,  1876. 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Floribundiis  2d  14,949 
Dairy  Pride  4th  21,681 
Miss  Iluclin  22,296   .     , 


Blood, 

Butter  Yiel 

D  IN 

Blood.        Butter  Yield  I 

•er  Cexi 

Seven  Da 

H. 

Na«e. 

Per  Cent.        Seven  Days. 

.   50 

18  lbs.    8 

OZ. 

Lalla     Rookh    of 

Sugar 

.   50 

16    "      0 

Grove  15,882    . 

...  25       20  lbs.    1     0 

.  50 

14    "     9 

" 

Total,  4  cows. 

OAKLAND    GIRL    11,103. 

Thorndale  Type. 

HIGHLAND    HERD. 

James  N.  Smith,  Litchfield,  Connecticut. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  A3IEEICA.  577 

GILDEROY   2107. 

Bred  by  II.  Bordeu-Bowen,  Rhode  Island.  Dropped  May  7tli,  1876.  Sire, 
Magnetic  1428.     Dam,  Jeanne  Le  Bas  2176. 

The  following  is  a  description  of  Gilderoy  2107  as  the  antlior  saw  him  at 
"  Ferrycliflfe,"  the  farm  of  Dr.  H.  M.  Howe,  in  July,  1885  : 

This  noted  bull,  destined  through  his  progeny  to  become  a  famous  fountain 
of  richness,  is  a  rare  model  of  symmetry,  and  at  nine  years  of  age  well  illustrates  the 
remarkable  vital  energy  inherent  in  an  inbred  Jersey  bull.  Every  feature  indicates 
a  superlative  thoroughbred  quality,  constitution  and  potency.  The  barrel  is  long 
and  well-ribbed  ;  the  back  straight ;  the  loin  very  broad  ;  the  hips  prominent ;  the 
withers  thin  ;  the  rump  long  and  high  ;  the  thighs  broad  and  flat ;  the  forearm 
powerful ;  the  legs  neat  and  small ;  the  neck  grandly  crested  and  admirably  set  upon 
oblique,  sloping  shoulders ;  the  throat  clean ;  the  head  shapely,  and  having  a  well- 
arched  crown  and  slender  waxy  horns  ;  the  face  dished  ;  the  eyes  mild.  The  fore 
escutcheon  is  large  ;  the  hind  escutcheon  a  good  curveline  ;  the  rudimentary  udder 
and  teats  well-marked  ;  the  scrotum  very  large  ;  the  foreveins  unusually  large  and 
prominent ;  the  tail  fine.  The  hide  is  delightfully  mellow,  and  of  just  the  right 
degree  of  thinness ;  the  hair  one  twelfth  to  one  sixteenth  of  an  inch  in  length,  and 
his  whole  surface  as  unctuous  and  soft  to  the  touch  as  vaseline.  The  ears  are 
handsomely  fringed  with  black.  His  color  of  coat  is  mahogany  fawn  upon  the  back, 
dark  mulberry  or  purple  black  on  the  head,  face,  neck  and  sides.  He  has  some 
white  markings  which  are  bordered  with  a  margin  of  blue  ;  the  white  saddle  upon 
the  withers,  which  is  a  characteristic  feature  of  many  famous  historic  Jerseys ;  white 
on  belly,  chest,  flanks,  and  legs,  and  a  white  switch.  His  most  remarkable 
characteristic  is  his  very  rich  skin  color.  Within  the  ears,  beneath  the  elbows, 
upon  the  scrotum,  the  escutcheons,  the  tip  of  tail,  and  from  beneath  the  white 
markings,  there  is  a  brilUant  glow  of  the  richest  cadmium  orange  color,  and  from 
his  dark  mulberry  face  there  exudes  a  golden  powder  that  looks  like  pollen 
upon  a  honey-bee.  All  his  progeny  have  the  handsome,  black-fringed,  orange- 
glowing  ears  and  orange-coloi-ed  skin ;  and  the  Gilderoy  cows  yield  a  rich,  buff- 
colored  cream,  and  brilliant,  orange-tinted  butter.  Gilderoy  is  not  excelled  by  any 
living  bull  in  this  rare  coloring,  and  I  know  of  no  herd  that  approaches  that  of 
"  Ferrycliffe"  in  the  prevalence  of  this  very  desirable  feature.  All  the  yearlings  and 
calves  in  the  herd  of  Dr.  Howe  show  the  rich  orange-tinted  skin. 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


14  lbs.   4  oz. 


Kame. 

liLoon, 
Peb  Cen- 

rincess  Mary 

of 

Wood- 

lawn   11,663. 

75 

Name.                         Pbe  Ceot 

BtiTTEE  Yield  i 
p.        Seven  Dats. 

Queen  Mary  of  Woodlawn 

11,659 50 

32  lbs.    5  0 

JERSEY   CATTLE  IJST  AMEHIC'A. 


Chrome  Skin  7881     .     .     .  5U 
Lacaine  10,682      ....  50 
Topaz  of  Woodlawn  11,661  50 
Lady  Alice  of  the  Wilder- 
ness 12,207 50 

Daisy's  Daughter .     .  50 

Sweet  Sixteen  10,682    .     .  50 
Gold  Mask  10,727     ...  50 


BirTTEB    TlILD    IN 

Blood 

SlVI.1    DATS. 

Naxi. 

Pm  Cist.       Skvim  Datb. 

20  lbs.  10      oz. 

Yellow  Locu.st  10,679    . 

.    50 

14  lbs.  lOi    oz 

17    "      U     •' 

Clover  Mel  16,159     .     . 

.   50 

14    "      9      •■ 

16    "      4      •• 

Eugenic  2<1  12,733    .     . 

.   50 

14    "      2      " 

Mary  of  Gilderoy  11,219 

.  50 

14    "     4      " 

15    ••    14      ■' 

MAMELLE  20,804    . 

.  25 

21     ■     8i     " 

15    ••      3      •■ 

.  25 

17    ■■      6       " 

14    "    15      ■■ 

14    ••    14      •■ 

Total,  15  cows. 

MASEXA  25,732. 

Color,  fawn  and  white ;  white  on  brisket,  right  shoulder,  left  side,  hips,  flanks, 
belly  and  legs;  white  switch;  white  tongue.  Dropped  March  8th,  1876.  Bred 
by  II.  Talcott.     Sire,  Kago  1353.     Uani,  Highland  Mary  3d  19,876. 


TEST    OF    MASENA. 

Masena   was   tested   at  intervals   for  one   year  and   eleven   days,  under  the 
supervision  of  her  owner,  Mr.  P.  P.  Paddock,  the  test  ending  four  days  previous  to 
dropping  her  calf,  making  the  time  between  calves  one  year  and  fifteen  days. 
The  yield  was  as  follows :  * 

One  year,  8995  lbs.  8  oz.  of  milk 892  lbs.  2  oz.  of  butter. 

The  ne.xt  eleven  days,  105  lbs.  8  uz.  of  milk lu    "     1    "    "        " 

Liust  four  days,  milk  not  used  ;  total 902  lbs.  3  oz.  of  butter,  from 

9101  lbs.  of  milk,  or  ten  and  one  quarter  (lOJ)  lbs.  of  milk  to  a  pound  of  butter. 
Cost  of  feed  for  one  year  and  fifteen  days  : 

To  1500  lbs.  middlings $18.75 

"    1600  "    corn  meal 20.00 

"    1100  "    barley  meal 13.75 

"      600  "    bran (JOO 

"      450  "    ground  oats 5.(J2 

"        30  Inishels  potatoes 7.50 

"    1800  lb.s.  hay '   iq'so 

"    Pasturing 10.00 

T'-tal ^.»^.42 

902  lbs.  3  oz.  butter 27(1.65 

^'i^f  profit $178.23 

•  Estimated  in  part. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  A3IERICA. 


MOLLIE  GARFIELD  12,172. 

Color,  dark  fawn  ;  little  white.    Dropped  1876.    Sire,  Bell  Caliph  1432.    Dam, 
Maple  Dale  2907. 

MOLLIE    GAEFIELD   AJSTD    TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 

Bi.ooD,         BoTTEE  Yield  in    I  Blood,       Bdttee  Yield  in 

Name.  Pee  Cent.        Seven  Days.  Name.  Pee  Cent.       Seven  Dats. 

Mollie  Garfield  13, 173  .      100       33  lbs.  13     oz.       Duchess     of     Manchester 

MoUie  Garfield  3d  18,663    100       15    "    14      "     ,       30,838 50  14  lbs.   0  oz. 

Dollle  Dale  16,140    .     .      100       15    "7      "I  Total,  i  cows. 


NANCY  LEE  Y618. 

Color,  cream  fawn  ;    black  points.     Dropped   1876.     Imported  by  E.   P.  P. 
Fowler,  1878. 

NANCY    LEE    AND    TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Nancy  Lee  7618 


8i    oz.   I    Lizzie  C.  7713 . 
Total,  2  cows. 


14  lbs.    0  oz. 


1877. 


TORMENTOR  3533. 

Color,  gray,  with  dai-k  shadings  ;  small  star ;  white  on  belly,  front  of  hind  legs, 
and  fore-ankles.  Dropped  March,  1877.  Bred  by  John  Arthur,  St.  Mary's,  Jersey. 
Imported  August  23d,  1878,  by  Campbell  Brown,  Spring  Hill,  Tenn.  Sire, 
Khedive,  P.  103  J.  H.  B.— 11.  C.     Dam,  Angela,  F.  1607  J.  H.  B. 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Blood, 

BuTTEB  Yield  in 

Blood, 

BOTTEB   Y'lILD    IS 

Name. 

Pee  Cehi 

Seven  Days. 

Name.                        1 

ee  Cent.         Seven  Dats. 

Little  Torment  15,581 

.   50 

33  lbs.     3+    OZ. 

ETHLBEL  2d  83,391 

35 

30  lbs.  15      oz 

Ethleell8,724 .     .     . 

.  50 

19    "    14      " 

Maquilla  24,043   .     .     . 

35 

30    "      1      ■' 

Daisy  Brown  12,213 

.  50 

17    "      6i    " 

Toltec's  Fancy  27,172   . 

35 

17    "      6      " 

Ruby  Wray . 

.  50 

16    •'      0      " 

Prize  Rose  16,309     .     . 

35 

15    "      1       " 

Rose  of  O-xford  13,469 

.  50 

15    •'    14|     " 

Deletta  31,305.     .     .     . 

35 

14    '■    1.51    " 

Romping  Lass  11,081 

.  50 

15    "      0      " 

Ada  Minka  15,562    . 

.  50 

14    "      0      " 

Total,  12  coim. 

JERSEY   CATTLE  IiY  AMERICA. 


WAXDEIlEIi  ^014. 

Color,  solid;  l.lack  points.     Dropped  xMarcli  ir)tli,  l> 
Sire,  Signal  117»i.     Dam,  Cosctte  3874. 

TESTED    DESCENDAKTS. 


I3LOOD.  BiJTTEE   YiELD   IN 

Name.  Peb  Cest.         Sevex  Datb. 

Fadclte  of  Verna  3d  11,122  50  23  lbs.  8*  ov.. 
Fairy  of  Verua  2d  10,973  .50  20  "  31  " 
Hilda  A.  3d  11,130  ...  50       20    "      0      " 


Bred  l)v  .1.  A.  IIa>-t. 


Blood,        Butteh  Yi 


EVELINA  or  VERNA 

10,971       ">U      19  lbs.   lOi 

ToUil,  4  cows. 


SAMSON    JR.  2723. 


Solid  color,   excej)!   switch.      Drojiped    ^lan 


Bred  by  W.  B. 


Dinsmore,  New  York.     Sire,  Dexter  of  Staatsburgli  lil42.     Dam,  Susie  2d  778. 


TESTED    I)KSCKNn.\NTS. 


Blood,       Buttee  Yiel 
Name.                        Pek  Cent.       Seven-  Dat 

°,.'-"' 

Name. 

Blood, 
Peu  <'es 

BCTTEB  Yield  in 
r.        Seven  Davd. 

Calista  of  Newark  13,296  .  .50        15  lbs.    9 

oz. 

Flora  Lee  13,294  .     . 

.     .  50 

14  lbs.    1  OZ 

Plufbe  N.  35,401       ...  50        15    "      3 

ToUil,  3  cows. 

LE  BROCQ'S   PRIZE  33.50. 

Color,  dark  l.ruwn  ;  l)lack  points.  Sire,  Horace  (P.  94  J.  II.  B.— H.  C.) 
Dam,  Matin  182!).  Le  Brocq's  Prize,  dropped  1877,  won  First  Prize  over  Jersey 
in  1878.  Imported  by  Colonel  George  E.  "Waring,  Jr.,  1878,  for  Churchman  & 
Jackson. 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Blood, 
Name.                        Peb  Cent 

Fan's    Qrouvillc     Beauty 

BUTTEB  Yield  ih 
Seven  Days. 

Blood, 
Name,                         Peb  Cent 
Bir.li(!  L(^  Brocq  17,363      .  50 

Bctteb  Yield  in 

Seven  Datb. 

14  lbs.     0       OZ 

10,079 

.50 

I!)  lbs.    3      OZ. 

Elinor  Wells  12,060  ...  50 

14    ••      0      •• 

Marea  10,167   .... 

50 

17    "    10      " 

Le  Rosa  10,078     ....  50 

14    '•      0      " 

Viva  Le  Brocq  13,702  . 
Eclip.se  14,437 .     .     .     . 

50 
50 

17    "      7      •■ 
15    ■•    12       " 

Nutley's  Alma  13,581    .     .  50 
Island  Dots  17,003    .     .     .  25 

14    ••      0      " 
14    ■■      9      " 

Prize  Ro.se  16,309     .     . 
.Jennie  Williams  29,058 

.50 
50 

15    '•      1       " 
15    "      0       " 

Frances  C.  Ma.^net  22,904 .  13J 

14    ••    13i     " 

Jledrie  Le  Brocq  8888  . 

.50 

14    "      7 

ToUil,  13  colts. 

JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


PRINCESS  2d  8046. 


Color,  light  buckskin  fawn  ;  white  on  belly  ;  black  tongue  ;  white  switch ; 
yellow  skin;  large  spheroidal  udder;  selvedge  escutcheon  of  the  first  order. 
Dropped  February  22d,  1877.  Sire,  Khedive,  P.  103  J.  H.  B.— H.  C.  Dam, 
Princess  402.     Imported  by  Edward  P.  P.  Fowler,  1879. 

Sold  at  auction  in  New  York,  1882,  for  $4800.  Tested  February  2Uth  to  27th, 
1884,  by  John  V.  N".  Willis ;  for  seven  days  yielded  twenty-seven  pounds  ten  ounces 
of  butter.  Officially  tested  by  Committee  of  the  American  Jersey  Cattle  Club  in 
March,  1885,  and  yielded  in  seven  days  forty-six  pounds  twelve  and  one  half  ounces 
of  butter. 

PANDORA    OF    STAATSBUEGH    M    6497. 

Solid  color ;  black  switch.  Dropped  April  1st,  1877.  Bred  by  W.  B. 
Dinsmore,  New  York.     Sire,  Faro  1749.     Dam,  Pandora  of  Staatsburgh  3280. 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Name. 

Maggie  McM.  14,073 
Pandothro  33,383 


Nahe. 

AlmahofOaklaud  11,103.  50        16  lbs.   14 
Total,  3  coics. 


FARMER'S    GL OR  Y 


BULLS. 

5196    {F.  274  ./.  //.  B. 


-E.  C.) 

Color,  silver  gray,  with  slate  shadings  ;  black  points.     Dropped  March  1st,  1878. 
Bred  by  F.  Le  Brocq,  Jersey.     Sire,  Grey  King,  P.  169  J.  II.  B.— H.  C.     Dam, 

Bonheur  14,942. 

TESTED  dp:scendants. 


Blood, 

Name. 

Pee  Cent 

Beulah  de  Gruchy  13,480 

.  50 

Rozel  Lass  30,368      .     . 

.  50 

Maritana  12,039    .     .     . 

.  50 

Geneva  13,220      .     .     . 

.  50 

Parmer's  Floss  17,773   . 

.  50 

Marie  S.  13,043    .     .     . 

.  50 

Well  Done  35,987     .     . 

.  35 

DATS. 

Name.                          Pee  Cem 

T.             SEV 

N  Days. 

3      oz. 

Glory  of  Elniarcli  21,531  .  35 

15  lbs. 

13+    oz. 

9i     " 

Baron's  Rosette  35,988  .     .  35 

15    " 

4      " 

3i    •■ 

Queen    of    Ashantee     3d 

1      " 

16,657 25 

14    ■' 

3+    " 

e     ■' 

Nervine  35,933     ....  35 

14    •' 

1+     " 

Ti>liiL  11  COICS. 


For  Fanner's  Glory    Type,  see   portraits  of   Fanner's   Maid  and   Surprise  of 
Maple  Shade  in  frontispiece. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


KAMBLER    OF     ST.    LAMBERT    5285. 

Color,  light  fawn;  black  switch;  black  tongue.  Dropped  June  11th,  1878. 
Bred  by  Romeo  H.  Stephens,  St.  Lambert.  Canada.  Sire,  Stoke  Pogis  3d  2238. 
Dam,  Bessy  of  St.  Lambert  5482. 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Kaki. 

Rose  of  St.  Lambert  20.426  50 
Rioter's  Ruth  14,882    .     .    50 


21  lbs.    3i 
14    '•    12 


Name. 

I    Rioter's  Beauty  14,894 
I  Total,  3  cowa. 


14  lbs.   0  oz. 


1879. 

BULLS. 

CATONO  3761. 

Solid  fawn,  except  white  fleck  upon  left  shoulder  ;  full  black  points.  Dropped 
January  15th,  1879.  Bred  by  A.  E.  Renouard,  St.  Lawrence,  Jersey.  Sire,  Cato, 
P.  178  J.  H.  B.— H.  C.     Dam,  Ona  7840. 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Rosona  12,956 .     . 
Elsie  Lane  13,302 


16  lbs.    7 
15    ■•      4 


Betsona  16,776 
Total,  3  mu 


KING,  P.  23S  J.  IL  B.— C. 

Color,  light  brown  ;  white  patch  between  body  and  right  hind  leg.  Dropped 
February,  1879.  Bred  by  F.  Le  Brocq,  Jr.,  St.  Owen.  Sire,  Young  Prince,  P.  182 
J.  IL  B.— II.  C.     Dam,  Judv,  F.  1590  J.  II.  B.— H.  C. 


TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 


Nak.. 

Blood, 
PirCis 

BlTTTM  YlELI.    IN 
T.           SiVEN   DaT». 

Name. 

Blood,       Bvtteb  Viel 
Pee  Cent.         Seven  Da 

Fillpuil  2d  24,388     . 

.     .  50 

25  lbs.    2      oz. 

King's  Trust  18,946  . 

.  50       18  lbs.    0 

KHBLULA  17,970  . 

■  s 

19    "      8      " 
14   ■•     ^    '• 

Granny's  Gem  30,406 
Total,  4  com. 

.  50       16    '•      5i 

JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


OXFORD  KATE  13,646. 


Color,  light  brown  fawn ;  white  on  flanks,  breast,  left  shoulder  and  legs  ;  brown 
and  white  switch.  Bred  by  Francis  Le  Brocq,  St.  Peters,  Jersey.  Dropped  February 
20th,  1879.  Imported  by  T.  S.  Cooper,  August,  1881.  Bought  at  auction,  New 
York,  for  $3550.  Oxford  Kate  has  a  nearly  perfect  flandrine  escutcheon.  She 
won  the  First  Guenon  Prize,  a  silver  cup,  at  the  Royal  Jersey  Show,  May  26th, 

1881.  In  America  she  won  Sweepstakes  Prize,  as  best  cow,  New  Jersey  State  Fair, 

1882,  and  in  Virginia,  1885.  Made  thirty-nine  pounds  twelve  ounces  of  butter  in 
seven  days'  official  test  for  Mrs.  S.  M.  Shoemaker,  Baltimore.  A  very  choice  model 
of  jDerfection  in  a  Jersey. 


MARY  ANNE   OF   ST.   LAMBERT  9770. 

Color,  smoky  bay  fawn  ;  black  points.  Bred  by  Romeo  H.  Stephens,  St. 
Lambert,  near  Montreal,  Canada.  Sire,  Stoke  Pogis  3d  2238.  Dam,  Lolly  of  St. 
Lambert  5480.  Dropped  March  26th,  1879.  This  cow  is  noted  for  having  made  the 
largest  annual  test  and  the  largest  official  test  for  seven  days  previous  to  February 
1885.  Her  general  appearance  indicates  remarkable  strength  of  constitution,  and  her 
wonderful  tests  fully  confirm  the  evidence  of  great  capacity  given  by  her  outward 
conformation,  while  her  ability  to  digest  and  assimilate  food  is  phenomenal,  and  her 
power  of  secretion  of  cream  is  marvellous.  The  cow  is  large  for  the  breed,  weighing 
one  thousand  and  fifty  pounds  at  six  years,  very  long  in  the  barrel,  very  deep  in  the 
chest  and  shoulder,  very  wide  in  the  "crops,"  and,  though  styled  a  cow  of 
the  parallel  type,  shows  much  of  the  wedge  form,  being  deep  in  the  loin,  and 
of  great  breadth  behind.  Her  udder  is  of  the  spheroidal  type,  very  long,  very  broad, 
but  not  of  great  depth.  One  of  her  most  notable  features  is  a  very  large  fore 
escutcheon,  which  extends  as  far  as  the  long  foreveins,  and  sweeps  out  upon  the 
sides  of  the  capacious  belly.  The  hind  escutcheon  would  be  classed  as  a  selvedge  of  the 
third  order,  although  it  combines  many  features  of  a  flandrine  of  the  first  order,  in 
having  two  iidder  oval  feathers,  and  in  widening  out  at  the  top,  so  as  to  include  the 
vulva.  The  cow  verifies  the  theory  of  Guenon  in  the  quantity  of  milk  she  yields 
and  the  time  of  going  dry.  At  from  five  to  six  years  old  she  yielded  eight  hundred 
and  sixty-seven  pounds  fourteen  and  three  quarter  ounces  of  butter  ;  in  one  week, 
on  five  qiiarts  of  grain,  twenty-four  pounds  eleven  ounces  of  butter,  and  when  fed 
thirty-five  quarts  of  grain,  twenty-seven  pounds  nine  ounces.  When  six  and  a  half 
years  old  her  official  test,  elsewhere  reported  in  full,  yielded  thirty-six  pounds  twelve 


584 


JERSEY  CATTLE  JX  AMERICA. 


and  one  quarter  ounces  of  butter  in  seven  days.  For  this  test  she  was  prepared  by 
a  gradual  increase  of  feed  for  two  months,  so  that  she  was  able  to  consume  from 
tliirty-tive  to  tifty  (juarts  i»f  grain  daily. 


1881. 


CHAMPION  MAGXET  6480. 
Color,  solid,  except  white  tip  to  switch.     Dropped  April  13th,  1881.     Bred  by 
"W.  B.  Montgomery,  Starkville,  Miss.     Sire,  Champion  of  America  1567.     Dam 
Mink  2548. 

TESTED    DESCENDANTS. 

',  BUTTBB  YrBLD   IN 


Marie  C.  Magnet  33,903 
Prances  C.  Magnet  33,904 


Blood, 
Per  Cest 

Butter  Yield  in 

SeVEH   DATS. 

Naue. 

.   50 

15  lbs.    8     oz. 

Clara  C.  Magnet  31.563 

.   50 

14    "    13i     " 

Total,  3  cotes. 

m       14  lbs.    11    oz. 


Clara  C.  Magnet  31,563 
Mellie  Argyle  30,609     , 
Bessie  R.  13,.503  .     . 
Madame  Argyle  19,476 
Julia  Anna  16,463     . 


Additional  Tests  for  previous  Tables. 
PANSY  8. 


Blooi>.        Bctter  Yield  i 


Per  Oek 

•  -Hi 

■  3|i 
.  311 

■  34 


Sevks  Da 
14  lbs.  11 
14    ■'      6 

16  "      0 
14    '•      1 

17  "      0 


NaUI.  PeB  CE.VT. 

Duchess  of  Argj-le  4th  757 1  3i 
Countess  of  Lome  30,823  .  3J| 
Clematis  3(1  6653  .     .     .     .     \-^ 

Total.  163  ams. 


14  lbs.  1 
14  "  14 
14    "      1 


SPLENDID 


Nancy  Rc.\  11,743  . 
Toltec's  Fancy  37,173 
Ida  of  Coal  Hill  13,.543 
.Ma(iuilla  34,043  .  . 
-Mellie  Argyle  20,609 
Celia  Belle  .5865    .     . 


Name.  I 

Duchess  of  Argyle  4th  757: 
Countess  of  Lome  20,822 
Madame  Argyle  19,476 . 
Lady  Panalphre.x  17,400 
Belmeda6229       ... 
Total.  116  cow». 


3i  14  lbs.    1 

3|i  14    "    14 

2H  14    "      1 

If}  23    "      9 

1t»,  18    "    13 


ALBERT  44. 


Nancy  Re.\  11,743  .  .  . 
Duchess  of  Argyle  4th  7571 
Mellie  Argyle  30,609  .  . 
Julia  Anna  16,463  .  .  . 
Clematis  3d  6653  .... 


Seven  Dats. 

16  lbs.    7    OZ. 
14     "       1     " 

14    "      6    " 

17  "     0    " 
14    "      1    " 


Butter  Vield  i 


Countess  of  Lome  20,822 
Bessie  R.  13,503  .  .  . 
Madame  Argyle  19,476 . 
Lady  Panalpbrex  17,400 
Total,  130  cotn. 


lOH  14 

91  16 

7}S  14 

U  23 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IJST  AMEBICA. 


MCCLELLAN  25. 


MeUie  Argyle  30,609     .     .  19J|  14  lbs.    6  oz. 

Duchess  of  Argyle4tli  7571  14iV  14  "      1  " 

Countess  of  Lome  30,823  .  lOf  I  14  "    14  " 

Bessie  R.  13,503  .     .     .     .     3|f  16  "      0  " 


Madame  Argyle  19,476   .  9JJ  14  lbs.    1 

Julia  Anna  16,643 .     .     .  3i  17  "      0 

Clara  C.  Magnet  31,563   .  3i  14  "    11 
Total,  69  cows. 


PANSY  6tli  38. 


Blood,       Butter  Yield  it 

Name. 

Per  Cent.         Seven  Datb. 

Duchess  of  Argyle  4th 

-571  9|       14    lbs.    1    O 

Mellie  Argyle  30,609 

.    7H     14      '■      6    ■ 

Julia  Anna  16,643     . 

.    6i       17      ••      0     • 

Bessie  R.  13,503       . 

.    .    6J       16      "    14     ■ 

Blood,       Bdttee  Yield  i 


Countess  of  Lome  20,833  .    5^      14 
Madame  Argyle  19,476  .     .    3||      14 


0  oz. 

1  ■• 


PIERROT 


Palestine  Pierrot  34,C 
Countess  of  Lome  20 


37i     14  lbs.    6 
13i     14     "    14 


Name.  Pee  Cent.         Seven 

Madame  Argyle  19,476 .     .  13i     14    lbs. 
Total,  55  cows. 


LANDSEER  331. 


Toltec's  Fancy  27,172 


Pee  Cent.         Seven  Days.  Nai 

.  35       17  lbs.    6    oz.   I    Maquilla24,( 
Total.  30  cows. 


12+     20    lbs.    1 


LADY  MARY   1148. 


Clara  C.  Magnet  31,563     .  18f     14  lbs.    11   oz,       Czaretta  17,358 
Total,  96  C010S. 


MARIUS  760. 


Name. 

Clara  C.  Magnet  31,. 


14  lbs.    11   oz.   I    Czaretta  17,538 
Total,  86  cows. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


ROB  KOY  17. 


NAyi. 

Blood. 
Pee  Curr. 

BnTTKB  YlKLD  IS 
SeVIX   DATS. 

Blood. 
Name.                          Peb  Cent 

BuTiEE  Yield  a 
Seves  Days. 

■Nancy  Rex  11,743  . 
Mellie  Argyle  20,609 

.  12J 

.  12i 

16    lbs.    7    OZ. 
U     ■'      6    " 
Total, 

Madame  Argyle  19,476  .     .  12^ 
Countess  of  Lome  20,823  .     6i 
51  cows. 

14   lbs.    1   OZ. 
14    "    14    " 

TOM  DASHER  420. 


Julia  Anna  16,463     .     .     .  25 

Clematis  3d  6653  .     .     .     .  12i 

Duchessof  Argyle  4th  7571  12i 

Bessie  R.  13,.503  ....  6} 


Name. 

Pee  Cesi 

Seve.-!  Dais. 

Countess  of  Lome  20,823 

.     6i 

14  lbs.    14   OZ. 

Mollie  Argyle  20,609     . 

.     6i 

14     ••       6    " 

Madame  Argyle  19,476. 

.     6i 

14    "       1    " 

Toua,  34  cows. 

PIERROT  2d. 


Naue.  Per  Cent.        Sevex  Days.  Name. 

Countess  of  Lome  20,822   .    13^    14  lbs.    14  oz.    ]  JIadame  Argyle  19,47 
Total,  21  cows. 


Seven  Dats. 

14  lbs.  1   OZ. 


EMBLEM   9(.t. 


Blood,       Butter  Yield  in 
Name.  Per  Cent.        Seven  Days. 

La  Famine  34,489  ....  25  16  lbs.  8  oz. 
Duchess  of    Bloomfleld  3d 

15,.580 181  15  "  1     ■■ 

Maquilla  34,043      .     .     .     .  13i  20  "  1     " 


Rochelle  15,574 
Czaretta  17,858 


.  12i      15  lbs.  10  OZ. 
.     6i      14     "      7    " 


Name. 

Toltec's  Fancy  27,173 


OONAN  1485. 


Seven  Days. 
17    lbs.       6    OZ. 


COUCH'S   LILY   3237. 


Nancy  Re.x  11,743 


16  lbs.   7  OZ.    I  Lady  Panalphrcx  17,400       13J        33  lbs.    9  oz. 
Total,  26  cows. 


JEBSEY  CATTLE  IJST  AMERICA.  587 


STANDARD    BUTTEE    TESTS 

SHOWING    GREAT   EICHNESS    OF     QUALITY    UPON     GRASS     ALONE,    HAY    ALONE,    OR    GRASS, 
WITH    NOT    MORE    THAN    FOUR    QUARTS    OF    GRAIN    DAILY. 

' '  Ye  are  the  Hebes  who  dip 
And  lift  from  the  loam  to  the  lip 
The  nectar,  whose  plethoric  flood 
Is  tinted  and  turned  into  blood." 

lbs.      oz. 
JERSEY  BELLE  OF  SCITUATE  7838.     At  six  years  old 

a  test  of  one  year  yielded  of  the  best  quality  of  very  deep  yellow  butter,  T05       0 
Feed  :  in  summer,  pasture,  two  quarts  wheat  bran  daily  ;  in  winter, 

rowen  hay,  two  quarts  wheat  bran  daily. 

At  nine  years  old  test  for  seven  days 25       3 

Feed  first  four  days :  pasture  by  day ;  at   night  two  quarts   wheat 

shorts,  one  quart  corn  meal,  and  cut  grass.     Feed,  last  three  days  :  jjast- 

ure  by  day  ;    at  night  two  quarts  wheat  shorts,  two  quarts  corn  meal,  and 

cut  grass,  or  three  and  three  seventh  quarts  of  grain  daily. 

Maud  Lee  2416.     Feed,  good  rowen  pasture  and  four  and  one  half 

pounds  corn  meal  daily  (equivalent  to  three  quarts) 23       0 

Jenny  Dodo  H.  14,448.     Grass  only,  hill  pasture 21       8 

Reception  8557.     Grass  and  four  quarts  corn  meal 19       8 

Christmas  Nannie  4075.     Good  pasture,  one  quart  corn  meal,  three 

quarts  wheat  middlings  daily 19       7 

Brighteyes  2d  2290  (twelve  years  old).     Hay,  com  stover,  pasture, 

beets,  carrots,  four  quarts  corn  meal 19       6 

Alluring  5541.     Grass  only 19       5 

Belle  of  Ingleside .     Grass  only ■     19       0 

Queen  OF  Delaware  17,029.    Good  timothy  pasture,  just  heading  out.     IS     13 
Gold  Ear  2d  3592.     Grass,  hay,  beets,  carrots,  four  quarts  corn  meal.     IS       2 

Pyrola4566.     Grass  only 18       6 

Mamie  Coburn  3798.     Grass  only IS       4 

VoLiE  19,645.     Grass  only IS       1 

Melia  Ann  5444.     Grass  only 18       0^ 

Patterson's  Beauty  4760.     Grass  only IS       0 

Renalba  4117.     Pasture,  hay,  and  four  quarts  of  grain 17     144 

Dora  Bell  of  Shelly's  Island  9394.     Grass  only 17     10 

Brunette  of  Scaesdale  13,276.     Grass  only 17       8 

Wybie  595.     Grass  only 17      4^ 


688  JERSEY   CATTLE  TX  AMERICA. 

lbs.  oz. 
Attractive  Maid  lti,!ti>5  (tliree  years  old).      Fair  pasture,  two  .quarts 

cottonseed  meal !•'  ^-^ 

Dusky  2525.     Grass  only l'"'  1" 

Couch's  Lily  3237.     Grass,  one  pound  oatmeal,  one  half  pound  eorn 

meal 1'^  '"^ 

Goi.DKN  Skin  1(),S(;1.      Pasture  and  green  rye lt»  8 

Leomce  2d  8342.     Pasture,  four  quarts  of  bran 10  S 

Palestine  3d  1104.     Grass  only 16  S 

ZiTHEY  9184.     Grass  only 16  7 

Gala  1375.     Grass  only 16  7 

Belle  of  Patteeson  5064.     Good  "  blue  grass"  pasture 16  6 

Olie's  Lady  Teazle  12,307.     "  Blue  grass"  pasture 16  5 

CoRiNNA  2d  6594.     Grass,  hay,  corn  stover,  beets,  carrots,  four  <juai-ts 

corn  meal 16  5 

Flora  of  St.  Peter's  8022.     Luceru  by  day  ;  pasture  by  night    ...  16  5 

Corn  10,504.     Pasture  of  "  blue  grass"  and  white  clover   16  2 

Moth  of  St.  Lambert  9775.     Test  eight  and  one  half  niontiis  from 

calf.      Pasture,  two  and  one  half  quarts  barley  meal 16  2 

LvDiA  Darrach  2d  8056.     Grass  only 16  <• 

Lydia  Darrach  3d  10,662.     Grass  only 16  0 

Tilda  3720.     Grass  only 16  0 

Gold  Lace  10,726.     Grass  only 16  0 

Maid  of  the  Elms  6960.      Grass  and  out;  ijuart  bran 16  0 

Thaley  14,299  (Jwo  years  old).     Grass  only 16  0 

Countess  114.     Grass  only 16  0 

Cream  of  Java  23,507.     Grass  oidy 16  0 

Lady  Alice  of  the  Wilderness  12,2n7.      Pasture  ami  green  rye.. .  15  14 

Lucy  Gray  2746.     Grass  only 15  13 

Matilda  5th  18,068.     Grass  and  four  (piarts  corn  meal 15  12 

Sylvia  687.     Grass  only 15  8 

Pinafore  2d  15,072.     Grass  only 15  8 

Lustre  2062.     Pasture  of  mi.xed  grass 15  8|^ 

Refeuette  15,209.     Grass  only 15  8 

Kalmia  4561.     Grass  only 15  8 

Eupidee's  Pekkection  2I»,175  (two   and  one  half  years  old).     Gra.ss 

and  com  fodder 15  4 

Dorothy  <»■•  Bovina  9373.     Pasture 15  4 

Dove  Dee  18,059  (two  years  old).      Pasture 15  3 

Lady  Adams  2d  6529.     Pasture,  four  (juarts  grain  daily 15  3 

Grace's  Nightingale  19,855.     Gi-ass  only 15  3 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  589 

lbs.  oz. 

Lassie  1134.     Grass   only 15  1^ 

Aldaeine  5301.     "Blue  grass  pasture."' 15  1^ 

Hennie  3335.     Grass  only 15  0 

OxALis  2d  15,631.     Grass  only 15  0 

Ltdia  Daeeach  5th  16,577.     Grass  only 15  0 

Ma  Belle  4942.     Dry  Hay 15  0 

Winsome  of  Ipswich  9213.     Grass  only 15  0 

Deletta  21,305.     Grass  only 14  15^ 

Miss  Baden  Baden  14,760.     Grass  only 14  14^ 

Velveteen  7703.     Grass  only 14  13^ 

Phyllis  of  Hillceest  9067.     Grass  only 14  12 

EsTRELLA  2831.     Grass  only 14  12 

Peggy  Ford  21,713.     Grass  only 14  10 

Kosi  3431.     Pasture  of  mixed  grasses 14  7 

Brown  Princess  30,941.     Grass  only 14  8 

Del  of  Willow  Farm  22,461.     Grass  only 14  8 

Florie  May  Bakee  10,728.     Grass  only 14  8 

GiLDA  2779  (at  three  years  old).     Grass  only 14  6 

Fides  2d  1576.     Grass  only 14  6 

Lobelia  2d  6650.     Timothy  and  clover  pasture 14  6 

LiLLiE  Pope  8589.     Grass  only 14  5 

Lady  Palestine  2769.     Pasture  and  bran  mash 14  5 

Energy  22,016.     Grass  only 14  5 

Tidy  op  St.  Lambert  31,114.     Four  quarts  grain 14  2 

Jeannie  Platt  6005.     Grass  onlj- 14  2 

Webster's  Pet  4103.     Grass  only 14  2 

Angela  1682.     Grass  only 14  2 

Queen  of  Peospect  11,997.     Timothj'  and  clover  pasture 14  2 

Taglioni  9182.     Grass  only 14  1 

Lady  Caeoline  of  St.  Auisins  11,372.     Grass  only 14  0 

Erith  4564.     Grass  only 14  0 

Daisy  of  Clermont  3492.     Grass  only 14  0 

Olymph  17,957.     Grass  only 14  0 

Le  Eosa  10,078.     Grass  only 14  0 

Sultan's  Lily  18,099  (two  years  old).     Four  quarts  grain 14  0 

Lady  Young  16,668.     Grass  only 14  0 

Putnam  Belle  12,116.     Grass  only 14  0 

Bounty  1606.     Grass  only 14  0 

Pet  Anna  1608.     Good  pasture 14  0 

Fidelia  5817.     Grass  only 14  0 


590  JEJiSEV   VATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

lbs.  oz. 

Elinor  Wells  12,008.     Grass  only 1-i  0 

St.  Pkrpetua  2d  5557.     Grass  only 11  0 

NioBE  99.     Grass  only 1-i  0 

TotdL  97  C01C8. 


OFFICIAL   BUTTEK   TESTS. 

1882. 

Boniba  10,330. 

KKl'OKT. 

To  the  Directors  of  the  Amerledn  Jei-Heij  Cuttle  Clul> : 

In  accordance  with  my  proposal,  wliicli  yoii  approved  at  your  last  meethig,  I 
went  to  Darlington  to  witness  the  test  of  Mr.  Darling's  cow  JJoinba,  and  licg  to 
submit  to  you  the  following  report : 

This  test  was  taken  for  the  week  from  October  Gth  to  12th,  inclusive,  and  during 
this  time  Eomba  was  milked  in  my  presence  night  and  morning;  her  milk  was 
weighed  j^ersonally  by  me  directly  after  each  milking,  and  it  was  never  out  of  my 
sight  until  it  was  placed  under  seal  in  a  small  cellar  room,  set  apart  for  that  purpose. 

The  milk  was  strained  into  old-fashioned  five-quart  pans,  and  taken  out  to  be 
churned  at  the  end  of  four  days.  No  one  entered  the  room  except  in  my  presence, 
the  one  window  being  sealed  with  my  private  seal,  and  the  door,  beside  the  seal, 
being  fastened  with  a  Swedish  padlock. 

The  milk  and  cream  at  the  end  of  four  days,  when  it  became  loppered,  were 
chiirned  together  in  a  small  Blanchard  churn. 

Having  completed  the  week's  milkings,  and  superintended  the  first  three 
churnings,  I  was  obliged  to  return  home ;  but  Mr.  John  Mayer,  an  old  personal 
friend,  and  manager  of  Mr.  T.  A.  Havemeyer's  Mountain  Side  Farm,  kindly 
consented  to  take  my  key  and  seal,  and  to  conduct  the  fourth,  fifth  and  sixth 
churnings,  the  results  of  which  he  reported  to  me  daily  by  telegraph. 

The  pasture  into  which  Bomba  was  turned  night  and  morning  after  niilkinij; 
contained  about  four  acres,  and  it  had  been  seeded  in  the  spring  with  clo\er  anil 
oats.  Four  or  five  colts  had  fed  there  for  the  past  two  months,  but  the  grass  was 
from  two  to  four  inches  high,  and  thickly  set.  The  grain  I  fed  to  her  myself  night 
and  morning,  just  before  milking-time.  On  "Wednesday,  October  11th,  after  Bomba 
had  been  out  all  day  in  a  northeast  storm,  at  my  advice  she  was  put  into  a  loose  box, 
and  had  a  warm  mash  with  plenty  of  corn  fodder.  You  will  notice  the  eifects  of 
this  in  her  last  day's  yield. 

On  Monday,  previous  to  the  test,  a  swelling  about  the  size  of  a  goose-egg  was 
discovered  upon  Bomba's  udder,  midway  between  and  just  above  the  two  left-hand 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


October  6.. 
7.. 

8.. 

"        9.. 

"       10.. 
"       11.. 

"       12.. 

i 

Fog,     clearing, 

P.M 

Clear 

Fog,      clearing, 
IOa.m 

Clear  and  colder 

Cloudy.       rain, 
windN.  E..  .. 

Rain, -wind  N.E. 

1 

*           s        w     n        H    s      n 

mi 

2  qts.  Wheat  Middlings. 
1  qt.  Corn  Meal. 

3  qts.  Wheat  Middlings. 
1  qt.  Corn  Meal. 

m  qts.  Middlings. 
1  qt.  Corn  Meal. 
1  pt.  Linseed  Menl. 

Hi  qts.  Middlings. 
1  qt.  Corn  Meal. 

1  pt.  Linseed  Meal. 

2  qte.  Middlings. 
1  pt.  Corn  Meal. 

1  pt.  Linseed  Meal. 

3  qts.  Middlings. 
1  qt.  Corn  Meal. 

1  pt.  Linseed  Meal. 
Bran  Mash. 

3  qts.  Middlings. 
1  pt.  Corn  Meal. 
1  pt.  Linseed  Meal. 

a| 

is 

i 

1 

16  lbs.  10  oz. 
15  "      1   " 

13  "     4     ' 

14  "      4  " 

14  "     IS  " 

1 

•"a 

15  lbs.    1  oz. 

14  "      3  '■ 

13  "     13  " 

14  "      6  " 

15  "      4  " 

16  "      S  " 

> 

•a 
g 

October  10. 

11. 
12. 

"       18. 
14. 

15. 
16. 

la 

n          f        8     §        2    1      1 

i# 

Sour   and    lop- 
pered. 

Sour    and    lop- 
pered. 
Sour. 

Loppered. 

5 
g. 

i 

1 

30  minutes. 
45 

45 

40 
26 

if 

i 

592 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


teats;  there  was  some  inflammation  at  that  time.  l(Ut  it  gradually  subsided,  and 
before  the  end  of  the  week's  test  was  almost  g(jne. 

Bomba  10,330,  dropped  October  12tli,  1878,  by  Duke  of  Darlington  2460,  out 
of  Beauty  of  Darlington  5736;  weight,  880  pounds  ;  last  calf,  June  16tli,  1882. 
Her  color  is  fawn,  with  black  points.  She  is  of  a  jjcrfect  wedge  shape,  with  deeji 
barrel.  Her  udder  is  almost  perfect  in  form,  with  large  and  wide-spread  teats,  and 
meandering  milk-veins,  larger  than  a  man's  thumb,  and  corresponding  milk-holes. 

The  escutcheon  is  curveline,  but  not  remarkable.  E.xtending  down  from  the 
vulva  are  large  swelling  veins,  so  rarely  found,  except  in  our  best  cows.  She  shows 
but  little  richness  of  skin,  and  has  considerable  hair  on  the  udder.  The  homs  are 
small  and  without  much  quality,  rather  straight,  and  running  up  abi-uptly  from  the 
head,  like  the  Alphea  cows,  but  her  butter  is  of  good  quality  and  color.  Her  general 
form  is  like  Jersey  Belle  of  Scituate,  with  a  modified  Eurotas  head.  She  shows 
splendid  constitution,  and  a  ])erfect  indifference  to  all  surroundings  except  her  feed. 


Lydia  Darrach  4J)(>3. 

REPOKT. 


AIk.  John  I.  Holly,  President: 

In  accordance  with  the  appointment 
Worth's  cow  Lydia  Darrach,  we  l)eg  to  n 


iiadc  by  you  to  witness  the  test  of  Mr. 
ike  the  following  report: 


Thermometer. 

A.M. 

Thermometer. 

PounUsMilk. 

Cottonseed 

Meal. 

A.M.  and  P.M. 

P..M. 

A.M. 

P.M. 

May  4 

50° 
54° 
58° 
55° 
59° 
52° 
66° 

79° 
57° 
63° 
63° 
82° 
68° 
53° 

1Q\ 
16i 
15i 

ITi 
16i 

18 

18 
16| 

161 

17| 

171 

•    in 

Iqt. 

"      6 

ipt- 
Ipt. 
1^  pts. 

n  pts. 
Ipt. 

"      8 

"      it 

"    lit. 

"    J  1 

.... 

Witli  the  above  varying  quantity  of  cottonseed  meal  she  received  regulady, 
each  morning  and  evening,  two  quarts  of  corn  meal,  two  (piarts  of  ship-stuff,  and 
one  peck  of  cut  hay. 


BOMBA    10,330. 

Alphea-UwUr   Tape. 
DARLIXfiTOX    HEIM). 
Darling,  Hamsey's,  New  Jersey 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IJST  AMERICA.  593 

Total  yield  of  milk,  two  hundred  and  thirty-eiglit  and  a  half  pounds.  Total 
yield  of  butter,  seventeen  pounds  fourteen  ounces. 

The  cow  having  been  milked,  as  usual,  on  that  morning,  the  test  was  begun  with 
the  milking  of  May  -ith,  and  was  completed  on  the  morning  of  May  11th,  18S3. 
jDuring  the  seven  days  Lydia  Darrach  was  fed  and  milked  in  my  presence  every 
morning  and  evening  at  six  o'clock ;  her  milk  was  weighed  personally  by  me, 
directly  after  each  milking,  and  was  never  out  of  my  sight  until  it  was  put  in  a 
Cooley  Creamer,  which  was  securely  fastened  by  me  with  lock  and  key.  I  carried  the 
key  at  all  times. 

The  result  for  the  first  half  of  the  week  (seven  milkings)  was  one  hundred  and 
seventeen  pounds  of  milk,  the  cream  from  which  was  churned  in  thirty-six  hours 
after  the  last  milking,  in  a  small  dash  churn,  and  the  butter  came  in  twelve 
minutes.  After  it  had  been  thoroughly  worked,  and  before  the  addition  of  salt,  it 
weighed  nine  pounds  eight  and  a  half  ounces  of  solid  butter.  The  yield  of  the  last 
seven  milkings,  completing  the  week's  test,  was  one  hundred  and  twenty-one  and  a 
half  jjounds  ;  the  cream  from  this  was  churned  twelve  hours  after  the  last  milking, 
and  the  butter  did  not  come  until  the  churning  had  been  going  on  an  hour  and 
thirty  minutes.  The  quality  of  the  butter  from  both  chumings  was  most  excellent, 
firm,  of  good  grain,  and  of  high  color.  It  was  apparent,  when  too  late  to  remedy  the 
mistake,  that  the  last  churning  was  done  before  the  cream  had  properly  ripened,  as 
four  and  a  half  pounds  more  milk  (yielding  more  cream  than  was  first  churned) 
produced  one  pound  three  ounces  less  butter.  The  skimming  was  done  by  me  after 
the  milk  had  been  set  twelve  hours,  by  drawing  off  the  milk  from  the  Cooley  can  ; 
some  milk  was  retained  with  the  cream  at  each  skimming. 

Lydia  Darrach  is  mulberry  fawn.  Dropped  February  22d,  1880  ;  sired  by 
Doctor  H.  2132,  oiit  of  Bertha  Morgan  4770.  She  weighed  at  end  of  the  test  eight 
hundred  and  fifty-five  pounds.  She  calved  February  16th,  1883,  and  was  served 
April  6th,  1883. 

Note. — Lydia  Darrach  has  lost  the  use  of  the  left  fore-quarter  of  her  udder,  and 
only  gives  milk  out  of  three  teats,  which  must  Ije  detrimental  to  a  larger  yield.  Had 
her  bag  not  been  impaired  she  must  have  made  a  much  larger  yield  of  butter. 

Louis  M.  Lusson. 


Fair  Lady  6733  and  Cottage  Lass  5333. 

To  Thomas  J.  Hand,  Secretary  : 

Under  and  by  virtue  of  the  letter  of  "William  J.  "Webster  as  to  ofiicial  test  of 
Fair  Lady  and  other  cows  of  Mr.  "William  J.  "Webster,  President  of  Columbia  Jersey 
Cattle  Company,  I  certify  that  I  tested  for  Mr.  "William  J.  "Webster  the  following 
cows : 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IiV  AMERICA. 
Test  of  Cottage  Lass  5333. 


l\Iay  1«. 

"  17. 

•'  17. 

"  IS. 

"  18. 

"  lit. 

"  lit. 

"  2(t. 

"  2(1. 

"  21. 

"  21. 

>'  00. 

"  22. 

"  23. 


Evening. 

Morning. 

Total. 

Butter. 

Churned. 

lbs.     oz. 

Ihs.      oz. 

11)8.       (./.. 

11)S.      OZ. 

20 

15      11 

35     11 

2       3 

May  19. 

15       9 

13        2 

28     11 

2       7 

"     21. 

13       1 

15      11 

28     12 

2 

"     22. 

14       !♦ 

ir.      6 

30     15 

2 

"     23. 

13     14 

IG 

29     14 

1     13 

"     24. 

15       G 

IG       8 

31     14 

2       3 

"     25. 

13       3 

IS     13 

31     15 

1     14 

"     26. 

217     12 

14       8 

This  test  was  made  at  same  continuous  testing  of  Mr.  "Webster's  cows,  as  requested, 
and  under  supervi8i(jn  of  the  same  gentlemen,  and,  as  will  be  seen,  this  is  a  half  sistei 
of  Fair  Lady.  The  two  cows  are  handsome  and  well-formed,  fawn  color,  neat 
head  and  horns,  and  weigh  from  about  eight  Imndied  to  eight  hundred  and  fifty 
]K)unds. 

(SiiiiKMl)  M.  C.  Campbell. 


Tkst  of  Fair  Lady   0733. 

The  test  of  Fair  Lady  was  commenced  on  the  evening  of  May  23d,  under  the 
supervision  of  Mr.  C.  O.  Nicholson,  a  gentleman  of  integrity  whom  I  called  in  to 
a.ssist  in  making  the  test,  as  I  could  not  be  present  during  the  test  all  of  the  time. 
She  had  commenced  a  test  a  week  before,  and,  owing  to  the  fact  that  slie  was  in 
season,  and  the  sickness  of  her  milkman,  only  made  fourteen  pounds  eleven  and  a 
half  ounces,  and  was  retested  under  request  of  Mr.  Wel)ster,  the  test  commencing  on 
the  evening  of  the  23d.  She  was  milked  dry  at  usual  time  on  the  morning  of  the 
23(1,  and  evening  of  23d  commenced  saving  milk  for  the  te.st. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 

Test  of  Fair  Lady  6733. 


Date. 

Evening. 

Morning. 

Total. 

Butter. 

Churned. 

May  23 

lbs.     oz. 
17 

19  6 

20  4 
14     12 
18 

14     10 
13     14 

lbs.     oz. 

16 

16        8 

15       1 

16 

13 

17 

20       8 

lbs.    oz. 

33  8 
35     14 
35     10 

30  12 
31 

31  11 

34  6 

lbs.     oz. 
2     15 

2  7 

3  2 
2       5 
2       9 
2       5 
2       5 

"     24 

May  26. 

"     24. 

"     25 

"     28 

"     25 

"     26 

"     28. 

"     26 

"     27. 

"     29. 

«     27 

«     28 

"     31. 

"     28. 

"     29 

"     29 

"     30 

"     2. 

232     13 

IS 

This  was  dry,  imsalted  Initter,  and  when  reworked  and  salted  in  the  presence  of 
T.  L.  Porter  made  seventeen  pounds  eight  ounces  of  merchantal^le  gilt-edge  butter. 

May  31st.  Evening,  28  lbs.  2  oz. ;  morning,  13  lbs.  0  oz. ;  total,  41  lbs.  2  oz.  ; 
butter,  3  lbs.  12  oz. ;  churned  June  2d. 

This  was  one  day's  milk  only.  She  was  milked  in  the  presence  of  T.  L.  Porter 
the  evening  before,  and  late  the  next  morning,  and  at  the  usual  time  next  evening. 
This  was  churned  in  the  presence  of  T.  L.  Porter,  M.  C.  Campbell,  W.  J.  Webster, 
and  Eobin  Jones.  It  was  milked  in  the  presence  of  T.  L.  Porter  and  Messrs. 
Schreiber  in  the  morning  and  T.  L.  Porter  in  the  evening,  and  tested  under  care  of 
T.  L.  Porter  and  Eobin  Jones. 

I  certify  that  I  called  in  to  assist  in  conducting  the  test  T.  L.  Porter  and  Eobin 
Jones,  and  I  have  perfect  confidence  in  them  and  rely  upon  their  statements 
implicitly.  I  was  not  present  during  the  whole  of  the  test,  but  visited  frequently 
during  the  test. 

She  was  fed  lightly  during  the  first  part  of  the  week  three  quarts  corn  and  oats, 
ground,  over  half  a  bucket  of  cut  hay  twice  daily  imtil  the  evening  of  the  29th  of 
May,  when  she  was  fed  five  quarts  ground  oats,  and  corn  morning  and  evening. 


596  JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 

Till  the  2d  of  June  the  milk  of  the  last  two  days  of  tlie  first  seven  was  too 
sour,  had  whejed  badly,  and  did  not  churn  well. 

The  forty-one  pounds  two  ounces  were  churned  before  it  was  fully  turned,  but 
was  well  churned,  and  yielded,  as  shown,  three  pounds  twelve  ounces  of  firm  unsalted 
butter.  This  butter  being  washed  with  brine  before  being  weighed,  and  well 
worked  out,  when  salted  and  reworked  made  three  pounds  thirteen  ounces  of 
printed  butter.  This  gained  in  salting,  because  it  had  already  been  washed  out 
with  brine.  Our  experience  through  this  week  was  that,  however  dry  it  was  worked 
out,  it  would  lose  in  salting  and  working  if  previously  washed  out  with  brine,  as  is 
usually  done  with  the  butter-worker.  Major  Dobbins,  who  had  the  key,  and 
superintended  part  of  the  milking,  was  present  during  part  of  the  churning,  and  was 
called  in  by  me. 

(Signed)  M.  ('.  Cami'hkll. 

Statements  are  also  made  and  severally  signed  by  the  following  gentlemen  : 

C.  O.  Nicholson. 
Thomas  L.  Porter. 
Robin  Jones. 
William  J.  Webster. 
Joseph  J.  Dobbins. 


Test  of  Su  Lu  4705. 

Thomas  J.  Hand,  Esq.,  St'cnturtj : 

Dear  Sir  :  Under  authority  given,  upon  an  application  of  Mr.  Campbell 
Brown,  to  the  President  and  Board  of  Directors  of  the  Club,  that  they  a])point  some 
member  of  the  Club  to  superintend  a  test  «f  his  Jersey  cow  Su  Lu  4705,  I  took 
charge  of  the  test,  and  report  the  following  result : 

As  I  was  unal)le  to  be  present  during  all  tlie  test,  Mr.  II.  J.  Fiiscli  and  Mr.  S. 
N.  Warren,  of  Spring  Hill,  Tennessee,  known  to  me  us  tliurouglily  reliable  gentlenu'ii, 
acted  as  my  deputies  during  my  absence. 

The  cow  was  milked  clean  twelve  hours  before  the  test  began. 

This  was  cluirned  in  a  small  Blanchard  churn  at  a  temperature  of  C2°. 

Tiie  butter  was  thoroughly  worked,  then  weighed,  and  one  ounce  of  salt  to  tlie 
pound  added,  then  it  was  worked  and  weighed  again. 

The  result,  stated  below,  is  in  butter  salted  and  ready  for  market.  It  was,  in 
texture,  color  and  flavor,  fully  up  to  the  average  yield  of  the  herd. 

The  cow  was  on  mixed  pasture  of  blue  grass  and  white  clover  during  the  test, 
and  was  fed  twice  daily,  the  ration  being  as  follows : 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IJV  A3IERIGA.  597 

Three  and  a  half  pounds  chopped  oats ;  three  pounds  corn  meal ;  one  pound 
wheat  bran ;  one  pound  cottonseed  meal ;  one  pound  cut  hay — all  mixed  with  water. 

The  cow  was  milked  during  the  test  and  for  f om-  days  previously,  in  the  presence 
of  one  or  more  of  the  undersigned,  the  milk  was  weighed  by  us,  and  we  accompanied 
it  to  the  dairy,  where  we  saw  it  placed  in  a  locked  box,  of  which  we  carried  the  key. 

The  churning  was  done  in  our  presence  and  the  butter  weighed  by  us. 

The  key  was  never  out  of  our  possession  during  the  test. 

THE    YIELD    FOR   THE    SEVEN    CONSECUTIVE    DAYS    WAS    AS    FOLLOWS  : 


June  6. 


Total  for  7  days . 


Morning. 


Evening. 


lbs. 
IS 
IS. 
17 
16 
19 
19 
18 


Day. 


lbs.  oz. 

34  14 

35  10 
33  14 

32  12 
35  13 
35  3 

33  10 


lbs.  oz. 
2       7i 

2  15i 

2  m 

2  9i 
2  4i 
2       5 


17     15 


Fusch  and  Warren  certify  to  me  in  wi'iting  the  correctness  of  the  above 
statement. 

I  was  myself  present  during  part  of  the  test. 

(Signed)  H.  J.  FrscH. 

S.  IST.  Waeeen. 
"William  J.  Webstee. 


598  JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 

1883. 

OFFICIAL   EEI'ORT   OF   THE    PUBLIC   TEST    OF   JERSEY    COW 

Value  2d  6844. 

Baltimore,  June  28,  1883. 

John  I.  Holly,  Esq.,  President  of  the  American  Jersey  Cattle  Clul : 

Dear  Sir  :  In  accordance  with  your  request,  I  went  to  Baltimore  on  the  18th 
inst.  as  a  Committee  for  the  American  Jersey  Cattle  Club,  to  witness  the  testing  of 
the  Jersey  cow  Value  2d  (6844),  the  property  of  Messrs.  "Watts  &  Seth,  Baltimore. 
I  submit  tlie  following  statements  and  tabulated  report  : 

I  found  that  the  Maryland  Live-Stoek  Breeders'  Association  had  appointed 
Messrs.  W.  H.  "West,  of  Baltimore,  and  Alexander  M.  Fulford,  of  Belair,  Md.,  a 
committee  to  inspect  the  test  also,  and  throiighout  the  continuance  of  the  test  I 
have  received  from  these  gentlemen  polite  consideration  and  cordial  co-operation  in 
every  eifort  to  make  the  test  accurate  in  all  particulars. 

We  each  witnessed  every  milking,  and  the  weighing,  setting  and  skiiiimiiig  of 
the  milk,  the  setting  of  the  cream  to  "  ripen,"  and  the  churning,  working  and 
weighing  of  the  butter. 

The  preliminary  milking  was  made  at  precisely  ten  o'clock  on  the  18th,  and 
after  the  milker  had  left  the  cow  I  proved  that  she  was  milked  dry  by  stripping  her 
out  myself. 

The  milking  was  done  three  times  a  day — every  eight  hours^and  was 
commenced  each  time  with  almost  exact  punctuality. 

The  scales  for  weighing  the  milk  and  butter  were  bought  on  the  ISth  at  tiie 
warerooms  of  Fairbanks  &  Co.,  in  Baltimore,  being  selected  with  the  advice  and 
co-operation  of  your  committee  and  that  of  the  Maryland  Breeders'  Association.  I 
bought  also  two  padlocks  at  Mr.  Seth's  request,  and  provided  myself  with  tape  and 
sealing-wax,  and  a  verified  one-pound  weight  for  testing  the  scales. 

The  milk  was  weighed  and  then  strained  into  one  of  the  cans  of  a  Moseley 
Cal)inet  Creamer,  where  it  was  surrounded  by  ice-water.  The  creamer  wa.s  then 
closed,  surrounded  l)y  a  band  of  tape,  tied  and  sealed  with  my  seal,  and  locked  also 
by  me  with  a  padlock,  and  by  the  Committee  of  the  Breeders'  Association  with 
another. 

In  this  creaniLM-  the  milk  was  allowed  to  remain  twenty -four  hom'S,  when  the 
skim-milk  was  drawn  oil  and  the  cream,  with  some  milk,  removed  to  another 
creamer,  where  it  remained  surrounded  by  water  at  a  temperature  of  from  62°  to 
64°  to  "  ripen."  This  cream-chest  was  also  sealed  and  doubly  locked  in  the  way 
described  above. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IJV  A3IERICA.  599 

Neither  the  milk  nor  the  cream  was  ever  exposed  to  view,  nor  were  the  locks 
and  seals  removed  when  we,  all  three,  were  not  present. 

The  cream  was  left  about  two  days  to  "  ripen,"  and  was  stirred  and  well  niixi'd 
whenever  the  chest  was  opened. 

Churning  took  place  regularly  on  the  fourth  day,  after  milking,  except  that 
Thursday's  cream  was  churned  Saturday  evening,  to  avoid  churning  on  Sunday. 

The  churn  used  was  a  No.  1  Stoddard  Barrel  Churn — a  very  satisfactory  one 
for  this  purpose. 

The  butter  when  it  came  was  gathered  only  to  that  degree  that,  while  retaining 
the  granular  form,  it  could  be  washed  easily  with  cold  water  in  the  churn. 

When  removed  from  the  churn  it  was  thrown  upon  a  Reid  Buttei'-Worker  and 
worked  until  your  committee  pronounced  it  dry  and  well  worked,  and  the  other 
gentlemen  agreed,  and  weighed  unsalted. 

This  was  the  only  opportunity  which  we,  who  were  only  witnesses  of  other 
operations,  had  for  the  exercise  of  our  judgment ;  for  Mr.  Seth  continued  the 
working  without  objection  until  we  were  satisfied  that  the  butter  was  worked  as 
thoroughly  as  it  could  be  without  endangering  its  quality.  And  I  may  add  that  the 
dairy-woman  uniformly  objected  to  its  being  worked  so  much. 

The  accuracy  of  the  balance  was  tested  after  each  weighing,  and  found  to  be 
correct. 

The  temperature  of  the  cow  was  taken  at  least  once  daily  by  me.  On  Monday 
evening,  the  18th,  at  the  time  of  the  preliminary  milking,  her  temi)erature  was  found 
to  be  alarmingly  high  (104f °),  indicating  a  feverish  condition. 

The  weather  was  excessively  hot,  sultry  and  moist,  and  though  retaining  her 
appetite  fully,  her  breath  was  short  and  quick.  This  led  to  a  reduction  of  her  feed, 
and  the  weather  becoming  favorable,  she  maintained  an  excellent  condition  of 
health  throughout  the  week,  but  was  found  to  lie  in  heat  the  day  after  the  close  of 
the  test. 

Mr.  Seth  has  kindly  furnished  the  accompanying  statement  of  his  manner  of 
feeding  and  treatment,  and  I  may  add  that  Value's  appetite  has  really  appeared 
insatiable.  "We  have  repeatedly  noticed  that  all  her  Ijedding  within  reach  of  her  head 
had  been  consumed. 

The  skim-milk  tested  by  the  Fesser  "  Lactoseope"  indicated  only  three  quarters 
of  one  per  cent,  of  fat,  which  is  much  less  than  common.  It  was,  however,  never 
really  blue.  The  buttermilk  was  rechurned  on  two  occasions  without  getting  any 
butter.  I  conclude,  therefore,  that  there  was  no  loss  either  in  skimming  or 
churning. 

On  Saturday,  the  23d,  after  the  naorning's  milking  had  been  weighed,  on 
attempting  to  pour  it  into  the  can  for  setting  it  was  discovered  that  the  faucet  was 
open  by  the  milk  running  out  upon  the  floor.     The  remaining  milk  was  at  once 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


JER^SEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  601 

weighed,  and  it  was  thus  found  that  exactly  two  pounds  had  been  lost.  This  was 
the  top  of  the  milk  in  the  pail,  which  had  no  doubt  been  standing  fifteen  minutes 
or  more.  It  is  therefore  fair  that  the  butter  which  it  contained  (two  and  two  third 
ounces)  should  be  added  to  the  butter  actually  weighed  out  of  that  day's  milk.  The 
calculation  is  simple,  for  if  forty-six  pounds  thirteen  ounces  of  milk  produce  three 
pounds  fourteen  and  a  half  ounces  of  butter,  then  two  pounds  of  milk  will  produce 
two  and  two  third  ounces. 

Mr.  Thomas  Taggart,  of  Hagerstown,  Md.,  the  former  owner  of  Value  2d,  by 
whose  test  she  made  twenty-four  pounds  three  ounces  in  one  week  with  her  second 
calf,  was  present  witnessing  the  entire  test,  except  the  first  two  milkiugs. 

Other  Jersey  breeders  of  the  vicinity  took  great  interest  in  the  test,  which  was 
in  every  sense  a  public  one,  and  were  repeatedly  present  during  the  operation. 

Yery   respectfully,  Mason  C.  Weld. 

As  to  the  feed  of  Value  2d  Mr.  Seth  writes  as  follows  :  "  As  neither  accurate 
weights  nor  measures  were  used,  I  am  unable  to  say  what  amount  of  food  was  given 
her.  Of  grain  she  had  unsifted  corn  meal,  bran,  cottonseed  meal  and  linseed  meal. 
She  was  fed  three  times  a  day  ;  morning  and  evening,  corn,  bran  and  cottonseed,  and 
at  noon  a  small  quantity  of  linseed  meal  was  substituted  in  the  place  of  the  cottonseed. 
On  three  nights,  after  the  last  milking,  she  had  a  small  quantity  of  oatmeal  gruel, 
made  of  half  a  pound  of  dry  meal.  Her  green  food  consisted  of  cut  clover  and 
orchard  grass  mixed,  and  oats  and  peas  mixed  on  alternate  days  ;  besides,  she  had  the 
run  in  the  morning  of  about  one  acre  of  old  pasture  that  had  been  completely 
grazed  off  this  season  ;  in  the  afternoon  and  night  she  was  put  in  another  lot  of  about 
one  acre,  mostly  wood,  with  a  little  orchard  grass  outside  of  the  wood,  on  which  three 
cows,  herself  included,  had  been  running  for  three  weeks.  These  runs  were  given 
her  for  air,  shade  and  water ;  of  pasturage,  strictly  speaking,  I  have  none,  as  I  soil 
my  cattle  entirely.  And  for  the  whole  period  she  was  fed  with  reference  to  the 
preservation  of  good  health,  luij^iug  for  as  good  a  yield  as  consistent  therewith." 


State  of  Pennsylvania,  | 


Copy  of  Affidavit. 

vnt : 


Philadelphia  County,     S 

I  hereby  cei-tify  that  on  this  sixth  day  of  November,  a.d.  1883,  before  the 
subscriber,  a  notary  public  for  the  State  of  Pennsylvania,  personally  appeared 
William  Daly,  and  being  first  duly  sworn,  deposes  and  says  as  follows — that  is  to  say  : 

"  I  was  for  about  seven  months  herdsman  for  Mr.  T.  Alexander  Seth,  of  Baltimore, 
Md.;  that  I  had  chai'ge  of  his  cow  Value  2d  during  the  time  she  was  publicly  tested 
for  butter  by  Colonel  M.  C.  Weld,  of  New  York,  and  Messrs.  Fulford  and  West,  of 
Maryland.     During  the  week  of  this  test — i.  e.,  from  June  19th  to  25th,  inclusive — I 


60a  JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 

bad  sole  and  entire  charge  of  said  cow,  and  gave  her  all  the  food  she  consumed  except 
pasture  ;  that  during  said  week,  and  for  several  weeks  before,  her  grain  feed  did  not 
exceed  twelve  pints  wheat  bran,  nine  pints  corn  chop,  two  pints  cottonseed  meal,  and 
half  a  pint  of  pure  linseed  meal  per  day  ;  that  she  was  fed  no  milk  or  cream  at 
this  or  any  other  time,  and  had  no  drink  but  water  ;  that  at  no  time,  while  I  was  at 
Mr.  Seth'e  place,  was  Value  2d,  or  any  other  cow,  fed  either  milk  or  cream  iiT  any 
form.  William   Daly. 

Sworn  and  subscribed  to  before  me,  this  l 

sixth  day  of  November,  a.d.  1883.     /  K.  T.  Fraley,  Notary  Public. 

Chemical  tost  of  a  sample  of  the  last  day's  churning  of  Value  2d's  test,  by 
H.  W.  Wiley,  Chemist  of  the  Agricultural  Department.  Waslungton,  D.  C. : 

Water 9.98  per  cent. 

Salt 1.64    "      " 

Casein 66    "      " 

The  dry  butter  fat  contained  tiltered  : 

Soluble  fat  acid 6.79  per  cent. 

Insoluble  fat  acid 86.70    "      " 

Glycerine,  etc 6.51    "      " 

Sum 100.00  per  cent. 

Melting-iJoint  of  dry  butter  fat,  35°  C,  75°  F. 
Melting-point  of  insoluble  acid,  43°  C,  about  100°  F. 

Mr.  Wiley  writes  :  "  I  have  been  much  interested  in  this  butter,  which,  as  you 
see  by  the  analysis,  is  first-class  in  every  respect.  I  think  you  have  reason  to  be 
proud  of  the  quality  of  the  butter  made  by  your  cow,  as  well  as  of  its  quantity. 
Comtnercial  butters,  as  far  as  we  have  examined  them  here,  have  from  twelve  to 
fifteen  per  cent,  water,  and  about  eight  per  cent,  casein.  The  average  melting-point 
is  not  far  from  33°  C.  The  average  soluble  fat  acids  is  about  five  per  cent.  The 
points  of  excellence  in  your  butter  are  its  high  melting-point,  making  it  firm  in  hot 
weather,  its  low  per  cent,  of  curd  and  its  large  per  cent,  of  soluble  fat  acid." 


Landseer's  Fancy  3876. 

At  the  request  of  Mr.  William  ,T.  Webster,  Columbia,  Tenn.,  for  an  official 
test,  Mr.  .\r.  C.  Campbell  was  authorized  by  the  Directors  of  the  Jersey  Cattle  Club 
to  superintend  the  test  which  was  made  December  14th  to  20th,  1883. 

The  weather  dm-ing  the  week  was  "  cold,  rainy  and  sleeting."  The  cow  was 
ten  years  old,  and  four  months  from  calving. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 

TABULAE  EEPOET. 


Date  when 

Butter. 

Churned. 

Unsalted. 

Salted. 

lbs. 

oz. 

lbs. 

oz. 

Dec.   17 

3 

12i 

3 

12 

>'      18 

3 

8 

3 

3 

"      19 

3 

2 

3 

i 

"      21 

6 

6 

i 

"      22 

2 

15 

2 

14 

"     21 

3 

2 

3 

1 

22 

n 

21 

15 

(Signed)  M.  C.  Campbell. 

The  cow  was  fed  five  quarts  twice  a  day  of  com  and  oats  ground  together,  over 
a  peck  of  oats  cut  from  bundles,  and  had  access  to  a  straw-stack.  There  was  very 
little  milk  remaining  after  skimming,  and  on  the  last  day  the  entire  milk  was 
churned. 

1884. 
Naiad  of  St.  Lambert  13,965. 

John  I.  Holly,  Esq.,  President  American  Jersey  Cattle  Club  : 

Deae  Sie  :  The  imdersigned,  at  your  request,  as  a  Committee  for  the  American 
Jersey  Cattle  Club,  visited  "  Oaklands,"  the  farm  of  Valancey  E.  Fuller,  Esq.,  at 
Hamilton,  Ont.,  for  the  purpose  of  inspecting  the  test  for  butter  of  the  cow  I^aiad 
of  St.  Lambert. 

The  results  of  the  milkings  and  churnings,  with  the  times  at  which  they  were 
done,  the  character  of  the  weather,  its  temperature  at  noon,  the  temperature  of  the 
cow,  and  the  especial  witnesses,  are  presented  in  tabular  form. 

The  test  was  conducted  by  the  manager  of  the  farm  and  herd,  Mr.  "William  T. 
Norton,  who  had  the  entire  management  of  the  test,  under  the  guidance  of  the 
proprietor,  who  was  personally  present  every  day  at  one  milking,  as  well  as  at  the 
drawing  off  of  the  cream,  and  at  the  first  churning. 

The  test  commenced  at  6  p.m.  on  Thursday,  the  5th  of  June,  at  which  time  the 


604  JEltSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMEBIC  A. 

cow  was  milked  as  usual,  and  proved  to  be  stripped  dry  by  Mr.  "Weld,  at  exactly 
6:10.  After  that  she  was  milked  at  6  o'clock,  morning  and  evening,  for  several  days, 
the  last  strippings  being  taken  at  6:10  p.m.  on  Thursday,  June  12th. 

The  milk  was  weighed  as  soon  as  drawn,  on  a  spring  balance  hanging  in  the 
stable,  and  used  for  weighing  the  milk  of  other  cows.  This  balance  was  tested  and 
found  reasonably  accurate.  The  milk  was  taken  at  once  to  the  dairy,  where  it  was 
strained  into  one  of  the  cans  of  a  four-can  Cooley  Creamer  in  ice-water.  The 
ci-eamer  was  locked  and  sealed  at  once,  being  banded  M'ith  tape  after  locking,  and  was 
perfectly  secure. 

The  cream  was  removed  once  a  day,  at  evening,  after  the  second  day,  the  milk 
having  been  set  twenty-four  and  thirty-six  hom-s. 

It  was  placed  in  another  creamer  containing  two  cans,  and  kept  at  the  ordinary 
temperature  of  the  atmosphere.  This  creamer  was  also  securely  locked,  banded  with 
tape,  and  sealed. 

The  milk  before  setting,  when  the  locks  were  off,  as  well  as  during  skimming 
and  churning  the  milk,  cream  and  butter,  and  all  the  operations,  were  constantly 
under  the  inspection  of  one  or  the  other,  and  usually  both  of  us. 

New  locks  were  purchased,  and  a  seal  used  bearing  the  initials  of  the  Club. 

The  butter  from  the  first  churning,  when  removed  from  the  churn,  was  very  firm 
and  cold,  and,  though  it  appeared  to  be  well  worked  and  dry,  really  contained  too 
nmch  water  and  buttermilk,  as  shown  by  the  slight  gain  from  salting  and 
reworking. 

The  butter  from  the  second  churning  was  not  so  cold,  gained  more  weight  in 
salting,  and  is  of  better  quality.    We  submit  samples  of  both. 

The  salt  added  was  an  ounce  to  the  pound. 

The  table  scales  used  for  weighing  the  butter  were  tested  by  a  pound  weight, 
purchased  as  a  standard,  and  having  the  Canadian  official  seal  in  lead  upon  it. 

Naiad  was  fed  by  Mr.  Norton  at  his  discretion.  She  was  kept  with  the  herd, 
both  in  the  stable  and  at  pasture,  but  brought  in  to  be  fed. 

The  pasture  was,  part  of  the  day,  a  field  of  heavy  red  clover,  with  timothy  and 
other  grasses,  the  clover  just  coming  into  bloom  at  the  end  of  the  test,  and  part  of 
each  day  and  at  night  the  cows  were  turned  into  a  large  lot  which  had  been  several 
years  in  grass,  and  from  which  the  clover  had  nearly  disappeared  or  was  no  longer 
conspicuous,  but  in  which  a  variety  of  grasses,  with  the  white  clover,  afforded 
abundant  feed  for  twice  as  many  cows. 

During  the  last  tliree  days  of  the  test  we  arranged  to  havea  quantity  of  each  kind 
of  meal  weighed,  and  from  these  weighed  quantities  Mr.  Norton  used  as  much  as  he 
pleased,  the  bags  being  weighed  at  evening. ' 

This  gave  us  accurately  the  amount  of  grain-feed  consumed  daily  during  this 
part  of  the  test,  when  the  cow  was  no  doubt  fed  more  than  before.     The   various 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


605 


quantities  of  each  kind  of  feed  given  daily  for  the  fifth,  sixth  and  seventh  days  of 
the  test  are  submitted  in  tabular  form  herewith. 

The  weather  for  the  first  three  days  was  fair,  but  hot  and  sultry,  while  that  of  the 
rest  of  the  week  was  foggy,  rainy,  and  cold  for  the  season.  The  change  seemed  favor- 
able for  the  production  of  milk,  but  the  liutter  product  seems  not  to  have  been 
affected,  either  by  the  increase  of  feed  or  by  the  change  in  the  weather. 

The  last  day  there  were  intimations  that  Naiad  was  coming  in  heat,  and  on  the 
following  day  at  the  morning  milking  her  milk  fell  off  to  about  ten  pounds. 
(Signed)  M.  C.  Weld. 

New  Yoek,  June  19,  1884.  Henry  E.  Alvoed. 

Naiad  of  St.  Lambert  12,965,  solid  gray,  shading  to  fawn,  bred  by  Romeo  H. 
Stephens,  is  a  finely  fonned  cow,  below  medium  size,  four  years  old  in  January,  and 
weighs  about  seven  hundred  and  fifty  pounds.  M.  C.  W. 


TABULAR    REPORT. 


Weather. 

Temper- 
ature. 

Milk. 

Churning. 

Butter. 

Air. 

Cow. 

6..«. 

6rM. 

To- 
tal. 

Un 
salted. 

Salted. 

Junes.... 
"     6.. 
"     7.... 
"     8.... 
"     9.... 
"   10.... 
•'  11.... 
•■   12.... 

Fair. 

Showers. 
Cold  rain. 
Cold  fog. 
Very  foggy. 

86° 
78° 
86° 
83° 
56° 
58° 
68° 

102.5° 

102.2° 

102° 

1(«° 

101° 

102.2° 

irj4 

16H 

16M 
20H 
21H 
20 

dry. 

21 

IS 

19!^ 

18^ 

17)^ 

22 

20 

38H 

34M 

38 

35 

38 

40 

June  11  and  14  cream 
from  mills  of  first 
half  of  week,   127 
lbs, yielded 

Cream  from  milk  of 
last  half  of  week, 
140 lbs.,  yielded.... 

lbs.oz. 
10    12 
10    111^ 

lbs.  oz. 

10  14H 

11  4 

M.  C.  Weld. 

Weld  and  H.  E.  AIv  ord 
Weld  and  Alvord. 
Weld  and  Alvord. 
Weld  and  Alvord. 
Weld  and  Alvord. 
Weld  and  Alvord. 
Weld  and  H.  H.  Fuller. 

Seven  days  (average  38'A  lbs.  a  d 

a 

267 

21      7J^ 

22     2M 

GRAIN    FEED    LAST   THREE    DAYS    OF   TEST. 

Tuesday,            Wednesday,  Thursday, 

June  10.               June  11.  June  13. 

lbs.                       lbs.  lbs. 

Oats,  crushed 21                     21  22^ 

Linseed  Cake  Meal 10                       9  Si 

Pea  Meal Hi                    Sf  15^ 

Wheat  Bran 5                       5  5 

Total 47i                 43i  51^ 

M.  C.  Weld. 

Henry  E.  Alvord,  per  W. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


Percie  li.OST. 

EEPOKT    OF    OFFICIAL   TEST. 

Percie  14,937,  aged  three  years,  owned  by  C.  Wellington,  East  Lexington, 
Mass.  Sire,  Golden  Lion  5239.  Dam,  Bellita  2d  10,311.  Last  calf  dropped  May 
22d,  1884.     Cow  iKjt  served  at  time  of  test.     Estimated  weight,  800  pounds. 


Date. 

MiLKIN-GS  AT 

Daily 

Total. 

Weekly 
Total. 

5:30  A.M. 

12:30  P.M. 

7  p.m. 

i 

17th 

18th 

19th 

2(tth 

21st 

22<1 

23d 

lbs.       OZ. 

15     15 
14       9 
14     11 
14       2 

14  12 

15  3 
14       5 

lbs.    OZ. 

11  8 

12  12 

12  15 

13  15 
13       5 
11       1 
11       8 

lbs.     oz. 

10  3 
9  3 
9  12 
9       8 

10  6 
10 

11  11 

lbs.     oz. 
37     10 

36  8 

37  6 

37  9 

38  7 

36  4 

37  8 

lbs.     oz. 

74      2. 
Ill       8) 
149       1  I 
187      8  I 
223     12  J 
361      4 

lbs.    oz. 

27     15 

27      2 
9      6 

lbs.    oz. 

5  15i 

6  1 

2      6 

Total  yield  of  butter  for  seven  days,  ready  for  market,  fourteen  pounds  six  and 
one  half  ounces. 

Test  began  June  17th  and  ended  on  the  23d.  Feed,  daily  ration,  two  quarts 
corn  meal,  three  quarts  line  feed,  one  quart  linseed  meal,  and  pasture. 

"  I  was  told  by  owner  and  by  dairy-woman  that  this  cow  had  made  si.xteen 
pounds  and  over  of  1)utter  the  preceding  weeks  since  cahnng.  It  will  be  noticed 
that  the  last  day's  yield  bears  out  that  statement,  which  leads  lue  to  t-onsider  the 
result  of  the  test  as  not  re])resenting  her  full  capacity. 

"I  was  present  at  each  milking,  and  have  had  at  all  times  exclusive  control  of 
milk  and  cream." 

(Signed)  Okestes  Piekce. 

A  true  copy.     Attest.  "William  Sullivan,  J.  P. 

Commonwealth  ok  Massachusetts,  Suffolk  County,  .w.  .• 

There  personally  appeared  before  me,  this  twenty -sixth  day  of  June,  a.d.  1884, 
Orestes  Pierce,  of  Baldwin,  Me.,  and  made  oath  that  he  is  the  duly  appointed  agent 
of  the  American  Jersey  Cattle  Club  for  the  purpose  of  testing  the  Jersey  cow 
Percie  14,937 ;  that  he  has  tested  the  said  cow,  and  that  the  foregoing  statement 
contains  a  true  statement  of  the  result. 

(Signed)  William  Sullivan,  J.  P. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IJST  A3IEIUGA. 


Mermaid   of  St.   Lambert   9771. 


JSTew  York,  Jiily  11,  1S84. 
Me.  John  I.  Holly,  President  American  Jersey  Cattle  Cluh  : 

Dear  Sir  :  As  the  committee  appointed  by  yon  to  witness  the  test  of  Jersey 
cow  Mermaid  of  St.  Lambert  9771,  owned  by  Mr.  Yalancey  E.  Fuller,  of  Oakland 
Farm,  Hamilton,  Ontario,  Canada,  I  beg  to  re^Jort  that  the  test  was  commenced 
June  25th,  by  my  seeing  that  at  6  p.m.  of  that  day  she  was  milked  entirely  dry. 
The  first  milking  which  was  saved  for  test  was  made  on  the  morning  of  the  26th,  at 
6  o'clock.  From  that  time  until  Jiily  2d,  at  6  p.m.,  inclusive,  I  saw  the  said  cow 
milked  twice  each  day,  at  regular  hours,  making  in  the  aggregate  fovirteen  milkings. 
The  product  of  said  milkings  was  under  my  personal  supervision  from  the  moment 
it  left  the  cow's  udder  until  securely  locked  in  a  Cooley  Creamer,  taped  and  sealed 
by  me  with  private  seals  and  locks,  as  was  the  case  with  each  and  every  milking 
separately. 

The  milk  was  allowed  to  remain  in  the  creamer  thirty-six  (36)  hours,  after  which 
the  cream  was  removed  and  put  into  another  creamer,  which  was  locked  and  sealed 
by  me.  At  no  time  was  the  milk  or  creamer  disturbed,  except  in  my  presence, 
after  the  seals  and  locks  were  removed  by  me.  There  were  two  churnings  made  of 
the  cream,  from  seven  (7)  milkings  each.  The  first  churning  produced  twelve  (12) 
pounds  five  and  one  fourth  (.5J)  ounces  unsalted,  thoroughly  worked  butter ;  the 
second,  twelve  (12)  poimds  five  and  one  half  (5^)  ounces  of  same,  making  in  the 
aggregate  twenty-four  (21)  pounds,  ten  and  three  quarter  (lOf)  ounces  unsalted 
butter  in  the  seven  days.  To  this  was  added  salt  at  the  rate  of  one  (1)  ounce  to  the 
pound  when  reworked. 

The  butter  was  reweighed  and  produced  twenty-five  (25)  pounds  thirteen  and  a 
half  (13^)  ounces  of  butter  ready  for  market. 

Mermaid  of  St.  Lambert  9771  was  dropped  April  27th,  1879  ;  dropped  last  calf 
April  20th,  1881,  and  was  unserved  when  tested. 

The  feeding  was  under  the  control  of  the  owner,  and  only  such  observations 
were  made  by  me  as  convenience  permitted.  I  was  informed,  however,  that  she 
received  the  following  food,  in  which  statement  I  have  full  confidence : 

At  beginning  of  test  four  qiiarts  of  crushed  oats,  one  quart  linseed  meal,  one 
quart  pea  meal,  two  quarts  wheat  bran. 

Fed  four  times  daily,  and  on  the  third  day  the  feed  was  increased  gradually  up 
to  six  quarts  crushed  oats,  one  quart  linseed  meal,  one  quart  pea  meal — bran  omitted. 

From  this  on  she  was  fed  five  times  a  day,  excepting  one  day,  when  she  was 
fed  six  times. 

The  cow  was  kept  with  a  part  of  the  hei'd  at  jiasture,  but  Ijrought  in  to  l>e  fed. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  7iV  AMERICA. 


The  accompanying  tal)le  will  give  you  the  details  of  each  stage  of  the  test, 
as  it  sufficiently  explains  itself,  I  herewith  submit  it  as  part  of  my  repm-t : 


and. 


Date. 

Weather. 

Ther- 
mom- 
eter  at 
6  a.m. 

Mn.K. 

Total. 

Churning 

Butter. 

6  A.M.Ie  P.M. 

July  2d  and  5th. 

Unsaltod. 

Salted. 

June  25 . . . 

"   2r,... 

«    27... 
"    28... 
"    29 .  . . 
"    30... 
July  1  .  . . . 
"     2  . . . . 

Cold  Rain. 
Fair 

Shower.s .  . 
Cloudy.... 

62° 
70° 
72° 
74° 
75° 
74° 
73° 

lbs. 

24i 

20 

20 

23 

23 

23 

m 

lbs. 
Dry. 

21 
23 
22 
23 
21 
23^ 

lbs. 

44 
41 
43 
45 
46 
44 
44 

Cream  from   Milk 
of  first  3^  days, 
151  lbs.  yielded. 

Cream  from  Milk 
of  last  3^  days, 
156  lbs.  yielded. 

lbs.     oz. 
12     oi 

12     5i 

lbs.    ox. 

12  13i 

13  OOi 

307 

24  lOf 

25  13J 

(Signed) 


W.  F.  Williams. 


Niobe  of  St.  Lambert  13,969. 


Officially  tested  July  14tli  to  21st,  by  a  committee  consisting  of  Messrs.  Thonuis 
Stock  and  J.  Henry  Gest.  Niobe  of  St.  Lambert,  belonging  to  ilr.  V.  E.  Fuller, 
Hamilton,  Canada,  was  a  few  days  past  four  years  old  at  time  of  test,  and  had  dropped 
her  calf  May  11th,  two  mouths  previous  to  test. 

The  cow  was  with  the  herd  at  pasture  and  in  tlic  stable,  and  fed  by  ]\rr.  "William 
T.  Norton.  The  pasture  was  a  field  of  clover  very  much  dried,  and  supplemented  by  a 
feed  of  green  corn-fodder  night  and  morning.  The  grain  feed,  as  reported  to  us  by 
Mr.  Norton,  was  from  eighteen  to  twenty-six  quarts  daily,  the  highest  being 
thirteen  quarts  of  ground  oats,  four  of  wheat  bran,  four  and  one  half  of  pea  meal,  and 
four  and  one  half  of  linseed  meal. 

During  the  seven  days  she  gave  two  hundred  and  eighty  pounds  twelve  ounces 

of  milk,  from  which  was  made  1  mtter  weighing  twenty  pounds  twelve  and  a  half  omices 

unsalted,  and  twenty-one  pounds  nine  and  a  quarter  ounces  salted  and   ready  for 

market.  r   tt  r^ 

J.  Henry  Gest. 

Thomas    Stock. 


MERMAID    OF   ST.    LAMBERT    9771. 

AT  5  YEARS  OLD. 

Stoke  Pogis — Marjovum  Type. 

OAKLANDS   HERD. 

Yalancey  E.  Fuller,  Hamilton,  Ontario,  Canada. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


Gilt  Edge  C.  13,333. 

To  the  Directors  of  the  American  Jersey  Cattle  Club  : 


Date. 

Milk. 

Butter. 

July  21 

lbs. 
38i 
35i 
37 
3(3i 
34 
35 
31f 

lbs.   oz. 
2       8i 

2 

"     22 

"     23 

2       2 

"24                       .        . 

2       2J 

"     25 

1  13i 

2  1 

"     26 

"     27 

1       8 

2471 

14       3^ 

This  was  well- worked,  iinsalted  butter. 

The  above  test  was  made  under  the  supervision  of  the  undersigned,  one  or  the 
other  being  present  at  each  and  every  milking,  skimming  and  churning,  and  all  under 
seal  except  in  the  presence  of  one  or  the  other,  and  sometimes  both.  She  came  in 
heat  on  the  22d,  and  her  udder  was  hurt — supposed  to  be  snagged — which  caused  pain 
and  trouble  in  milking,  preventing  thereby  a  fair  test. 

Mat.    Mahoenee, 
A.  W.  Lampkin, 


Rioter  Pink  of  Berlin  33,665. 

Officially  tested  from  August  9th  to  loth  by  N.  G.  Pond. 

She  was  at  time  of  test  four  years  two  months  old  ;  three  months  eight  days 
after  calving. 

Her  yield  for  the  week  was  nineteen  poimds  well-washed  and  worked  butter, 
which  when  salted  one  ounce  to  the  pound  and  reworked  weighed  nineteen  pounds 
fourteen  ounces.  The  grain  rations  were  in  quarts  :  9th,  pea  meal,  3  ;  corn  meal,  1 ; 
oil  meal,  1 ;  oats,  ground,  6  ;  bran,  coarse,  4 ;  total,  15.  10th,  pea,  4^  ;  oil,  \\ ;  oats, 
8 ;  bran,  4 ;  total,  18.  11th,  pea,  5  ;  oil,  5  ;  oats,  8  ;  bran,  7i ;  total,  25J.  12th,  pea, 
5i  ;  oil,  2 ;  oats,  12^ ;  bran,  5 ;  total,  25.  13th,  pea,  4  ;  oil,  1 ;  oats,  12  ;  bran,  3  ;  total, 
20.     14th,  pea,  6;  oats,  15;  bran,  4;  total,  24.     15th,  pea,  3;  oats,  9;  bran,  3; 


CIO  .TERSE Y   CATTLE  IX  AM ERIiW.. 

total,  1.").  Total  fur  7  days,  142^.  Total  cost  at  Berlin,  82.oS.  The  feeding  was  left 
to  tin-  judgment  of  the  herdsman,  James  Harlock.  The  com-  Avas  at  the  town 
residence  of  the  owner,  and  was  tinder  the  disadvantage  of  a  shadeless  pasture 
(nearly  a  mile  from  the  barn,  over  a  stony,  hilly  road)  during  the  heat  of  the  day, 
which  on  the  last  half  of  the  test  was  excessive,  and  yarded  during  the  night  fully 
fourteen  hours — conditions  that  should  have  heen  reversed— and  on  the  evening  of 
the  tenth  (10th)  and  during  the  eleventh  (11th)  was  in  heat. 

Rioter  Pink  is  a  large,  evenly  developed  cow.  weighing  nine  hundred  and  fifty 
pounds,  with  a  wide  rear  udder,  ninning  well  forward,  milking  in  eight  minutes. 
She  is  full  sister  to  ]V[ermaid  of  St.  Lambert,  therefore  fifty  per  cent.  Stoke  Pogis  3d, 
and  twelve  and  a  half  per  cent.  Victor  Hugo  1!)7,  one  cross  through  Buffer  205.5, 
grandsireof  Mary  Anne  of  St.  Lambert.  Ilcr  blood,  in  common  witli  ^Mary  Anne, 
is  ninety-eight  and  three  quarters  per  cent. 

(Signed)  X.   G.  Poxn. 


RULES   FOR   TESTING  JERSEY   COWS. 

Amendments  to  By-Laws  of  the  Aiiu'rlcan.  Jirxiij  Cuttle  Cluh,  2>(tsse€l  ly  the 
Board  of  Director's,  Aiujust  ISih,  ISSi,  and  stihin'dtcd  to  the  Cluh  for  ajyproval, 
confirmed  hy  a  large  majority  of  the  memhers. 

Article  VL 

1.  A  book  shall  bo  kept  by  the  Secretary,  to  be  known  as  "  The  Official  Butter 
Test  Book,"  in  which  all  tests  heretofore  made  by  an  ajipointec  of  the  Club,  or  which 
shall  hereafter  be  made  by  the  Club,  shall  be  entered. 

2.  The  Executive  Committee  of  the  Board  of  Directors  sliall.  assoon  as  possible, 
appoint  testers  for  each  State,  Territory  or  province,  to  conduct  tests  on  behalf  of 
the  Club,  who  may  be  removed  at  any  time  by  a  majority  of  the  Board  of  Directors. 

3.  Any  person  making  application  for  a  test  by  the  Club  shall  bear  all  the  cost 
thereof,  which  must  be  fully  paid  l)efore  the  same  is  entered  in  "  The  Official  Butter 
Test  Book,"  or  reported  ;  upon  ai)plication  a  dejiosit  of  $50  shall  be  made  to  apply 
toward  cost  of  the  test  and  the  publication  of  the  result  of  the  same. 

4.  Upon  such  application  with  such  deposit  the  President  of  the  Clul)  shall 
appoint  a  committee  from  among  the  approved  testers,  to  be  appointed  under  Section  2, 
or  any  member  of  the  Club,  or  any  expert  (whether  resident  in  the  State,  Territory  or 
province,  or  not),  at  his  option. 

5.  Such  committee  shall  be  jiaid  l^y  the  Club  %\i  jier  day  for  each  day  be  is 
necessarily  engaged  in  conducting  such  test,  as  also  his  travelling  cxjienses  to  and 
from  the  place  where  the  test  is  to  be  conducted. 


JEESEY  CATTLE  IN'  AMERICA.  611 

6.  Under  no  circumstances  shall  any  payment  or  gratuity  to  the  tester  be  made 
or  permitted  from  or  by  the  owner  of  the  cow,  or  any  one  interested  in  her,  and  any 
violation  hereof  shall  invahdate  the  test. 

7.  The  following  rules  shall  be  followed  in  every  test : 

(«)  The  committee  shall  see  the  cow  completely  milked  out  twelve  hours  before 
the  next  succeeding  milking. 

(5)  The  committee  shall  be  present  at  each  milking  throughout  the  entire  test,  and 
must  see  the  milk  weighed,  and  keep  accurate  records  of  the  net  weight  of  each 
milking  and  time  of  milking. 

(<■)  Immediately  upon  the  milk  being  weighed  the  committee  must  see  the  milk 
placed  under  lock  and  seal.  In  case  a  creamer  is  used,  the  committee  must  securely 
lock  the  creamer  containing  the  milk  with  a  padlock,  to  be  provided  by  such 
committee,  and  miist  seal  the  same  by  passing  a  ribbon  or  band  of  tape  around  the 
creamer,  and  sealing  such  tape  or  band  with  a  seal  not  furnished  by  the  owner.  In 
case  the  milk  is  set  in  pans  or  crocks,  the  room  in  which  it  is  set  must  be  securely 
locked  hj  the  committee,  and  the  doors  and  windows  thereto  sealed. 

(^7)  The  committee  must  be  present  at  the  drawing  off  of  the  cream,  and  must 
retain  it  securely  with  the  same  precautions  as  are  set  out  in  last  preceding 
section. 

{(')  "When  the  owner  of  the  cow  considers  the  cream  or  whole  milk  ripe  for 
churning  the  committee  must  see  the  cream  or  whole  milk  placed  in  the  churn  and 
remain  until  it  is  chunied,  thoroughly  worked,  salted,  reworked  and  reweighed  ;  he 
shall  weigh  the  butter  before  salting,  and  after  being  salted  and  reworked.  In 
salting,  one  ounce  of  salt  to  every  pound  of  butter  shall  be  used,  the  tester  keeping 
a  record,  and  reporting  to  the  Club  the  temperature  at  which  the  cream  or  whole 
milk  was  churned,  and  length  of  time  required  in  churning.  The  quantity  of  butter 
with  which  the  cows  shall  be  credited  shall  be  salted  butter  ready  for  market. 

if)  The  committee  shall  report,  as  nearly  as  possible,  the  quantity  in  weight 
and  composition  of  the  food  given  the  cow  during  her  test,  but  the  feeding  of  the 
cow  and  the  quantity  of  feed  given  shall  be  left  to  the  judgment  of  the  owner. 

(r/)  Two  milkings  only  j^er  day  shall  be  made,  unless  the  cow  is  ineonnnoded 
thereby. 

8.  The  report  of  the  committee  shall  be  retained  by  the  Club  as  a  permanent 
record,  and  the  quantity  of  butter  made  by  such  cow  sliall  be  entered  in  the 
"  Official  Butter  Test  Book."  No  test  shall  be  made  for  a  shorter  period  than  seven 
consecutive  days. 

9.  In  the  issue  of  any  herd  register  hereafter  to  be  published  by  the  Club,  in 
case  the  dam  is  reported  in  the  "  Official  Test  Book,"  her  butter  record  in  pounds 
and  ounces  shall  be  added  after  her  herd-book  number,  or  in  a  foot-note  whei'ever 
her  name  appears. 


C12  JJSnsEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

Ida  of  St.  Lambert  24,990. 

Pektii  Amik.y,  N.  J.,  September  23,  1884. 
John  I.  Holly,  President: 

My  Dear  Sie  :  Kespondlng  to  j-our  request,  I  started  on  the  10th  inst.  for 
"  Oaklands,"  to  supervise  the  testing  of  the  Jersey  cow  Ida  of  St.  Lambert  Xo. 
24,990.  By  the  accompanying  report  you  will  see  that  she  made  the  unprecedented 
amount  of  thirty  pounds  two  and  a  half  ounces  of  salted  butter  in  seven  days. 
Neither  tlie  milk,  cream  or  butter  were  out  of  my  sight  for  one  moment,  from  the 
beginning  to  the  end  of  the  test,  unless  under  lock  and  sealed  with  my  seal ;  and 
during  the  test  the  feeding  was  left  entirely  to  the  discretion  of  the  manager  of  the 
"  ( )aklands  Herd."  The  cow  Ida  is  a  good  feeder,  and  whatever  the  manager  thought 
tempting  he  fed  her — mangolds,  cabbage,  carrots,  corn  fodder  ;  and  for  pasture  she 
had  an  almost  burnt-up  second-growth  clover.  Besides  tlie  foregoing  she  was  fed 
as  high  as  forty-five  imperial  quarts  of  mixed  grains  per  day,  and  from  that  down  to 
twenty-si.x  quarts  per  day,  the  amount  being  increased  or  diminished  at  discretion  of 
the  manager. 

The  mixed  grains  were  in  the  following  proportions:  Crushed  oats,  four 
quarts ;  ground  oil  cake,  one  quart ;  wheat  bran,  two  quarts ;  and  pea  meal,  two 
quarts.  She  was  fed  as  often  during  the  day  as  the  manager  thought  prudent,  and 
the  various  ingredients  were  also  varied  as  he  thought  fit. 

In  this  test  the  whole  milk  was  first  cooled,  and  tlien  left  to  ripen,  nieanwhilo 
being  daily  stirred  ;  when  thought  ripe  enough  it  was  put  into  a  barrel  churn. 

The  first  three  and  a  half  days'  milk  was  put  in  at  a  temperature  of  62* 
and  the  churn  started  at  7.05  p.m.  ;  at  8.37  v.si.  the  butter  separated,  and  a  part 
of  the  buttermilk  was  drawn  off  and  the  churn  again  started  slowly  ;  by  9.23  p.m. 
the  butter  had  gathered  in  a  great  mass,  and  the  buttermilk  was  drawn  off ;  cold 
water  was  then  poured  on  the  mass,  and  the  churn  given  quarter-revolutions 
backward  and  forward.  In  this  way  the  lump  was  washed  in  three  waters,  the  lump 
breaking  into  two  pieces  before  the  third  washing.  The  butter  was  then  taken  out 
and  weighed  and  salted,  one  ounce  to  the  pound,  and  then  weighed  as  salted  butter. 
The  entire  time  from  the  putting  of  the  milk  into  the  churn  until  the  mass  was 
weighed  as  unsaltcd  butter  was  two  hours  and  thirty  minutes,  and  from  the  time  it 
was  weighed  as  unsalted  butter  until  reweighed  as  salted  butter  was  less  than  five 
minutes. 

The  second  churning  was  conducted  in  the  same  manner,  excepting  that  the 
milk  was  reduced  from  68°  to  62°  by  the  addition  of  ice-water.  This  churning 
separated  in  one  hour  and  seven  minutes,  and  it  gathered  in  five  or  six  lumps  in 
thirteen  minutes  more. 

The  buttermilk  was  then  drawn  off  and  the  process  of  washing  repeateil  with 
two  waters,  then  weighed,  salted  and  reweighed. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  I^  AMERICA. 


613 


The  rules  for  official  testing  of  cows,  as  projjosed  to  the  Club  for  adoption,  were 
strictly  adhered  to  in  this  test,  and  every  precaution  taken  in  the  way  of  locks,  tapes, 
seals,  etc.  The  milk  of  the  12th,  13th  and  14th,  and  morning  of  the  15th  was 
churned  on  the  18th,  at  7  p.m.,  and  made  foiu-teen  pounds  salted.  The  milk  of  the 
eve  of  the  15th  and  of  the  16th,  17th  and  ISth  was  churned  on  the  21st,  at  10  a.m., 
and  made  sixteen  poimds  two  and  one  half  ounces  salted,  or  a  grand  total  of  thirty 
pounds  two  and  one  half  ounces  for  the  week. 

Very  truly  yours,  D.  A7.  Wateous. 


Description  of  Ida  of  St.  Lambert  34,990. 

Solid  light  cream  fawn,  full  black  points  ;  upturned  horns,  black,  mottled  with 
white. 

Sire,  Stoke  Pogis  3d  2238 ;  dam,  Kathleen  of  St.  Lambert  5122.  Last  calf 
dropped  in  June,  1884.     Not  in  calf  when  tested. 


Date. 

Milking 
Time. 

Milk. 

Tem- 
pera- 
ture. 

Total 

Unsalted 
Butter. 

Salted 
Butter. 

Total 
Weekly 
Yield. 

lbs.  oz. 

deg. 

lbs. 

lbs.     oz. 

lbs.  oz. 

lbs.  OZ. 

Friday,  Sept.  12,  '84.... 

\  6.30  a.m. 
]  6.30  P.M. 

20  0 

22  8 

48 
60 

Saturday,  Sept.  13,  '84  . . 

f  6.30  A.M. 
\  6.30  P.M. 

20  8 
22  8 

44 
64 

Sunday,  Sept.  14,  '84. .  . . 

(  6.30  A.M. 
]  6.30  P.M. 

21  8 
21  8 

42 

60 

Monday,  Sept.  15,  '84  .  . . 

\  6.30  A.M. 
]  6.30  P.M. 

20  0 
20  8 

48 
70 

148i 

13     4| 

14 

Tuesday,  Sept.  16,  '84.  .. 

(  6.30  A.M. 
\  6.30  P.M. 

22  0 
22  8 

72 
70 

Wednesday,  Sept.  17,  '84 

(  6.30  A.M. 
]  6.30  P.M. 

21  8 
19  0 

58 
62 

Thursday,  Sept.  18,  '84.. 

\  6.30  A.M. 
"i  6.30  P.M. 

16  8 

20  0 

55 

58 

142 

15     6i 

16  2i 

official, 
30  2J 

Totals 

290  8 

290i 

28  11 

30  2i 

Peeth  Ambot,  ]Sr.  J.,  September  23,  1SS4. 


D.  W.  Wateous. 


JERtiEY  CATTLE  IX  AMEJilCA. 


Mary  Anne  of  St.  Lambert  {)770. 

Hamilton,  October  2,  1884. 
Joiix   I.    UoLLV,   Esq.,    Premlejit  American   Jersey  Cattle  Clnh,  J^fos.  1  ami   3 
Broadway,  New  Yorh,  iV.  Y.,  U.  S. : 

Dear  Sir  :  Having  beeu  appointed  by  you  as  a  coininittee  to  witness  the  test 
of  the  Jersey  cow  Mary  Anne  of  St.  Lambert  1)770,  owned  by  Mr.  Fuller,  of 
"  Oaklands  Farm,"  Hamilton,  Ontario,  we  beg  to  report  as  follows :  The  test  began 
September  23d,  by  "Walter  Rutherford  seeing  that  at  6:30  of  that  day  the  cow  was 
milked  dry.  The  first  milking  for  tlie  test  was  made  at  6:30  p.m.  of  the  same  day, 
in  the  presence  of  "Walter  Eutherford,  and  the  cow  was  milked  at  6:30  a.m.  and 
6:30  P.M.  each  day  up  to  and  including  morning  of  the  30th  ultimo.  The  cow 
was,  at  the  dates  and  times  named,  milked  in  the  presence  of  "Walter  Rutherford 
each  time,  and  in  the  presence  of  Thomas  Stock  on  the  following  dates :  The 
evening  of  the  24th,  both  milkings  of  the  25th,  both  milkings  of  the  26th,  both 
milkings  of  the  27th,  and  botli  milkings  of  the  29th.  The  milk  produced  by  the 
cow  at  each  milking — namely,  fourteen- — was,  from  the  moment  it  left  the  cow's  udder 
until  securely  locked  in  a  Cooley  creamer,  under  the  personal  supervision  of  each  of 
the  committee,  when  pre.sent,  and  always  under  the  personal  supervision  and  within 
the  sight  of  "Walter  Rutherford  (I,  "Walter  Rutherford,  always  following  close  to  the 
pail  when  taken  from  the  stable  to  the  Cooley  creamer)  until  securely  locked  in  a 
Cooley  creamer,  which  was  fastened  -with  a  tape  passed  round  the  creamer  and 
through  the  hasp  of  the  padlock,  and  sealed  by  "Walter  Rutherford  with  a  private 
seal,  and  locked  by  "Walter  Rutherford  with  new  padlocks  purchased  by  the 
committee  for  this  test.  The  milk  remained  in  the  creamer  for  thirty-six  hours,  and 
the  whole  milk  was  then  removed  and  put  in  another  creamer,  which  was  locked  and 
sealed  in  the  same  way  as  the  Cooley  creamer,  in  the  presence  of  both  the  committee, 
when  both  were  present,  but  always  in  the  presence  of  and  by  "Walter  Rutherford. 
The  seal  used  for  this  creamer  was  the  same  private  seal,  and  the  padlock  was  a 
new  padlock  purchased  by  the  committee  for  the  express  purpose. 

Before  any  fresh  milk  was  put  into  the  creamer,  or  before  any  wliolo  milk  was 
removed  from  it,  I,  "Walter  Rutherford,  always  examined  the  seals  and  found  them 
perfect  and  untamjiered  with.  The  same  care  was  taken  to  see  that  the  seals  of  the 
creamer  in  which  the  whole  milk  was  left  to  ripen  had  been  untampered  w-ith,  and 
we  found  the  seals  throughout  the  test  perfect.  The  milk  or  cream  was  never 
disturbed  except  in  the  presence  of  both  of  us,  when  both  were  present  (and  always 
in  the  i)resence  of  "Walter  Rutherford),  and  until  after  the  seals  and  locks  had 
been  removed  by  "Walter  Rutherford. 

On    tlic    evening   of    the    28tli,  after    tlie    uiglit's  milkiuir   had   been    brou>,'ht 


JERSEY   CATTLE  ZF  A3IERICA.  615 

over  from  the  stalile,  in  the  presence  of  me,  Walter  Kutherford,  I,  "Walter 
Rutherford,  had  the  milk  poured  into  the  creamer  between  me  and  the  lamp  we 
were  using,  and  to  me  the  whole  milk  when  hot  and  fresh  from  the  cow  had  the 
appearance  of  cream.  Two  churnings  of  the  whole  milk  were  made,  each  churning 
being  of  seven  milkings. 

Before  each  churning  the  seals  were  examined  and  broken,  by  AValter 
Riitherford,  of  the  creamer  in  which  it  was  put  to  ripen,  the  padlocks  were  opened 
in  the  presence  of  both  the  committee  by  "Walter  Rutherford,  the  whole  milk  was 
placed  in  the  churn  in  the  presence  of  both  of  the  committee  at  each  churning,  and 
both  of  the  committee  were  present  throughout  the  entire  churning.  From  the 
time  that  the  milk  went  into  the  churn  until  the  butter  was  gathered  of  the  first 
churning  the  time  was  one  hour  and  a  quarter,  and  it  produced  seventeen  pounds 
one  and  a  half  ounces  unsalted,  well-worked  butter.  For  the  second  churning 
the  whole  milk  was  removed  in  the  same  way  in  the  presence  of  both  of  iis,  and 
both  of  us  were  present  throughout  the  whole  churning,  which  took  one  lioi#  and 
five  minutes,  producing  eighteen  pounds  seven  and  a  half  ounces  of  well-worked, 
unsalted  butter,  the  total  unsalted  butter  in  seven  days  being  thirty-five  pounds 
eight  and  three  quarter  ounces.  At  each  churning  salt  was  added  at  the  rate  of  one 
ounce  to  the  pound,  in  our  presence,  when  the  butter  was  reworked  in  our  presence 
by  the  dairy-woman,  which  we  do  not  tliink  was  thoroughly  worked,  but  was 
worked  as  miich  as  the  dairy-woman  believed  the  butter  required  for  her  mode  of 
making.  Each  churning  was  reweighed  by  us  after  salting  and  working,  the  first 
producing  seventeen  pounds  seven  and  a  half  ounces,  and  the  last  nineteen  pounds 
four  and  three  quarter  oimces,  making  a  total  of  thirty-six  pounds  twelve  and  one 
quarter  ounces  of  good  marketable  butter.  The  butter  was  of  very  high  color  and 
very  good  texture.  Herewith  we  send  you  some  of  the  butter  for  analysis,  and 
would  request  you  to  be  good  enough  to  have  it  analyzed.  Mary  Anne  of  St. 
Lambert  97Y0  was  dropped  March  26th,  1879 ;  dropped  her  last  calf  July  23d, 
1884.  She  was  served  for  the  last  time,  as  we  are  informed,  on  August  25th, 
1884,  and  we  are  informed  that  she  was  only  served  once,  and  as  she  has  never 
been  in  season  since  it  is  assumed  she  is  in  calf. 

The  cow  was  fed  by  the  manager  at  his  discretion,  and  he  informs  us  that  at 
the  beginning  of  the  test  she  was  eating  thirty-five  imperial  quarts  of  feed  per  day, 
consisting  of  the  following :  Twenty  quarts  ground  oats,  ten  quarts  pea  meal,  three 
quarts  ground  oil  cake,  two  quarts  wheat  bran,  and  that  this  was  increased  up  to 
aboiit  fifty  quarts  per  day,  the  composition  of  the  above  food  being  varied. 

She  was  also  fed  a  small  quantity  of  roots  and  cabbages  and  a  few  apples.  "When 
we  saw  her  fed  she  always  appeared  (excepting  once)  greedy  for  her  food.  This  was 
divided  ujj  into  from  five  to  seven  feeds.  The  cow  was  kept  with  Ida  of  St.  Lambert  in 
a  small  pasture  of  withered  clover — very  poor  feed — with  no  undergrass  at  all,  and 


616 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


which  could  not  produce  a  flow  of  milk,  but  the  whole  feed  was  given  to  enrich  it. 
Marj  Anne  is  long-bodied,  with  a  wedge-shaped,  wide-spread  barrel ;  she  is  exceedingly 
deep  through  the  chest,  weighing  ten  hundred  and  fifty  pounds.  She  is  very  clean- 
limbed, very  fine  head,  \vith  iiorns  turning  in,  a  little  long  in  the  face,  rather  straight, 
very  well  spnuig  open  ril)S ;  she  is  very  long  from  hip  to  rump ;  she  has  a  very  large 
belly  escutcheon ;  good  milk-veins,  very  large  and  tortuous,  and  many  udder-veins. 

We  are  informed  that  ever  since  the  cow  got  over  her  calving  the  cow  lias 
l>een  fed  rich  food,  with  the  intention  of  producing  rich  milk  rather  than  a  flow,  and 
keeping  iu  mind  the  test  that  was  before  her ;  and  if  their  statements  are  correct,  she 
really  has  been  fed  for  this  test  for  nearly  two  months,  and  certainly  the  color  and 
density  of  her  milk  bear  out  its  great  richness  in  butter  fat.  The  scale  by  which 
the  butter  was  weighed  on  each  occasion  was  tested  by  your  connnittee  with  a  pound 
weight  bearing  the  Government  stamp  as  being  a  proper  pound  weight  of  sixteen 
ounces  to  the  pound.  We  send  you  the  accompanying  statement,  giving  you  the 
detaiffe  of  each  stage  in  the  test : 


Amount 

Wei 

ffht 

Amount 

of  Butter 

WEATHEn. 

cter  at 

Date  of  Milking. 

or    1 

Milk.      1 

When  Churned. 

of  Butter 
Unsnlted. 

Sailed 
Rea.iv  for 

Market. 

deg. 

lbs. 

oz. 

lbs.      OZ. 

lbs.    OZ. 

Fair 

55 

Sept.  23,  6.30  p.m. 

16 

8 

1 

Rain.... 

71 

"     24,  6.30  A.M. 

17 

0 

"     24,  6.30  P.M. 

IS 

s 

Churned  togeth- 

Fair 

60 

"     25,  6.30  A.M. 

18 

0 

,      er  on  the  29th 

"     25,  6.30  P.M. 

IS 

0 

of  September, 

Fair 

57 

"     26,  6.30  A.M. 

19 

0 

1884. 

17  li 

17    U 

"    26,  6.30  P.M. 

16 

8 

J 

Rain.... 

70 

"     27,6.30  a.m. 
''     27,  6.30  P.M. 

18 
15 

0 
8 

1 

Rain.... 

68 

"     28,  6.30  A.M. 

18 

0 

Churned  togeth- 

"     28,  6.30  P.M. 

16 

0 

1^      er  on  the  2d 

Rain .... 

67 

"     29,6.30  a.m. 

IS 

0 

of      October,  1 

"     29,  6.30  P.M. 

16 

0 

1884. 

18  7i 

19    H 

Rain .... 

63 

"     30,  6.30  a.m. 

20 

0    1 

J 

Tota 

in  sev( 

jn  days 

245 

0 

36  8i 

36  12^ 

Walter  Rutherford.     Thomas  Stock. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMEBIC  A.  617 

BUTTEE   ANALYSES. 

The  following  is  the  report  of  AY.  M.  Habirshaw,  of  New  York,  Chemist  to 
the  New  York  State  Agricultural  Society,  to  whom  President  Holly,  of  the  Amer- 
ican Jersey  Cattle  Club,  submitted  samples  of  the  butter  of  Mary  Anne  of  St. 
Lambert  9770  and  Ida  of  St.  Lambert  24,990,  as  sent  by  the  respective  committees. 
Mary  Anne  of  St.  Lambert's  butter  contains  equivalent  to 

Per  ceut. 

Butter  Fat* S3.53 

Salt 3.47 

Casein 1.12 

Water  (by  diff.) 12.88 

Per  cent 100.00 

Ida  of  St.  Lambert's  butter  contains  equivalent  to  • 

Per  cent. 

Butter  Fatt 80.39 

Salt 5.21 

Casein 1.20 

Water  (by  dili.) 13.20 

Per  ceut KtO.OO 


1885., 

PRINCESS    3d   8046. 

John  I.  Holly,  President  American  Jersey  Cattle  Cliib,  JVeio  York  : 

Dear  Sir  :  Having  been  appointed  by  you  to  act  as  Committee  of  the  American 
Jersey  Cattle  Club  in  witnessing  the  test  of  the  Jersey  cow  Princess  2d  80-±G,  owned 
by  Mrs.  S.  M.  Shoemaker,  of  Burnside  Park,  near  Baltimore,  Md.,  I  respectfully 
submit  the  following  report : 

The  test  began  at  6:05  p.m.  Sunday  evening,  February  22d,  when  the  cow  was 
milked  dry  in  my  presence.  The  first  milking  included  in  the  test  was  that  at 
3  A.M.  Monday,  February  23d,  after  which  the  cow  was  milked  at  intervals  of  eight 
hours—  namely,  at  3  a.m.,  11  a.m.  and    7  p.m.   of  each  day,  until  the   last,   Sunday 


*  Insoluble  fatty  acids,  85.99  ;  soluble  fatty  acids  and  glycerine,  14.01. 
t  Insoluble  fatty  acids,  85.51 ;  soluble  fatty  acids  and  glycerine,  14.49. 


618  JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

evening,  March  1st,  wlien  slie  was  milked  :it  <i:n5  p.m.,  to  correspond  with  tiie  time 
of  the  preliminary  milking.  The  duration  of  the  test  was  thus  seven  days,  to  tlie 
minute. 

The  cow  was  milked  three  times  a  day,  at  periods  of  eight  hours,  because  her 
udder  would  not  hold  the  milk  she  made  in  twelve  hours. 

I  was  present  at  each  of  the  twenty-one  milkings,  and  did  not  lose  sight  of  the 
milk  until  after  it  had  been  placed  in  a  nine-can  [Moseley  Cabinet  Creamer.  The  lid 
of  this  creamer,  the  doors  and  the  ventilators  were  carefully  secured  each  time  by 
tape  and  seals  firmly  affixed  to  the  wood,  ami  each  stamped  with  my  private 
seal. 

The  cream,  on  ])eiiig  removed  from  tlie  creamer,  was  placed  in  large  buckets  in 
a  wooden  box  made  at  my  suggestion,  and  tliis  l)ox  was  likewise  sealed  and 
stamped. 

These  various  seals  remained  intact,  except  when  broken  In-  me  to  admit  the 
milk  of  each  milking,  or  to  draw  off  cream. 

I  was  also  present  when  the  cream  was  placed  in  the  churn,  remained  while  it 
was  being  churned,  and  weighed  the  unsalted  butter,  the  salt  to  be  added  (one  ounce 
l)er  pound),  and  finally  the  salted  butter.  The  butter  was  worked  to  my  entire 
satisfaction,  exceedingly  dry,  as  will  be  seen  in  the  fact  that  the  salt  when  added 
made  almost  a  clear  gain. 

So  that,  from  the  time  of  milking  until  the  salted  butter  had  been  finally 
weighed,  the  milk,  cream  and  butter  were  either  within  my  sight  or  securely  sealed 
in  the  creamei*  or  box  described  above. 

The  scales  on  which  the  butter  was  weighed  were  bought  of  Fail-banks  ife  Co. 
for  this  special  purpose,  after  having  been  tested  and  guaranteed  by  them  to  be 
accurate  by  United  States  standard.  Inclosed  is  a  letter  from  Fairbanks  &,  Co.  to 
that  effect. 

The  cow  was  fed  at  the  discretion  of  Mr.  ().  Ilicklefsen,  manager  of  the 
Bnniside  Park  Herd,  the  daily  ration  being  twenty-two  quarts  ground  oats,  fifteen 
quarts  pea  meal,  two  quarts  linseed-oil  cake,  one  quart  wheat  bran  ;  total,  forty 
quarts,  besides  carrots,  beets,  and  good  clover  hay. 

Her  appetite  was  constantly  good ;  in  fact,  she  seemed  always  ready  to  eat 
more. 

The  weather  during  the  test  was  disagreeable,  cold  and  snowy,  and  interfered 
somewhat  with  her  daily  exercise. 

In  the  following  table  are  given  the  details  of  the  test,  which  resulted  in  a  total 
yield  in  seven  days  of  two  hundred  and  ninety-nine  and  a  half  poun<ls  of  milk,  from 
which  were  churned  forty-four  poimds  one  and  a  half  ounces  of  unsalted  butter, 
which,  when  salted  at  the  rate  of  one  ounce  to  tlie  jiounil,  gave  forty-si\  pounds 
twelve  and  one  half  ounces  of  salted  butter  ready  for  market.     The  great  gain  by 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


619 


salting  is  due  to  tlie  fact  that  tlie  iinsalted  butter  was  worked  so  very  dry  that  when 
the  salt  was  afterward  worked  in  no  water  or  buttermilk  appeared  in  the  bowl. 

It  should  have  been  said  above  that  the  butter  was  twice  washed  in  the  churn 
when  in  the  granular  form,  removing  every  trace  of  buttermilk. 


Feb.  22 6.05  p.m.     Milked  dry. 

lbs. 

"     23 3.00  a.m.  181  1 

11.00  A.M.  11      I  44i  lb 

7.00  P.M.  15^  I 

"     2-1 3.00  a.m.  ITi 

11.00  A.M.  Ill     I  41^  lbs. 
7.00  P.M.  12i 

"     25 3.00  a.m.  13| 

11.00  A.M.  12i    I,  40  lbs. 
7.00  P.M.  14 

"     26 3.00  a.m.  16i 

11.00  a.m.  12|    L  43f 

7.00  P.M.  14f  J 

"     27 3.00  a.m.  16^  ^ 

11.00  a.m.  12  l44ilbs. 

7.00  p.m.  16  I 

"     28 3.00  A.M.  16i  \ 

11.00  A.M.  12  L  42  lbs. 

7.00  p.m.  16  J 

March  1 3.20  a.m.  llf  T 

11.00  a.m.  15^    l43ilbs. 
6.05  p.m.  16i 


Churned  March  2d  and  3d.  But- 
ter, unsalted,  23  lljs.  14  oz. 
Salted,  1  oz.  to  lb.,  25  lbs.  h\  oz. 


Seven  days'  milk 


.  299*  lbs. 


Churned  March  4th.  Butter,  un- 
salted, 20  lbs.  3^  oz.  Salted, 
21  lbs.  7  oz. 


(  Butter,  unsalted,  44  lbs.  1^  oz. 


salted,  46  lbs.  12^  oz. 


Princess  2d  8046  was  dropped  February  22d,  18,77,  and  was  therefore  exactly 
eight  years  old  when  this  test  began.  She  is  by  Khedive  P.  S.  103,  out  of  Princess 
F.  S.  1294,  being  a  Coomassie-Welcome  cow.  She  is  in  color  light  fawn,  with 
white  on  belly  ;  white  switch,  very  yellow  skin ;  has  a  large  selvedge  escutcheon  ;  a 
large,  perfectly  formed  and  very  symmetrical  udder,  with  large  teats ;  large  and  very 
prominent  tortuous  milk-veins.  Her  weight,  Mr.  Eicklefsen  informs  me,  is  1125 
pounds,  and  she  carries  no  superfliious  flesh,  being  fine  in  bone  and  muscle. 

Her  last  calf  was  dropped  December  31st,  1884,  seven  and  a  lialf  weeks  before 


620  JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 

the  beginning  of  this  test,  for  which  she  was  prepared  by  six  weeks  of  high  feeding, 
which  so  enriched  her  milk  that  during  the  test  only  six  and  two  fifth  pounds  of 
milk  were  required  to  make  a  pound  of  butter. 

Eespectfully,  J.  IIexey  Gesty. 

Ealtijk.re,  March  2,  18S5. 
Mr.  IIen-rt  Gest  : 

Dear  Sir:  "We  desire  to  say  that  the  scale  and  weights  sold  to  Mrs.  S.  M. 
Shoemaker  for  the  purpose  of  weighing  butter  in  the  test  of  Princess  2d  were 
sealed  to  the  United  States  standard,  and  are  guaranteed  perfectly  accurate  in  every 
particular. 

Yours  very  truly,  Fairbanks  ct  Co. 

J.  G.  Doox. 


Euphonia    6783. 

John  I.  Holly,  President  American  Jersey  Cattle  Club : 

Dear  Sir  :  By  your  invitation,  in  behalf  of  the  Club.  I  visited  the  farm  of 
Hon.  Frederick  Billings,  "Woodstock,  "\'t.,  to  witness  the  test  of  the  Jersey  cow 
Euphonia  6783. 

I  report :  The  cow  was  milked  dry  March  22d,  5:50  p.m.,  at  which  time  the 
test  began.     The  rules  of  the  Club  pertaining  to  tests  were  faithfully  complied  with. 

Mr.  Aitken,  manager  of  the  Billings  Herd,  attests  over  his  signature  that  the  cow 
received  no  previous  preparation  for  the  test,  but  that  both  before  and  during  the 
week  of  trial  the  same  treatment  as  to  care  and  feed  was  given  as  was  given 
all  other  cows  in  the  herd,  and  no  more. 

Preparation  and  method  of  feeding  grain :  corn  and  cob  meal,  wheat  bran,  wheat 
middlings,  oil  meal,  pea  meal,  all  mixed  in  equal  quantities  as  to  weight,  and  ten 
pounds  given  per  day,  divided  as  follows :  three  and  one  third  pounds  on  steamed 
cornstalks  at  5  a.m.  ;  three  and  one  third  pounds  on  one  peck  of  beets  at  12  m., 
and  three  and  one  third  pounds  (ground  flaxseed  and  ground  oats  substituted  for 
corn  and  cob  meal  and  oil  meal)  scalded  on  steamed  cornstalks  at  5  a.m.  ;  hay  as 
required,  con-stituted  daily  feed.  The  12  m.  ration  of  grain  was  given  her  in  week 
of  trial,  and  not  previously.  She  was  milked  at  6  a.m.  and  6  p.m.  ;  watered  once  a 
day,  at  1(J  a.m. 

Temj^erature  of  stable,  average,  53°  above. 

Temperature  of  weather :  Monday,  5 J°  below ;  Tuesday,  22°  below ;  "Wednesday, 
13°  aliove  ;  Saturday,  28°  above  ;  Sunday,  20°  above. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN^  A3IERICA.  621 

MILK    KKCOED. 

lbs.  oz. 

Monday  . . . .  , 1^  15i 

18       0 

Tuesday 19       9 

18  11^ 

Wednesday 19       2 

ir    5i 

Thursday 19  7 

17  12 

Friday 20  7 

"  ^ 17  7i 

Saturday 20  0 

16  13 

Sunday 20  1 

"       17  11 

Total 2t)l       6 

The  milk  was  placed  in  open  cans  and  set  in  water  to  height  of  milk. 
Temperature  of  water,  average,  53°. 

Kesult :  Churned  March  30th.  Temperature  of  cream,  60°.  Time  of  churning, 
eight  minutes;  seven  pounds  seven  and  one  half  ounces  unsalted  butter;  seven 
pounds  thirteen  and  one  half  ounces  salted,  ready  for  market. 

Churned  April  1st.     Temperature  of  cream,  65°. 

Time  of  churning,  eight  minutes ;  seven  pounds  seven  and  one  half  ounces 
unsalted  butter  ;  eight  pounds  three  ounces  salted,  ready  for  market. 

Total,  sixteen  pounds  one  half  oimce. 

Cost  of  all  feed,  grain,  roots  and  hay,  thirty-two  cents  per  day. 

Cost  of  butter,  per  pound,  fourteen  cents. 

The  sire  of  Euphonia  was  Gilroy  1653,  a  cross  of  Lady  Mary  (the  same  Lady 
Mary  whose  prepotency  is  seen  in  several  other  cows  of  this  herd)  and  Rioter 
strains;  dam,  imported  Eudora  1863,  an  excellent  cow  of  great  constitutional 
stamina,  looking  a  six-year-old,  while  just  entering  her  eighteenth  year,  and  has 
a  record  of  two  pounds  twelve  ounces  a  day. 

I  am  all  the  more  pleased  to  report  the  above  result,  believing  that  the  interests 
of  the  Jersey  will  be  advanced  by  such  practical  tests,  and,  while  phenomenal  records 
may  now  and  then  appear  to  prove  the  possibilities  of  a  cow's  production  under 
excessive  stimxilation,  results  like  the  above  lie  within  the  'reach  of  all,  and  are 
worthy  of  the  consideration  of  the  dairymen  of  the  country. 

Eespectfully  submitted,  John  O.  Cocch. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


Oxford  Kate  13,646. 


Mk.  John  I.  IIollt,  President  of  the  Ameriean  Jersey  Cattle  Chib  : 

Dear  Sir  :  In  compliance  with  your  request  to  conduct  the  test  of  the  Jersey 
cow  Oxford  Kate  13,640,  owned  by  Mrs.  S.  M.  Shoeniakor,  of  Burnside  Park, 
Baltimore  County,  I  herewith  respectfully  submit  the  following  report : 

The  test  began  at  4  p.m.  Ai^ril  1st,  when  the  cow  was  milked  dry  in  my 
presence. 

The  fii-st  milking  included  in  the  test  was  that  at  4  a.m.,  April  2d,  after  which 
the  cow  was  milked  at  intervals  of  twelve  hours,  viz.,  4  a.m.  and  4  p.m.  of  each  day, 
the  last  milking  being  at  4  p.m.  of  April  8th,  to  correspond  with  the  preliminary 
milking.     The  duration  of  the  test  was  thus  seven  days,  to  the  minute. 

I  was  present  at  each  of  the  fourteen  milkings,  and  did  not  lose  sight  of  the 
milk  until  after  it  had  been  placed  in  a  nine-can  Moseley  Cabinet  Creamer.  The  litis 
of  this  creamer,  the  doors  and  the  ventilators  were  carefully  secured  each  time  l)v 
tape  and  seals  firmly  affixed  to  the  wood,  and  each  stamped  with  my  ^irivate  seal. 
The  cream,  upon  being  removed  from  the  creamer,  was  ])laced  in  a  box  provided  for 
it,  and  was  then  securely  stamped  and  sealed. 

These  various  seals  remained  intact,  except  when  limken  by  me  to  admit  the 
milk  of  each  milking,  or  to  draw  oif  cream. 

I  was  also  present  when  the  cream  was  placed  in  tlie  churn,  remained  while  it 
was  being  chui-ned,  and  weighed  the  unsalted  butter,  tiie  salt  to  be  added  (one  ounce 
per  pound),  and  finally  the  salted  butter. 

The  butter  was  worked  to  my  entire  satisfaction,  exceedingly  dry.  and  my 
wishes  in  every  re.spect  were  willingly  complied  with  during  tlie  test. 

In  addition,  I  can  say  that  from  the  time  of  milking  until  the  salted  bnttei-  had 
been  finally  weighed  the  milk,  cream  iind  butter  Mere  either  witliin  my  siglit  or 
securely  sealed  in  the  creamer  or  box  described  alio\e. 

The  scales  used  in  weighing  the  butter  were  bunght  of  Fairlianks  6z  Co..  and 
were  the  same  used  in  the  test  of  Princess  2d. 

The  cow  was  fed  at  the  discretion  of  Mr.  O.  Ricklefsen,  manager  of  the  Burnside 
Park  Herd,  who  informs  me  that  her  daily  ration  consisted  of  twelve  quarts  of 
pea  meal,  sixteen  quarts  of  ground  oats,  three  quarts  of  linseed-oil  cake  and  four 
quarts  of  wheat  bran,  it  being  a  total  of  thirty-five  quarts,  to  which  was  added  a 
plentiful  supply  of  good  clover  hay,  beets  and  carrots. 

In  the  following  table  are  given  the  details  of  the  test,  which  resulted  in  a  total 
yield  in  seven  days  of  two  himdred  and  forty-eight  and  one  half  pounds  of  milk, 
from  which  were  churned  thirty-eight  pounds  two  ounces  of  unsalted  butter,  which, 
when  salted  at  the  rate  of  one  ounce  to  the  pound,  gave  thirty-nine  jwunds  twelve 
ounces  (3'J  lbs.  12  oz.)  of  salted  butter,  ready  for  market. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  A3IERICA. 


One    Week's    Test   of    Oxfoed    Kate. 

j  CHUKNED   APRIL  6. 


April  1,  4 

"  2,  4 

"  2, -i 

''  3,4 

"  3,  4 

"  4,4 

'•'  4,  4 

"  5,4 

"  5,4 

"  6,  4 

"  (5,  4 

"  'i',  ^ 

"  8,4 

"  8,4 


1885. 
p.M milked  dry 

A.M 19il 

3  If  lbs. 


12i 


''"[34  1bs. 


nj  I"  ^^  ^^'• 

;;;^}  38^  lbs. 


IS    i 


38*  lbs. 


Butter. 

LInsalted 11  lbs.  1  oz. 

Salted 11    "    9    " 

CHURNED  APRIL  8. 

Unsalted 10  lljs.  5  oz. 

Salted 10   "    9    " 

CHURNED  APRIL  10. 

Unsalted 16  ll)s.  12  oz. 

Salted IT    ••    10    " 


Total 248i  lbs. 


UNSALTED. 
11  lbs.      1  OZ. 

10    "      5    '• 
IC    "    12   " 

38  lbs.    2  oz. 


SALTED. 

11  lbs. 

9  oz. 

10     " 

9    " 

19     " 

10    " 

39  lbs 

12  oz. 

Oxford  Kate  13,646  was  dropped  February  20tli,  1879,  and  is  eonserpiently  a 
little  over  six  years  old.  She  dropped  her  last  calf  on  the  9th  of  January,  1885. 
Her  sire  is  Pilot  188,  Jersey  Herd  Book  (C).  Her  dam  was  Verclut  1846  F.  S.  (C), 
Jersey  Herd  Brook. 

Her  color  is  a  light  brown  ;  crescent  on  left  flank  ;  In-own  and  white  switch  ; 
first  order  flandrine  escutcheon,  with  remarkable  width  on  the  thighs  ;  extra  large 
milk- veins ;  perfect-shaped  udder,  very  deep ;  short  legs,  and  altogether  a  perfect 
tyjje  of  a  Jersey  cow. 

All  of  which  is  respectfully  sulnnitted, 

Andrew  Banks. 

Baltimore  County,  April  1<),  1885. 


Carrie  Lena  3tl  30,077  and  Mary  Jane  of  Bellevue  6956. 

Nashville,  Tenn.,  June    12,  1885. 
Thomas  J.  Hand,  Secretwry  American  Jersey  Cattle  Glith,  New  YorTc  : 

Dear  Sib  :  Having  been  appointed  by  the  President  of  the  Club  to  conduct 
the  tests  of   the  cows  Mary  Jane  of  Bellevue   6956   and   Carrie  Lena  3d  20,077, 


624  JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 

belonging  to  Major  Campbell  Brown,  of  Spring  Hill,  Maury  County,  Tenn.,  and 
being  unable  to  personally  superintend  it,  we,  upon  consultation  with  t)tlier  members 
of  the  Club,  selected  Mr.  C.  O.  Nicholson,  of  Columbia,  Maury  County,  Tenn.,  to 
act  for  us. 

We  enclose  herewith  the  report  made  to  us  by  him,  which  we  adopt  as  our 
own.  We  also  enclose  a  statement  of  liis  account,  which,  ISfajor  lirown  informs  us, 
is  in  all  things  correct. 

Very  respectfully,  Thomas  H.  Malone. 

M.  M.  Gardner. 


Carrie  Lena  3d  20,077. 


jSTashville,  Texn. 


Messrs.  Thomas  II.  Malone  a7id  M.  M.  Gardner  : 


Gentlemen  :  Having  been  selected  by  you  to  conduct  the  test  of  the  Jersey 
cow  Carrie  Lena  3d  20,077,  belonging  to  Major  Campbell  Brown,  of  Spring  Hill, 
Tenn.,  I  hereby  submit  the  following  report : 

I  saw  the  cow  milked  dry  on  the  evening  of  May  20th  at  6.30  o'clock,  twelve 
hours  previous  to  the  commencement  of  the  test.  I  afterward  saw  her  milked  at 
6.30  a.m.  and  6.30  p.m.  each  day,  from  May  21st  to  May  27th  inclusive.  I  was 
present  at  each  of  tlie  fourteen  milkings,  and  the  milk  was  not  out  of  my  sight  imtil  I 
bad  weighed  and  placed  it  in  a  Cooley  Cabinet  Creamer,  which  I  securely  locked  with 
a  padlock,  and  also  sealed  by  placing  a  band  of  tape  around  the  creamer.  I  also 
sealed  all  of  the  screws,  etc.  I  saw  the  cream  drawn  off,  and  I  placed  it  in  a  box 
under  a  padlock  and  seal  in  the  same  manner  as  the  creamer.  I  used  my  own  seal. 
These  various  seals  remained  intact,  except  when  broken  by  me  to  admit  the 
milk  of  each  milking  or  to  draw  off  cream.  I  was  also  present  when  the  cream  was 
churned,  and  weighed  the  unsalted  butter,  added  the  salt  (one  ounce  per  pound), 
and  then  weighed  the  salted  butter. 

The  cow  was  fed  twice  daily,  and  Mr.  Bruce,  the  herdsman,  informed  me  that 
the  daily  ration  was  two  pounds  of  ground  oats,  two  pounds  wheat  bran,  and  eight 
pounds  corn-hearts,  a  total  of  twelve  pounds  daily.  He  gave  her  some  pea  meal  once 
during  test,  but  she  would  not  eat  it.  She  ran  on  a  good  blue-grass  pasture  with 
the  herd. 

The  butter  was  thoroughly  worked  to  my  siitisfaction,  and  was  good  first-class 
butter. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IiY  A3IEBICA. 


May 


In  the  following  table  are  given 

the  details  of  the  test : 

lbs.  oz.     lbs.  oz. 

21,6.30  A.M.,  15     6) 

21,  6.30  P.M.,  U  10  S 
22,6.30A.M.,U     8  J    3^^     ^^ 

22,  6.30  P.M.,  15     S  \ 

lbs.  oz. 
Chiinied  May  25. 
-  Unsalted  butter,    6     9^ 
Salted           "         7     0 

23,  6.30  A.M.,  14  10  [ 

23,  6.30  P.M.,  14  0  \ 

24,  6.30  A.M.,  13  0  ] 

24,  6.30  P.M.,  13  0  f 

25,  6.30  A.M.,  13  10  ) 

25,  6.30  P.M.,  12  S  \ 

26,  6.30  A.M.,  14  8  ^ 

26,  6.30  P.M.,  14  4  S 

27,  6.30  A.M.,  14  8  ) 
27,  6.30  P.M.,  13  0  \ 


26     2 


Churned  May  29. 
Unsalted  butter. 
Salted  " 


Churned  May  28. 
Unsalted  butter,    4 
Salted  "         4 


Temperature,  68°. 
Time,  15  minutes. 


(Temperature,  69°. 
Time,  10  minutes. 
*^    J 


(Temperature,  68°. 
Time,  15  minutes. 


^      ,      .„   ^  ,  -  Unsalted  butter,  15     6 

Total  milk  tor  seven  days. .  19  <     0    ^  ^.  ,     , 

■^  j   Salted  "       16     4 


I  would  state  that  all  the  rules  laid  down  by  the  Club  were  strictly  carried  out 
in  every  particular. 

Carrie  Lena  3d  20,077  was  dropped  March  14th,  1883.  She  dropped  her  last 
calf  January  10th,  1885.  Her  sire  is  Lenox  Cash  Boy  6804,  her  dam  Carrie  Lena 
3348.     Her  weight  is  six  hundred  and  sixty  pounds. 

All  of  which  is  respectfully  submitted. 


May  29,  1886. 


C.  O.  Nicholson. 


Mary  Jane  of  Bellevue  6956. 


Messes.  T.  H.  Malone  and  M.  M.  Gakdnek,  Nashville,  Tenn. : 

Gentlemen  :  Having  been  selected  by  you  to  conduct  the  test  of  the  Jersey 
cow  Mary  Jane  of  Bellevue  6956,  the  property  of  Major  Camjjbell  Brown,  of 
Spring  HiU,  Maury  County,  Tenn.,  I  hereby  submit  the  following  report : 

1  saw  her  milked  out  clean  on  the  evening  of  May  20th,  at  6.30  o'clock,  twelve 
hours  before  commencing  the  test.  I  afterward  saw  her  milked  at  6.30  a.m.  and 
6.30  P.M.  each  day  from  May  21st  to  May  27th  inclusive.  I  was  present  at  each  of 
the  fourteen  milkings,  and  the  milk  was  not  out  of  my  presence  until  I  had  weighed 
it  and  placed  it  in  a  Cooley  Cabinet  Creamer,  which  I  securely  locked  witli  a  padlock, 


626  JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 

and  also  sealed  by  j)laciug  a  baud  of  tape  around  the  creamer.  I  also  sealed  all  of 
the  screws,  etc. 

The  seal  used  was  my  own. 

I  siiw  the  cream  drawn  off  and  placed  in  a  box  under  a  padlock  and  seal  in  the 
same  manner  as  the  creamer.  These  various  seals  remained  intact,  except  when 
broken  by  me  to  admit  the  milk  of  each  milking,  or  to  draw  off  the  cream.  I 
was  also  j)resent  when  the  cream  was  churned,  and  weighed  the  unsalted  butter ; 
the  salt  was  added  (one  ounce  to  the  pound),  and  finally  I  weighed  the  salted 
butter. 

The  butter  was  worked  to  my  satisfaction. 

In  the  following  table  are  given  the  details  of  the  test : 


lbs. 

oz. 

lbs. 

oz. 

May 

21,  6.30  A.M.. 

,  16 

if 

33 

4 

] 

lbs. 

oz. 

" 

21,  6.30  I'.M., 

,17 

1 

4. 

22,  6.30  A.M., 

,  IS 

+  ) 

Clmriied  May  25. 

1 

Time,  16  minutes. 

" 

22,  6.30  P.M.. 

,  14 

"!■ 

32 

4 

J-  Unsalted  l)ntter, 

6 

0 

1 

Temperature,  68°. 

(( 

23,  6.30  A.M., 

,  l'» 

:i 

Salted 

6 

3 

J 

« 

23,  6.30  P.M.. 

,  15 

35 

0 

« 

24,  6.30  A.M., 

,20 

8  ; 

" 

24,  6.30  P.M., 

,15 

36 

0 

Churned  May  28. 

1 

Time,  15  minutes. 

] 

25,  6.30  A.M., 

25,  6.30  P.M., 

26,  6.30  A.M., 

,  18 
,16 
,  1!> 

34 

0 

-  Unsalted  butter, 
J    Salted            " 

4 
4 

6 

1 

Temperature,  68°. 

U 

26,  6.30  P.M., 

,  l-l 

8  \ 

33 

■^ 

1   Churned  May  29. 

1 

Time,  15  minute.^. 

« 

27,  6.30  A.M., 

,  20 

"  ) 

V  Unsalted  butter, 

4 

H 

f 

Temperature,  68°. 

« 

27,  6.30  P.M., 

,  14 

10  } 

34  10 

J    Salted 

4 

i) 

J 

/    Unsalted  butter, 

14 

10 

Toti 

il  milk  for  seven  d; 

iiys.  . 

2:'.s 

10 

(    Salted 

15 

2 

The  cow  was  fed  twice  daily,  and  Mr.  L.  P.  Brown,  who  fed  her,  informs  me 
that  her  daily  ration  was  :  Ground  oats,  11  lbs. ;  bean  meal,  5  lbs. ;  pea  meal,  2  lbs. ; 
cottonseed  meal,  2  lbs. ;  cornhearts,  1  lb. ;  total,  21  lbs.  daily.  She  ran  on  a  good 
blue-grass  pasture  with  the  rest  of  the  herd.  I  would  state  that  all  the  rules  laid 
down  by  the  Club  were  fully  carried  out  in  every  particular.  Mary  Jane  of  Belle- 
vue  was  dropped  in  the  spring  of  1876.  She  dro]iped  lier  last  calf  March  30th, 
1885.  Iler  sire  was  Remarkable,  F.  229  J.  H.  B.,  her  dam  Nelly,  F.  1509  J.  U.  B. 
T   Would    further  state  that  her  butter  was  of  very  fine  quality. 

All  of  which  is  respectfully  submitted.  C.  O.  Nicholson. 

i[av  29,  1S85. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IJST  AMERICA.  627 

Manielle  30,804  and   Tette  20,803. 

Nashville,  Tenn.,  June  20,  1885. 
Mk.  F.  Bronson,  President  American  Jersey  Cattle  Clvh  : 

Dear  Sir  :  Having  been  appointed  by  you  to  act  as  a  committee  of  the  American 
Jersey  Cattle  Club  in  witnessing  the  test  of  the  Jersey  cows  Mamelle  20,804  and 
Tette  20,802,  owned  by  Mr.  Thomas  H.  Malone,  of  Nashville,  Tenn.,  I  respectfully 
submit  the  following  report : 

Test  of  Manielle  20,804. 

I  associated  with  myseK  Mr.  George  H.  Harding,  of  this  county,  a  gentleman 
of  well-known  integrity  and  reliability. 

Mamelle  was  milked  clean  in  our  presence  Friday,  June  5th,  at  6  a.m.,  giving 
seventeen  pounds  ten  ounces  of  milk. 

The  first  milking  included  in  our  test  was  Friday,  6  p.m.,  June  5tli.  She  was 
milked  twice  a  day,  morning  and  evening,  at  6  a.m.  and  6  p.m.,  during  the  test. 

"We  were  present  at  each  of  the  fourteen  milkings,  and  did  not  lose  sight  of  the 
milk  until  after  it  had  been  placed  in  a  four-can  Cooley  creamer. 

The  lids  of  this  creamer  were  securely  locked  by  locks  of  our  own.  A  tape  was 
then  passed  around  the  creamer  and  through  the  locks,  and  seals  firmly  affixed  to  the 
wood,  on  the  tape,  and  each  stamped  with  our  private  seals. 

The  cream  on  Ijeing  removed  from  the  creamer  was  placed  in  tin  cans,  which 
were  put  in  a  large  wooden  box  made  for  the  purpose.  This  box  was  locked  with 
our  lock,  a  tape  passing  around  this  box  and  through  the  lock,  and  sealed  with  our 
private  seal. 

These  various  seals  remained  intact,  except  when  broken  liy  us  to  admit  the 
milk  of  each  milking,  or  to  diuw  ofE  the  cream. 

We  were  also  present  when  the  cream  was  placed  in  the  churn,  remained  while 
it  was  being  churned,  and  weighed  the  unsalted  butter ;  the  salt  added  was  one 
ounce  to  the  pound,  and  we  then  reweighed  the  salted  butter. 

The  butter  was  washed  thoroughly,  taken  out  of  the  churn,  and  worked  as  long 
as  any  water  could  be  got  from  it.  It  was  then  salted,  one  oimce  to  the  pound,  and 
reworked.  In  l)oth  instances  it  was  worked  to  our  entire  satisfaction,  making  a  first- 
class  article  of  marketable  butter. 

From  the  time  of  milking  until  the  butter  had  been  finally  weighed,  the  milk, 
cream  and  butter  were  either  in  our  sight  or  securely  sealed  and  locked  in  the 
creamer  or  box  described  above. 

We  tested  the  scales  carefully  and  found  them  to  be  correct. 

The  cow  was  fed  three  times  a  day  on  ground  oats,  corn,  and  a  small  quantity 


628  JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 

of  cottonseed  meal  (one  quart  per  day),  the  whole  mixture  amounting  to  twenty-one 
poimds  per  day,  in  three  feeds,  morning,  noon  and  night.  She  also  had  the  run  of  a 
good  blue-grass  pasture  with  the  rest  of  the  herd.  Her  appetite  remained  good 
during  the  entire  test,  and  she  would  have  eaten  more,  in  our  judgment,  had  it  been 
given  her. 

Total  milk  yield  of  Mamelle  for  seven  days,  two  hundred  and  fifty-six  pounds 
one  ounce,  which  churned  twenty-two  pounds  four  and  one  quarter  ounces  of  worked, 
unsalted  butter,  which,  when  salted,  one  ounce  to  the  pound,  and  reworked  made 
twenty-one  pounds  eight  and  one  quarter  ounces  of  butter  ready  for  market. 

In  both  instances,  before  and  after  salting,  the  l:)utter  was  worked  as  long  as  any 
water  could  be  drained  from  it. 

The  following  is  the  detailed  report  of  her  milk  and  butter  yield  : 

June    5,  6  a.m milked  dry. 

"       5,  6  p.M 19  lbs.  10    oz.    ) 

,,       „'  \    38  lbs.  4    oz. 

"       6,  6  A.M 18  "     10      "     \ 

"       6,  6  p.M 19  "  2  "  )           ^,           ., 

"      7,  6a.m 18  "  2  "  ) 

"      7,  6  p.M 17  "  10  "  ) 

"       8,  6  A.M 18  "  10  "  t    ^^  "     ** 

"       8,  (5  p.M 16  "  12  "  ) 

"       9,  6a.m 16  «  10  "  }    ^^  "     ^ 

"       9,  6  p.M 19  "  14  "  ) 

"     10,  6a.m 17  "  9J  "  j    ^"  "     "*  " 

"     10,  6  p.M 20  "  U  ''  ) 

«  11    fi  .^    .  ,  r  <  ^    3^  '•     3*  "  in  heat. 

"     11,  6  A.M 17  ''  10  "  \ 

"     11,  6  p.M 17  "       6      "     ) 

"     12,  6  A.M 17  "     14     "     }    ^-^  "     ^ 

Seven  days'  milk 256  lbs.  1  oz. 

First  churning,  two  and  a  half  days'  cream,  churned  at  4  p.m.,  June  10th  ;  temper- 
ature, 59°  ;  time  of  churning,  fifteen  minutes  ;  worked,  unsalted  butter,  eight  pounds 
eight  and  one  quarter  ounces  ;  salted,  one  ounce  to  the  pound,  and  reworked  made 
seven  pounds  eight  and  one  quarter  oimces. 

Second  churning,  two  days'  cream,  churned  at  3.30  p.m.  June  12th  ;  temperature, 
59° ;  time  of  churning,  twenty-one  minutes ;  worked,  unsalted  butter,  six  pounds 
twelve  ounces ;  salted,  one  ounce  to  the  pound,  and  reworked  made  seven  jwunds. 

Third  churning,  two  days'  cream,  churned  at  3.50  p.m.,  June  15th  ;  temperature, 
58° ;  time  of  churning,  twenty  minutes ;  worked,  imsalted  butter,  seven  pounds ; 
salted,  one  ounce  to  tJie  pound,  and  reworked  made  seven  pounds. 


JERSEY  CA  TTLE  IN  AMERICA.  629 

Making  seven  days'  yield  of  worlced,  salted  butter  twenty-one  pounds  eight  and 
one  quarter  ounces. 

Mamelle  20,804  was  dropped  March  24:th,  1883,  and  was  tlierefore  twenty-six 
months  old  when  the  test  began.  She  dropped  her  first  calf,  a  heifer,  to  Gold  Basis 
4038,  April  26th,  1885. 

Mamelle  is  by  Gold  Basis  4038,  out  of  Jazel's  Maid  11,011. 

Gold  Basis  now  stands  at  tlie  head  of  Mr.  Malone's  herd.     He  is  by  Gilderoy 

2107,  out  of  dam  imported  Eegina  2d  2475. 

Geokge  H.  Harding. 

M.  M.  Gardner. 

Mr.  F.  Bronson,  Pr'esident  American  Jersey  Cattle  Club  : 

Dear  Sir  :  Having  had  business  to  attend  to,  and  not  being  able  to  be  present 

at  the  test   of   Tette,  I  appointed   Mr.   George  H.  Harding,  the  gentleman   who 

assisted  me  in  the  test  of  Mamelle  20,804,  to  conduct  this  test,  and  I  vouch  for  same 

as  being  correct. 

M.  M.  Gardner. 

He  makes  the  following  report : 

Test  of  Tette  20,802. 

Tette  20,802  was  milked  clean  in  my  presence  Sunday  evening  June  7th,  1885. 

The  first  milking  included  in  test  was  on  Monday,  June  8th,  6  a.m.  She  was 
milked  twice  a  day  during  the  test,  morning  and  evening,  at  6  a.m.  and  6  p.m. 

I  was  present  at  each  of  the  fourteen  milkings,  and  did  not  lose  sight  of  the 
milk  until  after  it  had  been  placed  in  a  four-can  Cooley  creamer.  The  lids  of  the 
creamer  were  securely  locked  by  locks  of  my  own  ;  a  tape  was  then  passed  entirely 
around  the  creamer  and  through  the  locks,  and  seals  firmly  fixed  to  the  wood,  on  the 
tape,  and  each  stamped  with  my  private  seal. 

The  cream,  on  being  removed  from  the  creamer,  was  placed  in  tin  cans,  which 
were  put  in  a  large  wooden  box  made  for  the  purpose.  This  box  was  also  locked 
with  my  lock,  a  tape  passing  around  the  box  and  through  the  lock,  and  sealed  with 
my  private  seal.  These  various  seals  remained  intact,  except  when  broken  by  me  to 
admit  the  milk  of  each  milking  or  to  draw  off  the  cream. 

I  was  also  present  when  the  cream  was  placed  in  the  churn ;  remained  while  it 
was  being  churned,  and  weighed  the  unsalted  butter.  The  salt  added  was  one  ounce 
to  the  pound,  and  after  being  reworked  I  then  reweighed  the  salted  butter. 

The  butter  was  washed  thoroughly,  taken  out  of  the  churn,  and  worked  as  long 
as  any  water  could  be  got  from  it.  It  was  then  salted,  one  ounce  to  the  pound,  and 
reworked.  In  both  instances  it  was  worked  to  my  entire  satisfaction,  making  a  first- 
class  article  of  marketable  butter.     From  the  time  of  milking  until  the  butter  had 


630  JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 

been  finally  weighed  the  milk,  cream  and  butter  were  either  in  my  sight  or  securely 
sealed  and  locked  in  the  creamer  or  box  described  above. 

I  tested  the  scales  and  found  them  to  be  correct. 

The  cow  was  fed  twice  a  day  on  ground  oats,  com,  and  a  small  quantity  of 
cottonseed  meal  (she  received  of  the  cottonseed  meal  three  quarters  of  a  quart  per 
day),  the  whole  mixture  amounting  to  fourteen  pounds  per  day  in  two  feeds,  morning 
and  evening ;  she  also  had  the  run  of  a  good  blue-grass  pasture  with  the  rest  of  the 
herd.     She  ate  her  feed  with  a  good  deal  of  relish. 

Total  miUc  j4eld  of  Tette  for  seven  days,  one  hundred  and  eighty-eight  pounds 
four  ounces,  which  churned  seventeen  pounds  six  ounces  of  M-orked,  unsalted  butter, 
which  when  salted,  one  ounce  to  the  pound,  and  reworked  made  seventeen  pounds 
six  oimces  ready  for  market. 

In  both  instances,  before  and  after  salting,  the  butter  was  worked  as  long  as  any 
water  could  be  drained  from  it. 

The  following  is  the  detailed  report  of  her  milk  and  butter  yield  : 


June     7,  6  p.m milked  dry. 

"       8,  6  A.M 10  lbs.     6  oz.  ) 

•'       8,6p.m 11"       2    "    [     ^1"-    «- 

«      9,  6  A.M 11  "     12    "    ) 

S     25  "       8  " 
"       9,  6  P.M 13  "     12    "    i 

"     10,  6  A.M 12  •'       6    "    ) 

"     10,  6  P.M 14  "     10    "    \ 

"     11,  6  A.M 13  "       2    "    I 

\     27  "     12  " 
"     11,  6  P.M 14  >'     10    "    S 

"     12.  6  A.M 18  "     10    "    ) 

^     29  "       4  " 
"     12,  6  P.M 1.5  "     10    "    i 

"  13,  6  A.M 13  "  14  "  ) 

«  13,6p.m 14^'  6  "  f     -'"       *"-^-t- 

"  l-^'^A-M 13"  10  "  )            .           ^^ 

"  14,  6  P.M 15  «  6  "  i 


Seven  days'  milk 188  lbs.    4  oz. 

First  churning,  two  and  a  half  days'  cream,  churned  8.40  a.m.  June  12th; 
temperature,  59° ;  churned  eleven  minutes ;  worked,  unsalted,  five  pounds  ten  ounces ; 
salted,  one  ounce  tt)  pound,  and  reworked,  five  pounds  six  ounces. 

Second  churning,  two  and  one  half  days'  cream,  churned  4.19  p.m.  Jime  16th ; 
temperature,  58° ;  churned  twelve  minutes ;  worked,  unsalted  butter,  six  pounds 
eight  ounces ;  salted,  one  ounce  to  pound,  and  reworked,  six  pounds  twelve  ounces. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  A3IERICA.  631 

Third  churning,  two  days'  cream,  churned  5.11  p.m.  June  16th;  temperature, 
58° ;  churned  six  minutes ;  worked,  unsalted  butter,  five  pounds  four  ounces  ;  salted, 
one  ounce  to  pound,  and  reworked  made  five  pounds  four  ounces,  making  seven 
days'  yield  of  worked,  salted  butter  seventeen  pounds  six  ounces. 

Tette  20,802  was  dropped  November  5th,  1882,  and  was  therefore  two  years  and 
seven  months  old  when  test  was  made.  She  dropped  her  first  calf,  a  bull.  May  21st, 
1885,  to  Gold  Basis  4038. 

Tette  is  by  Gold  Basis  4038  and  out  of  Syringa  3d  6778. 

Geoege  H.  Haeding. 


Hilda  D.  6683,  Evelina  of  Veriia  10,971,  and  Etlessa  31,844. 

Deerfoot  Farm,  Southboeough,  Mass.,  July  21,  1885. 

T.  J.  Hand,  Esq.,  Secretary  American  Jersey  Cattle    Cluh,  1  and   3   Broadioay, 
New  York : 

Dear  Sie:  Having  been  appointed  by  Messrs.  Alvord  and  Taylor,  of  the 
Executive  Committee,  I  went  to  Verna  Farm,  Greenfield  Hill,  Conn.,  June  22d,  to 
test  three  cows  for  the  President  of  the  Club,  F.  Bronson,  Esq. — Hilda  D.  6683, 
last  calf  March  22d,  1885 ;  Evelina  of  Verna  10,971,  last  calf  March  31st,  1885, 
and  Edessa  21,844,  a  two-year-old  heifer,  last  calf  March  14th,  1885.  All  three 
were  fine  animals  that  would  attract  attention  anywhere,  and  all  had  first-class 
udders. 

At  6  P.M.  on  the  night  of  my  ai-rival  I  saw  the  cows  milked  out  dry,  and  from 
the  next  morning  everything  pertaining  to  the  milk  was  under  my  personal 
supervision  and  under  my  private  lock  and  seal. 

The  first  three  days  the  cows  were  turned  out  (only  during  the  day)  into  a  field 
of  about  two  acres,  seeded  down  last  autumn,  where  the  feed  was  very  rank  and 
past  the  bloom. 

Afterward,  at  my  suggestion,  they  were  turned  into  an  old  pasture. 

Hilda  D.  was  very  lame  during  the  entire  test,  and  after  the  first  day  her  grain 
was  reduced.     (See  tabulated  report.) 

AU  the  butter  was  thoroughly  and  carefully  worked,  ready  for  market,  before 
the  final  weighing. 

Professor  Babcoek,  of  the  New  York  Experiment  Station,  was  with  me  for  five 
days,  and  his  report  I  add  to  mine.  He  was  present  at  all  the  milkings  while  at 
Verna,  and  took  samples  of  the  same  for  analysis. 

Yours  very  sincerely,  E.  Burnett. 


632 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  A3TERICA. 


N.  Y.  AoRicrLTiRAL  Ex.  Station,  Dk.  E.  L.  Sturtevant,  .Director. 

Geneva,  K  Y.,  July  16,  1885. 

F.  Bronson,  Esq.,  Prenident  'Jersey  Cattle  Cluh,  Xew  Tori-  City  : 

Dear  Sir  :  I  herewith  forward  you  the  official  report  by  Mr.  Babcock  of  our 

observations  at  tiie  butter  tests,  commencing  June    23d,  of   Hilda  D.,  Evelina   of 

Verna,  and  Edessa. 

Very  truly  yours,  E.  Lewis  Sturtevant,  Director. 


Geneva,  N.  Y.,  July  16,  1885. 
Dr.  E.  Lewis  Sturtevant,  Director  l^eio  York  Agricultural  Experiment  Station : 

Sir  :  Through  the  courtesy  of  Mr.  F.  Bronson,  of  Southport,  Conn.,  and  by 
your  orders,  I  was  present  as  representative  of  the  New  York  Agricultural 
Experiment  Station  during  a  portion  of  a  "seven-day"  butter  test  of  throe  of  his 
Jersey  cows — Hilda  D.,  Evelina  of  Verna,  and  Edessa. 

The  test  commenced  on  the  morning  of  June  23d,  and  was  under  the  official 
supervision  of  Mr.  Ed-ward  Burnett.  I  was  present  till  June  27th,  and  made 
determinations  of  the  solids  and  fat  in  the  milk  of  each  milking  up  to  that  time, 
and  in  the  skimmed  milk  and  buttermilk.  Complete  analyses  were  also  made  of 
the  well-worked  butter  from  the  first  and  the  last  churning  sis  sent  to  the  Station. 

The  analytical  results  are  presented  in  the  folk)wing  tables  : 

Hilda  D. 
Milk. 


Datk. 

Weight  of 

M?lk. 

Solids. 

Fat. 

Fat. 

June  23,  5  a.m 

lbs.     oz. 
17      4 
12       1 
12       0 
12     10 

10  15 

11  12 

12  6 

per  cent. 
15.74 
16.23 
15.33 
15.74 
15.40 
16.26 
15.90 
16.05 
15.79 
15.64 
15.63 
15.37 

per  cent. 
5.71 
6.33 
5.75 
5.91 
5.52 
5.73 
5.41 
6.90 
5.96 
5.75 
5.45 
5.70 

oz. 
lo  76 

"     23,  1  r.M 

12.22 

"     23,  9  P.M. 

11  04 

"    24,  5  A.M. 

11  94 

"    24,  1  i".M 

9  66 

"    24,  9  i-.M 

"     25,  5  A.M 

10.7^ 

"    25,  1  p.M 

11  3 

12  2 
12     11 
11       2 
11     15 

"     25,  9  p.M 

"     26,  5  A.M 

"     26,  1  r.M 

"    26,  9  p.M 

JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 

Skimrned  Milk. 

Per  cent,  of  Solids. 

From  milk  of  June  23,  5  a.m.  and  1  p.m 10.53 

"        "      «      "      23,  9  P.M 10.52 

"        "      "      "      24,  5  A.M  and  1  p.m 10.28 

Buttermilk  from  churning  of  cream  of  June  23  and  24,  10.80 


Per  cent,  of  Fat. 
.092 


.091 
.340* 


Butter. 

Churning  of  June  37  from 

Cream  of  June  23-24.        Churning  of  July  1. 

Weight  of  butter 5  lbs.  8  oz. 

Water,  per  cent 14.51  21.47 

Ash,  per  cent 6.42  3.26 

Fat,  percent 78.51  74.09 

Caseine,  per  cent .62  .84 

Fat  in  butter,  ounces 69.09 


Evelina  of  Veena. 
Milk. 


June  23,  5  a.m. 
"     23,  1  P.M. 


"  23, 
"  24, 
"  24, 
"  24, 
"  »25, 
"     25, 


6  a.m. 
1  p.m. 
9  p.m. 
5  a.m. 

1  P.M. 
9  P.M. 
5  A.M. 
1  P.M. 


Weight  of 

Solids. 

Fat. 

lbs.     oz. 

per  cent. 

per  cent. 

18      7 

14.45 

5.06 

12     10 

16.57 

6.59 

12       2 

15.28 

5.25 

13       4 

14.92 

5.01 

11     12 

15.48 

6.01 

12       6 

15.11 

5.58 

12       9 

15.21 

5.77 

12       2 

15.50 

5.81 

11     14 

14.84 

5.30 

13       1 

14.96 

5.33 

11     15 

15.53 

6.02 

12       1 

14.80 

5.66 

oz. 
14.93 
13.31 
10.19 
10.62 
11.30 
11.05 


Extracted  \vith  ether  and  includes  any  free  lactic  acid  present. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IK  AMEItlCA. 

Siimmed  Milk. 


From  milk  of  June  23,  5  a.m.  and  1  p.m 

«        "      '•      '■     23,  9  P.M 

"        "      "      "      24,  5  A.M.  and  1  p.m 

Buttermilk  from  churning  of  June  23d  and  2-itli . 

Butter. 


Per  ct.  of  Solids.        Per  ct.  of  Fat. 

9.96  .07 

10.00  .U 

.12 

10.22  .63* 


Weight  of  butter 

Water,  per  cent 

Ash,  per  cent 

Fat,  per  cent 

Caseine,  per  cent 

Fat  in  butter,  ounces . 


Churning  of  June  27 
from  Cream  of  June  23  and  24.     Churning  of  July  1. 
5  lbs.  5  OZ. 


14.60 
1.95 

83.21 
0.51 

70.73 


12.65 
1.33 

84.91 
0.69 


Edessa. 
Milk. 


June  23,  5  a.m. 

23,  5  P.M. 

24,  5  A.M. 

24,  5  P.M. 

25,  5  A.M. 

25,  5  P.M. 
26,5  a.m. 

26,  5  P.M. 


lbs.  OZ. 

12  8 

11  11 

12  10 
12  2 


0 


Solids. 

Fat. 

per  cent. 

per  cent. 

14.25 

5.15 

14.76 

5.68 

14.89 

4.85 

14.64 

4.94 

15.57 

4.98 

14.40 

4.51 

15.31 

4.72 

15.02 

5.21 

10.30 
10.62 


BiOtenmlk  from  churning  of  whole  milk  of  June  23d  :  Solids,  12.08 ;  Fat,  2.23. 

Butter.  ^ 
Churning  of  Juno  26 

from  Whole  Jlilk  of  June  23.  Churning  of  July  1. 

1  11).  4  OZ. 

15.85  14.37 

8.83  5.13 


Weight  of  butter. 
Water,  per  cent . . 
Ash,  per  cent 


Extracted  with  ether  and  includes  any  free  lactic  acid  present. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IIST  AMERICA.  635 

Churning  of  June  26 
from  Whole  Milk  of  June  33.     Churning  of  July  1. 

Fat,  per  cent 74.01  79.63 

Caseine,  per  cent . .  0.52 '  0.56 

Fat  in  butter  ounces 14.8 

The  milk  of  Hilda  D.  for  June  23d  and  24th,  which  constituted  tlie  iirst 
churning,  contained  in  the  aggregate,  according  to  the  analyses,  71.39  ounces  of 
butter  fat,  69.08  ounces  or  96.79  per  cent,  of  which  was  recovered  in  the  butter. 

Evelina's  milk  for  the  same  time  contained  71.4  ounces  of  butter  fat,  and  there 
were  recovered  in  the  butter  70.78  ounces,  or  99  per  cent. 

Edessa's  milk  for  June  23d  contained  20.92  ounces  of  fat,  and  the  butter  from 
this  milk  contained  15.08  ounces,  or  79.01  per  cent. 

The  melting-points  of  the  butter  fats  in  the  above  samples  of  butter  are  as 
follows : 

Hilda  D 96  F. 

EveUna 93  F. 

Edessa 89  F. 

Herd 92  F. 

Further  details  of  the  above  tests  are  omitted,  as  these  will  appear  in  the  report 
of  the  official  tester,  Mr.  Edward  Burnett. 

Very  truly  yours,  S.  M.  Babcock. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


1 



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JERSEY   CATTLE  IN^  AJfEBICA.  639 

EULES   FOR  OFFICIAL  BUTTER   TESTS. 

[To  take  effect  June  29f/<,  1S85.] 
Adopted  by  the   Boaed  op  Dieectoes  of  the  Ameeican   Jeeset  Cattle  Club, 

UNDEE  AUTHOEITT  OF  AmENDED  Bt-LawS,  SeCTION  7,  AeT.  VI. 

The  following  rules  shall  be  followed  in  every  butter  test : 

1.  The  tester  shall  see  the  cow  connDletely  milked  out  at  the  beginning  of  the  test. 

2.  The  tester  shall  be  j^resent  at  each  milking  throughout  the  entire  test,  and 
must  see  the  milk  weighed,  and  keep  accurate  records  of  the  net  weight  of  each 
milking  and  time  of  milldng. 

3.  Immediately  upon  the  milk  being  weighed  the  tester  must  see  the  milk 
securely  placed  under  lock  and  seal.  In  case  a  creamer  is  used  the  tester  must 
securely  lock  the  creamer  containing  the  milk  with  a  padlock  to  be  provided  by  such 
tester,  and  must  seal  the  same  by  passing  a  ribbon  or  band  of  tape  around  the  creamer, 
and  sealing  such  tape  or  band  with  a  seal  not  furnished  by  the  owner. 

In  case  the  milk  is  set  in  pans  or  crocks  the  room  in  which  it  is  so  set  must  be 
securely  locked  by  the  tester  and  the  doors  and  windows  thereto  sealed. 

4.  The  tester  must  be  2:)resent  at  the  drawing  off  of  the  cream,  and  must  retain 
it  securely  with  the  same  precautions  as  are  set  out  in  last  preceding  section. 

5.  When  the  owner  of  the  cow  considers  the  cream  or  whole  milk  ripe  for 
churning  the  tester  must  see  the  cream  or  whole  milk  placed  in  the  churn  and  remain 
until  it  is  churned,  see  the  butter  thoroughly  worked,  weighed,  salted,  reworked  and 
reweighed ;  he  shall  weigh  the  butter  before  salting,  and  after  being  salted  and 
reworked.  In  salting,  one  ounce  of  salt  to  every  pound  of  butter  shall  be  used,  the 
tester  keeping  a  record  and  rei:)orting  to  the  Club  the  temperature  at  which  the 
cream  or  whole  milk  was  churned,  and  length  of  time  required  in  churning. 
The  quantity  of  butter  with  which  the  cow  shall  be  credited  shall  be  salted  butter 
ready  for  market.  The  tester  may  require  as  many  churnings  to  be  made  of  the 
cream  or  whole  milk  as  he  may  deem  necessary. 

6.  The  tester  may  leave  the  feeding  of  the  cow  and  tlie  quantity  given  to  the 
discretion  of  the  owner,  or  he  may  supervise  the  feeding,  in  order  that  no  improper 
ingredient  may  be  given  her ;  but  he  shall  not  in  any  way  limit  the  quantity  of  the 
feed  so  given.  In  all  cases  the  affidavit  of  the  feeder  of  the  cow  shall  be  required  as 
to  the  quantity  and  composition  of  the  feed  so  given.  The  owner  of  the  cow  shall 
also  make  affidavit  as  to  his  or  her  confidence  in  the  accuracy  of  the  test  to  the  best 
of  his  or  her  knowledge,  and  as  to  his  or  her  confidence  in  the  man  who  fed  the  cow. 

7.  In  the  event  of  the  owner,  or  the  person  in  charge  of  such  cow,  refusing  to 
comply  with  the  requirements  of  these  regulations,  the  tester  shall  discontinue  the 


640  JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

test,  and  report  to  the  President  the  facts  of  the  case,  and  the  party  so  refusing  shall 
forfeit  his  or  her  preUminary  deposit  of  ^50. 

8.  Two  milkings  only  per  day  shall  be  made,  unless  the  cow  is  incommoded 
thereby. 

9.  A  sample  of  tlie  bntter  made  in  tlie  test  may  be  taken  by  the  tester  in  person 
for  analysis  by  a  competent  analyst. 

10.  The  above  rules  shall  apply  in  all  eases  to  any  deputy  or  deputies  appointed 
in  accordance  with  Section  2,  Art.  VI.,  of  By-Laws. 

11.  These  regulations  may  be  altered  at  any  regular  meeting  of  the  Board  of 

Directors. 

Additional  Rules  for  Butter  Tests. 

1.  A  book  shall  be  kept  by  the  Secretary,  to  be  known  as  the  "  Official  Butter 
Test  Book,"  in  which  all  tests  heretofore  made  by  an  appointee  of  the  Club,  or  which 
shall  hereafter  be  made  by  the  Club,  shall  be  entered. 

2.  An  official  tester  may  be  appointed  by  the  Board  of  Directors,  and  shall  hold 
his  office  during  its  pleasure,  and  shall  receive  such  compensation  iis  the  Board  may 
fix.  Sucli  official  tester  shall  have  power,  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  President, 
to  appoint  a  deputy  or  deputies  to  assist  him. 

Pet   of  Rose  Lawn   11,326. 

New  York,  June  30,  1SS5. 
F.  Brokson,  Esq.,  President  of  the  American  Jersey  Cattle  Chib : 

Dear  Sir  :  In  accordance  with  your  letter  of  the  17th  inst.  appointing  me  a 
committee  to  conduct  the  test  of  the  Jersey  cow  Pet  of  Rose  Lawn  11,32(),  I  went  to 
Paterson  on  Saturday,  the  2(.ith,  and  started  the  test  that  evening  by  thoroughly 
"  stripping  out "  the  cow. 

Pet  of  Rose  Lawn  was  five  years  old  in  May,  and  dropped  her  foiu-th  calf  April 
15th.  She  is  slightly  above  the  medium  size,  of  a  light  cream  fa^vn  color  of  a  very 
uniform  tint.  She  fills  the  eye  as  a  handsome  Jersey  cow  in  most  respects,  has  a 
capacious  barrel,  rich  skin  color,  a  mellow  hide,  a  large,  well-shaped  udder  and 
teats,  with  full  and  tortuous  milk-veins,  and  a  Lunousine  escutcheon  of  the  first 
order.     The  udder  measured  over  fifty  inches  in  circumference. 

In  conducting  the  test  the  rules  of  the  Club  in  regard  to  precautions  against  fraud 
were  closely  followed,  and  the  results  are  tabulated  in  duphcate,  as  you  requested. 

I  do  not  think  the  test,  though  accurate  in  every  particular,  really  does  the  cow 
justice,  for  tlie  severe  drouth  which  prevailed  so  parched  the  pasture  upon  which 
she  had  been  depending  for  a  large  portion  of  her  food  that  it  became  brown,  almost 
entirely  losing  its  green  color,  and  caused,  no  doubt,  the  nearly  uniform  decrease  in 
milk  and  butter. 

Very  respectfully.  Mason  C.  Weld. 


PET    OF    ROSE    LAWN    11,326. 

AT   H    YKAHS   t.l.D. 

Colli iiihiiiil  Typi-. 
CKEAM    COTTACiE    IIEKD. 
S.   HiHJKUs,   I'atkkson.   Nkw  .Tek^sey. 


JEBSEY  CATTLE  IJST  AMEBIC  A. 


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642  JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMEIilCA. 

Ethleel  2d  32,391. 

Mr.  John  M.  Tlioin]).son,  of  Xasliville,  was  elected  by  the  American  Jersey- 
Cattle  Clul)  to  conduct  the  test.  Mr.  Thompson  appointed  Dr.  H.  B.  Titcoml),  of 
Columbia,  to  personally  supervise  the  test. 

L)k.  TrrcoMB's  Kepoet. 
As  requested  by  you  and  under  your  appointment,  I  took  charge  of  the  test  of 
the  Jersey  cow  Ethleel  2d  32,291,  the  property  of  John  A.  McEwen,  Kashville, 
Tcnn.,  at  the  farm  of  the  Colimibia  Jersey  Cattle  Company,  at  Columl)ia,  Tenn., 
June  30th,  18S5,  at  G.20  p.m.,  at  which  time  I  saw  the  cow  milked  thoroughly  dry. 
I  saw  her  milked  thereafter  as  follows  : 

Timeof  Milkiii!;.  Amount  of  Milk. 

Jtdy  1,  C.2(»  A.M 11  lbs.  5  oz. 

'•  ],0.20p.M 11"  7" 

"  2,  fi.20  A.M 11  "  12  " 

"  2,  G.2U  I'.M 11  "  1  " 

«  3,  6.10  A.M 12  "  2  " 

"  3,  6.16  VM *11  "  5  •' 

"  4,  6.25  A.M 11  "  11  " 

"  4,  0.30  p.M 11  '•  s  '• 

'•  .5,  6.30  A.M 10  "  11  " 

'•  5,  6.25  p.M 0  "  12  " 

"  6,  6.35  A.M 10  "  3  " 

"  6,  6.20  p.M 9  "  9  " 

"  7,  6.20  A.M 11  "  I'  '• 

"  7,  6.30  p.M I'l  ••  11" 

Making  in  all  fur  seven  consecutive  days  une  hundred  and  lifty-tive  ])ounds 
eleven  ounces  of  milk.  At  each  milking  the  milk  did  not  leave  my  sight  until  it 
was  strained,  put  in  a  stone  jar,  and  placed  in  the  test  room,  the  windows  of  which 
were  ])rotected  by  iron  rods  and  wire  gauze,  ujion  which  I  placed  my  seal,  and 
double  locked  the  door,  and  placed  my  seal  upon  that,  and  during  the  entire  test  no 
seal  was  broken  except  by  myself.  Neitlier  was  the  milk  handled,  except  in  my 
presence  and  sight,  until  it  was  placed  in  the  churn,  churned  and  the  butter  worked, 
weighed,  salted,  reworked  and  reweighed. 

July  3d,  18S5,  we  commenced  churning  the  first  da.y"s  milk  at  3.20  p.m.,  at  the 
temperature  of  63°  ;  churned  sixteen  and  one  half  minutes,  and  took  up  four  pounds 

*  A  few  ouuces  spilled. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IJST  AMERICA.  643 

three  ounces  of  thorouglily  worked  butter ;  added  four  ounces  of  salt,  reworked,  and 
had  four  pounds  six  ounces  of  butter. 

I  proceeded  in  the  same  manner,  with  the  temperature  of  tlie  milk  aliout  the 
same,  the  six  succeeding  days,  with  the  following  results,  adding  one  ounce  of  salt 
with  each  pound  of  butter  : 

July  4th,  2.55  p.m.  Churned  second  day's  milk  fifteen  minutes.  Butter  worked 
and  taken  up,  four  pounds  two  ounces  :  butter  salted  and  reworked,  four  pounds  five 
ounces. 

July  5th,  3.53  p.m.  Churned  third  day's  milk  fourteen  and  one  half  minutes. 
Butter  worked  and  taken  up,  three  pounds  fourteen  ounces  ;  Ijutter  salted  and 
reworked,  four  pounds  one  ounce. 

Jidy  6th,  3.07  p.m.  Fourth  day's  milk  churned  sixteen  and  one  half  minutes. 
Butter  worked  and  taken  up,  four  poimds  three  ounces ;  butter  salted  and  reworked, 
four  pounds  five  ounces. 

July  Yth,  2.45  p.m.  Fifth  day's  milk  churned  twelve  and  one  half  minutes. 
Butter  worked  and  taken  up,  four  pounds  two  ounces  ;  butter  salted  and  reworked, 
four  pounds  five  ounces. 

July  8th,  3.30  p.m.  Sixth  day's  milk  churned  ten  and  one  half  minutes. 
Butter  worked  and  taken  up,  four  pounds  thirteen  ounces  ;  butter  salted  and  reworked, 
five  pounds. 

July  9th,  3.20  p.m.  Seventh  day's  milk  churned  thirteen  minutes.  Butter 
worked  and  taken  up,  iowr  pounds  five  ounces ;  butter  salted  and  reworked,  four 
pounds  eight  ounces. 

Total  of  reworked  bixtter  for  seven  days,  thirty  pounds  fifteen  ounces. 

The  churn  used  in  the  above  test  was  a  patent  churn  called  the  "Wonderful." 

The  milk  when  jslaced  in  the  test  room  in  the  stone  jar  was  piit  in  running  water 
which  ranged  at  a  temperature  of  from  60°  to  61°,  and  on  the  evening  of  the  second 
day  the  morning  and  evening  milk  of  each  day  was  put  together  and  remained  imtil 
the  next  afternoon  when  churned,  adding  only  enough  water  at  the  time  of 
transferring  and  mixing  the  morning  and  evening  milk  to  rinse  the  cream  froni  the 
jars. 

I  had  a  copy  of  the  com2)any's  testing  rules  by  me,  and  go^-erned  myself  by 
them. 

At  each  churning  there  were  several  present  to  witness  the  taking  out  and 
weighing  of  the  butter,  among  whom  were  J.  M.  Mays,  President  of  the  First 
National  Bank  at  Columbia  ;  Major  Campbell  Brown  ;  M.  C.  Campbell  and  Horace 
Polk,  of  Spring  Hill ;  Mr.  Malone,  Edward  Baxter  and  wife,  of  Nashville  ;  L.  W. 
Cooper,  of  New  Orleans. 

Ethleel  2d  32,291  is  a  rather  small,  smooth,  handsome,  light  gray  heifei-. 

She  was  dropped  October  31st,  1882  ;  therefore  at  the  beginning  of  the  test, 


C,U  JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 

July  1st,  ISSo,  she  was  only  two  years  eight  montlis  old.     Iler  sire  was  Lord  Harry 
3rtt5;  her  dam  Ethleel  18,724. 

AFFIDAVIT. 

I,  II.  B.  Titcouib,  do  solemnly  swear  the  above  test  is  correct,  to  the  best  of  my 
knowledge  and  belief. 

(Signed)  II.  B.  Titcomb. 

Sworn  and  subscribed  to  licforc  W.  B.  Feierson,  N.  P. 

The  feeding  of  Ethleel  2d  during  seven  days'  official  test  was  composed  of  one 
gallon  of  comhearts  meal  and  one  half  gallon  corn  bran,  fed  her  morning  and 
evening,  permitting  her  to  run  on  a  short  pasture  during  the  day  with  the  balance  of 
the  herd.  This  heifer  was  calved  at  the  Columbia  Cattle  Company's  farm,  and  sold 
at  their  May  sale,  at  Xashville,  to  Mr.  McEwen,  for  $8^0.  Affidavits  were  given  of 
feed  and  management  by  "West  Gannaway,  Frank  Dale  and  William  J.  "Webster, 
and  John  A.  McEwen,  owner  of  the  cow. 


Matilda  4:th  13,816. 

Fredekic  Bronson,  Esq.,  President  of  the  American  Jersey  Cattle  Club  : 

Dear  Sir  :  I  have  the  honor  to  report  the  following  test  of  Matilda  4th  12,816, 
the  property  of  Messrs.  Miller  and  Sibley,  of  Franklin,  Pa.,  made  in  my  presence 
and  under  my  private  locks  and  seals. 

Matilda  4th  was  dropped  March  29th,  1880,  had  her  last  calf  April  1st,  1885, 
and  is  not  yet  served.  She  is  a  pure  Dauncey  cow ;  sire.  Stoke  Pogis  1259  ;  dam, 
imported  Matilda  3238.  In  color  she  is  a  bronze  fawn,  shading  to  black  ;  body  good 
length,  large  barrel,  straight  back,  square  rump,  short  legs,  neat  head  ;  rather  inclined 
to  flesh,  but  not  beefy  ;  large,  cajjacious  udder,  well-placed  teats,  but  smaller  than 
desirable  for  so  large  a  milker  ;  good  constitution,  and  in  general  a])pearance  closely 
resembling  Eurotas  2454,  without  her  pendent  udder. 

At  9  A.M.,  July  6th,  she  was  stripped  dry,  and  each  day  thereafter  was  milked 
punctually  at  5  a.m.,  1  p.m.  and  9  p.m.  I  was  present  at  every  milking,  and  the 
milk  and  cream  were  not  out  of  my  sight  except  when  iinder  lock  and  seal. 

The  feeding  was  left  entirely  to  the  judgment  of  Mr.  George  B.  Jobson,  manager, 
and  one  of  the  herdsmen,  "William  A.  Shorts,  whose  affidavit  as  to  quantity  is  hereto 
annexed.  To  tliis  is  also  attached  Mr.  J.  C.  Sibley's  affidavit  as  to  his  confidence 
in  the  man's  statement  and  his  belief  in  the  accuracy  of  the  test.  During  the 
test  the  cow  was  in  the  barn  at  night  and  on  pasture  about  ten  hours  each  day.  The 
quality  of  the  grass  was  poor  on  account  of  its  age,  and  she  appeared  to  derive  but 
little  benefit  from  it. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IJV  A3IERICA.  C45 

While  in  the  barn  slie  was  fed  as  much  clover  hay  as  she  would  eat  with  relish. 
The  weather  was  extremely  sultry  during  most  of  the  test,  and  its  effect  was  very 
apparent  upon  the  cow.  The  milk  was  set  in  the  Cooley  cans,  in  running  spring 
water,  the  temperature  of  which  was  taken  before  placing  the  new  milk,  and 
afterward  ice  was  added.  Each  can  was  allowed  to  stand  thirty  hours,  when  part  of 
the  milk  was  drawn  off,  leaving  about  an  equal  quantity  of  milk  and  cream.  The 
first  two  days'  cream  was  chxirned  on  the  11th.  After  drawing  off  the  buttermilk 
and  washing  the  butter  in  the  churn  it  was  at  once  weighed,  salted,  one  oimce  to  the 
pound,  worked,  allowed  to  stand  ten  minutes,  reworked  and  reweighed.  ^  The  second 
churning  consisted  of  the  third  day's  cream.  In  this  and  siibsequent  churnings  the 
butter  was  thoroughly  worked  before  weighing,  then  salted,  worked,  allowed  to  stand 
ten  minutes,  reworked  and  reweighed.  The  time  between  end  of  churning  and 
drawing  of  biittermilk  was  about  ten  minutes  in  each  instance ;  between  drawing  off 
buttermilk  and  first  weighing,  ten  minutes  (except  in  the  first  churning),  and  ten 
minutes  lietween  each  weighing.    A  tabulated  statement  of  the  test  is  hereto  annexed. 

The  second  churning  was  made  July  13th,  the  third  on  the  IGth,  consisting  of 
fourth  and  fifth  day's  cream,  and  the  final  churning  on  the  ITtli,  making  a  total  of 
twenty-one  pounds  eight  and  one  half  ounces. 

Yours  truly,  William  S.  Taylor. 

Feanklin,  Pa.,  July  17,  18S5. 

Franklin,  Pa.,  July  16,  1885. 
F.  Bronson,  Esq.,  President  American  Jersey  Cattle  Cluh  : 

My  Dear  Sir:  The  man  who  fed  the  cow  Matilda  Irth  12,816  during  her 
ofiicial  test,  Mr.  W.  A.  Shorts,  has  been  in  our  employ  for  many  years.  We  therefore 
give  full  credence  to  the  statement  sworn  to  by  him  as  to  the  feed  consumed  by  the 
cow  during  the  test. 

I  desire  further  to  state  my  full  confidence  in  the  accuracy  of  her  test  under  the 
supervision  of  Mr.  W.  S.  Taylor,  and  hope  that  all  official  testers  appointed  by  you 
may  be  as  careful  in  their  supervision  and  as  watchful  of  every  detail  as  he  has 
been. 

Pesjoectfully  yours,  J.  C.  Sibley,  for  Miller  &  Sibley, 

Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania,  County  of  Venango,  ss.  : 

Before  me,  the  subscriber,  personally  appeared  the  above-named,  J.  C.  Sibley, 

who,  upon  being  legally  sworn,  says  that  the  foregoing  facts  are  true  and  correct  to 

the  best  of  his  knowledge  and  belief. 

Sworn  and  subscribed  before  me  this  ISth  day  of  July,  a.d.  1885. 

W.  J.  Breene,  Notarv  Pulilie. 


(Ui;  JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

Statement  and  Affidavit  of  William  A.  Shorts. 

I  am  in  the  employ  of  Messrs.  Miller  ife  Siblej,  of  Franklin,  Pa. 

I  had  sole  charge  of  the  feeding  of  Matilda  -Ith  12,S10,  A.  J.  C.  C.  H.  E.,  dnring 
the  test,  l)eginning  at  9  o'clock  p.m.,  July  Ctli,  and  terminating  at  !•  o'clock  ]>.  m., 
July  13th,  1885. 

The  feed  that  was  fed  wet  consisted  of  two  quarts  sifted  oats,  two  quarts  pea 
meal,  one  quart  oil-cake  meal,  and  one  qiiart  wheat  middlings,  making  eight  pounds, 
or  in  that  proportion. 

The  dry  feed  consisted  of  sifted  oats,  pea  meal,  and  oil-cake  meal,  mixed  in 
equal  parts. 

The  following  is  a  true  statement  of  all  the  feed  given  to  the  c^w  between  the 
hours  and  dates  given  above,  viz.  : 

Between.  Lbs.  TVct.     Lbs.  Dry. 

July    ti,  9  P.M.  and  July    7,  5  a. si s  -2^ 

"  7,  5  A. jr.  "  "       7,  1  P.M. 12 

"  7,  1  P.M.  "  •'       7,  9  p.M s^ 

•'  7,  9  P.M.  "  "       8,  5  A.M s            2i 

"  8,  5  A.M.  "  "       8,  1  p.ji 1.5             2 

"  8,  1  P.M.  "  "       8,  9  p.M 7 

"  8,  9  P.M.  "  "       9,  5  A.M 8 

"  9,  5  A.M.  "  "       9,  1  p.M 8            2 

"  9,  1  P.M.  "  "       9,  9  p.M 8 

"  9,  9  P.M.  "  "     10,  5  A.M 8 

"  10,  5  A.M.  "  "     10,  1  P.M 15             2 

"  10,  1  P.M.  "  "     10,  9  p.M S 

"  10,  9  P.M.  "  "      11,  5  A.j[ 8 

"    11,  5  A.M.    "     "    11, 1  p.M ir,  2 

"  11,1p.m.  "  "  11,  9  p.M S 

••  11,  it  P.M.  "  "  12,  5  A.M 8 

''  12,  5  A.M.  "  "  12,  1  p.M 1(5             2 

"  12,  1  P.M.  "  "  12,  9  p.M S 

"  12,  9  P.M.  "  "  13,  5  A.M 4             2 

"  13,  5  A.M.  "  "  13,  1  p.M 12             2 

"  13,  1  P.M.  "  "  13,  9  p.M 7 

Total 200J         19 

■Grand  total  of  feed 219^  lbs. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN'  AMERICA.  647 

From  9  p.m.  to  5  a.m.  the  cow  was  in  the  barn,  and  was  fed  clover  hay  as  she 
would  eat  it ;  during  the  day  she  was  in  rather  poor  pastiire  about  ten  hours  each 

"^^y-  W.  A.  Shorts. 

Subscribed  and  sworn  to  before  me,  | 
this  17th  day  of  July,  a.d.  1885.      i 

E.    H.    L.UHBEETON, 

[Seal.]  Notary  Public. 


ANALYSIS   OF   THE   BUTTEE   OF  MATILDA  4th   12,816. 

New  York  Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 
Geneva,  N.  Y.,  July  28,  1885. 

T.  J.  Hand,  Esq.,  Secretary  American  Jersey    Cattle    Cluh,   No.    1    Broadway^ 
New  Yorh  : 

Dear  Sir  :  The  butter  sent  by  you  from  the  test  of  Miller  &  Sibley's  arrived 
with  two  of  the  packages  broken.  The  two  whole  butters  gave  the  following 
result : 

No.    1,    Churned   July   11. 

"Water 14.17 

Fat 80.70 

Caseine 0.58 

Ash 4.38 

Melting-point  of  butter  fat 91°  F. 

No.    3,    Churned   July   16. 

Water 14.54 

Fat 81.27 

Caseine 0.54 

Ash 3.61 

Melting-point  of  butter  fat 91°  F. 

In  sending  other  samples  please  put  in  a  little  larger  quantity,  in  order  that 
we  can  have  sufficient  for  duplicate  determinations. 

Yery  truly  yours, 

E.  Lewis  Sturtevant, 

Birector. 


G48 


JERSEY  CATTLE  ly  AMERICA. 


:i||i 

2i-^      ::^     ^liii     1 

he  wet  feed  consist  c 
2  qts.  sifted  oal.s,  3 
X'ii   meal,   1  ql.  oil- 

niddlings,  in.iUing  8 
)r  in  that  iirnnortinii 

he  dry  feed  consiste 
sifted  oats,  pea  meal, 
>il-cak(!   meal   niLxet 
eipial  proportions. 

lie  cow  was  in  bar 
night  and   in  pastur 
jmor  quality    about 
hours  each  day. 

lie    temperature    of 
water     (running     sp 
water)  was  taken  hi 
setting     each    can, 
ifterward  iec  was  ad 

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JERSEY  CATTLE  IN"  AMERICA.  649 

1886. 
Kheliila  17,970. 

Beiaecliff  Herd,  Jajies  Stilljiax,  Sing  Sing,  N".  Y. 
YAUtract:\ 
Tested  Jaimarj  5tli  to  12th,  1SS6,  yielding  14  His.  (\\  oz.  of  l)iitter. 

EATION. 

Pounds  of  Grain  :  Corn  msal,  9  lbs.  daily,  on  the  5th,  6th,  7th,  8th  and  9th  only. 

Pounds  of  Grain  :  Linseed  cake  as  meal,  3  lbs.  on  the  5th,  6th,  Tth,  8th  and  9th 
only. 

Pounds  of  Grain  :  Crushed  oats,  6  lbs.  on  the  5th,  6th,  Tth,  Stli  and  9th ; 
14  lbs.  on  the  10th  and  11th. 

Pounds  of  Grain :  Wheat  bran,  6  lbs.  on  the  5th,  Cth,  Tth,  Sth  and  9th  ;  14  lbs. 
on  the  10th  and  11th. 

Pounds  of  Hay  :  Y  lbs.  every  day. 

Pounds  of  Fodder  :  Ensilage  of  corn,  14  lbs.  every  day. 

Pounds  of  Poots  :  Carrots,  15  lbs.  every  day. 

The  cow  was  fed  six  times  daily,  always  ate  heartily,  and  would  have  eaten 
much  more.  We  considered  it  evident  that  the  increase  of  feed  changed  the 
secretions  from  the  production  of  milk  and  butter  to  that  of  fat,  and  the  change  of 
feed  on  the  last  two  days  showed  improvement  in  both  milk  and  apparent  butter 
yield.     She  came  in  heat  the  last  day  of  test. 

(Signed)  Mason  C.  Weld. 

Cocotte  11,958. 

Beiaecliff  Herd,  James  Stillman,  Sing  Sing,  K".  Y. 
\_AUtractJ^ 
Tested  January  5th  to  12th,  1886,  yielding  14  lbs.  6  oz.  of  butter. 

ration. 

Pounds  of  Grain :  Corn  meal,  9  lbs.  daily. 

Pounds  of  Grain  :  Wheat  bran,  T  lbs.  daily. 

Pounds  of  Grain  :  Crushed  oats,  6  lbs.  daily. 

Pounds  of  Grain  :  Linseed-oil  cake,  9  lbs.  daily. 

Pounds  of  Hay  :  1  llis.  daily. 

Pounds  of  Fodder :  Ensilage  (corn)  21  lljs.  daily. 

Pounds  of  Eoots  :  Carrots,  Y  lbs.  daily. 

The  cow  was  fed  six  times  daily,  had  a  persistent  appetite,  and  showed  little 
diminution  of  milk  during  the  severe  weather,  but  the  depth  of  the  cream  was  much 
reduced. 

(Signed)  Mason  C.  Weld. 


650  JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

BUTTER    TESTS. 

"  Cows  arc  my  passion.     What  I  have  ever  siglied  for  has  been  to  retreat  to  a  [dairy]  farm,  and 
live  entireli'  surrounded  by  cows." — DkkeM. 

FUR    ONE    TE.VK.  Yield.  Age. 

lbs.       oz.  Yre. 

1885-6         1  year,  LANDSEER'S  FANCY  2870 936  li|  12 

1883-4         1  year,  Mary  Aimc  of  St.  Lambert  9770 867  lif  4 

1881             1  year,  Jersey  Queen  of  Bariiet 851     1  G 

1879-80       1  year,  Eiirotas  2454 778     1  8 

1877-8         1  year,  Jersey  Belle  of  Scitiiate  7828 705     0  6 

1880  1  year,  Value  2d  6844 671     8  4 

1883             1  year,  Cora 580     6  2 

1883  1  year.  Pansy  1019 574     8  6 

1853-54       1  year,  Flora  113 511     2  4 

1  year,  Abbie  486     0  6 

1885             1  year.  Lulu  4th  406     0 

1  year,  Webster  Pet  4103 429     0* 

FOR    LE.SS    THAN    ONE    TEAK. 

1884  304  days,  Belle  Steuben  20,115 450     8^  2 

1884  247  days,  Duchess  of  Bloomfield  3653 5(tl     4  It) 

236  days,  Effie 507     S 

1881  227  days,  Mollie  Garfield  12,172 526  12  5 

1885  207  days,  Gold  Lace  10,726 433  10  10 

1885          151  day.s,  LANDSEER'S  FANCY  2876 479     2 

1885           145  days,  Lady  of  Otsego  26,671 227     0  2 

138  days,  Eva  281     0 

1885           120  days,  LANDSEER'S   FANCY    2876 392     3  12 

98  days,  Goldthread  4015 204     7 

1884  90  days,  Masena  25,732,  end  of  year 152     2  8 

1885  91  days.  Little  Torment  15,581 228     1^  3 

1885             90  days,  LANDSEER'S   FANCY  2876 302  15  12 

1879     70  days,  Maud  Lee  2416 212  0  9 

1882  62  days,  Bomba  10,330 174  0  4 

1884  62  days,  Eoonau  5133 160  8  8^ 

1883  62  days.  Fair  Lady  6723 150  4i  7 

1875     61  days.  Lady  'WiA  2d  1795 183  0  5 

1885  60  days,  LANDSEER'S  FANCY  2876 205     9  12 

1884  56  days,  Little  Torment  15,581 83     5  2 

1881             35  days,  Yalma  Hoffman  450o 105     3  7 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


FOR     THIETY-ONE    DAYS 


1883             31  days,  Mary  Anne  of  St.  Lambert  9770 106  12^  4 

1883             31  days,  Nancy  Lee  7618 95  3|  7 

1882  31  days,  Bomba  10,330 89  li  4 

1883  31  daj^s,  Jennette  Montgomery  5177 .' . . .  89  0  9 

1884  31  days,  Thorndale  Belle  3d  10,459 89  0  6 

1884             31  days,  Hilda  A.  2d  11,120 86  4^  4 

1884            31  days,  Hazen's  Nora  4791 84  5  9 

1884  31  days,  Roonan  6133 86  4^  8^ 

1881             31  days,  Jersey  Qiieen  of  Barnet  84  5 

1885  31  days,  Dora  Neirtune  20,318 83  6^  4 

1881  31  days,  Mollie  Garfield  12,172 82  0  5 

1883  31  days,  Oakland's  Cora  18,853 ' 81  5^  6 

1884  31  days,  Siloam  17,623   77  2f  3 

1885  31  days,  Pet  of  Eose  Lawn  11,326 75  15  5 

1885             31  days,  Gold  Lace  10,726 75  0  10 

1884  31  days,  Daisy  Brown  12,213 73  4i  3 

1882  31  days,  Colt's  La  Biche  6399 73  2  5 

1874             31  days,  Couch's  Lily  3237 71  0  5 

1885  31  days,  Signal  Maid  19,361 65  11  2 

1883  31  days,  Cora 64  1  2 

31  days.  Oak  Leaf  4769 63  4 

1885             31  days.  Sunset  of  Pleasant  View  13,071 61  13  6 

1884  31  days,  Rosebud  of  Belle\^ie  7702 60  4^  6 

31  days,  Robema  3840 54  0  2 

FOR    THIRTY    DAY'S. 

1885  30  days,  LANDSEER'S  FANCY  2876 Ill  15^  12 

30  days,  Effie 98  0 

1880  30  days,  Enrotas  2454 88  0  8 

1881  30  days,  Valma  Hoffman  4500 87  9  7 

30  days,  Queen  Victoria  80  0 

1885             30  days.  Princess  Imperial  11,620 76  13  6 

30  days,  Jersey  Cream  3151 71  4 

1885             30  days,  Baronetti  8425 68  7  6 

1885             30  days,  Signal  Maid  19,361 65  11  2 

30  days,  Abbie  Z.  14,002 61  2  6 

30  days.  Maple  Dale  2907 60  0  4 

1884             30  days.  Belle  Steuben  20,115 56  4  2 


652  JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

FOR     FOL'E   WEEKS.  Yield.  Age. 

IbB.     oz.  Yr?. 

1884            28  days,  Princess  2d  8046 107    3  0 

1884  28  days,  Fairy  Queen  of  St.  Brelades  7404 73  14^  9 

1885  28  days,  Fan's  Grouville  Beauty  10,079 72     5  3 

1885            28  days,  Lady  Fawn  of  St.  Anne's  10,920 04    6J  15 

1884  28  days,  Pride  of  Bovina  8050 64     0  7 

1885  28  days,  Lady  Fair  22,103 56  12  2 

FOK   TIIEEE   WEEKS. 

1885  21  days,  Cherokee  Rose  20,921 61     2 

1884            21  days,  Maggie  Eex  28,623 47    8i  4 

FOE    TWO     WEEKS. 

1884  15  days.  King's  Trust  18,946 36     6J 

1885  14  days,  Grace  Davy  8292 44     2*  9 

1884  14  days,  Viva  Le  Brocq  13,702 33  13 

1882             14  days,  Yalhalla  5300 34     0  6 

1884            14  days,  Chamomilla  7552 3u  11  6 

14  days,  Letitia  3977 30     7 

1886  14  days,  La  Financiere  11,970 29     7i  8 

1884            14  days.  Pansy  K.  23,889 20     2  2 

1884  14  days,  Guinevere  Sinclair  11,167 28  10  4 

14  days,  Jersey  Eosalie 25     3  1 

FOR    LESS    THAN    TWO    WEEKS. 

1885  13  days,  Khelula  17,970 37     8  5 

1885             10^  days,  Optima  6715 30  15J  8 

1878  10  days.  Lady  Oxford  4860 22     2  4 

1885            10  days,  Eugenie  Tourneur  24,532 21  12^  6 

1879  10  days,  Miss  Blanche  25,157 20     9  8 

10  days.  Birdie  2611 20     0 

1882  8  days.  Lady  of  the  Isles  2d  16,652 22     8  4 

1883  8  days,  Fair  Lady  6723 21     5  6 

1882              8  days,  Lady  Josephine  11,560 19     2  4 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IJV  AMERICA.  653 
TESTS   OF  JEESEY  COWS  FOR  SEVEN  DAYS. 

Butter  Yield  in 

GEOUP    FIEST  :    FOETY-SIX-POUND     COWS.  Seveu  Day6.  Age. 

lbs.  oz.  Yrs. 

1885    PRINCESS  3d  8046 46  12^  8 

GEOUP    SECOND  :    THIETY-NINE-POUND     COWS. 

1885     Oxford  Kate  13,646 39  12  6 

GEOUP   THIED  :    THIETY-SIX-POUND    COWS. 

1884  Mary  Anne  of  St.  Lambert  9770 36  12^  6 

GEOUP    FOUETH  :    THIETY-ONE-POUND    COWS. 

1885  Alice  Jones  8225 ' 31  13^  7 

GROUP   FIFTH  :   THIETY-POUND    COWS. 

1885    Ethleel  3d  32,291 30  15  2 

1884  Ida  of  St.  Lambert  24,990 30  2^  6 

GEOUP    SIXTH  :    TWENTY-NINE-POUND    COWS. 

1885)  ^        ,          ,     ^             ^„„,                                                     (  29  8  12 

1883  r^^^'^^^^^^^^^"**'^"^ 13115 

GEOUP    SEVENTH  :    TWENTY-SEVEN-POUND    COWS. 

1885  Mother  Carey  11,746 27  1^  6 

GROUP    EIGHTH  :    TWENTY'-SIX-POUND    COWS. 

1883  Nancy  Lee  7618 26  8i  7 

1885  Gerani-am  2d  7838 26  4f  7 

GEOUP    NINTH  :    TWENTY-FIVE-POUND    COWS. 

1884  Mermaid  of  St.  Lambert  9771 25  13^  6 

1885  Daisy  Morrison  14,305 25  12^  4 

1880     Jersey  Belle  of  Scituate  7828 25  3  9 

1883    Value  3d  6844 25  2|i  7 

1885     Fillpail  2d  24,388 25  2  4 

GROUP  tenth:  twenty-foue-pound  cows. 

1885     Scituate  of  Woronoco  18,040 24  14  2 

1883     Hazen's  Bess  7329 24  11  7 

1885     Lily  Scituate  12,665 24  9^  4 

1885     Westphalia  24,384 24  9^  5 

1885     Eugenie  Chouteau  6186 24  8  3 

1885     Mother  Hubbard  10,331 25  U  6 


23 

10 

3 

23 

9 

S 

23 

9 

3 

23 

6 

6 

23 

5 

9 

23 

5 

4 

23 

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3 

23 

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4 

23 

1 

12 

23 

0 

0 

23 

0 

6 

654  JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

Butter  Yield  In 
GKOUP    eleventh:    TWEXTV-TIIKEE-POUXD    cows.         Seven  Days. 

lbs.      OE. 

1S85  Flower  of  Glen  Kouge  17,560 23  14f 

1885  Cherokee  Rose  20,921 

1884  Beauty  of  the  Grange  7502 23 

1885  Lady  Panalphrex  17,400 

1885  Fame  17,424 

1884  Hilda  2d  5447 

1885  Oaklands  Kora  14,880 

1885  Little  Torment  15,581 

1885  Sue  Gallagher  15,945 

1885  Moss  Rose  of  Willow  Farm  5194 

1879  Maud  Lee  2416 

Kaomie 

GKOCP    TWELFTH  :    TWEXTY-TWO-PorXD    COWS. 

1884  Sweetbricr  of  St.  Lambert  5481 22  12 

1882  Mollie  Garfield  12,172 22  12 

1885  Niobe's  Alpheanette  23,330 22  lOi 

1884  Ona  7840 22  lOi 

Effie 

1884  Fadette  of  Verna  3d  11.122 

1881  Eurotas  2454 

1885  Attractive  Maid  16,925 

1885  Grace  Davy  8292 

1885  Queen  Mary  of  Woodlawn  11,059 

1882  Oonan  1485 

1884  Naiad  of  St.  Lambert  12,905 

1885  Beulah  de  Gnichy  13,48(1 22 

1881  Tenella  6712 

1885     Nora  of  St.  Lambert  12,902 

1884     Cora  of  Linwood  12,915 

GROUP    THIRTEENTH  :    TWENTY-ONE-POrND    COWS. 

1882  Boinba  lo,330 21  lU  4 

1881  Croton  Maid  5305 21  11^  5 

1884  Phlox  16,399 21  11  7 

1882  Pearl  Armstrong  2070 21  10  K* 

1885  Primrose  11,956 21  10  9 


22 

10 

22 

8i 

3 

22 

7 

8 

22 

5 

5 

22 

5i 

9 

22 

5 

0 

22 

2i 

11 

22 

2i 

5 

22 

5 

22 

H 

4 

22 

0 

5 

22 

0 

3 

JEBSET  CATTLE  lA^  AIIEJilCA.  055 

GEOUP  THIRTEENTH.  Butter  Yield  in 

Seveu  Days.  Age. 

(.Continued.)  lbs.  oz.  Yrs. 

1SS5     Matilda  4tli  12,816 21  Si  5 

1885     Optima  6715 21  S|^  T 

1885     Mamelle  20,804 21  SJ  2 

1883  Jenny  Dodo  H.  14,41:8 21  8  5 

1884  Niobe  of  St.  Lambert  12,969 21  4i  4 

1884  Eeception  8557 21  4*  9 

1885  Eose  of  St.  Lambert  20,426 21  3^  4 

1SS5     Atlanta's  Beauty  12,949 21  3  3 

1884  Island  Star  11,876 21  3  5 

1885  Hilda  D.  6683 21  2^  b 

1884     Gold  Lace  10,726 21  1  lo 

1881     Valma  Hoffman  4500 21  0  7 

1884  Handsome  Myra  14,244 21  0  4 

1875     Lady  Mel  2d  1795 21  0  7 

1885  Gem  of  Hope  17,102 21  0  4 

1881     JSTelly  6546 21  0  9 


GEOUP    FOUETEENTH  :    TWENTY-POUND    COWS. 

Beanty 20  15 

1882     Mary  M.  Allison  630S 20  14  5 

1885     Alberta  Signal  18,611 20  11  3 

1882  Pride  of  Eastwood 20  11 

1883  Chrome  Skin  7SS1 20  10  5 

1885     Cassia  2d  21,370 20  lOJ  9 

1885     Celeste  Cox  12,948 20     8  4 

1885     Brenda  of  Elmhurst  10,762 -20     8  7 

1884  Masena  25,732 20     7  9 

1883     Chroma  4572 20     6  8 

1883  Daisy  of  St.  Peter's  18,175 20     5^-  6 

1884  Honeymoon  of  St.  Lamliert  11,221 20     5J  5 

1885  Calendine  9415 20     5  7 

1884  Hazeu's  Nora  4791 20     4  9 

1885  Nan  Day  17,192 20     4  3 

1884    Eoonan  5133 20     4  8 

1884  Fairy  of  Verna  2d  10,973 20     3i  4 

1885  Camelia  2d  11,188 20     3  6 

1885     Pilot's  A^erouica  18,917 20     2  6 


656  JERSEY  CATTLE  ly  AMERICA. 

GROUP   FOURTEENTH.  Bnttcr  Yield  in 

Seven  Days.  Age. 

{.ConUnued.)  lbs.  oz.  Yre. 

1885     Eose  of  Eden  13,43  7 20  U  7 

1883    Memes3d7741 20  1  6 

1885     Lalla  Rookh  of  Sugar  Grove  15,882 20  1  4 

1885     Maqiiilla  24,043 20  1 

1882  Duchess  of  Bloomfield  3653 20  Oi  8 

1883  Jennette  Montgomery  5177 20  0  9 

1884  Dora  Keptune  20,318 20  0  3 

1885  Hillside  Gem  10,640 20  0  4 

Lady  Couover  2d  17,589 20  0 

1SS4    Hilda  A.  2d  11,120 20  0  4 

1872    Pansy  1019  (rated  by  year's  test) 20  0  6 


GROIP    FIFTEEXXn  :     XIXETEEN-POUND   COWS. 

1884  Rioter  Pink  of  Berlin  23,6(!5 19  14  3 

1885  Ethleel  18,724 19  14  5 

1885  Hypathia  2d  14,774 19  1.3^  3 

1882  Phjedra  2561 19  13  9 

1884  Gardiner's  Ripple  11,693 19  12^  5 

1885  Lille  Bonne  8108 19  12  9 

1884  Hulla  7898 19  12  6 

1883  Eosebud  of  Allerton  6352 19  12  6 

1SS5  Quacbette  17,091 19  11^  3 

lanthe  4562 19  11 

1882  Mink  2d  3890 19  11  7 

1882  Lady  of  the  Isles  2d  16,652  (rated) 19  11  4 

1885  Evelina  of  Verna  1(».971 19  10|  5 

1883  Oaklands  Cora  18.853 19     9^  5 

1885  Eozel  Lass  20,268 19     9f  5 

1885  Maggie  McM.  14,073 19     9  4 

1885  The  Widow's  Daughter  11,.507 19     8^-  4 

1885  Sunimerline  8001 19     8  6 

;^Jj[Khelula  17,970 \^'    ^  ^ 

1885  Fairy  Queen  of  St.  Brelades  7464 19     7^  9 

1882  Countess  of  Lakeside  12,135 19     7  14 

1883  Christmas  Nannie  4075 19     7  9 

1883  Brighteyes  2d  2290 19     6  12 


LILLE    BONNE'S    SON    4418. 

AT   3    YEAHS  OLD. 

Lille  Bonne— Favorite  of  the  Elms  Type. 

billings  heed. 

Frederick  Billings,  Woodstock,  Vermont. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  A3IEBICA. 


GROUP    FIFTEENTH. 


Butter  Yield  it 
Seven  Days. 
( Continued.)  He.      oz. 


!     Bertha  Morgau  4770 19  6  9 

!     AUuring  5541 19  5  5 

L884     Cherry  3d 19  4^ 

L885     Well  Done  25,987 19  4  3 

L880     Jersey  Queen  of  Barnet 19  4 

L885     Valentine  of  Trinity  7460 19  4  7 

i     Dot  of  Bear  Lake  6170 19  4  6 

•  Fan's  Grouville  Beaiity  10,079 19  3  3 

;     Eoland's  Bonnie  2d  18,054 • 19  2  4 

I     Beauty  of  Jersey  7850 19  2  6 

I     Thisbe2d2201 19  IJ  10 

I     Magna  2238 19  1  14 

Pussie  3035 19  1 

•  Fair  Lady  6723 19  1  6 

L885     Eosy  Dream  9808 19  1  6 

L882     Kissa  16,014 19  0  5 

Queen  Victoria 19  0 

L885     Belle  of  Prospect  2d  14,326 19  0  5 

L885     Belle  of  Ingleside 19  0 

GEOtIP    SIXTEENTH  :     EIGHTEEN-PODND    COWS. 

1886     CEnone  8614 18  15  T 

1882     Countess  Potoka  7496 18  15  4 

1885     Princess  Imperial  11,620 18  15  6 

1885     Queen  Neptune  15,501 18  13^  5 

1882  Queen  of  Delaware  17,029 18  13  4 

1884     Tenella  2d  19,521 18  12  4 

1883  Belmeda  6229 IS  12  6 

1880     Maggie  Mitchell 18  12 

1882  Lady  Gray  of  Hilltop  6850 18  12  7 

1884  Peggy  Leah  3097 18  12  11 

1884  Eosy  Kate  10,276 18  12  8 

1883  May  Blossom  5657 18  11  6 

1883     Bet  Arlington  8970 18  11  5 

Dolly IS  11 

1885  Percie  14,937 Ub  10  4 

U4  6i 


658  JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


GKOUP    SIXTEENTH. 


Butter  Yield  In 

Seven  Days.  iLge. 

lbs.  oz.  Tre. 

1884  Siloam  17,623 18  10  3 

188i     Beauty  llomerii  26,090 18  9  4 

1882  Belle  Grinnell  4073 IS  8  7 

1885  Eosy  Kate's  Rex  13,192 18  8  5 

1883  Floribundus  2d  14,949 18  8  4 

1884  Nymphffia  5141 18  7^  9 

1882  Rosa  of  Bellevue  6954 18  7^  6 

1884  Leoni  11,868 18  7  4 

1885  Rioter's  Maggie  22,?30 18  6J  2 

1883  Pyrola  4566 18  6  7 

1883  Eveline  of  Jersey  6781 18  6  5 

1884  Kitty  Potter  9893 IS  5  5 

1886  Signetilia  16,333 IS  5|  4 

1884     Butter  Star  7709 IS  4^  6 

1884  CoUe8309 18  4  7 

1885  Harmony  2d  7118 18  3  5 

1884  Countess  Qtieen  13,519 18  3  3 

1885  Viva  Le  Brocq  13,702 18  3  4 

1884    Lady  Appel  8612 18  3  7 

Pauatilla  4778 18  3 

Jennie  — — IS  3 

1884  Belle  Dawson  8270 IS  3  6 

1884)  (  IS  24  4 

^g3^|Pet  of  Ro.e  Lawn  11,326 |  ^^  ^^  . 

1881  Gold  Ear  2d  3592 18  2  7 

1885  Lucy  Lanier  13,053 18  2  4 

1882  Blue  Belle  of  Maple  Grove  10,687 18  2  3 

1883  Bonnie  Yost  7943 IS  2  4 

1885     Signaldella  24,107 IS  If  2 

1885    Abbie  Clay  15,702 18  1  4 

1883     Volie  19,465 18  1  6 

1885     Belle  Mardi  18,362 18  Of  6 

Lady  Essex  4749 18  Of 

1883  Melia  Ann  5444 18  0^  8 

1884  Medrena  3939 18  0  9 

1883  Ida  Bashan  4725 18  0  7 

1884  King's  Tnist  18,946 18  0  3 

Amy  395 18  0 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IJST  A3IERICA.  659 

GKOTJP    SIXTEENTH.  Butter  Yield  in 

Seven  Days.  Age. 

(.Continued.)  lbs.     oz.  Trs. 

Patterson's  Beauty  4760 18  0 

Conover's  Beauty  12,650 18  0 

Lady  Ives  1708 IS  0 

Belle  of  Scituate  7977 18  0            8 

Amethyst  2699 18  0 

Le  Brocq's  Curfew  30,697 \^^    ^ 

Pansy  of  Bellewood  2d  8904 18     0 

Monmouth  Duchess  4th  7129 IS     0 


GROUP    SEVENTEENTH  :     SEVENTEEN-POUND   COWS. 

White  Clover  Leaf  4512 17  15 

;     Su  Lu  4705 17  15  6 

1     Bell  of  Lynwood  18,364 17  14  3 

;     Mary  Norton  18,052 17  14  5 

1    Lytlia  Darrach  4903 17  14  7 

;     Mirtha  3437 17  13^  8 

L883     Mh-th's  Blanche  19,572 17  134-  6 

L884     Crocus  of  St.  Lambert  8351 17  12  6 

L884     Cowslip  of  St.  Lambert  8-349 17  12  6 

1881     Royal  Princess  2370 17  12  7 

L884    Eoyal  Princess  2d  12,346 17  12  6 

1885     Arthur's  Mistletoe  11,968 17  11^  4 

L884    Matin  7768 17  11  9 

Jersey  Rosalie 17  10 

L884    Fear  Not  6059 17  10  9 

1884  Dora  Bell  of  Shelly's  Island  9394 17  10  5 

L885     Mareal0,167 17  10  5 

L881     Rosaline  of  Glenmore  3179 17  10  8 

L885     Lady  Thurlow  12,410 17  10  5 

Empress  6th  3203 17     9|  8 

1885  Nancy  Lovelock  15,511 17     9  4 

Oak  Leaf  4769 17     9 

L883     Cordelia  Baker  8814 17     9  5 

1881     Metah's  Qiieen  4886 17     9  5 

1885     Milky  Way  18,865 17     8^  6 


G60  JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 

GEOPP  SEVENTEENTH.  Batter  Yield  in 

Seven  Days.          Age. 

{Continued.)  lb«  oz.             Yre. 

1884     St.  Jeannaise  15,789 1"  Si          ^ 

1884     Zitella  2d  11,922 IT  Si           3 

1884     Couutess  Lowndes  26,874 17  8             2 

1884  Maud  Meliuda  12,120 17  8             5 

Lara  4306 17  8 

Reckless  3569 IT  8 

1885  Queen  of  Nubbin  Eidge  14,528 17  8 

Violet  272 17  8 

1885     Gabrielle  Champion  14,102 17  8            4 

1884  Kaoli  18,980 17  8            8 

1882  Welma  5942 17  8             5 

1881     Cerita  of  Meadow  Brook  5050 17  8             5 

Gipsy  May  6259 17  8 

Maggie  3d  3221 17  8 

lo  5tli  280 17  8           13 

1878    Mamie  Coburn  3798 17  8            4 

1881     Erabla  4799 17  8            6 

1885  Olymph  17,957 17  8            5 

Hepsy  2d  12,008 17  8 

1885     Brunette  of  Scarsdale  13,276 17  8            4 

1884    Jennie  of  the  Vale  9553 17  7i           5 

1883  Fair  Starlight  7745 17  7i          6 

1883    Ro8aMiUer4333 17  7            9 

1884 J  „    ..          _         _„„„                                                             ^7  7 


)■  Cottage  Lass  5332 i 

1883  Torfrida  3596 17  6^  9 

1884  Daisy  Brown  12,213 17  0^  3 

1885  Tette  20,802 17  0  2 

1883  Vixen  7591 17  6  5^ 

1885  Floret  9959 17  6  6 

1885  Toltec's  Fancy  27,172 17  6  2 

1883  Faultless  12,018 17  5^  8 

1884  Queensborough  24,345  (Jersey) 17  5  10 

1883  Judith  Coleman  13,191 17  5  2 

1885  Richness  10,536 17  5  4 

1883  Florinanna  24,354  (Jersey) 17  5  7 

1885  Pandothro  22,383 17  5  2 

1882  Renalba  4117 17  5  6 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  661 

GEOUP    SEVENTEENTH.  Butter  Yield  in 

Seven  Days.  Age. 

iContimied.)  lbs.  oz.  Trs. 

Beeswax  9807 17  5 

1883     Minnette  of  St.  Lambert  9774 17  4  4 

1883     Faith  of  Oaklands  19,696 17  4  7 

1882  Oktibbeha  Duchess  4422 17  4  7 

18S5     Obella  B.  10,575 17  4  6 

1875     Wybie  595 17  4  9 

1885     Chloe  4th  4612 17  4  10 

1883  Mhoon  Lady  6560 17  3  5 

1882     Princess  Mostar  9700 17  3  5 

1885     Frugall4,925 17  2|  9 

1882  Colt's  La  Biche  6399 17  2^  5 

1885     Cetewayo's  Silver  BeU  18,952 17  2i  4 

1881  Cream  of  Sidney  17,028 17  2^  5 

1885     Gold  Trinket  9518 17  2  6 

1883  Gipsy  5th  2252 17  2  13 

1885     BeUita  4553 17  2  9 

1884  Lady  Velvetine  15,771 17  2  5 

1885  Kupertina  10,409 17  1^  5 

1884  Lactine  10,680 17  li  4 

1879  Cyrene4th480 17  1  8 

1885  Mousy  2d  14,962 ,.  17  1  6 

1884    Countess  Micawber  1759 17  1  12 

1884    LuciUa  3d  9786 17  1  4 

1884     Maggie  Eex  28,623 17  Of  4 

1882  Yalhalla  5300 17  0  6 

Jenny  287 17  0 

1884  Julia  Anna  16,463 1-7  0  2 

1853    Eose240 17  0 

1882  Matilda  3238 17  0 

1885  Katie  Bashford  15,982 17  0 

Fairy  10 17  0 

1881     Jersey  Cream  3151 17  0  7 

1880  Young  Fanny  9032 17  0  3 

1883  Abbie  Z.  3d  14,742 17  0  4 

1885     Lily  Dariing  11,713 17  0  7 

Butter  Prize 17  0 

1885     Plum  13,228 17  0  4 

1885    Bertha  Black  26,275 17  0  5 


662  JERSEY  CATTLE  IJV  AMERICA. 

Bntter  Yield  In 

GROUP    EIGHTEENTH  :    SIXTEEN-POUND    COWS.  Seven  Days.  Age. 

Ibe.    oz.  Yre. 

1885     Herbem  8811 16  15  6 

1884  Lizzie  D.  10,408 Ifi  15  4 

Polly  Clover  7052 10  15 

1883    Maiidine  of  Elmwood  8718 16  15  4 

1882  Effie  of  HiUside  1521 16  15  11 

Creole  Maid  11,017 16  15 

1885  Maid  of  the  Elms  18,932 16  14^  5 

1883  Pyrrha  6100 16  14^  6 

1885     Grace's  Nightingale  19,855 16  14^  4 

1885    Nightingale  K.  2d  19,841 16  14^ 

1885     Trust  23,642 16  14  5 

1884  Chrissy  2d  7720 16  14  6 

1885  Baronetti  8425 16  14  7 

Silver  Kose  4753 16  14 

1885    Lulu  2d 16  14  7 

1883     Almah  of  Oakland  11,102 16  14  3 

1882  Lucky  Belle  2d  6037 16  14  5 

Joan  d'Arc  2162 16  13^ 

1883  Armon  10,863 16  13^  3 

1884  Ceccola  13,608 16  13  4 

Miss  Browny  7288 16  13 

1885  Lady  Fawn  of  St.  Anne's  10,920 16  12i  15 

1884    Pauline's  Vivienne  11,305 16  13  5 

1884    Katie  Kohlman  7270 16  12  7 

1884    Princess  of  Ashantee  13,467 16  12  5 

Lady  Josephine  11,560 16  11 

1884  Typha  5870 ir.  11  7 

Kitty  5th  3849 16  11 

1875  Dimple  3248 16  11  3 

1878    Coomassie  11,874  (Jersey  Test) 16  11  7 

1885  Lass  Rex  Alphea  16,965 16  lOf  4 

1884  Pierrot's  Lady  Bacon  12,482 16  10  6 

1882    Grinnell  Lass  11,859 16  10  2 

1885  Countess  Coomassie  19,339 16  10  4 

1876  Dusky  2525 16  10  5 

Mabel  of  St.  Mary's  8627 16  10  6 

1882  Duenna's  Duchess  5508 16  10  5 

1883  Chamomilla  7552 16  10  4 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IIST  AMERICA.  663 

GEOXn"    EIGHTEENTH.  Butter  Yield  in 

Seven  Days.  Age. 

(Continued.)  'be.  oz.  Tre. 

1884    Lady  Cloud  19,358 16  10  2 

1884  Ada  S.  18,366 16  9  3 

1883    Dandelion  2521 16  9  15 

1881     Silveretta  6852 16  9  5 

1881  Gold  Thread  4945 16  9  4 

1883     Pride  of  Bovina  8050 16  9  6 

1883  Arawana  Queen  5368 16  9  6 

1874    Coiieh's  Lily  3237 16  9  5 

1886     La  Petite  Mere  3d  12,814 16  9 

1885  Sister  Eex  13,194 16  8  4 

Linda  3d  3219 16  8 

1885     Golden  Skin  10,861 16  8  6 

1882  Diana  of  St.  Lambert  6636 16  8  5 

1885     Emma  Hudson  12,469 16  8  5 

1882     Daisy  of  Belhurst  3114 16  8  9 

Josephine  2d  3296 16  8 

1882    Lida  MulUn  9198 16  8  2 

Patty  Mc  3d  4754 16  8 

1880     Leonice  2d  8342 16  8  2 

Princess  1154 16  8 

Palestine  3d  1104 16  8 

1878  Chrissy  1448 16  8  8 

1884  Lady  Love  2d  2212 16  8  12 

1877    Lady  Bowen  354 16  8  15 

Carrie  3894 16  8 

1885  Pet  Clover  14,624 16  8  5 

1879  Sultane  2d  11,373 16  8  4 

1885     Empress  of  Ely  2d  6771 16  8  9 

Lucy  4877 16  8 

1884     Dudu  of  Linwood  8336 16  7^  5 

1884  Milkmaid  Felch  12,339 16  7^  4 

1885  Kosi  3431 16  7  15 

1882  Zithey9184 16  7  3 

1885     Kosona  12,956 16  7  4 

1880  Gala  1375 16  7  11 

1885    Lotchen  19,823 16  7  4 

1883  May  Fair  5184 16  7  7 

1885     La  Petite  Mere  2d  12,810 16  7  6 


664  JERf<EY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 

GEOrP    EIGHTEENTH.                                      Bu^JieMin  ^ 

{.Continued.)  lbs.  oz.  Yre. 

1884  Poljnia  10,753 16  7  4 

1885  Rioter  Alphea  10,091 16  7  4 

1884  Branettc  Lass  1780 16  7  15 

Lady  Warren  12,168 16  7 

1885  Gladys  of  BeUevue  9569 16  7  6 

1886  Nancy  Rex  11,743 16  7  6 

Ochra  2d  11,516 16  C^ 

1884  Belle  of  Patterson  5664 16  6  5 

1884  Moggie  Briglit  25,891 16  6  3 

1884  CiU  of  Glen  Rouge  13,818 16  6  2 

1885  Granny's  Gem  30,406 16  5^  3 

18S5  Carrie  Lena  3cl  20,077 16  5  2 

1881  Troth  6139 16  5  4 

1885  Jersey  Cream  3d  8521 '. 16  5  6 

1884  Lady  Superior  22,865 16  5  6 

1883  Olie's  Lady  Teazle  12,307 16  5  3 

1883  Corinna  2d  6594 16  5  6 

1883  Vieva  3d  7642 16  5  4 

1879  Miss  Vermont  7698 16  5  5 

1879  Flora  of  St.  Peter's  8622 16  5  3 

1885  Flora  Lee  of  Tennessee  7694 16  5  6 

1884  Hattie  Douglass  24,960 16  5  5 

1883  Princess  Sheila  7297 16  4^  5 

1885  Brambaletta  10,451 16  4  6 

1885  Matilda  5th  18,068 16  4  2 

1883  Alfleda  6744 16  4  5 

1885  Topaz  of  Woodlawn  11,661 16  4  5 

1883  Miss  Willie  Jones  6918 16  4  7 

1882  Busy  Bee  6336 16  4  4 

Silvia  Baker  8793 16  4 

1883  Daisy  Queen  9619 16  4  5 

1884  Patty  of  Deerfoot  15,321 16  4  10 

Tamy  2d  7125 16  4 

1883  Desire  24,360 16  4  4 

1884  Rose  of  Rose  Lawn  9365 16  3  6 

1883  Blossie  RejTiolds  6082 16  3^  6 

1885  Maritana  12,039 16  3i  5 

1884  Lady  Alice  of  Ilillerest  7450 16  3  6 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


GROUP    EIGHTEENTH. 


Butter  Yield  in 

Seven  Days.  Age. 

(ConSn  ««(?.■)  lbs.  oz.  Trs. 

L885     Golden  Zoe  3975 16  3  10 

Lily  of  Maple  Grove  5079 16  3  5 

1885     Young  Garenne  3d  13,648 16  3  3 

L880     WiUis  2d  4461 16  3  5 

1885     Lesbie9179 16  3  8 

1883  Maggie  of  St.  Lambert  9776 16  3  4 

1884  Alhena  15,995 16  3  6 

Gazella  3d  9355 16  3  5 

1885  Sunset  15,130 16  2|  3 

1885     Cetewayo's  Dorcas  20,287 16  2J  4 

1884  Moth  of  St.  Lambert  9775 16  2  5 

1885  Eudora  1863 ;16  2  18 

La  Vivienne  2d  1324 16  2  12 

1885     White  Frost  17,431 16  2  5 

FearNot  2d  6061 16  2  6 

Susie  Marshall  5782 16  2 

Corn  10,504 16  2  3 

Tamy  Lowndes  25,316 16  2 

CalKe  Nan  7959 16  2  4 

L885     Lady  Cecilia  24,821 16  1  6 

"Warren's  Duchess  4622 16  1  8 

May  Lankton  15,872 16  1^  7 

Maid  of  Aniboy  2929 16  1  7 

Les  Cateaux  2d  15,538 16  1 

Ariene  1071 16  0 

Victoria  3175 16  1 

1884  Alcmena  6193 16  1  6 

1885  Euphonia  6783 16  0|  7 

1882  Marjoram  3239 16  0  9 

1884    Pierrot's  Picture  12,481 16  0  6 

1883  Urbana  5597 16  0  6 

Tamy  3d  7127 16  0 

1883     Bessie  R.  13,503 16  0  2 

Rose  3d  913 16  0 

Blanche  594 16  0 

1883     Wakena  19,721 16  0  3 

Molly  Brown  7861 16  0 

Tilda  3720 16  0 


CG6  JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

GKOUP    EIGHTEENTH.  Batter  Yield  In 

Seven  Days.  Age. 

(CmHnued.)  lbs.  oz.  Yre. 

1S84    Cream  of  Java  23,507 16  0  5 

1SS3     Dairy  Pride  4th  21,681 16  0  4 

1885     Thaley  14,299 16  0  2 

1885     RubyWray 16  0  2 

Pride  of  Corisande  5323 16  0 

Countess  114 16  0 

Bessie  S.  5002 16  0 

1881     Ida  of  Bear  Lake  6169 16  0  5 

Nellie  Maitland  4450 16  0 

Ibex  2724 16  0 

1881  Dom  Pedro's  Julian  8631 16  0  4 

Lady  Penn  5314 16  0 

Rose  2d  239 16  0 

Victorine  La  Chaise  2740 16  0 

1883  Fayette  Lady  14,473 16  0  3 

1877     Maple  Dale  2907 16  0  4 

1884  Merlette  4988 16  0  6 

Margery  Lee  5425 16  0 

1882  Enfield  Rose  3355 16  0  12 

Haddie  921 16  0 

Molly  3554 16  0 

Minnie  of  Oxford  12,806 16  0 

1885  Princess  of  Trinity  23,641 16  0  6 

1883  Troth  Plight  10,258 16  0  4 

Gray  Therese  5322 16  0 

Arawana  Belle  3277 16  0 

1885    Fleurette  of  Linwood  12,918 16  0  4 

1884  Dahlia 16  0 

1885  Lydia  Darrach  2d  8056 16  0  7 

1885    Lydia  Darrach  3d  10,662 16  0  6 


GEODT  nineteenth:  fifteen-poitnd  cows. 

1883  Julia  Evel^^l  6007 15  15^  6 

1884  Pansy  Patterson  18,612 15  15  2 

Minneola  of  Elmarch  8229 15  15 

1883    Brunette  Le  Gros  9755 15  15  7 

1883    Kate  Gordon  8387 15  15  4 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IJST  AMERICA.  66? 

GEOUP   NINETEENTH.  Butter  Yield  in 

Seven  Days.  Age. 

(Contirmed.)  lbs.     oz.  Tre. 

884    Thomdale  BeUe  3d  10,459 15  15  6 

884    Oitz8649 15  15  6 

884    Zoe  Henry  6693 15  14f  9 

884    Eose  of  Oxford  13,469 15  14^  5 

884  Idaletta  11,843 15  14^  5 

883  Lass  of  Scitxiate  9555 15  14  5 

885  Mary  of  Bear  Lake  6171 15  14  9 

Nelly  2402. 15  14 

884  Romp  Ogden  3d  5458 15  14  7 

884  Belle  of  Vermilion  8798 15  14  6 

Avis  E.  9714 15  14 

885  Lady  Alice  of  the  Wilderness  12,207 15  14  7 

884    Mollie  Garfield  2d  18,662 15  14  4 

884  Golden  Princess  4557 15  14  8 

885  Glory  of  Elmarch  21,521 15  13^  3 

883  Jolie  of  St.  Lambert  5126 15  13^  8 

874    Lucy  Gray  2746 15  13  3 

885     Dia  13,658 15  13  6 

882  Tobira  8400 15  13  3 

884  Duchess  of  St.  Lambert  5111 15  13  9 

Magna  5th  3541 15  13 

883  Lily  of  Burr  Oaks  11,001 15  13  3 

881  Edwina  6713 15  13  4 

884  Petite  Mere  8516 15  13  6 

882  Valerie  6044 15  13  5 

885  Nutley  Silverette  22,410 15  12f  3 

883  Lady  Bidwell  10,303 15  12  4 

885     Ultima  14,456 15  12  5 

885     Eclipse  14,427 15  12  6 

885     Lucy  Dale  5129 15  12  12 

880     Lerna  3634 15  12  6 

Cornucopia  3414 15  12 

883  St.  Clementaise  18,163 15  12  3 

884  Eosabel  Hudson  5704 15  12  8 

Thisbe  607 15  12 

884    Pien-ot's  Lady  Hayes  11,672 15  12  7 

883  Fanny  Taylor  6714 15  12  5 

884  Lady  Hayes  10,136 15  12  7 


668  JERSEY  CATTLE  IJ^  AMERICA. 

OKOUP    NINETEENTH.  Butter  Yield  In 

Seven  Days.  Age. 

{Continued.)  lbs.     oz.  Yre. 

1884    Minnie  2386 15  12  8 

1884  Julia  Walker  10,133 15  12  5 

Caficadilla  3103 15  12 

1875  Myrtle  2d  211 15  12  6 

Countess  of  Croton  5307 15  12 

1885  Mary  Hinman  17,019 15  Hi  3 

1883     Lady  of  Bellevue  7705 15  11  5 

1883  Countess  Gasela  9571 15  H  ^ 

1884  Geneva  13,220 15  11  4 

1884    Mitten  13,368 15  11  4 

1884  Fillpail  16,530 15  11  2 

1885  Farmer's  Floss  17,773 • 15  11  3 

1883  Princess  Bellwortli  6801 15  lOJ  5 

1884  Malope  2d  11,923 15  10  4 

1884  Calington  22,021 15  10  7 

1885  Lisetta  Johnson  5321 15  10  9 

1885    KocheUe  15,574 15  10  4 

1883     Fancy  Juno  6086 15  10  6 

1883    LuciUa  Kent  8892 15  10  7 

1883  Silenta  17,685 15  10  6 

1884  Lady  Kingseote  26,085 15  10  6 

1882  Chenda4599 15     9^  6 

1883  Vaniah  6597 15     9^  S 

1883  Kitty  Colt  2213 15     9^  11 

1884  Kioter's  Nora  21,778 15     9  3 

1884  Denise8281 15     9  5 

1885  Carrie  Pogis  22,568 15     9  5 

Helen  3556 . .  15     9 

1885    CaUsta  of  Newark  13,296 15     9  5 

1884  Moss  Rose  of  St.  Lambert  5114 15     8^  9 

1883  Idalene  11,841 15     8^  5 

1876  Lustre  2062 15     8^  4 

1885  Referette  15,209 15     8  4 

1884  Black  Diamond's  Queen  11,865 15     8  5 

1885  Les  Marais  Dell  20,314 15     8  4 

1881     La  Belle  Petite  5472 =  ....  15     8  5 

1885     Marie  C.  Magnet  22,903 15     8  2 

Lady  Oxford  4860 15     8 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IJST  AMERICA. 


GROUP   NINETEENTH. 


Batter  Yield  in 

Seven  Days.  Age. 

(Conlinued.)  lbs.  oz.  Trs. 

1885     Mrs.  Knickerbocker  19,367 15  8  6 

Sylvia  687 15  8 

1885  Pinafore  2d  15,072 15  8  3 

1884  Happy  Blossom  18,218 15  8  3 

1883     Duchess  Caroline  3(1  6039 15  S  6 

1880     Mva  7523 15  8  4 

1883     Daisy  2d  15,761 15  8  7 

1883     Palestina  4644 15  8  8 

Young  Duchess  497 15  8 

Etiquette  4300 15  8 

1882     Violet  3d  3240 15  8  10 

Jeanne  Le  Bas  2476 15  8 

1882  My  Queen  12,614 15  8 

Forget-Me-Not  5809 15  8 

1883  Grandiflora  9953 15  8 

1886  Safety  13,463 15  8  7 

1885  Beauty  2076 15  7  16 

1883     Orphean  4636 15  7  8 

Topsy  Koxbury  7796 15  7 

1878     Copper  1979 15  7  8 

1883  Crust  4775 15  7  G 

1884  Eoselaine  7167 15  7  6 

1884  Marie  S.  12,043 15  6  3 

1882     Jersey  3260 15  6  18 

1885  Moonah's  Pet  7484 15  6  9 

1882     Anna  Smith  10,324 15  6  9 

1885  Mendota  3d  26,326 15  6  10 

1884    Fantinel271 15  6  14 

1880     Enigma  5360 15  6  6 

1886  La  Financiere  11,970. 15  5i  8 

1884     Leah  Darlington  13,836 15  5^  3 

1882     Witch  Hazel  4th  6131 15  5^  5 

1884     Champion's  Chloe  12,255 15  ^  6 

Belle  of  MiddlefielJ  1516 15  5 

1884    Dairy  2d  3891 15  5  9 

1882     AJmeda  3842 15  5  11 

1884    Letitia3977 15  5  10 

1882     Eomp  Ogden  2d  4764 15  5  6 


670  JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 

GROUP   NINETEENTH.  Bntter  Yield  in 

Seven  Days.  Age. 

(Continued.)  lbs.  oz.  Yre. 

1883  Zalma  8778 1»  »  4 

1881  Ai-awaiia  Buttercup  6052 15  5  4 

1884  Calypris  5943 15  4^  7 

1884  Mary's  Silver  Drop  14,235 15  4^  3 

1883  Victory  16,379 15  4^  5 

1882  Cenie  Wallace  2d  6557 15  4^  4 

1883  Dorothy  of  Bovina  9373 15  4  5 

1883  Forget-Me-Not-0  10,564 15  4  3 

1883  Maid  of  Five  Oaks  7178 15  4  7 

1884  Cora 15  4 

1883  Merry  Burlington  7600 15  4  5 

1883  Purest  13,730 15  4  2 

1884  Jewel  3d 15  4 

Cowslip  5th  849 15  4 

1885  Elsie  Lane  13,302 15  4  4 

1885  Evri  5282 15  4  9 

1884  Baron's  Rosette  25,988 15  4  2 

1884  Signalana  7719 15  4  6 

1884  Sultana  2d  11,798 15  4  5 

1885  La  Fantine  24,489 15  4  2 

]  885  Calpurnia  13,267 15  3^  4 

1884  ReaUty  16,537 15  3^  3 

1883  Nazli  10,327 15  3^  4 

1884  Clytemnestra  2455 15  3^  12 

1883  Dark  Cloud  9364 15  3^  6 

1884  Maggie  Sheldon  23,583 15  3^  2 

1884  Dove  Dee  18,059 15  3  2 

1885  Phoebe  N.  25,401 15  3  5 

1883  Royal  Princess  22,013  (Jersey) 15  3  9 

1884  Alfritha  13,673 15  3  3 

1883  Lydia  Libby  11,698 15  3  4 

1885  Darling  of  Neatham  20,086 15  3  2 

1884  May  Day  Stoke  Pogis  28,353 15  8  4 

1883  Lady  Adams  2d  6529 15  3  5 

1882  Atricia  6029 15  3  5 

1884  Fragrance  4059 15  3  11 

1883  Nellie  Darlington  5956 15  3  11 

1882  Belle  Dame  2d  22,043 15  3  3 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA.  671 


GROUP    NINETEENTH. 


Butter  Yield  i 


Seven  Days.  Age. 

(Continued.)  lbs.  oz.  Trs. 

885  Maculae  24,277 16  3  2 

886  Belle  Gamer  23,862 15  3 

882    Nelida  2d  8227 15  2^  3 

885     Eugenie  Tourneur  24,532  (rated) 15  2^  6 

882     Iola4627 15  2i  7 

885     Eoyal  Beauty  18,908 15  2^  6 

884  Usilda2d6157 15  2|-  7 

885  Fannie  Bugler  19,962 15  2  4 

882  Saragossa  22,019  (Jersey) 15  2  5 

885     Cicero's  Mabel  18,238 15  2  3 

883  Arawana  Poppy  6053 15  2  5 

883     Fan  of  Grouville  7458 15  2  8 

883     Pet  of  .Maplewood  Farm  4854 15  2  9 

883     Bessie  Bradford  2d  7271 15  2  6 

881  Lady  Oaks  2d  5246 15  2  6 

883     Queen  of  Ashautee  14,554 15  2  4 

883     Naomi's  Pride  16,745 15  2  3 

Daisy's  Daughter 15  2 

Azelda  2d  7022 15  2  4 

883     Princess  of  Mansfield  8070 15  2  8 

885     Sunset  of  Pleasant  View  13,071 15  2  6 

883  Aleph  Judea  11,389 15  If  3 

884  Lassie  1134 15  1^  15 

884    Verora  10,766 15  1^  4 

884    Coquette  of  Glen  Eouge  17,559 15  1^  3 

882  Aldarine  5301 15  1^  6 

884     Bellini's  Maid  15,170 15  li  3 

884  Kate  Pansy  15,177 15  1  4 

885  Nerissa  of  Nyack  9692 15  1  5 

884     Bronze  Leaf  14,902 15  1  4 

884    Prize  Eose  16,309 15  1  2 

884     Marvel  13,734 15  1  2 

884  Daisy  Dixie  9469 15  1  6 

885  Duchess  of  Bloomfield  3d  15,580 15  1  3 

883  Dairy  C.  12,227 15  OJ  2 

885     Arnold's  Lulu  7328 15  0  8 

884  Clara  of  Lakeside  10,827 15  0  7 

Olie  4133 15  0 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


GROUP    NINETEENTH. 


Butter  Yield  in 

Seven  Days.  Age. 

Ibe.  oz.  Yrs. 

1885     Ampelis  5th  17,548 15  0  3 

1884  Koinping  Lass  11,021 15  0  3 

1885  Signal  Maid  19,361 15  0  2 

1882  Forsaken  7520 15  0  4 

1885     Favorite  Rajah  Rex  16,153 15  0  3 

1883  Maid  of  Avranches  6559 15  0  7 

Picture  1533 15  0 

1883  Beauty  17,414 15  0  5 

1885     Mintha  12,812 15  0  5 

Arietta  5115 15  0 

1885     Jennie  WiUiams  29,058 15  0  2 

1885     Dora  Doon  12,909 15  0  3 

1876  Mischief  Le  Brocq  7080 15  0  5 

1885     Winsome  of  Ipswich  9213 15  0  6 

1884  Annie  Grey  11,712 15  0  7 

1883  Lady  Louise  4339 15  0  8 

1885  Ethelka  2d  14,128 15  0  4 

Hennie  3335 15  0 

1877  Oxalis  2d  15,631 15  0  5 

1884  Ma  Belle  4942 15  0  8 

1882  Bettie  Dixon  4527 15  0  6 

1883  Verbena  of  Fernwood  9088 15  0  4 

Belle  Hartford  2718 15  0 

1882     Arthur  s  Frolic  4438 15  0  13 

1882     Grace  Felch  8291 15  0  7 

1882  Trudie2d4084 15  0  4 

1881     Sister  Dorothy  2607 15  0  lO 

Rene  Ogden  1568 15  0 

1885  Lady  Jane  of  St.  Peter's  7475 15  0  7 

Duchess  of  Dudley  8670 15  0 

Gledelia  10,524 15  0 

1878  Archie  1112 15  0  10 

1878     Daisy  Grant  1445 15  0  9 

1884  Polly  of  Decrfoot  15,328 15  0  7 

1880     Deerfoot  Girl  15,329 15  0  2 

1883  Marjoram  2d  12,805 15  0  3 

Heartsease  5()3 15  0 

Hebe  3d  3613 15  0 


JERSEY  CATTLE  UST  AMERICA. 


GROUP   NINETEENTH. 


Butter  Yield  i 
Seven  Days. 
(Coiitimiea.)  Ibe.      oz. 


1SS5     Ida  of  Coal  Hill  12,542 15    0  5 

1885     Lydia  Darrach  5th  1G,577 15     0  4 

Earl  Cow 15    0 


GEOUP   TWENTIETH  :    FOUKTEEN-PpUND   COWS. 

1883  Satin  Bird  16,-380 14  15^  6 

1885     Lady  Bountiful  1T,946 14  15|  7 

1884  Miss  Alexandre  26,041 14  15  5 

1882  Miss  Bell  5083 14  15  7 

1883  Mary  Clover  9998 14  15  6 

1885  Molly  May  17,202 14  15  4 

1883  Sweet  Sixteen  10,682 14  15  3 

1884  Bellini  La  Biche  15,091 14  14^  3 

1883     Miss  Baden  Baden  14,760 14  14^  3 

1883     Faiistiiie  10,354 ]4  14^  5 

1885  Alice  Herrick  8787 14  14  6 

1881  Jenny  Le  Brocq  9757 14  14  4 

1882  Gold  Mark  10,727 14  14  2 

1883  Florry  Keep  6556 14  14  6 

1883  Honeysuckle  of  St.  Anne's  18,674 14  14  3 

1884  Island  Chrissie  12,007 14  14  5 

1884  Fancy  Fan  12,675 14  14  9 

1885  Countess  of  Lome  20,822 14  14 

1885     Frances  C.  Magnet  22,904 14  13^  2 

1885     Arietta  3d  14,274 14  131  5 

1882     Velveteen  7703 14  13^  4 

1885     Jefferson  Albina  12,196 14  13  4 

1882  Queen  of  De  Soto  12,318 14  13  2 

1883  Duchess  of  Argyle  3758 14  13  10 

1883  Louvie3d6159 14  13  5 

1884  Florence  Billot  7849 14  13  8 

1884  Oakland  Girl  11,103 14  12^  4 

1881     Lady  Bloorafield  4704 14  12^  6 

1883  Ideal  11,842 14  12^  3 

1885  Euby  Love  16,915 14  12  4 

1884  Alice  of  the  Meadows  20,748 14  12  3 

1885  Bright  Lady  5938 14  12  8 


eu  JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

GROUP   TWENTIETH.  Batter  Yield  In 

Seven  Daj-e.  Age. 

{Continued.)  Ibe.    oz.  Yre. 

Pet  Lee  7993 14  12 

1884  Kegina  s  Guide  16,862 \^  li  4 

1878     Katy  Didn't  2734 14  12  7 

1885  Goldstraw  3d  14,724 14  12  4 

1877  Estrella  2831 14  12  5 

1885  Pawtucket  Belle  12,400 .' 14  12  4 

1878  Lady  Brown  4tli  6911 14  12  5 

Princess  836 .'. .  14  12 

Maple  Leaf  4768 14  12 

1883    Cowles' Nonsuch  6199 14  12  7 

1883     Lady  Gray  of  Hilltop  2.1  14,641 14  12  4 

1883     Content  of  Linwood  6950 14  12  7 

1883     Princess  Bowen  9699 14  12  (5 

1883     Magnibel  7976 14  12  4 

1882     Bloomfield  Lady  6912 14  12  f, 

1882  Gold  Princess  8809 14  12  3 

1883  Phyllis  of  Ilillcrest  9067 14  12  3 

1883     Charmer  4771 14  12  7 

1883     Roll  of  Honor  13,610 14  12  4 

1882  Jersey  Cream  2d  8519 14  12  5 

1884)                      ^^      ^  (  14  12  8 

^33^  Cocotte  11,908 ]^^  ^  ^^^ 

1883  Lady  Fair  22.103 14  12  2 

1886  Good  Friday  20,081 14  12  4 

1886    Inez  of  Ingleside  28,976 14  12  2 

Stanstead  Belle  4709 14  11+ 

1S83     Sweetrock  2d  18,256 14  Hi  4 

1883     Bonnie  2d  5742 14  114  6 

Bessie  Ridgely  8293 14  114 

Bohemian  Gipsy  17,452 14  11 

1876    Abbie  Z.  14,002 14  11  6 

1886     Clara  C.  Magnet  31.563 14  11  2 

1885     Lizzettc's  Mary  12,723 14  11  5 

1878    Maiden  of  Jersey  2736 14  11  8 

1883  Royal  Sister  12,457 14  11  3 

1884  Belle  Thome  13,369 14  11  4 

1885  Cosetta  15,991 14  11  7 

1881    Renini  9181 14  104  4 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IIST  AMEBICA.  675 

GEOUP   TWENTIETH.  Butter  Yield  iu 

Seven  Days.  Age. 

iContinved.)  lbs.     oz.  Yrs. 

Cosette  3874 14  lOJ 

1883  Yellow  Locust  10,679 14  10^  3 

1884  Eosebud  of  Belleviie  7702 14  lo^  6 

1883  Opaline  7590 14  K »  5 

1885  Mmble  22,335 14  10  2 

1884  Uinta  5743 , 14  10  7 

1885  Sister  Cash  33,987 14  10  2 

1884  Trenie  17,^0 14  K)  2 

1885  Bell  Rex  11,700 14  10  4 

1883  Lady  Vertumuus  13,217 14  10  4 

1884  Peggy  Ford  21,713 14  10  2 

1884    Eeception  3d  11,025 14  10  4 

1884    Euphorbia  11,229 14     U  4 

1884     Coronilla  8367 14     94  5 

1872    Jennie  766 14    9  6 

1884  Guinevere  Sinclair  11,167 14     9  4 

1885  Clover  Mel  16,159 14     9  3 

1884     Auntybel  12,582 14     9  3 

1882  Como  Lass  24,369  (Jersey) 14     9  4 

1884    Mountain  Lass  12,921 14     9  5 

1884  Pansy  K.  23,889 14     9  2 

1885  Maud  Lee  2d  8839 14     9  7 

1883  Mink  3d  4868 14     9  7 

1883  Island  Dots  17,003 14     9  If 

1884  Miss  Huelin  22,296 14     9  5 

1885  L'Etoile  du  ISTord  16,419 14     9  5 

1884  Smoky  13,733 14     9  3 

1885  Gem  of  St.  Cloud  7342 14     8^  8 

Hattie  739 14     8 

1883  Eegina  2d  2475 14     8  6 

1853     Flora  113  (2^  months  before  3d  calf) 14     8  3 

1882     PavoD  12,485 14     8  2 

Yenus  112 14     8 

1885     Florie  May  Baker  10,728 14     8  5 

Princess  Eose  6249 14     8 

1884  Dena  of  Deerfoot  15,325 14     8  7 

Deborana  4718 14     8 

1874     Alice  of  Salem  5053 14     S  4 


676  JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


GKOUP    TWENTIETH. 


Butter  Yield  i 


Seven  Days.  Ago, 

(Continued.)  lbs.  oz.  Yre, 

1883    Goddess  of  Staatsburgli  5252 1-t  8  7 

1883    Dolly  of  Lakeside  10,824 US  6 

1883    Lady  Ives  3d  67-10 1-i  8  0 

1883    Snowdrop  F.  W.  16,948 14  8  8 

1881  Bryant  4193 14  8  6 

1883  Hartwick  Belle  7722 14  8  4 

1873  Plenty  950 14  S  6 

1882  New  London  Gipsey  11,667 '.  14  8  6 

1882    Caroline  12,019 14  S  6 

1882    Fall  Leaf  8587 US  3 

1884  Del  of  Willow  Farm  22,464 14  8  3 

1874  Lorraine  1435 14  8  3 

1880  Thomdale  Belle  5265 14  S  6 

1882  Pride  of  the  Hill  4877 14  S  7 

Chloe  Beach  3931 14  8 

1885  Tale  Bearer  24,535 14  8  8 

1883  La  Pera  2d  13,404 14  8  3 

1882    Enid  2d  10,783 14  74  2 

1885    Shiloh  Daughter  20,378 14  7^  3 

1882  Kosi3431 14  7  12 

1883  Florry  of  the  Oaks  8141 14  7  6 

1884  Milkweed  16,402 14  7  8 

1884  Medrie  Le  Broeq  8888 14  7  5 

1881  Aspirante  9272 14  7  4 

1885  Lorella  12,913   14  7  4 

Corinne  707 14  7 

1884    Lena  Lowndes  23,202 14  7  7 

Monmouth  Duchess  3d  4620 14  7 

1882  Sunny  Lass  6033 14  7  4 

1884    Scipio's  Lively  19,869 14  7  2 

1883  Daisy  of  Chenango  18,582 14  7  5 

Audrey  1447 14  7 

1883    Nibbette  11,625 14  7  4 

Sal  Soda  3721 14  7 

1876    Monmouth  Duchess  3895 14  7  6 

1882  Jessie  Lee  of  Labyrinth  5290 14  7  4 

1883  Epigjea  4631 14  7  3 

1884  Belle  of  Uwchland  8468 14  7 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IJV  AMEBICA.  677 

GROUP   TWENTIETH.  Butter  Yield  in 

Seven  Days.  Age, 

(Continued.)  lbs.  oz.  Yrs, 

1885     Czaretta  17,358 14  7  3 

Meines  3559 1-1  7 

Elsie  Brown  4026 14  6^ 

1884  Susie  La  Biche  3cl  15,171 14  U  3 

1880  Beulah  of  Baltimore  3270 14  GJ  7 

1882    Allie  Minka  2982 14  6^  8 

1882  Irene  of  Short  Hills  5137 14  6^  8 

1885  Liberty  2cl  16,717 14  6^  3 

Miss  Blanclie  2515  (rated) 14  6|  3 

1885     Mary  of  Pleasant  View  13,448 14  6  4 

Fides  2d  1576 14  6 

1883  Lobelia  2d  6650 14  6  8 

1885     Ideal  Alpliea  18,755 14  6  2 

1884  Maggie  May  2d  12,926 14  6  4 

1885  Pendule  2d  16,709 14  6  3 

1883  Jazel's  Maid  11,011 14  6  3 

1884  Maggie  C.  12,216 14  6  4 

1883  Eose  of  Eose  Lawn  9365 14  6  5 

1884  Lady  Greville  12,930 14  6  3 

1883  Marpetra  10,284 ;...., 14  6  2 

1882  Gilda  2779 14  6  3 

1881  Myth  2837 14  6  7 

1881     Palestine's  Last  Daughter  12,602 14  6  4 

1885  Palestine  Pierrot  2d  24,099 14  6  6 

1885     Mellie  Argyle  20,609 14  6  3 

Palestine  26 14  6 

1885     Countess  of  Scarsdale  18,633 14  6  2 

1884  Lady  Fanning  11,169 14  6  6 

1883  Effie  of  Verna  8928 14  6  6 

1884  Nameless  Girl  11,623 14  6  5 

1883  Augerez  Girll7,015 14  6  3 

1884  Jacquenetta  10,958 14  6  4 

1883     Lady  Clarendon  3d  17,578 14  5A  3 

1883     Memento  1913 li  5  11 

1883     Energy  22,016 14  5  7 

1873     Lady  Palestine  2769 14  5  5 

1885  Lillie  Pope  8589 14  5  7 

1883     Milkmaid  of  Burr  Oaks  9035 14  5  5 


678  JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


GROUP   TWENTIETH. 


Butter  Yield  in 


Seven  Days.  Age. 

(CoiUinued.)  lbs.  oz.  Yr». 

1883  Xancy  of  St.  Lambert  12,9r)-4 14  5  3 

1885     Moberly  Creamer  23,051 14  5  3 

1884  Lady  Mary  Hampton  4861 14  5  10 

1883  Minnie  of  Scituate  17,829 14  44  5 

1884  Alphea  Star  16,532 14  4^  2 

1884  Kenown  13,729 14  4^  3 

1885  Lottie  Rex  18,757 14  4  2 

1884  Mary  of  Gilderoy  11,219 14  4  4 

1885  Princess  Mary  of  Woodlawn  11,663 14  4  4 

1883  Violet  of  Glencaim  10,221 14  4  3 

1885    Bertie  Briggs  5213 14  4  10 

1884  Leoliue  2d  18,315 14  4  3 

1885  Metah's  Baby  9710 14  4  7 

Cigarette  2849 14  4 

Corolla  4392 14  4 

1883    Blonde  2d  9268 14  4  5 

Nannie  Fitch  9143 14  4 

1882     Buckeye  Lass  10,355 14  4  5 

1881  Adina  1942 14  4  9 

1882  Jeanuie  Piatt  6005 14  4  5 

1883  Vespncia  17,455 14  4  3 

1883     Kate  Daisy  8264 14  4  6 

1881  Lebanon  Daughter  6106 14  4  5 

Susette  4068 14  4 

1883  Rose  of  Hillside  3866 14  3^  9 

1880     Bintana9837 14  3^  3 

1882  Gem  of  Sassafras  8434 14  3^  4 

1885     Halsie  MeCnrdy  12,379 14  3i  6 

1884  Gilt  Edge  C.  12,223 14  3^  2 

1884  Signetilia  16,333 14  3  2 

1880  Deoine6343 14  3  3 

1885  Betsona  16,776 14  3  3 

1884  Fandango  12,908 14  3  3 

Pride  of  Winslow  2613 14  3 

1885  Embla  Brick  15,690 14  3  3 

1884     Minnie  Lee  2d  12,941 14  3  3 

1881  La  Rouge  12,405 14  3  3 

Rene  Noble  6191 14  3  3 


JERS:EY  cattle  IJST  AIIEKICA.  679 

GEOUP    TWENTIETH.  Butter  Yield  in 

Seven  Days.  Age. 

iCmtinned.)  lbs.  oz.  Yrs. 

1883     Adora  18,569 14  3  3 

1883     Lilian  Mostar  10,364 14  3  4 

1883     Litza  6338 14  3  5 

Prudence  of  Bovina  3d  10,749 14  3 

1882  Clematis  of  St.  Lambert  5478 14  3  6 

1SS3     Celia  Belle  5865 14  3  6 

Lucetta  6856 14  3 

1885     Monocacy  Dimple  9680 14  3  6 

1883  Lilly  Cross  13,796 : 14  3  7 

Telka8037 14  3 

Silversides  3857 14  3 

Prince's  Bloom  9729 14  3 

1884  Lady  Brown  2d  2348 14  3  14 

Chloe  B.  8935 14  3 

Turquoise  1129 14  3 

Ida  8th  5409 14  3 

1885  Pet  Kex  20,166 14  2^  2 

1884    Alphetta  16,531 14  2^  2 

1882  Maggie  May  3255 14  2i  8 

Safrano  4568 14  2^ 

1884  Bergerelia  15,546 14  2^  5 

1883  Lily  of  Staatsburg  5427 .■  14  2^  8 

1885  Eugenie  2d  12,733 14  2  4 

1884  Rosetta  of  Sidney  4520 14  2  IJ-t 

1885  Grace's  Nightingale  19,855 14  2  4 

1880  Queen  Fannie  10,275 14  2  4 

1884     Susan 14  2 

1884    Eosaha  of  Sidney  4521 14  2  li 

1884     Tidy  of  St.  Lambert  31,114 14  2  12 

1884     Melita  of  Hillcrest  7054 14  2  6 

1884     Vestina  2458 14  2  12 

1882     Pearl  of  St.  Lambert  5527 14  2  6 

1882  Flamant  11,270 14  2  2 

1881  Webster  Pet  4103 14  2  6 

Fairy  Queen  of  Verna  6817 14  2 

1883  Queen  of  Prospect  11,997 U  2  3 

1883     Bella  Delaine  10,356 14  2  4 

1881     Parity  2d  7724 14  2  4 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


GROUP   TWENTIETH. 


Batter  Yield  i 


Seven  Days.  Agt 

(OwWntKd.)  lbs.  oz.  Yre. 

1876    Nellie  150T 11  2  9 

1881     Nightingale  of  Elmarcli  8312 U  2  7 

1881     There.-se  M.  8364 U  2  2 

1881  Lebanon  Lass  6108 14  2  5 

1883    Bessie  Bradford  7269 14  2  7 

1883  Lady  Gray  of  Hill  Top  3d  14,642 14  2  3 

BeUe  Grinnell  3d  16.503 14  2 

Angela  1682 14  2 

1885     Lernella  22,322 14  U  2 

1885    Nervine  25,932 14  1^  H 

1884  Hurrah  Pansy  12,153 14  1^  4 

1883  Peggy  of  Staatshnrgh  2342 14  \\  10 

Bathsheba  2556 14  1 

Clematis  3d  6653 14  1 

1SS2     Creamer  2467 14  1  9 

1884  Ballet  Girl  18,750 14  1  2 

Taglioni  9182 14  1 

1885  Madame  Argyle  19,476 14  1  4 

Flora  Lee  13,294 14  1 

1885     Duchess  of  Argyle  4th  7571 14  1  7 

1883     Eobinette  7114 14  1  5 

1883     Nellie  Gray  of  Clermont  10,905 14  1  5 

1885     Eva  of  Snipsic  17,650 14  1  3 

1882  Myrtle  of  Eidgewood  7858 14  1  4 

1880  Beauty  Bismarck  4967 14  1  5 

1882  Buttery  3502 14  1  7 

1883  Variella  of  Linwood  10,954 14  1  3 

1883  Walkyrie  5708 14  1  6 

1884  Melody  2689 14  1  12 

1883  Honeydrop  10,033 14  i  6 

1884  Comtesse  d'Espagna  10,308 14  ^ 

Bronx  306 14  0 

1881  Bessie  Bradford  3d  11,544 14  0  2 

1885  Alphea  Jewell  22,331 14  0  2 

Le  Rosa  10,078 14  0 

Muezzin  3670 14  0 

Ella  of  Sidney  4522 14  0  1 

Littv  807 14  0 


JERSEY  CATTLE  JiV  AMERICA.  681 

GEOUP  TWENTIETH.  Bxsiisi  Yield  in 

Seven  Days.  Age. 

(Contlmial.)  lbs.  oz.  Yrs. 

ISSi    Elinor  Wells  12,068 14  0  3 

1885     Putnam  Belle  12,116 14  0  5 

1884     Cressy  of  Deerfoot  15,324 14  0  T 

1884     Baby  Buttercup  10,888 , 14  0  4 

1884  Birdie  Le  Brocq  17,263 14  0  3 

1885  Nutley's  Alma  13,581 14  0  6 

Fille  de  I'Air  2474 14  0 

1885     Carlo's  Fanny  14,951 14  0  6 

1882     Lady  Yoimg  16,668 14  0  4 

Lizzie  C.  7713 14  0 

Geranium  3963 14  0 

1882     Actress  2311 14  0  10 

1885     Eioter's  Beauty  14,894 14  0  2 

Clover  Top  9910 14  0 

Ada  Minka  15,502 14  0 

1882     Nell  Gwjnm  9654 14  0  3 

1874     Erith  4564 14  0  2 

Lily  of  St.  Lambert  5120 14  0 

1885     Alice  Donald 14  0 

Starkville  Beauty  4897 14  0 

1884    Pierrot's  Countess  12,480 14  0  3 

1877    Bounty  1606 14  0  9 

1877    PetAnnal608 14  0  6 

1882  Home  Matron  6707 14  0  5 

Topsey  K.  22,769 14  0 

St.  Nick's  Flora  16,195 14  0 

Lily  of  the  Valley  7439 14  0 

Miami  Prize  8100 14  0 

Naomi  Cramer  8628 14  0 

1881     Pixie  4115 14  0  6 

Negress  7651 14  0 

1883  El  Mora  Mostar  15,955 14  0  2 

Abbie 14  0 

1884  Elite  4299 14  0 

Darling  4th 14  0 

1867    Eureka  McHenry  8341 14  0  7 

Edith  4th  817 14  0 

1885  Bonnie  Fawn  6190 14  0 


JERSEY  CA  TTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


GEOUP   TWENTIETH. 


Bntter  Yield  in 


Seven  Days.  Age. 

{Continued.)  Ibe.  02.  Yre. 

Lucilla2735 14  0 

Gentle  of  Glastonbury  4651 14  0 

Belle  of  Ogden  Fann  1570 14  0 

1881     Daisy  of  Clermont  3492 14  0  7 

1881     Fidelia  5817 14  0  12 

1881     Lucy  Gaines'  Buttercup  5058 14  0  8 

1879    Witch  Hazel  1360 14  0  9 

1884    Vivalia  12,760 14  (»  6 

1878    Kitty  Clover  1113 14  0  11 

1881  St.  Perpetua  2d  5557 14  0  4 

Kioter  2d's  Venus  3658 14  0 

Birdie  2611 14  0 

Pansy  602 14  0 

1876     Countess  of  Warren  3896 14  0  5 

1884    Sadie's  Choice  7979 14  0 

1884  Gazelle  15,961 14  0  8 

1885  Kerni  Rex  13,671 14  0 

Morlacchi  2725 14  0 

Queen  of  tlie  Xorth  17,973 14  0 

Village  ilaid  7069 14  0 

1876    Lady  Brown  433 14  0  8 

1885     Duchess  of  Manchester  20,838 14  0  3 

1882  Hazalena's  Butterfly  10,123 14  0  8 

1878     Jessie  Leavenworth  8248 14  0  4 

Gazelle  of  Mobile  1735 14  0 

Jule  3640 14  0 

1881     Nordheini  Creamer  9758 14  0  4 

Silver  Bell  4313 14  0 

Little  Han  8004 14  0 

Belle  Atwood  5907 14  0 

1884    Belle  Steuben  20,115 14  0  2 

Jennie  Johnson  3d  6782 14  0 

Gilt  Edge  2d  4420 14  0 

Bonfanti  388 14  0 

Lady  Caroline  of  St.  Auljins  11,372 14  0 

Spirea  3915 14  0 

Sasco  Bell  13,601 14  0 

Mattituck  1450 14  0 


JEESEY   CATTLE  IJSr  AMEBIC  A. 


GKOUP    TWENTIETH.  Butter  Yield  in 

Seven  Days. 
{Continued.)  lbs.     oz. 


Benuie  Hinman  7166 14  0 

Gilt  Uh.  4208 14  0 

Vesper  1395 14  0 

Undine  of  South  East  4548 14  0 

1885     Lady  of  Otsego  26,671 14  0 

Niobe  99 14  0 


TABLE 

SHOWING   RATIO    OF    illLK    TO    BUTTEK    OF    TESTED   COWS. 
GROUP    ONE. 

Three  to  Four  Pounds  of  Milk  to  One  Pound  of  Butter. 
LANDSEER'S  FANCY  3876 3^ 

GEOUP   TWO. 

Four  to  Five  Pounds  of  Milk  to  One  Pound  of  Butter. 
Toltec's  Fancy  27,173 4i      |   Fannie  Landseer  1969 5 


GEOUP    THEEE. 


Five  to  Six  Pounds  of  Milk  to  One  Pound  of  Butter. 


Ethleel  2d  33,391 b^\    \   Hypatbia  2d  14,774     . 

Mother  Carey  11,746 5 A 


GEOUP   FOUE. 

Six  to  Seven  Pounds  of  Milk  to  One  Pound  of  Butter. 

Oxford  Kate  13,646    .  .     .     .     .     6i      I   Oakland's  Nora  14,880 6J 

Princess  2d  8046 6|       I   Mary  Anne  of  St.  Lambert  9770      .     .     .     6| 

Sunset  15,130 ^      \   Atlanta's  Beauty  13,949 64f 


C84 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


GEOUP    FIVE. 

Seven  to  Eight  Pounds  of  Milk  to  One  Pound  of  Butter. 
Rosy  Dream 7i      |    Pride  of  JIashamoquct  Farm  6469 


GROUP    SIX. 

Eight  to  Nine  Pounda  of  Milk  to  One  Pound  of  Butter. 


Niobe's  Alpheanette  23,336 8J 

Sweet  Sixteen  10,682 8i 

Jeannie  Piatt  6005 8^ 

Alice  Jones  8225 8| 

Matilda  5tU  18,068 8| 


Oakland's  Cora  18,85 
Dia  13,658     .     .     . 
Rioter's  Maggie  22,55 
Royal  Princess  2370 


8i 


GROUP    SEVEN. 


Nine  to  Ten  Pounds  of  Mill-  to   One  Pound  of  Butter. 


Pavon  12,485 9J 

Mary  Norton  13,052 9J 

Oouan  1485 9i 

Geranium  2d  7838 9^ 

Bomba  10,330 9A 

Dclilta  21,305 9j 

Little  Torment  1588 9f 


Ida  of  St.  Lambert  24,990  .     .     . 

Eurotas2454 

Maculae  24,277 

Moss  Rose  of  Willow  Farm  5194 

Lucy  Lanier  13,053 

Optima  6715 


GROUP    EIGHT. 


Ten  to  Eleven  Pounds  of  Milk  to   One  Powid  of  Butter. 


Granny's  Gem  30,406 lO,^, 

Niobe  of  St.  Lambert  12,969 lOi 

Daisy  Morrison  14,035 10^ 

Gabriclle  Champion  14,102 lOJ 

Nan  Day  17,192 lOJ 

Masena  25,732 lOJ 

Lorella  12,913 lOi 

Rose  of  St.  Lambert  20,426 lOi^ 

May  Fair  5184 10| 

Inez  of  Ingleside  28,976 10* 

Regina  4th  12,732 lOJ 

Alberta  Signal  18,611 lOi 

Dot  Buttercup  16,358 lOJ 

Rose  of  Hillside  3866 lOf 

Pandothro  22,383 10} 

Rosaline  of  Glenmore  3179 lOj^^ 


Eugenie  Chouteau  6186   . 
Belle  of  Prospect  2d  14,326 
Maggie  McM.  14,073  . 
Lady  of  Bellevue  7705 
Fannie  Bugler  19,962 
Abbie  Clay  15,702  . 
Quaehette  17,091    . 
Grace  Davy  8292    . 
Bclmcda  6229    .     . 
Chrome  Skin  7881  . 
Flora  113  .... 
Dot  of  Bear  Lake  6170 
Ri.ssa  16,014  .... 
Content  of  Linwood  69 
Flower  of  Glen  Rouge  17,560 
Home  Matron  6707     .    .    . 


10| 
10^ 
10^ 

11 
11 
11 
11 
11 
11 
11 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


GROUP    NINE. 


Eleven  to   Twelve  Pounds  of  Jfilk  to   One  Pound  of  Butter. 


Mitten  13,368 II3V 

Tette  20,803 llxV 

Vixen  7591 ll^Sj 

Miss  Porter  30,300 ll^V 

Rosa  of  Bellevue  6954 11 J 

Rose  of  Eden  13,437 \\\ 

Yellow  Locust  10,679 Hi 

Lady  Cloud  19,358 \\\ 

Countess  Potoka  7496      .......  llx^u 

Roland's  Bonnie  2d  18,054 Hi 

Thorndale  Belle  3d  10,973 IH 

Viva  Le  Brocq  13,703 Hi 

Fairy  of  Verna  3d  10,973 Hi 

Fairy  Queen  of  St.  Brelades  7464      .     .     .Ill- 
Attractive  Maid  16,935 H| 

Naiad  of  St.  Lambert  12,965  .     .     .     .    '.  lU 

Marea  10,167 lU 

Maid  of  Avranches  6959 lU 

Mollie  Garfield  12,172 lU 

HuUa  7898 Hi 

Belle  Garner  33,682 lU 

Jenny  Pogis  23,984 11| 


Snowdrop  F.  W.  16,948  .     .     . 

Le  Gallais  Fancy 

Lesbie9179 

Pilot's  Veronica  18,917    .     .     . 

Kosi  3431 

Croton  Maid  5305 

Celeste  Cox  12,948 

(Enone  8614 

Mamelle  30,804 

Beauty  Romeril  36,090  .  .  . 
Baron's  Rosette  35,988  .  .  . 
Mermaid  of  St.  Lambert  9771 

Fair  Lady  6733 

Golden  Princess  4557  .... 

Lactine  10,680 

Gem  of  Hope  17,103  .  .  .  . 
Countess  Lowndes  36,874    .     . 

Denise  8381 

Creamer  3467 

Carrie  Lena  3d  30,077    .     .     . 

Belle  Mardi  18,363 

Scituate  of  Woronoco  18,040    . 


GEOUP  TEN. 


Twelve  to   Tliirteen  Pounds  of  Milk  to   One  Pound  of  Butter. 


Walkyrie5708 \^ 

Kate  Gordon  8387 13i 

May  Blossom  5657 13| 

Les  Marais  Dell  30,314 13i 

Lizzie  D.  10,408 13,\ 

Sister  Rex  3194 12y\ 

Nightingale  K.  2d  19,841 13i 

Mary  M.  Allison  6308 13-^ 

Lass  of  Scituate  9555 13i 


Judith  Coleman  13,191  . 
Lily  Darling  11,713  .  . 
Jersey  Belle  of  Scituate  78 


12i 


l'2i 


Belle  of  Linwood  18,364 13i 

Hilda  3d  5447 13i 

Reception  8557 13+ 

Petite  M6re  8516 13+ 

Countess  Coomassie  19,339 13+ 

Glory  of  Elmarch  31,521 13+ 


Bonnie  Tost  7943 

Eupidee's  Perfection  30,175.     . 

Percie  14,937 

Nancy  Lovelock  15,511  .  .  . 
Lily  of  Maple  Grove  5079    .     . 

La  Vivienne  1334 

Cetewayo's  Silver  Bell  18,593  . 
Naomi's  Pride  16,745  .  .  .  . 
Calistc  of  Newark  13,396  .  . 
Maggie  May  2d  12,936    .     .     . 

Zoe  Henry  6693 

Nellie  Darlington  5956  .  .  . 
Nancy  of  St.  Lambert  13,964  . 
Countess  of  Lakeside  12,135     . 

Grace  Felch  8291 

Bintana  9837  

Fan's  Grouville  Beauty  10,079  . 
Saf  rauo  4568 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IIST  AMERICA. 


AlphealTl 12^^17 

Thorntliile  Belle  5365 12^j 

Pride  of  Bovina ^'i\\ 

Value  2d  0844 13 

Beauty  17,4U 13 


Ilartwick  Belle 13 

Euid  2d  10,783 13 

Myrtle  of  Ridgewood  7858 13 

Darling  of  Neatham  20,086 13 

Farmer's  Floss  17,773 13 


GROUP    ELEVKX. 


Thirteen  to  Fourteen  Poiinih  of  Milk  to   One  Pound  of  Butter. 


Princess  Sheila  7293 13i»j 

Clover  Mel  16,159 l^^s 

Verbena  of  Fernwood  9088 13^ 

Milkweed  16,403 13i 

Alcmena6193 13i 

Nora  of  St.  Lambert  13,963 13i 


Pixie  4115 


m 

Oxalis  2d  15,631 \^ 

Harmony  2d  17,118 13| 

Beauty  2070 13i 

Gracic's  Nightingale  19,855 ......  13i 

Marie  C.  Magnet  23,903 13i 

StarkviUe  Beauty  4897 13i 

Lydia  Darrach  4903 13J 

Phicdra  2561 ISJ 

Frances  C.  Magnet  22,904 13J 

Lille  Bonne  8108 13J 

Sunny  Lass  6033 13f 

Gold  Lace  10,720 13i 

■Well  Done  25,987 13i 

Purest  13,730 13i 

Lucilla  3d  9786 13* 

Bergerelia  15,546 13J 

Evri  5282 13i 

SuLu4705 m 

Grace  Davy  8293 13i 

Viva  Le  Brocq  13,702 13i 

Evelina  of  Vema  10,971 13i 

Kate  Pansy  15,177 13| 

Lady  of  the  Isles  2d  16,052 Vi\ 

Miss  Huelin  23,296 13 /j 

Gardiner's  Ripple  11,693 13? 


I    Belle  Steuben  20,115 13^ 

:Meines  3d  7741 13| 

Bonnie  2d  5742 13^ 

i    Melia  Ann  5444 13| 

,    Friz  Cam  14,655 ISj 

Nancy  Lee  7618 13j 

Renini9181 13f 

Herberta  8811 13| 

Rosebud  of  Bellevue  7702 13i 

Ada  S.  18,360 13f 

Lady  Jane  of  St.  Peter's  7475 13J 

Gem  of  St.  Cloud  7342 13^ 

Cupid  of  Lee  Farm  9365 13| 

Ideal  11,842 13^ 

Webster  Pet  4103 13^ 

Bell  Rex  11,700 13^ 

Good  Friday  20,081 13^V 

Cassia  2d  21,370 13i 

Rioter  Pink  of  BerUn  33,665 13| 


Island  Dots  17,203  .... 
Cctewayo's  Dorcas  20,827  . 
Princess  Bowen  9699  .  .  . 
Nightingale  of  Elmarch  8312 
Ilazen's  Bess  7329  .... 
Hilda  A.  2d  11,120  .  .  . 
JIaid  of  the  Elms  18,932  . 
Nordheim  Creamer  9758  .  . 
Beulah  de  Gruchy  13,480  . 
Lisetta  Johnson  5321  .  .  . 
Bella  of  Glencairn  10,322  . 
Rozel  Lass  20,268   .... 


13i 

13f 

13| 

13ft 

Vi\% 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


TESTED  COWS,  AND  THE  SIEES  AND  DAMS  OF  TESTED  COWS 
THAT  AEE  THE  PEODUCT  OF  THE  VAEIOUS  DEGEEES  OF 
INBEEEDING. 


FOE  M  IT  LA     ONE 


Son  into  Dam. 


Model  Pedigree  for  Bulls. 


MARIUS  760. 


Lady  Mary  1148. 


Lady  Mary  1148. 


Duke  of  Edineston  6919,  Lord  Aylmer  1067,  Dick  1410. 


Tested   Cows. 


MOSS  ROSE  OF  WILLOW  FARM  519i,  Hilda  ad  5447,  Gem  of 

Hope  17,102,  Wybie  595.     Duchess  of  Bloomfield  3d  15,580. 


Dajis   of   Tested   Cows. 


MOSS  ROSE  OF  WILLOW  FARM  5194,  Hattie  2d  2901,  Minnie  2d 
17,828,  Elsie  Burnside  5598. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 

FOKMULA  TWO. 

Gkandsox  into    Grandam. 

BULLS. 

Model  Pedigree. 


\  Romulus  P.  181 . 


CETE"WA  YO,  P.  224  J.H.B. 


Musique,  F.  1096. 


NIPHETA  9180. 


Welcome,  F.  172. 


Musique,  F.  1006. 


FOEMULA  THEEE. 
Sire    into    Daughter 

BULLS. 

Model  Pedigree. 

Toung  Rioter  751  B.  H.  B... 


Stoke  Pogia  1250. 


Young  Rioter  751  E.  H.  B. 


Oxoli  1922,  Ragliom  175,  Bluetooth  1821,  Optimus  1607,  Marcot  726,  New 
Years  4352,  Jason  Jr.  3270,  Commodore  Eoxbury  1586,  Thalma  4288. 


KING    RIOTER    6075. 

AT  3  YEARS  OLD. 

Bioier — Stoke  Pogis — Marjoram  Type. 
GREEN  MOUNTAIN  HEED. 
MouLTON  Brotheks,  West  RANDOLPir,  Vermont. 


JEESET  CATTLE  IJ^  A3IERICA. 

TESTED    COWS. 

Model  Pedigree  for  Coios. 


VICTOK  3550. 


Dick  SwiveUer  Jr.  37G. 


I  Dick  Swiveller  Jr.  276. 


VTCTOB  3550. 


Dick  Swiveller  Jr.  276. 

Czar  373. 


Dick  Swiveller  Jr.  270. 


Blood  per  c 

Victor 75. 

Fannie 85. 

Dick  Smveller  Jr 37)4. 

Czar 33/5. 

Nelly 185i. 

Dadiese  14iV. 


JSTymphsea  5141,  Eugenie   Choiiteau   6186,  Chroma  4572,  Pyrola   4566,  Nan 

Day  17,192,  Lady  Conover  2d  17,589,  Beauty ,  Countess  of  Lakeside  12,135, 

Eosebud  of  Allerton  6352,  Fair  Lady  6723,  Queen  of  Delaware  17,029,  Eosy  Kate 


690  JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

10,276,  Volie  19,405,  Nancy  Lovelock  15,511,  Gipsv  May  6259,  May  Fair  5184, 
Miss  Vermont  7698,  Tamy  2(1  7125,  Taniy  Lowndes  25,316,  Maid  of  Aiuboy  2929, 
Dollie  Dale  16,140,  Silenta  17,685,  Le  Petite  Mere  2d  12,810,  Purest  13,730,  Jeffer- 
son Albina  12,196,  Lady  Bloomfield  4704,  Renini  9181,  Moberly  Creamer  23,051, 
Lillie  PoiM  8589,  Yespucia  17,455,  Princess  Mary  of  "WoodlawTi  11,663,  Lilly  Cross 
13,976,  Lydia  Darracli  2d  8056,Lydia  Darracli  3d  10,662,  Lydia  Darracli  5tli  16,577, 
Alphea  Jewell  22,331,  Safrano  4568,  Lernella  22,322,  Lady  Ives  1708,  Countess  of 
Lome,  20,822,  Clematis  3174. 

DAJIS    OF   TESTED    COWS. 

Leda  799,  Motto  80,  Belle  of  Prospect  6627,  Aureola  8617,  Sukey  2d  1224, 
Nellie  7825,  L-ma  1298,  Lady  Ives  1708,  Fanny  1185,  Lily  857,  Bell  Flower  59, 
Martinet  6418,  Rose  of  Salem  6476,  Chess  6848,  Plisedra  2561. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


FORMULA  FOUR. 

Grandsiee  into  Geand-daughter  :  Pedigree  of  Cow. 
Model  Pedigree. 


Saturn  94, 

"^"P"'"'^^ 

Ehea  166. 

MEKCITBY432 

AIphealTl 

Mercury  432.. 

Satui-n  94. 
Rhea  166. 

AlphealTl 

Saturn  94. 
Rhea  166. 

SaUrn  94. 
Rhea  166. 

Saturn  94. 

Nymptea  5141 

Phaedra  2.561 

19  lbs.  13  oz. 

Mercury  432.. 

Jupiter  93 

Alphea  171 

Jnpiter  93 

Rhea  160. 

Saturn  94. 
Rhea  166. 

Saturn  W. 
Rhea  166. 

Saturn  94. 

. 

^ 

Rhea  166. 

Enropal76 

Alphea  171.... 

Saturn  94. 
RUa  166. 

New  Tears  4352,  OxoU  1922. 

TESTED    COWS. 

Purest  13,730,  Reality  16,.537,  Lilly  Cross  13,796,  Lady  Mel  429,  Countess  of 
Lome  20,822. 


DAMS    OF   TESTED    COWS. 


Lady  Mel  429,  Chess  6848. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA 


FORMULA  FIVE. 
Brother    into    Sister. 

BULLS. 

Model  Pedigree. 


Jupiter  93. 


MERCURY  432. 


Alphea  171 

Ehea  166. 

Victor  3550,  Sidney  3262,  Arnold's  Bronx  3309,  Alpheus  1168. 


TESTED    cows. 


Hilda  D.  6683,  Phaedra  2561,  Volie  19,465,  Mintha  12,812,  Lady  Tlinrlow 
12,410,  Clytemnestra  2455,  Taglioni  9182,  Arietta  3d  14,274,  Renini  9181,  Mollie 
Garfield  2d  18,662,  Forget-Me-Not  O  10,564,  Purest  13,730,  Lesbie  9179,  Mellie 
Argylc  20,609. 

DAJIS    OF   TESTED    COWS. 

Clytemnestra  2455,  Julia  of  Deerfoot,  Young  Patricia,  F.  35  II.  C,  grandani 
of  Le  Brocq's  Prize. 

FORMULA  SIX. 
Half-Brother  into  Half-Sister. 


Hurrah  2814,  sire  of  Value  2d  6844 ;  Duke  of  Darlington  2460,  sire  of 
Bomba  10,330 ;  Magnetic  1428,  sire  of  Gilderoy  2107 ;  Remarkable  (F.  229 
II.  C— J.  H.  B.) ;  Chief  Justice  3d  1543,  Sir  Samuel  Cunard  2231,  Paddy  Wilsc.n 
3030,  Ontario  865,  Date  2624,  Kaliela  2859,  Fast  Boy  2606,  Czar  251,  King  Pin 
1878,  Duke  of  "Wellington  608,  Guy  Warwick  1450,  Hector  3814,  Tamerlane  4287, 
Abe  Lincoln  268,  Clive  Duke  1901,  Sultan  of  St.  Saviour's  5328,  Niobe  Duke  2364, 
Brown  Prince  (F.  85  H.  C— J.  H.  B.),  Diana's  Rioter  10,481,  Miramon  1551. 


JJERSJEY  CATTLE  IJ^  AMEBIC  A. 

Model  Pedigree. 


HURRAH   2814. 


Colonel  Crockett  1694., 


ViUage  Girl  67-M. 


Tom  Dasher  420. 


Tom  Dasher  420. 


Mary  Goodenovgh  S068. 


Model  Pedigree  and  Chart  of  Hurrah. 

TESTED    COWS. 

Ida  of  St.  Lambert  24,990,    Oakland's   Nora   14,880,    Jersey   Queen   of 

Barnet ,  Pet  of  Eose  Lawn  11,326,  Island  Star  11,876,  Conover's  Beauty  12,650, 

Butter  Star  7799,  Ideal  Alpliea  18,755,  Lady  Cloud  19,358,  Herberta  8811,  Lady 
Bidwell  10,303,  Idaletta  11,843,  Lerna  3634,  Le  Brocq's  Curfew  30,697,  Lady  Hayes 
10,136,  Carrie  Lena  3tl  2077,  Idalene  11,841,  Sunset  15,130,  Pierrot's  Lady  Hayes 
11,672,  Dia  13,658,  La  Belle  Petite  5472,  Deoine  6343,  Naomi's  Pride  16,745,  Dolly 
of  Lakeside  10,824,  Pride  of  the  Hill  4877,  Gem  of  Sassafras  8434,  Litza  6338, 
Eobinette  7114,  Lucy  Gaines'  Buttercup  5058,  Nellie  Darlington  5956,  Buttery 
3502,  Aleph  Judea  11,389,  Estrella  2831,  lola  4627,  Yerbena  of  Fernwood  9088, 
Farmer's  Floss  17,773,  Jennie  Pogis  22,984,  Marie  C.  Magnet  22,903,  Maple  Leaf 
4768,  Phyllis  of  Hillcrest  9067,  Amra  9590,  Mink  2548,  Eioter's  Nora  21,778,  Tidy 
of  St.  Lambert  31,114,  Aspirante  9272,  Honeydrop  10,033,  Bounty  1606,  Topsy  K. 
22,769,  Matilda  2408,  Bonnie  Fawn  6190,  La  Petite  Mere  3d  12,814,  Madame 
Argyle  19,476. 

DAMS    OF   TESTED    COWS. 

YOUNG  FANCY  97,  dam  of  LANDSEER'S  FANCY  2876;  Kathleen  of 

St.  Lambert  2122,  dam  of  Ida  of  St.  Lambert  24,990 ;  Coreopsis  4188,  dam  of 
Arnold's  Lulu  7328  ;  Pi-incess  Eoyal  2d  1005,  Arietta  14,264,  Monmouth  Duchess  2d 
4619,  Miss  Seelock  G614,  Pussy  Baker  6994,  Fannie  Booth  12,505,  Juliet  of  St. 
Lambert  5483,  Mink  2548,  Pet  of  St.  Lambert  5123,  Camelia  of  St.  Lambert  5106, 
May  Day  of  St.  Lambert  5109,  Bessy  of  St.  Lambert  5248,  Lima  2d  3082,  Minka 
951,  Warren's  Duchess  4622,  Flora  Hinman  272,  Earity  5923,  Edith  4th  817, 
Marietta  1813,  Cora  K.  22,768,  Hecuba  3155 ;  Yioletta,  dam  of  Yiolet  3d  3240 ; 
Monmouth  Duchess  2d  1005 ;  Matilda  2405,  dam  of  Maud  Lee  2416 ;  Zina  3d,  dam 
of  Hazen's  Bess  7329  ;  Beauty  of  Darlington  5736,  dam  of  Bomba  10,330  ;  Nelly 
6456 ;  Witch  of  St.  Lambert  5479,  dam  of  Cowslip  of  St.  Lambert ;  Magnet,  dam  of 
Marjoram  3239 ;  Lilly  2578,  dam  of  bull  Beeswax  1931. 


JURSEY  CATTLE  IJV  AMERICA. 


FORMULA  SEYEK 
Uncle  into  Niece. 


Alpha  of  Clifton  1S2J-,  sire  of  Niobe's  Alplicanette  23,336;   Aveiiturier  4254, 
sire  of  Pet  of  Rose  Lawn  11,320  ;   Dash  of  Glastonbury  1959. 

TESTED    COWS. 

Model  Pedigree. 


Duchess  of  Bloom 

field  3053  

30  lbs.  0%  oz. 


Ladij  Mary  1148. 


I  Lady  Mary  1148. 


Leo,F.98J.H.B.— H.  C. 


Coomas^e  11,874. 


Bthleel     18,- 

724 

lU  lbs.  14.0Z. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  A3IERIQA. 


TESTED    COWS. 


Ethleel  3d  32,291,  Monmouth  Duchess  4th  Y129,  Belle  of  Prospect  2d  14,326, 
Lady  Gray  of  Hill  Top  6850,  Phtedra  2561,  CoUe  8309,  Nida  2d  8227,  Eenalba 
4117,  Zitella  2d  11,922,  Warren's  Duchess  4622,  Ceccola  13,608,  Lady  Louise  4339, 
Purest  13,730,  Malope  2d  11,923,  Eoyal  Sister  12,457,  Monmouth  Duchess  3d 
4620,  Eenown  13,729,  Moonah's  Pet  7484,  Lerna  3634,  Niobe  of  Linwood  11,134, 
Lady  Louise  4339,  Alphea  Star  16,532,  Maculae  24,277,  Belle  Garner  23,682. 


DAMS    OF   TESTED    COWS. 

Value  5433,  dam  of  Value  3cl  6844 ;  Magnet,  dam  of  Marjoram  3239  ;  La 
Petite  Belle  12,807,  Monmouth  Duchess  2d  4619,  Monmouth  Duchess  3d  4620 ; 
Lady  Mel  429,  dam  of  Lady  Mel  2d. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


FORMULA  EIGHT. 
Nephew    into    Aunt. 


GILDEROY  2107 ;  Pedlar  631,  E.  II.  B.,  sire  of  Rioter  7iC,  E.  H.  B.,  and 
grandsire  of  Rioter  2d  4G9,  and  Dolphin  2d  iOS,  double  g.  grandsire  of  Stoke  Pogis 
1259. 

Model  Pedigree. 


GILDEROY  2107. 


John  Le  Bas  398. . 


« 

John  Le  Saf  398. 

Ida  1441. 

Magnetic  14i!8 

John  Le  Bas  m. 

Azalea  1«3 

I  Conqueror,  F.  35  J.  H.  B 
I  Patricia,  F.  189  J.  II.  B. 


Prince  of  Wales. 


Dairy  Pride,  F.  348  J. 


Prince  of  "Wales  bred  to  liis  dam  Duchess,  F.  24  J.  H.  B.,  produced  Patricia, 
F.  189  J.  H.  B.,  dam  of  John  Le  Bas. 

Jeanne  Le  Bas  2476  is  also  the  product  of  the  same  formula  as  her  son 
Gilderoy. 

Champion  of  America  1567 ;  Pacha  (64  J.  II.  B.),  sire  of  Regina  4th 
12,732 ;  Carlo  5559. 


TESTED   cows. 


Melia  Ann  5444,  Jeanne  Le  Bas  2476,  Rosa  Miller  4333,  Maud  Melinda  12,126, 
Pride  of  Bovina  8050,  Jersey  Cream  3d  8521,  Trudie  277,  Young  Garenue  3d 
13,648,  Saragossa  22,019,  Violet   3d   3240,  Queen  of  De   Soto  12,318,  Dolly   of 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


697 


Lakeside  10,284,  Mintlia  12,812,  Lobelia  2d  6650,  Miunie  of  Scituate  17,829,  Pride 
of  the  HiU,  4ST7. 

DAMS    OF   TESTED   COWS. 

Trudie  277,  Bessie  Allen  3719,  Helvetia ,  Melia  Ann  54:44. 


FOEMULA  NINE. 

GeAND-NepHEW    into    GEAND-AtJNT. 
BULLS. 


Model  Pedigree. 


Sweepstakes    Duke 

1905 

Duke  P.  76  J.  H.  B.- 
H.  C.    1st  prize. 


Merry  Boy,  P.61.— H.C, 


Eva,  F.  628.— C. 


Noble,  F.  104.— n.  C. 


Soucique,  F.  C8. — C. 


Duchess,  F.  !M.— H.  C. 


ROYALIST  2906,  Stockwell  2d  (P.  24  H.  C- J.  H.  B.),  Carlo  5559,  Ida's 
Bioter  of  St.  Lambert. 


TESTED   COWS. 


SULTANE  3d  11,373,  Chrome  Skin  7881,  Eegina  4th  12,732,  Honeysuckle  of 
St.  Anne's  18,674,  Bessie  Kidgely  8293,  Eegina  2d  2475,  Queen  of  Ashantee  14,554, 
Maggie  Eex  28,^23,  Duchess  of  Argyle  4th  7571. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

FOEMULA  TEN. 
Cousin   into    Cousin. 

BULLS. 

Model  Pedigree. 

Jlob  lioy  17. 


Couch's  Lily  3237 . 


Rhodes'  Bull  SM. 


Bradley  Cow  a05-3. 


Tainlor's  Butt. 


Bradley  Cow  iOS. 


REX  1330,  Aucliciitorolly  3-i94,  Tormentor  3533. 

TESTED    COWS. 

FLOWER  OF  GLEN  ROUGE  17,560,  Nelly  6456,  Yiva  Lc  Brocq  13,702, 
Countess  Potoka  7496,  Obella  B.  10,575,  Oak  Leaf  4769,  Dia  13,658,  Cordelia  Baker 
8814,  Silver  Kose  4753,  Signal  Maid  19,361,  Princess  Sheila  7297,  Fear  Not  2d  6061, 
Louvie  3d  6159,  Lady  Gray  of  Hill  Top  2d  14,641,  Lady  Gray  of  Hill  Top  3d 
14,642,  Chloe  Beach  3931,  Moss  Eose  of  St.  Lambert  5114,  Jessie  Lee  of  Labyrinth 
5290,  El  Mora  Mostar  15,955,  Lucy  Gaines'  Buttercup  5058,  Olie's  May  Belle  6567, 
St.  Jeannaise  15,989,  Miss  Willie  Jones  6918,  Como  Lass  24,369,  Ada  S.  18,366. 

DAMS    OF    TESTED    COWS. 

Lolly  of  St.  Lambert  5480,  dam  of  Mary  Anne  of  St.  Lambert 
9770,  Naiad  of  St.  Lambert  12,965,  and  Crocus  of  St.  Lambert  8351. 


ADDITIONAL  TESTS  TO  JEESEY   FOUNTAINS. 
Tlie  following  totals  have  been  added  since  the  forms  were  cast: 

Comus  54,  50  cows;  Alphea  171,  92  cows;  Eioter  746  E.  H.  B.,  56  cows; 
Eioter  2d  469,  21  cows  ;  Eioter  670,  15  cows  ;  Victor  Hugo  197,  49  cows  ;  Pauline 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IJV  A3IERICA.  699 

494,  40  cows;   Angela  1682,  11  cows;    Albei-t  44,  a  dangliter,  132  cows;   Pausy  8, 
165  cows;  Clement  115,  120  cows  ;  McClellan  25,  72  cows. 


LADY   MAEY   1148. 


Bdtteu  ' 


Name.  Per  CEt 

;  of  Ely  3d  6771  .  35 
Gladys  of  Bellevue  9569    .  35 

La  Fantine  14,489     .     .  .  18| 


Day 


16  lbs.  8 
16  ■'  7 
15    "      4 


Lizzette's  Mary  13,723  .     .  17x\    14    " 


Blood,       Bhttek  Yield  i 
Name.  Per  Cent.       Seven  Days. 

Roclielle  15,574    .     .     .     .     9f      15  lbs.  10     c 
Duchess  of  Bloomfleld  3d 

15,580 9|      15    "      1      ' 

Total,  102  coios. 


MAEIUS  760. 


Name.                         Per  Cent.  Seven  Days. 

La  Fantine  34,489    .     .     .  35      15  lbs.    4    oz. 
Duchess  of  Bloomfleld  3d 

15,580 13i     15  "      1      " 


Name.  Per  Cent,        Seven  Days. 

Rochelle  15,574     .     .  .     .  12i    15  lbs.  10     oz. 

Lizzette's  Mary  13,733  .     .     6i    14     "    11      " 

Total,  90  cows. 


Lawrence   61,    24   cows ;    Lord   Liegar   1066,    43    cows ;    Top   Sawyer   1414, 
21  cows ;  Eex  1330,  26  cows ;  Couch's  Lily  3237,  30  cows. 


LOED   LAWEENCE  1414. 


BcTTER  Yield  i 


Name.  Pee  Cent.        Seven 

Gladys  of  Bellevue  9569      .  50       16  lbs. 
Empress  of  Ely  2d  6771     .35       16     " 


Name. 

Lizzette's  Mary  13,' 
Total,  11  cowa. 


Per  Cent.         Seven  Days. 

.  35       14  lbs.  11   oz. 


IVIEASUEEMENTS   OF  LANDSEEE'S  FANCY  2876. 


The  following  points  relating  to  the  cow  Landseer's  Fancy  2876  were  received 
too  late  for  insertion  in  their  proper  place  : 

She  has  a  deep  yellow  skin  and  the  deepest  yellow  ear.  Her  length  is 
87  inches  ;  girth  at  heart,  70  inches ;  at  navel  (in  calf  si.\  months),  85  inches  ;  girth 
in  front  of  ndder,  75  inches. 

Breadth  across  hips,  20J  inches. 

Length  of  quarter  from  point  of  hip  to  first  joint  of  tail,  21^  inches. 

Her  weight  is  estimated  at  950  pounds. 


rOO  JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


STUDY   OF  THE  TABLES. 


Not  all  of  tlie  products  of  inbreeding  are  sliowii  under  the  preceding  ten 
fonuulas. 

There  are  many  great  animals  produced  by  the  union  of  two  or  more  closely 
inbred  lines,  as  Mary  Anne  of  St.  Lambert  9770.  Her  sire,  Stoke  Pogis  3d  .2238, 
■was  the  product  of  Stoke  Pogis  1259,  the  fruit  of  forty  years  of  inbreeding, 
culminating  in  the  formula  of  sire  into  daughter,  and  Marjoram  3239,  bringing  back 
two  lines  of  the  same  Dauncey  Herd  blood  as  that  of  Stoke  Pogis.  They  were  both 
fine  animals,  the  one  the  best  descendant  of  the  original  Dauncey  herd,  and  Marjoram 
the  best  heifer  bred  by  Mr.  Duncan,  from  a  long  line  of  inlireeding. 

Loll}'  of  St.  Lambert  5480,  dam  of  Marj'  Anne  of  St.  Lambert,  was  the  product 
of  three  lines  of  Victor  Hugo  197,  a  union  of  half-brothers  and  half-sisters. 

St.  Helier  4-5  and  Albert  44  are  claimed  to  be  the  result  of  forty  years  of  close 
inbreeding  on  the  Island  of  Jersey. 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  best  models,  bulls  and  cows,  are  the  product  of 
inbreeding.  Some  who  have  strong  prejudices  against  inbreeding,  and  have  made 
but  a  very  superficial  study  of  the  subject,  have  assumed  to  show  the  contrary,  that 
inbreeding  does  not  produce  the  finest  or  best  specimens.  One  writer  in  Mr. 
Campbell  Brown's  "  Butter  Tests"  declares  inbreeding  to  be  wrong,  and  has  made 
a  table  by  which  he  endeavors  to  show  that  the  great  cows  are  necessarily  "  outbred," 
and  makes  apparently  a  very  good  showing  by  counting  all  the  cows  of  which  he 
does  not  happen  to  know  the  pedigree  as  "  outbred,"  yet  all  but  two  of  his  table  of 
so-called  outbred  animals  have  pedigrees  so  short  or  incomplete  that  it  cannot  be  said 
of  any  of  them  that  they  are  not  inbred,  while  several  of  them  have  the  names  of 
strongly  inbred  animals  in  their  pedigrees  within  one,  two,  or  three  generations. 
The  breeding  of  Ethleel  2tl  32,291  is  credited  to  the  writer  of  that  article!  I 
have  arranged  the  ten  formulas  in  the  order,  as  I  believe,  of  their  importance.  "When 
we  have  but  two  or  three  examples  of  formiila  number  one,  son  into  dam,  it  is  hardly 
fair  to  challenge  this  formula  Avith  its  meagre  opportunities  for  exhibition,  to  rival 
the  world  in  opposition.  The  single  instance  of  Marius  7t;0  is  a  good  showing,  as 
also  that  of  Chief  Justice  3d  lfi43,  the  former  having  ninety  descendants 
among  the  tested  cows,  and  the  latter  ])roducing  f rona  his  dam  the  great  cow  Hilda 
2d,  yielding  twenty -three  jiounds  five  ounces  in  seven  days.  When  a  few  of  the 
strong  model  cows  shall  have  been  bred  to  their  sons  aiid  grandsons,  and  some  not 
very  remote  generations  of  butter  tests  accumulated,  it  will  be  a  better  time  than  the 
present  to  compare  the  results  of  inbreeding  with  those  of  outbreeding. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AJ/EIilCA.  701 

Outbred  animals,  however,  must  eventually  becoiue  imi^roved  as  the  M-hole 
breed  feels  the  influence  of  selection  and  careful  inbreeding. 

I  would  still  say,  put  a  good  inbred  bull  at  the  head  of  your  herd.  My  idea  of  a 
good  bull  is  that  he  should  be  the  grandson  of  his  dam,  and  she  a  twenty-tive-jwund 
standard  or  grass-test  cow,  and  perfect  in  every  point.  To  inbreed  mediocrity  and 
inferiority  is  as  reprehensible  as  the  inbreeding  of  consunnnate  excellence  is 
commendable. 

INBREED    TO    THE    WINNER. 

The  table  of  Standard  Tests  and  the  whole  of  the  groups  of  cows  showing 
richness  of  milk  will  greatly  aid  breeders  in  the  selection  of  choice  pedigree  stock  for 
the  foundation  of  herds  or  the  perfection  of  lines  already  established. 


THE    FUTURE    OF    AMERICAN   JERSEYS. 

The  breeder  who  will  first  show  a  herd  in  which  every  animal  shall  have  been 
bred  by  himself,  each  of  the  cows  having  an  ofiicial  test  of  twenty  pounds  a  week  or 
upward,  will  effectually  demonstrate  that  breeding  is  a  science,  and  not  the  result 
of  chance  and  hazard. 

The  stability  of  the  dairy  industry  and  the  breeding  of  choice  dairy  stock  is 
fixed  upon  the  basis  of  the  progressive  civilization  of  the  age.  Wherever  this 
industry  is  cherished  it  is  attended  by  all  the  outward  evidences  of  prosperity  : 
improvement  in  dwellings,  better  schools,  sanitary  farm  buildings,  labor-saving  farm 
apparatus ;  while  the  very  best  strains  of  Jersey  cattle  take  the  place  of  all  inferior 
breeds. 

Articles  produced  by  the  best  dairies  that  are  now  considered  table  luxuries 
must  soon  become  staple  articles  of  food,  and  the  home  demand  for  dairy  products 
must  increase,  so  that  all,  or  nearly  all,  of  our  products  will  be  consumed  at  home. 
The  income  from  the  dairy  must  always  be  sure,  and  the  amount  of  that  income 
will  be  increased  according  to  the  excellence  of  quality  in  the  products.  The  increase 
of  popidation  is  so  great  and  rapid  that  the  breeding  of  choice  Jerseys  can  never 
supply  the  demand,  consequently  there  will  always  be  room,  for  all  those  who  have 
the  requisite  education  and  skill,  to  embark  in  the  enterprise  of  Jersey  breeding, 
with  an  absolute  assurance  of  success.  Judging  by  the  past,  we  take  our  measure 
of  what  the  future  will  be. 

Straight  onward  will  be  the  development  of  the  Jersey  interest.  The  popularity 
of  the  Jersey  can  never  be  less,  but  ever  an  increasing  tide.  Dotting  every  hillside 
and  sprinkling  every  valley,  the  herds  will  grace  the  landscape  with  beauty,  over 
this  vast  continent,  from  Labrador  to  Mexico,  and  ^vill  yet  play  an  important  part 
in  the  higher  civilization  of  the  latter  as  well  as  our  own  countrv.     With  better 


702  JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 

metliods  in  agriculture  and  in  dairying,  with  better  practice  in  the  breeding  and 
management  of  cattle,  with  improved  medical  and  sanitary  treatment,  and  a  higher 
standard  of  excellence  in  the  quality  of  herds,  the  Jersey  breeders  of  America  have 
an  auspicious  prospect  of  grand  achievements  before  them,  which  we  await  with 
hopeful  anticipation. 

I  close  this  volume  with  the  admonition  to  American  farmei-s  to  clierit;]i  the 
Jersey  cow  as  the  best  foster-mother  of  the  liuniaii  i-ace.  a  ])Ooii  Ijestowed  by  our 
Father  to  show  His  beneficent  cure  for  the  comfort  of  our  earthly  pilgrimage. 


GENERAL    INDEX. 


Abbreviations,  491. 

Aberdeen-Angus  Milk,  393,  394. 

Abortion,  294. 

Abortion,  Embryonic,  294. 

Abortion,  Foetal,  294. 

Abortion,  Medical  treatment  of,  300. 

Abortion,  Ovular,  394. 

Abortion,  Prevention  of,  299. 

Abortion,  Symptoms  of,  295. 

Absorbing  quality  of  soils,  106,  141. 

Absorption  of  flavors  in  butter,  409. 

Absorptive  quality  of  milk,  411. 

Acetic  acid  in  ensilage,  288,  280,  281,  429. 

Accidents  to  cattle,  287. 

Acclimation  fever,  293. 

Acclimation  of  Jerseys,  298. 

Acute  red  water,  305. 

Acute  red-water.  Symptoms  of,  306. 

Acute  red-water,  Treatment  of,  806. 

Adoption  of  Jersey  cattle,  485. 

Advantages  of  drainage,  128. 

Advantages  of  Centrifuge  Creamer,  369. 

Advantages  of  sweet-corn  hay  over  ensilage,  428. 

429. 
Advice  to  American  farmers,  701. 
Advice  to  Holstein-Friesian  breeders  of  Dutch 

cattle,  853. 
^dhumla,  18. 

Aeration  of  cream  in  ripening,  409. 
After-birth,  286,  302,  807. 
Agamemnon,  16. 
Agents  in  cheese-curing,  379. 
Agriculture,  11. 
Agricultural  implements,  119. 
Agricultural  implements  of  special  merit,  121. 
Air  in  stables,  112,  114. 
Air,  indispensable  allowance  in  coldest  weather, 

823. 
Airing  cream,  409. 


Airing  hay,  425. 

Albert  44,  96,  511,  584,  699. 

Alcohol  in  ensilage,  238,  280,  281,  429. 

Alderney,  46,  488. 

Aldine  1186,  554. 

Allowance  of  air  for  cattle  (minimum),  323. 

Allowance  of  soiling  crops,  193. 

Alphea  171,  507,  699. 

Amalgam  15,  360,  359. 

American  cultivation  of  soil,  188. 

American  feeding  stuffs,  240. 

American  Jersey  Cattle  Club,  46,  488,  489. 

American  Savoy  cabbage,  355. 

Ammonia,  Saving  of,  178. 

Amount  of  butter  fat  in  milk,  339-354 

Amount  of  casein  in  milk,  339-354. 

Amount  of  dung  from  feed,  168. 

Amount  of  solids  in  milk,  339-354. 

Amount  of  sugar  in  milk,  339-354. 

Amount  of  water  in  milk,  389-354. 

Ampere,  Theory  of  thermal  magnetism,  471 

Analysis  of  American  feeding  stuffs,  340. 

Analysis  of  butter,  413,  603,  617,  633,  635,  647. 

Analysis  of  buttermilk,  633-635. 

Analysis  of  butter  of  Edessa  21844,  684. 

Analysis  of  butter  of  Evelina  of  Verna  10971,  633. 

Analysis  of  butter  of  Hilda  D.  6683,  638. 

Analysis  of  butter  of  Ida  of  St.  Lambert  34990, 

617. 
Analysis  of  butter  of  JIary  Anne  of  St.  Lambert 

9770,  617. 
Analysis  of  butter  of  Matilda  4th  13816,       /. 
Analysis  of  butter  of  Value  2d  6844,  602. 
Analysis  of  butter-,salt,  405. 
Analysis  of  by-products,  235. 
Analysis  of  cheese,  366. 
Analysis  of  colostrum,  297. 
Analysis  of  cream,  366. 
Analysis  of  cow's  milk,  340-354,  394-897. 
Analysis  of  chaflE  and  hulls,  234. 


704 


JERSEY  CATTLE  I.V  AMERICA. 


Analysis  of  dairy  products,  230. 

Analysis  of  dairy  products  of  Ilougliton  Farm 

Herd,  342,  412. 
Analysis  of  dairy  products  of  Verna  Herd,  633-635. 
Analysis  of  English  cheese,  398. 
Analysis  of  ensilage,  23«,  280,  281,  429. 
Analysis  of  feeding  stuffs,  229-240. 
Anali'sis  of  grain,  230. 
Analysis  of  grains  and  fruits,  235. 
Analysis  of  green  plants,  229. 
Analysis  of  hay,  231. 
Analysis  of  many  cheeses,  397,  398. 
Analysis  of  milk,  340-354,  632-635. 
Analysis  of  mineral  constituents 'of  plants,  228. 
Analysis  of  miscellaneous  products,  237. 
Analysis  of  roots,  234. 
..\jialysi3  of  skimmed  milk,  633-635. 
Analysis  of  straw,  230,  233. 
Analysis  of  tubers,  234. 
Analysis  of  woman's  milk,  354. 
Apoplexy  in  colostrum  stage,  295,  296. 
Apparatus  for  barrenness,  303,  304. 
Apparatus  for  butter  dairy,  120. 
Apparatus  for  cheese  dairy,  121. 
Apparatus  for  dairy  farming,  119. 
Apparatus  of  special  merit,  121. 
Apparatus  used  in  study  of  the  weather,  474. 
Approach  of  a  storm,  466. 
April  ration  for  cows,  273. 
Arsenites,  288. 
Art  of  butter-making,  400. 
Art  of  churning,  403. 
Art  of  hay -making,  425. 
Art  of  milking,  360. 

Articles  of  questionable  utility  in  feeding,  237. 
Articles  suitable  for  feeding  Jerseys,  231. 
Arts  of  peace,  13. 
Asaph  the  Seer,  13. 
Ash-heap,  166. 
Atavism,  73,  75,  496. 
Atlantic  coast  drouths,  455. 
Atlantic  system  of  conditions,  445. 
Atmosphere,  Stories  of,  435. 
Atmospheric  conditions,  435. 
Atmospheric  day,  475. 
Atmospheric  system,  434. 
August  ration  for  cows,  271 
Aurora,  472. 


Average  analysis  of  American  feeding  stuffs,  240. 
Average  analysis,  tables  of  Collier  and  Wolff ,  231. 
Average  annual  rainfall  iu  parts  of  United  States, 

477. 
Average  annual  temperature  in  United  States,  476. 
Average  butter  yields  of  different  breeds,  422. 
Average  milk  yield  of  Deerfoot  Herd,  355. 
Average  milk  yield  of  Oaklands  Herd,  394. 
A  verification  of  the  Guenon  theory,  583. 
Ayrshire  cheese  curd,  393,  394. 
Ayrshire  milk,  346,  347,  348,  393,  394. 
Azelda  3872,  571. 


Babine  feather,  58. 

Backward  seasons,  434. 

Backward  spring  and  larger  area  of  planting,  434. 

Bad  flavors  in  butter,  409-414. 

Barley,  Analysis  of,  231,  241. 

Barley  as  a  soiling  crop,  251-255. 

Barns,  Concrete,  109. 

Barns,  How  to  build,  107-109. 

Barometer,  460. 

Baronet  2240,  572. 

Barrenness  in  cows,  302. 

Barrenness,  Medical  treatment  of,  304. 

Barrenness,  Surgical  treatment  of,  303. 

Batard  feather,  60. 

Beach,  Charles  M.,  46. 

Bear  in  mind,  899. 

Bcattie,  23. 

Bedding,  117. 

Beef  breed,  73. 

Beeswax  1931,  487. 

Beets,  Analysis  of,  229,  234,  240. 

Beets  for  soiling,  255. 

Belt  of  showers,  438,  440. 

Best  formula  for  breeding  prepotent  bull,  96,  687. 

Best  separator,  375. 

Beware  of  pitchforks,  328. 

Bicorn  escutcheon,  62. 

Bismarck  292,  519. 

Black-water,  305. 

Black-water,  Treatment  of,  306. 

Blood  of  first  importation  in  the  cliarapion  cow, 
487. 

Blood  percentages  of  descendants  of  noted  ani- 
mals, 492. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


Bloomfield,  Robert,  33. 

Bluclier48,  511. 

Body  of  the  central  condition,  452. 

Bone  materials  in  food,  243. 

Bonfoy  on  cheesemaking,  380. 

Bougie  for  opening  womb,  303. 

Bovine  digestion,  343. 

Bovine  stomach,  343. 

Bovine  temperature,  393. 

Breeders'  Calendar,  301. 

Breeding,  brother  into  sister,  692. 

Breeding,  cousin  into  cousin,  698. 

Breeding,  Facts  about,  93. 

Breeding  formulas,  687. 

Breeding,  grand-nephew  into  grand-aunt,  697. 

Breeding,  grandsire  into  grand-daughter,  691. 

Breeding,  grandson  into  grandam,  688. 

Breeding,  half-brother  into  half-sister,  693. 

Breeding,  nephew  into  aunt,  696. 

Breeding,  Principles  of,  39-73. 

Breeding,  sire  into  daughter,  688. 

son  into  dam,  687. 

True  art  of,  94. 
Breeding,  uncle  into  niece,  694. 
Breeds,  Comparison  of,  73,  340-354. 
Bridal  Procession,  34. 
Brie  cheese,  388. 
Brig  Splendid,  485,  486. 
Bristol  Chief  1496,  487. 
Brittany  cattle,  40. 
Broken  horn,  309. 
Bronchitis,  321. 
Brother  into  sister,  693. 
Brother  Jonathan,  483. 
Brown  Prince,  F.  85,  516. 
Browny,  P.  158,  576. 
Bryant,  W.  C,  13,  33. 
Buck  Jr.,  Daniel,  44,  485,  493. 
Buffer  3055,  553. 
Bull,  Care  of,  383. 
Bull  exercise,  283. 
Bull  helmet,  384. 
Bull,  Rations  for,  377. 
Bull,  Ringing  the,  283. 
Butler,  Thomas  B.,  434,  484. 
Butter,  398. 

Butter,  Analysis  of,  412,  603,  617,  633,  64*. 
Butter  color,  424. 


Butter  flavor,  409. 

Butter  granules,  404. 

Butter  in  breeds,  421,  422. 

Butterine,  414. 

Butter  in  milk,  339-354. 

Butter,  Jersey,  398. 

Butter-making  after  cheese,  385. 

Butter-making,  Methods  of,  400. 

Butter  per  100  pounds  of  milk,  393. 

Butter  salt,  404. 

Butter  testing,  46,  487,  489. 

Butter  tests  for  four  weeks,  653. 

Butter  tests  for  less  than  one  year,  650-653. 

Butter  tests  for  one  year,  650. 

Butter  tests,  First,  487. 

Butter  tests  for  thirty  days,  651. 

Butter  tests  for  thirty-one  days,  651. 

Butter  tests  for  three  weeks,  653. 

Butter  tests  for  two  weeks,  653. 

Butter  tests.  History  of,  487,  489. 

Butter  tests.  Official  A.  J.  C.  C,  590. 

Butter  tests  of  seven  days,  653. 

Butter  tests.  Standard,  587. 

Butter  yields  of  noted  Jerseys,  493-701. 

Butter  yields  of  herds,  415. 

By-products,  Analysis  of,  835 


Cabbage,  American  Savoy,  355. 

Cabbage,  Analysis  of,  233. 

Cabbage  for  soiling,  255. 

Cabbage,  Quintal  variety,  255. 

Cadmium  orange  tint,  48. 

Calcareous  soils,  103,  104. 

Calendar  for  breeders,  201. 

Calendar  for  farm-work,  193. 

California  irrigation,  335. 

Calves,  Diarrhoea  in,  317. 

Calves,  Indigestion  in,  316. 

Calves,  Prevention  of  indigestion  in,  316. 

Calves,  Rations  for,  277,  379. 

Camembert  cheese,  388. 

Canada  Jerseys,  353,  395,  488. 

Canadian  scale  of  points  for  dairy  shows. 


Capacity  of  cisterns,  115. 
Care  of  bull,  382. 
Care  of  calf,  386. 


706 


JERtiEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


Care  of  calving  cows,  285. 

Care  of  cows  and  beifers,  284. 

Care  in  testing  cows,  565. 

Carresine  escutcheon,  64. 

Carrots,  Analysis  of,  234,  340. 

Carrots,  Culture  of,  256. 

Casein  ferment  in  butter,  411. 

Casein  in  milk,  339,  354. 

Cash  Boy  2248,  575. 

Casualties,  287. 

Catchmcadows,  217. 

Catono  3761,  582. 

Cattle  Club,  American  Jersey,  46,  488. 

Cattle,  Digestion  in,  343. 

Cattle,  Inbreeding  of,  81. 

Causes  of  abortion,  394. 

Causes  of  accidents  and  diseases,  297. 

Causes  of  bad  cheese,  379-381. 

Causes  of  colostrum  apoplexy,  295. 

Cecco  1673,  566. 

Central  belt  of  electric  currents,  471. 

Central  belt  of  rains,  449. 

Central  condition,  449. 

Central  system  of  conditions,  446. 

Centrifuge,  368. 

Centrifuge  butter,  400. 

CentrifuLTal  Ijutter-washer,  404. 

Chair  and  hulls  aualj-sis,  234. 

Champion  cow  of  the  world,  487,  496,  557. 

Champion  Drill,  131. 

Champion  of  America  1567,  486,  555. 

Champion  JIagnet  6480,  584. 

Characteristics  of  modern  Jersey.  47. 

Charieston  1,  503. 

Chart  of  milk  yield  according  to  Guenou,  65. 

Chart  of  milking  period,  66. 

Cheap  ice-hou.se,  433. 

Cheap  stabling,  117. 

Cheap  winter  ration,  273. 

Cheese,  376. 

Cheese,  Analysis  of,  366,  397. 

Cheese,  Elements  of  nutrition  in,  398. 

Cheese-curd,  per  100  pounds  of  milk,  393,  397. 

Chemical  analysis  cannot  always  detect  elements 
in  milk  causing  disease,  411. 

Chemical  analysis  of   butler,  412,  603,  617,  633, 
647. 

Chemical  analysis  of  cheese,  366,  397. 


Chemical  analysis  of  butter  of  "Value  2d  6844, 


Chemical  analysis  of  cow's  milk,  346, 354, 

Chemical  analysis  of  woman's  milk,  354. 

Chemical  changes  in  soils,  101. 

Chief  Justice  2d  1643,  543. 

Chlorine  gas  disinfectant,  330. 

Chlorophyl,  434. 

Chroma  4572,  487. 

Chronic  red-water,  305. 

Chronic  red-water,  Treatment  of,  306. 

Churn,  127. 

Churning,  403. 

Churning  whole  milk,  400. 

Cirrus  clouds,  437. 

Cirro-stratus  clouds,  437. 

Cisterns,  Capacity  of,  115. 

Claimant,  P.  84,  566. 

Clark's  Root-Cutter,  122. 

Classes  of  drouth,  455. 

Classes  of  escutcheon,  60. 

Classes  of  soils,  103. 

Clay,  Henry,  12. 

Clay  soils,  104. 

Cleaning  butter  by  centrifuge  machine,  404. 

Cleanliness  in  Gloucestershire  dairies,  386. 

Cleanliness  in  stables,  116,  860,  439. 

Clean  milking,  360,  863. 

Clement  115,  513. 

Cliff  176,  516. 

Clive  Duke  1901,  571. 

Closure  of  womb,  303. 

Clothing,  Disinfection  of,  333. 

Clouds,  436-439. 

Clouds  as  indicators,  466. 

Clouds  produced  by  electric  induction,  473. 

Clover,  Analysis  of,  381,  241. 

Clover  and  grass  hay,  426. 

Clover,  Curing,  426. 

Clover  for  soiling,  351. 

Cceur  de  Lion,  318,  517. 

Coffee  deodorizer,  332. 

Cold,  late  spring  diminishes  yield  of  crops,  434. 

Colic,  289. 

Colic  in  calves,  318,  319. 

Colonel  76,  487,  493. 

Color  in  butter,  424. 

Coloring  cheese,  377,  383,  384. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


707 


Color  in  plants,  434. 

Color  of  Camembert  cheese,  391. 

Color  of  Gilderoy  2107,  577. 

Colors,  41.  48. 

Color  tints,  48. 

Colostrum  analysis,  397. 

Colostrum  apoplexy,  395. 

Colt,  S.  C.,486. 

Columbiad  534,  531. 

Columbiad  3d  1515,  566. 

Commercial  value  of  manures,  174. 

Comparative  studies  of  milk,  389,  354. 

Comparative  chemical  tests  of  milk  in  breeds, 

350-353. 
Comparative  tables  of  breeds  of    dairy   cattle, 

423. 
Competitive    tests     of     dairy    cows,     852,    395, 

397. 
Component  elements  of  butter,  409. 
Comus,  54.  501,  699. 
Conclusions  regarding  butter  tests,  565. 
Concrete,  109. 
Condensation,  Electric,  474. 
Connecticut,  483. 
Connecticut  bulls,  486,  487. 
Connecticut  cows,  486,  487. 
Connecticut  first  to  breed  Jerseys  pure,  485. 
Connecticut  inventions,  484. 
Connecticut  longevity,  485. 
Connecticut  men,  483,  486. 
Connecticut  patriotism,  488. 
Constipation,  310. 
Constituents  of  manures,  168. 
Construction  of  dairy,  337. 
Construction  of  ice-houses,  423. 
Consumption,  333. 
Contrast  of  breeds,  421,  423. 
Controlling  sex,  90,  556. 
Cooling  milk,  365. 
Cooling  milk  for  cheese,  383. 
Coomassie  11,874,  486,  544. 
Corn  analysis,  333-235,  238-241. 
Corn  culture,  254. 
Corn  for  soiling,  254. 
Corn  hay,  428. 
Corn  measurement,  204. 
Cost  of  sewage  irrigation,  183. 


Cotentin  cattle,  40. 

Cotter's  Saturday  Night,  33. 

Couch's  Lily  3237,  487, 534,  586. 

Coughs,  321. 

Coulommiers  cheese,  388. 

Counterfeit  escutcheons,  57-65. 

Countess  114,  487,  492. 

Cousin  into  cou.sin,  698. 

Covered  drains,  136. 

Covered  drains.  Depth  of,  144. 

Covering  grass  seeds,  258. 

Cow  at  calving-time,  285. 

"  Cow-pea  "  hay,  437. 

Cowper,  William,  33. 

Cream,  366. 

Cream  cheese,  888. 

Cream  not  rising,  403,  403. 

Cream  per  100  lbs.  milk,  393. 

Cream-separator,  368. 

Cream-separators  at  London  Fair,  37 

Creamery  (Stoddard),  135. 

Crops,  American  system,  191. 

Crops  decreased  by  late  season,  434. 

Crops,  English  system,  191. 

Crops  for  soOing,  193. 

Crops,  Planning  for,  193. 

Crops,  practical  list  of,  249. 

Crossbred,  74. 

Cud-chewing,  244. 

Cultivation,  American,  188. 

Cultivation  of  soiling  crops,  351. 

Cultivation,  Theory  of,  186. 

Cultivators,  189. 

Cumulo-cirruS  clouds,  437. 

Cumulo-.stratus  clouds,  437. 

Curd-breaker,  387. 

Curd-machine,  130. 

Curd  per  100  lbs.  of  milk,  393. 

Cures,  Law  for  selection  of,  398. 

Curing  Camembert  cheese,  890. 

Curing  cheese,  381. 

Curing  clover,  436. 

Curing  corn-fodder,  438. 

Curing  millet,  427. 

Curing-room  for  cheese,  382,  384,  38: 

Cutting  corn,  428. 

Czar  373,  486,  498. 


708 


JER.SEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


Daily  variations  (fair  wciither)  in  barometer,  wind, 
electric  tension,  needle  and  thermometer, 
475. 

Dairy,  335. 

Dairy  breeds,  73,  340-354. 

Dairj-  building.  Plan  of,  336. 

Dairy  drainage,  337. 

Dairy  farming,  97. 

Dairy  farming  and  weather,  433. 

Dairy  farm-work,  193. 

Dairy  implements,  130. 

Dairy  products.  Analysis  of,  as  feed,  23G. 

Dairy  tests  at  Ontario  Experiment  Farm,  393. 

Dairy  tints,  48. 

Dairy  utensils,  120,  385. 

Daisy  Pogis  23015,  358. 

Dandelion  2521,  56,  486,  528. 

Daniel  Buck,  Jr.,  485. 

Dart  feather,  60. 

Dauncey,  Philip,  78,  89,  509. 

Dazzle  379, 487,  518. 

Deadlj'  poisons,  289. 

Decades  of  sun-spots  and  weather,  458-460. 

Declivity  of  drains,  149. 

Decomposition  of  rocks,  101. 

Deep-can  system  for  butter,  402. 

Deep-can  system  for  cream,  375. 

Deerfoot  Boy  1926,  565. 

Deer,  Inbreeding  of,  86. 

Definitions  of  the  weather,  435. 

De  Laval  and  other  separators,  368,  375. 

Demi-canal,  243. 

Demijohn  escutcheon,  63. 

Dent  corn,  254. 

Deodorizers,  332. 

Descendants  of  noted  animals,  492-586. 

Devon,  393. 

Dew  point,  468. 

Diarrhoea,  317. 

Dick  Swiveller  Jr.  276,  487,  501. 

Digestion  in  cattle,  243. 

Digestive  juices,  245. 

Direction  of  drains,  149. 

Diseased  milk  may  not  be  detected  by  chemical 
analysis,  411. 

Diseases  from  tilth,  429. 

Diseases,  Medical  treatment  of,  298. 


Disinfectants,  330. 

Displacement  of  womb,  304 

DobeU,  Sidney,  27. 

Doctor  n.  2132,  551. 

Dogs  for  manure,  195. 

Dog-traps,  195. 

Dolphin  2d  468,  525. 

Doremus's  method  of  disinfection,  830. 

Dorking  fowls,  87. 

Double-selvedge  escutcheon,  63. 

Downy  fowls,  87. 

Drainage  in  America,  155. 

Drainage  of  ice-house,  423. 

Drainage  of  land,  128. 

Drainage  of  springs,  138. 

Drains,  134. 

Drains,  Covered,  136. 

Drains,  Depth  of,  144,  145. 

Drains,  Frequency  of,  147. 

Drains,  Laying  out  of,  150. 

Drains,  Open,  134. 

Drains,  Outfall,  150. 

Drains,  Tile,  137. 

Dr.  Collier's  analyses,  231. 

Dr.  Grant's  Jersey  cheese,  392. 

Drill,  Champion,  121. 

Drills,  189. 

Drouth,  206, 454, 473. 

Dr.  Sturtevant  on  feed  and  breed,  420. 

Dr.  Wolff's  tables  of  chemical  analysis  of  feeding- 
stuffs,  231. 

Drying  cheese,  382,  384,  388. 

Drying  off  cows,  276. 

Duclaux's  experiments  with  rennet,  316. 

Duke  of  Brandywine  2213,  576. 

Duke  of  Darlington  2460,  571. 

Duke  of  Grayholdt  1035,  535. 

Dung  from  feed,  163. 

Durability  of  drains,  137. 

Duration  of  storms,  464,  470, 471. 

Diiring's  theory  of  sex,  90. 

Dutch  or  Holstein-Friesian  milk,  343,  345,  347, 
350,  351,  353,  353. 


Earth  a  thermal  magnet,  471. 
Earth's  great  central  condition,  449. 
Earthy  elements  in  food,  243. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IIST  A3IERICA. 


Echo  Farm  milk  yields,  355. 

Edda,  Icelandic,  18. 

Effects  of  high  lands  upon  rainfall,  456. 

Bfiects  of  sewage  grass  upon  milk,  411. 

Effects  of  sewer  gas  upon  milk,  411. 

Effects  of  worry  upon  milk,  349. 

Egypt,  Out  of,  14. 

Egyptians,  16. 

Eighth  class  escutcheon,  63. 

Electric    action  upon  plants  and  animals,  469- 

473. 
Electric  currents  of  the  earth,  471. 
Electric  force  in  condensation,  474. 
Electric  force  in  evaporation,  473. 
Electric  force  in  production  of  cloud  forms,  473. 
Electric  force  in  tornado,  473. 
Electric  force  in  winds,  473. 
Electric  force  produces  trade-winds,  473. 
Electric  signs  of  rain,  468. 
Electric  state,  468. 
Electro-magnetic  storm,  473. 
Electro-magnetism  the  organizing  force  of  the 

weather,  471. 
Elements  of  butter,  409. 
Elements  of  milk,  339-341. 
Elements  of  nutrition,  237. 
Emblem  90,  528,  586. 
Ensilage,  Analysis  of,  238,  280,  281,  429. 
Ensilage  experiments  at  N.  T.  Ex.  Station,  344- 

346. 
Ensilage,  History  of,  279. 
Ensilage,  Quality  of,  380. 
Epijonctif,  60. 
Escutcheon,  57. 
Escutcheon  of  buU,  69. 
Essential  points  of  a  good  centrifuge,  369. 
Ethleel  2d  32291,  360. 
European  methods  in  cheese-making,  379. 
Eurotas  2454,  356,  543. 
Evaporation,  207,  473-476. 
Evaporation  from  soil  checked  by  fine  tillage, 

189,  476. 
Evelina  of  Verna  10971,  487,  631-635. 
Evening  in  Acadia,  34. 
Excavations  for  drains,  151. 
Excretions,  Disinfection  of,  332. 
Experiments  in  feeding  at  N.  Y.  Ex.  Station, 

344. 


Expensive  method  of  water-supply,  422. 
Extrusion  of  womb,  304. 


Fair-day  variations,  475. 

Fair-weather  standard  of  barometer,  462. 

Palling  of  womb,  304. 

Falling  of  womb.  Treatment  of,  305. 

Famous  Connecticut  cattle,  484-487. 

Famous  Connecticut  men,  484r-486. 

Famous  men,  13, 483. 

Famous  Massachusetts  cattle,  487. 

Famous  pedigrees,  687. 

Farmer's  Glory  5196,  581. 

Farm  implements,  189. 

Farm-work,  Order  of,  193. 

Farm-yard  manure,  163. 

Farm-yard  Song,  37. 

Fastenings,  117. 

Fat  from  carbo-hydrates  in  part,  270. 

Fatty  degeneration,  84,  93,  289,  304. 

Feather,  58. 

February  ration  for  cows,  273. 

Fecundity,  89. 

Feed  and  breed  of  dairy  cows,  420. 

Feeding  calves,  45,  278,  279. 

Feeding  cattle,  327. 

Feeding  children,  353. 

Feeding  experiments  at  N.  Y.  Ex.  Station,  417. 

Feeding  experiments  of  Henry  Stewart,  418. 

Feeding  for  butter,  417,  565,  616. 

Feeding  for  butter  flavor,  410. 

Feeding  for  cheese,  379-381. 


Feeding  standard  tables,  369. 

Feeding-stuffs,  American  analysis  of,  240. 

Feeding-stuffs,  Average  composition,  231. 

Ferguson,  26. 

Fibro-cirrus  clouds,  437. 

Fifteen-pound  cows,  666. 

Fifth-class  escutcheon,  62. 

FUth,  429. 

Filth  diseases,  439. 

Filthy  farming,  439. 

First  annual  butter  test,  489,  493. 

First  butter  tests,  487,  492. 

First-class  escutcheon,  60. 

First  importation  of  Jersey  cattle,  485. 


710 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AJfEBICA. 


First  Jersey  bull  imported,  485. 

First  order  flandrine  escutcheon,  60. 

Flandrine  escutcheon,  60. 

Flavor  of  butter,  409. 

Flavor  of  butter  affected  by  feed.  410. 

Flavor  of  cheese,  379. 

Flesh-forming  substances,  342. 

Flint  corn,  255. 

Flora  113.  first  cow  tested,  487,  493. 

Florida  rainfall,  477. 

Focal  paths  of  conditions,  446-448. 

Fodder  values,  Tanner's  table  of,  268. 

Fog,  436. 

Food  elements,   Prof.  Voelcker's  summarj'  of, 

242. 
Food  for  butter,  417,  565. 
^ood  for  cheese,  379. 

Food  required  to  produce  a  pound  of  meat,  268. 
Forfc  escutcheon,  66. 

Formation  of  cloud  the  result  of  electric  force,  473. 
Formula  for  concrete,  109. 
Formula  for  lacto-rennetine,  317. 
Formula  for  treating  abortion,  301. 
Formulas  for  breeding  Jerseys,  687. 
Formulas  for  inbreeding,  687. 
Forty -six-pound  cows,  653. 
Fountains  of  Jersey  blood,  491. 
Fourteen-pound  cows,  673. 
Fourth-class  escutcheon, 62. 
Fowls,  Inbreeding  of,  87. 
Frequency  of  drains,  147. 
Frequency  of  milking,  364, 389. 
Frequency  of  milking  increases  cream,  364. 
Freshets  predicted,  471. 
Frost,  465. 

Fruits,  Analysis  of,  235. 
Full-bred,  74. 

Fuller,  Valanccy  E.,  351,  393,  488. 
Future  of  American  Jerseys,  701. 

G. 
Garfield,  James  A.,  12. 
Garget,  290. 

Garget,  Treatment  of,  315. 
Gastric  juices,  345. 
General  soiling  crops,  251. 
Genius  of  Connecticut  people,  483. 
Germicides,  331. 


Gestation  tables,  201-204. 

Gilderoy  2107,  88,  96,  577,  696. 

Glands,  Parotid,  Submaxillary,  Salivary, 

Gloucestershire  cheese,  383. 

God  the  Giver  of  Prosperity,  14. 

God's  Beneficence,  15. 

God's  Care,  15. 

Goldsmith,  Oliver,  21. 

Good  cheese,  376. 

Grade,  74,  93. 

Grains,  Analysis  of,  235. 

Grand  Duke  Alexis  1040,  540. 

Grand-nephew  into  grand-aunt,  697. 

Gnmdsire  into  grand-daughter,  691. 

Grandson  into  grand-dam,  688. 

Granular  butter,  404. 

Grass  produced  by  sewage,  184. 

Grass-seed,  covering  and  germination,  251 

Grass-seeds,  Harrows  for,  259. 

Grass  tests  for  butter,  587. 

Gray  colors,  48. 

Gray's  Elegy,  21. 

Great  centr.al  storm  condition,  449. 

Great  secret  of  good  cheese,  380. 

Green  hay,  425. 

Green  maize  hay,  428. 

Green  millet  hay,  427. 

Green  oat  hay,  427. 

Greenth,  424. 

Greeley,  Horace,  13. 

Grey  King,  P.  169,  575. 

Grey  Prince,  F.  168,  548. 

Gruyere  cheese,  386. 

Gueuon,  Francis,  57. 

Guenon  system,  57. 

Guenon  verified,  583. 

Guernsey,  39. 

Guernsey  cattle,  43. 

Guernsey  milk,  347,  350,  393,  394. 

Gulf  States  rainfall,  477. 

Guy  Fawkes,  F.  251,  573. 

Guy  Slannering,  698,  541. 

H. 
Half-brother  into  half-sister,  692. 
Halley  theory  absurd,  453. 
Hamilton  1074,  553. 
Hand,  Thomas  J.,  46. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


711 


Harris  on  cheese-making,  377. 

Harrowing  corn,  254. 

Harrows,  188. 

Hartford,  Conn., first  importation  of  Jerseys,  48.5. 

Harvesting  thin  ice,  423. 

Hay,  425. 

Hay  analysis,  231,  240. 

Hay  caps,  424,  427. 

Hayloader,  120,  425. 

Hay-making,  425. 

Hay -measurement,  204. 

Hay -mowing,  425. 

Hay-tea  ration  for  calves,  279. 

Hay-tedder,  425. 

Hazen's  Bess  7339,  487. 

Hazen's  Nora  4791,  487. 

Health,  Conditions  of,  293. 

Heart-sac,  Inflammation  of,  314. 

Heat  for  colostrum  fever,  308. 

Heating  milk  for  cheese,  377, 378,  379, 380, 887, 889. 

Heat  of  sun  generates  electro-magnetism,  471. 

Heavy  milk,  402,  403. 

Height  of  clouds,  438. 

Help,  Helpers,  Hirelings,  430. 

Hemans,  Felicia,  25. 

Hematuria,  305. 

Hemorrhage  in  wounds,  Treatment  of,  329. 

Herd  Register,  46. 

Herd  yields  of  butter,  415,  416,  417. 

Herd  yields  of  milk,  855-358. 

Hero,  P.  90,  566. 

Herrick,  Robert,  20. 

Hesiod,  18. 

High  fog,  436,  438. 

Highlands  affect  rainfall,  456. 

High  Tide  on  the  Coast  of  Lincolnshire,  29. 

Hints  on  cheese-making,  380. 

History  of  butter  tests,  489. 

History  of  Jersey  cattle,  39,  483,  701. 

History  of  Jersey  Belle  of  Scituate  7838,  545,  689. 

Hoe,  Col.  R.  M.,  73,  508. 

Hogg,  James,  25. 

Hollingsworth,  Theory  of  sex,  91. 

Holstein-Friesian  cheese-curd,  393. 

Holstein-Friesian  milk,  347,  350,  351,  353,  353, 

393,  394. 
Holstein-Friesian  breeders,  Advice  to,  353. 

ns  retire  from  dairy  contest  at  Toronto,  397. 


Homer,  16. 

Hoove,  289. 

Hoove,  Treatment  of,  307. 

Horns,  Broken,  329. 

Horns,  Cotentin,  41. 

Horns,  Jersey,  41. 

Horns,  Training  of,  381. 

Horses,  Inbreeding  of,  85. 

Horse-power  for  centrifuge,  375. 

Hot  water  for  colic  and  hoove,  314. 

Hot  water  for  colostrum  apoplexy,  307. 

Hot  water  for  garget,  815. 

Hot  water  for  inflamed  wounds  and  lockjaw,  339. 

Hot  water  for  sunstroke,  315. 

Hot  water  injections,  309. 

Hot  water  treatment,  307. 

Houghton  Farm  Reports,  343,  343,  359. 

Housing  ice,  433. 

Howe,  Dr.  H.  M.,  88. 

Hubback,  93. 

Hubbell,  O.  S.  73,  89,  486,  490,  532. 

Human  milk,  353. 

Hume,  Alexander,  31. 

Humidity  of  atmosphere,  467,  474. 

Hungarian  grass  analysis,  235. 

Hungarian  grass  for  soiling,  258. 

Hurrah  2814,  487,  567,  698. 

Hurricane,  448. 

Huth,  Dr.  Alfred  Heniy,  77-87. 

Hybrid  clover,  253. 

Hygrometer,  467. 

Hypochlorite  of  soda,  331. 

Hyposulphite  of  mercurj'  germicide,  831. 

Hypothetical  pedigree,  96. 

I. 

Ice  cooling,  raising  cream  by,  375. 

Ice-houses,  423. 

Ice-machine,  424,  484. 

Ice-measurement,  205. 

Ice-storm,  464. 

Ike  Felch  1393,  555. 

Iliad,  16. 

Implements,  119. 

Implements  for  dairy,  130. 

Implements  for  dairy  farm,  119,  121,  189. 

Implements  of  special  merit,  121. 

Importance  of  ventilation,  112,  114,  328. 


712 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


lm|X)rtation  of  Jersey  cattle,  485. 

Improvement  of  Jersey  cattle,  42,  73,  485,  490, 

687,  701. 
In-and-in  breeding,  75. 
Inand-in  breeding  of  cattle,  73,  81,  88,  485,  687, 

701. 
In-!ind-in  breeding  of  deer,  86. 
Inand-in  breeding  of  fowls,  87. 
In-and-in  breeding  of  horses,  85. 
In-and-in  breeding  of  Jersey  cattle,  73,  88,  485, 

522,  539,  687,  701. 
In-and-in  breeding  of  man,  75. 
In-and-in  breeding  of  sheep,  77. 
In-and-in  breeding  of  swine,  84. 
In-and-in  breeding  of  wild  animals,  77,  82,  87. 
Inbreeding  and  fecundity,  89. 
Inbreeding  formulas,  96,  687. 
Inbreed  to  the  winner,  701. 
Incorporation  of  salt  in  butter,  407. 
Increased  area  of  planting  needful  in  cold  spring, 

434. 
Indigestion  in  calves,  316. 
Individual  milk  yields,  355. 
Inductive  electric  force  producing  storms,  473. 
Influence  of  cattle  upon  literature,  13. 
Influence  of  sex  upon  offspring,  92. 
Influences  controlling  sex,  90. 
Ingelow,  Jean,  28. 

Instruments  for  barrenness  in  cows,  303,  304. 
Instruments  for  study  of  weather,  474. 
Intestinal  digestive  juices,  245. 
Inventive  genius  of  Connecticut  people,  488. 
Iron  Bank  1120,  542. 
Irregular  weather  conditions,  443. 
Irrigation,  205. 

Irrigation  by  liquid  manures,  178,  223. 
Irrigation  by  water-mendows,  211. 
Irrigation  catch-meadows,  217. 
Irrigation,  Crops  produced  by,  214. 
Irrigation  in  California,  225. 
Irrigation  in  Kngland  and  Scotland,  211,  216. 
Irrigation  in  Lombardy,  221. 
Irrigation,  Monthly  directions  for,  218. 
Irrigation,  Plants  for,  213. 
Irrigation,  Ridge  and  furrow,  215. 
Irrigation,  Quality  of,  212. 
Irrigation,  Quality  of  grass,  184, 214. 
Irrigation,  Sewage,  178,  216. 


Irrigjition,  underground  systems,  178,  216,  226. 
Italian  millet  for  soiling,  254. 
Ives  Cow,  486,  487. 


Jacob,  12,  72. 

Jacob's  cattle,  72. 

Jacquot,  P.  63,  548. 

Januar)'  ration  for  cows,  273. 

January  thaw,  464. 

JeflFerson,  Thomas,  12. 

Jenner's  Signs  of  Rain,  468. 

Jenny  Pogis  22984,  358. 

Jersey  Belle  of  Scituate  7828,  48,  89,  95,  90,  356, 

487,  493,  545,  689. 
Jersey  Boy,  P.  92,  567. 
Jersey  breeders.  Number  of,  489. 
Jersey  butter,  398. 

Jersey  cattle,  39,  73,  88,  95,  96,  342,  393,  483. 
Jersey  cattle  as  butter  cows,  342,  394,  483,  557. 
Jersey  cattle  as  cheese  cows,  350-353,  393,  394. 
Jersey  Cattle  Club,  American,  46,  488. 
Jersey  cattle  fifty  years  ago,  43,  483. 
Jersey  cattle,  First  importations  of  485. 
Jersey  cattle  shows,  43. 
Jersey  cattle.  Inbreeding  of,  88,  485,  533,  533, 

539,  687,  701. 
Jersey  cheese,  391. 
Jersey  colors,  41,  48. 
Jersey  cream,  366. 
Jersey  Fountains,  491,  584,  699. 
Jersey,  Island  of,  39. 
Jersey  milk,  343-353,  393,  483,  557,  683. 
Jerseys  as  milkers,  354. 
Jerseys  at  Houghton  Farm,  343. 
Jews,  18,  77. 
Jews,  Viability  of,  77. 
Jolin  Alden's  Bull,  34. 
Judging  cattle,  72. 
Juices,  Digestive,  245. 
June  and  July  rations  for  cows,  271. 


Keats,  26. 

Keeping  of  Island  cattle,  45. 

Keeping  quality  of  Jersey  butter,  411. 

Kliedive,  P.  103,  572, 

Kicking  cows,  363. 

King,  P.  338,  582. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA, 


Labor,  430. 

Lacto-reiinetiue  for  indigestion,  317. 

Lady  Ives  1708,  487. 

Lady  Mary  1148,  521,  585,  699. 

Lady  of  the  Isles,  F.  992,  538. 

Landseer  331,  96,  523,  585. 

Landseer's  Fancy  2876,  487,  496,  557,  603. 

La  Petite  M^re  3d  12810,  358. 

Large  clover,  252. 

Largest  butter  yield  of  Jersey  covr,  557-564. 

Largest  butter  yield  of  Jersey  heifer,  860. 

Largest  milk  yield  of  Jersey  cow,  358. 

Largest  milk  yield  of  Jersey  heifer,  358. 

Late  spring  requires  larger  area  of  crops,  434. 

Lateral  electric  currents,  473,  478. 

Lawrence  61,  519,  699. 

Laying  out  drains,  150. 

Lead  colic,  289. 

Leaking  cows,  364. 

Least  quantity  of  air  required  in  stables  in  coldest 

weather,  328. 
Leathery  cream,  375,  402. 
Leclair,  Peter,  488. 
Le  Cornu,  J.,  45. 
Le  Couteur,  43,  44. 
Left  flandrine  escutcheon,  61. 
Legend  of  types,  491. 
Lemon,  F.  170,  542. 
Lice  upon  cattle,  291. 
Lightning,  290. 

Lightning  and  barbed  wire,  391. 
Lightning-rods,  Rules  for  setting,  390. 
Limousine  escutcheon,  64. 
Linear-cirrus  clouds,  437. 
Liquid  manure,  177,  316. 
Listerine,  deodorizer,  332. 
Living  Storm  173,  486,  510. 
Loamy  soils,  104. 
Loamy  soils  analysis,  105. 
Local  drouths,  455. 
Lockjaw,  338. 
Lombardese  irrigation,  323. 
Longevity  of  Connecticut  people,  484,  485. 
LongfeUow,  H.  W.,34. 
Lopez  313,  531. 
Lord  Bronx  2d  1730,  487,  568. 
Lord  Lawrence  1414,  568,  699. 


Lord  Lisgar  1066,  550,  699. 

Lord's  Day,  430. 

Loss  of  ammonia,  177. 

Lotions  for  wounds  and  sores,  329. 

Lower  Lakes  rainfall,  488. 

Lower  story  of  atmosphere,  435,  436. 

Low  fog,  486,  438. 

Lucky  Belle  3214,  487,  553. 

Lysimeter,  474,  476. 


Machines  for  cream  separation,  368. 

Magnetic  storm,  472. 

Maiden  with  a  Milking-Pail,  28. 

Maine  Jersey  cheese,  393. 

Making  whole-milk  cheese,  882. 

Management  of  manures,  164. 

Mangers,  117. 

Mangolds,  Analysis  of,  234 

Mangolds  for  soiling,  355. 

Man,  Inbreeding  of,  75. 

Manure,  Constituents  of,  168. 

Manure  heaps,  165. 

Manure,  liquid,  177,  316. 

Manure,  Saving  of,  233. 

Manure  sewage,  178,  316. 

Manure  value  tables,  157,  161,  216,  223. 

Manures,  Natural,  176. 

March  ration  for  cows,  373. 

Marius  760,  539,  585,  687,  699. 

Marjoram  3389,  552. 

Marks  of  Gloucestershire  cheese,  384. 

Mary  Anne  of  St.  Lambert  9770,  48,  66,  67, 

588. 
Mary  Lowndes  378,  503. 
Masena  35782,  578. 
Matilda  4th  12816,  858. 
May  ration  for  cows,  370. 
McClellan  25,  486,  504,  585. 
Meadows,  356. 

Meadows,  Cultivation  of,  257. 
Meadows,  Early,  357. 
Meadows,  English  methods,  259. 
Meadows,  Irrigated,  211-331. 
Meadows,  Late,  357. 
Meadows,  Permanent,  360. 
Meadows,  Preservation  of,  361. 
Meadows,  Seeding  for,  357. 


ri4 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


MeosurcmenU  of  corn,  hay,  ice  and  roots,  204. 
Measurements  of  Jcrse.v  Belle  of  Scituatc  7828, 547. 
Measurements  of  Landseer's  Fancy  2876,  699. 
Mechanical  advantages  of  drainage,  129. 
Mechanical  analysis  of  butter  salt,  405. 
Mechanical  changes  in  soils,  102. 
Medical  treatment  of  diseases  of  cattle,  300. 
Medicines  for  abortion,  300. 
Medicines  for  acclimation  fever,  315. 
Medicines  for  apoplexy,  308. 
Medicines  for  barrrenness,  305. 
Medicines  for  bloody  urine,  305. 
Medicines  for  broken  horn,  309. 
Medicines  for  bronchitis,  321. 
Medicines  for  colic,  314,  318. 
Medicines   for  colostrum   dise.isc    called  "milk  I 
fever,"  308.  I 

Medicines  for  constipation,  811.  \ 

Medicines  for  consumption,  334.  ! 

Medicines  for  co\ighs,  321. 
Medicines  for  diarrhoea,  317. 
Medicines  for  difficult  calving,  306. 
Medicines  for  extrusion  or  falling  womb,  304. 
Medicines  for  garget,  315. 
Medicines  for  hoove,  314. 
Medicines  for  lockjaw,  328. 
Medicines  for  meteorism,  289,  314. 
Medicines  for  milk  diseases,  310. 
Medicines  for  pleuro-pneumonia,  327. 
Medicines  for  pneumonia,  323. 
Medicines  for  red- water,  306. 
Medicines  for  rheumatism,  313. 
Medicines  for  sore  teats,  315. 
Medicines  for  spermatorrhcea,  320. 
Medicines  for  sterility,  320. 
Medicines  for  sunstroke,  315. 
Medicines  for  warts,  315. 
Members  of  A.  J.  C.  C,  489. 
Mercury  432,  96,  532. 
Meridional  drouths,  455. 
Merrimac  River,  36. 
Metallic  tints  of  coat,  48. 
Meteorism,  289. 
Methods  in  butter-making,  400. 
Methods  in  chee.sc-making,  376-388. 
Methods  of  cream  separation,  368. 
Methods  of  saving  manures,  161. 
Middle  Atlantic  States  rainfall,  477. 


Middle  Plateau  rainfall,  479. 

Middle  Slope  rainfall,  479. 

Middle  story  of  the  atmosphere,  435,  436. 

Milanese  irrigation,  220. 

Milk,  338-354. 

Milk  analysis,  340-354,  394-397. 

Milk,  Cooling  of,  365. 

Milk,  Digestion  of,  245,  246. 

Milk,  diseases  of  udder  secretion,  310. 

"Milk  fever,"  295,  307-309. 

Milk  from  different  breeds  of  cattle,  346, 

Slilk,  How  to  feed  cows'  milk  to  children 

Milk  in  pleuro-pneumonia.  Quality  of,  4i 

Milking,  Art  of,  360. 

Milking-machines,  362. 

Milking-Pail,  Maiden  with,  28. 

Milk  of  different  teats  in  same  cow,  347,  i 

Milk  of  women,  353,  354. 

Milk-pail,  124. 

Milk,  Pounds  of,  to  a  pound  of  butter. 

Milk  ration  for  calf,  269,  270. 

Milking  Song,  31,  33,  36. 

Milk  yields  of  Deerfoot  Herd,  355. 

Milk  yields  of  Echo  Farm  Herd,  355. 

Milk  yields  of  famous  cows,  356. 

Milk  yields  of  Houghton  Farm  Herd,  i 

Milk  yields  of  Loeser  Farm  Herd,  358. 

Milk  yields  of  Maplehurst  Herd,  357. 

Milk  yields  of  Oaklands  Herd,  394. 

Milk  yields  of  Prospect  Hill  Herd,  358, 

Jlilton,  John,  19. 

Millo-maize,  250. 

Millet,  253. 

Millet,  Analysis  of,  233. 

Millet,  culture  for  hay,  427. 

Millet  hay,  427. 

Milo  590,  539. 

Mineral  constituents  of  plants,  228. 

Mineral  elements  of  grain,  230. 

Mineral  elements  of  hay,  228. 

Mineral  elements  of  milk,  339-354. 

Mineral  elements  of  root  crops,  229. 

Mineral  elements  of  straw,  230. 

Mineral  nutrients,  228. 

^lincral  nutrients  in  food,  342. 

Jlink  2548,  553. 

Mist,  436,  438. 

Misty-cirrus  clovids,  437. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IIST  AMERICA. 


Valley  rainfall,  478. 
Missouri  Valley  rainfall,  478. 
Mixing  salt  in  butter,  406. 
Mogul  532,  536. 
Moisture  in  atmosphere,  467. 
Mollie  Garfield  13172,  579. 
Monarch  of  Roxbury  499,  530. 
Mongrel,  74,  93. 
Monitor  878,  486,  538. 
Montafu  breed  of  cattle,  40. 
Mora's  Strainer,  124. 
Moses,  13,  75. 

Moss  Rose  of  Willow  Farm  5174,  493. 
Mostar  6971,  574. 
Motive  force  in  tornado,  473. 
Motive  force  of  the  weather,  471-474. 
Motive  force  of  wind,  472. 
Motley,  Thomas,  44,  487,  493. 
Mould  for  butter,  130,  406. 
Mouldiness  in  Stilton  cheese,  388. 
Mountain  Pictures,  35. 
Mowing  hay,  435. 
Mowing-machine,  120,  425,  426. 
Mr.  Le  Feuvre's  Jersey  cheese,  393. 
Mr.  Micawber  554,  556. 
Mrs.  Langtry  14994,  359. 
Mythology,  Norse,  18. 

N. 
Nancy  Lee  7618,  486,  579. 
Natural  manures,  176. 
Nebulo-cirrus  cloud,  438. 
Neglected  opportunities  in  breeding,  95. 
Nelly  55,  517. 
Nelusko  479,  537. 
Nephew  into  aunt,  696. 
New  England  rainfall,  456,  477. 
NieoUe,  45. 

Ninth-class  escutcheon,  64. 
Nineteen-pound  cows,  656. 
Nlobe  Duke  2364, 574. 
Noble  901,  549. 
Norajah  812,  548. 
Norman  cattle,  41. 
Norse  mythology,  18. 
Northeaster,  442. 
Northeast  scud,  436. 
Northern  Plateau  rainfall,  479. 


Northern  Slope  rainfall,  478. 

Northwest  scud,  436. 

Northwest  Slope  rainfall,  478. 

Norton,  John  T.,  44,  485,  486,  489,  494,  496. 

November  ration  for  cows,  373. 

Number  of  cows  to  a  milker,  364. 

Number  of  plants  upon  an  acre,  205. 

Nutrition,  Elements  of,  337. 

Nutrition  in  cheese,  398. 

O. 

Oats,  Analysis  of,  231-341. 

Oats,  Culture  of,  353. 

Oats,  Climate  for,  353. 

Oats,  Enormous  yield  of,  353. 

Oats  for  soiling  crop,  353. 

Oats  with  peas,  353. 

October  ration  for  cows,  273. 

Ode  to  Grecian  Urn,  36. 

Official  butter  tests,  A.  J.  C.  C,  Rules  for,  610, 

Official  butter  tests,  590. 

Offspring  influenced  by  sex,  93. 

Ohio  Valley  rainfall,  478. 

Oh,  Mary,  go  and  Call  the  Cattle  Home,  37. 

Oil  in  food,  how  supplied,  270. 

Oils  of  plants,  338. 

Ointments,  339. 

Old  Noble,  88,  697. 

Oleomargarine  flavor,  414. 

Oleomargarine  tests,  414,  415. 

Omaha  482,  537. 

Omasum,  243. 

Ona  7840.  486. 

Ontario  Ex.  Farm  Dairy  Tests,  393. 

Oonan  1485,  543,  586. 

Open-drain  water-courses,  135. 

Operation  for  barrenness  in  cows,  303,  804. 

Operation  for  hoove  or  tympanitis,  314. 

Operation  of  cream-separators,  371-376. 

Orange  Peel  503,  539. 

Orange  Peel  864,  537. 

Orchard  grass,  Analysis  of,  331,  241. 

Orchard  grass  as  a  soiling  crop,  353. 

Orchard  grass  hay,  425. 

Order  of  farm-work,  193. 

Orders  of  escutcheon,  60. 

Organization  of  A.  J.  C.  C,  488,  489. 

Organization  of  the  atmosphere,  434,  471. 


716 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IIST  AMERICA. 


Origin  of  Jersey  Cattle,  40. 

Osmazome,  73. 

Os  tincoc  and  Os  internum,  Obstructions  of. 

Our  Domain,  11. 

Outfall  of  drains,  152. 

Out  of  Egj-pt,  14. 

Oval  feather,  58. 

Overfeeding,  289. 

Oxen,  15,  16. 

Oxford  Kate  13646,  583. 

Oxoli  1923,  487,  568. 


Pacific  Coast  rainfall,  479. 

Pacific  system  of  conditions,  446. 

Paddy  899,  542. 

Paint  colic,  288,  289. 

Painting  cheese,  384. 

Pancreatic  juice,  245,  246. 

Pandora  of  Staatsburg  3d  6497.  581. 

Pansy  8,  486,  494,  495,  496,  584,  699. 

Pan.sy  6th  38,  487,  506,  585. 

Pansy  1019,  486,  487,  489,  517. 

Pan  system  for  butter,  401. 

Pan  system  for  cream,  375. 

Paradise  Lost,  19,  20. 

Parallel  electric  currents,  472. 

Parsnips,  Analysis  of,  235. 

Parsnips,  Culture  of,  256. 

Part  First,  39. 

Part  Second,  97. 

Part  Third,  335. 

Part  Fourth,  433. 

Part  Fifth,  483. 

Parturition,  285. 

Pastoral  Anthology,  16. 

Pasturage,  262. 

Pasturage,  Essentials  for,  262. 

Pasturage,  Rules  for,  266. 

Pasture  fences,  265. 

Pasture,  water  supply,  265. 

Pastures,  Renovation  of,  266. 

Pastures,  Seeding  for,  263. 

Pastures,  Southern,  264. 

Paterson  11,  499. 

Paths  of  conditions,  446. 

Patriotism  of  Connecticut  people,  483. 

Pauline  494,  527. 


Pea  manure,  196. 

Peace,  35. 

Pedigree,  hypothetical,  96. 

Pedigree  of  Cctewayo,  P.  224  J.  H.  B.,  688. 

Pedigree  of  Ethleel  3d  32291,  694. 

Pedigree  of  Gilderoy  2107,  696. 

Pedigree  of  Hurrah  2814,  693. 

Pedigi'ce  of  Jersey  Belle  of  Scituate  7828,  689, 

Pedigree  of  Marius  760,  687. 

Pedigree  of  Mercury  432,  693. 

Pedigree  of  Moses,  76. 

Pedigree  of  Purest  13730,  691. 

Pedigree  of  Rex  1330,  698. 

Pedigree  of  Royalist  2906,  697. 

Pedigree  of  Stoke  Pogis  1359,  688. 

Pennington,  Studies  with  germicides,  331. 

Perfect  Milk-Pail,  124. 

Perpetual  milkers,  60,  61,  63. 

Persistency  of  Jerseys  in  milk,  358. 

Persistency  of  milk  in  HoughtonFarm  heifers, 

Persistency  in  milk.  Escutcheon  index  of,  Se-i 

Person,  Disinfection  of,  333. 

Pertinatti  713,  543. 

Phenomenal  butter  yields,  356. 

Phenomenal  milk  yields,  355,  358. 

Physical  qualities  of  cream,  366. 

Pierrot  636,  486,  533,  585. 

Pierrot  2d  1669,  486,  549,  586. 

Pierrot  7th  1667,  486,  567. 

Pilot  3,  498. 

Pinholes  in  cheese,  381. 

Placenta,  Retention  of,  301,  303. 

Plan  of  dairy  for  fifty  cows,  336. 

Plants,  number  upon  an  acre,  305. 

Pleuro-pneumonia  contagiosa,  324. 

Plow,  13,  119. 

Plow,  Sackett,  188. 

Plowing,  187,  188. 

Plus  bull,  94-96. 

Plus  cow,  94. 

Plus  into  plus,  94. 

Pneumonia,  332. 

Points  of  a  good  cream-separator,  369-371. 

Points  of  Jersey  Belle  of  Scituate  7828,  545. 

Points  of  Landseer's  Fancy  2876,  557,  699. 

Points,  Scale  of,  for  Jerseys,  44-56. 

Points,  Scale  for  cows  at  dairy  fairs,  54. 

Pope,  Alexander,  12,  20. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


717 


Position  and  size  of  main  drains,  151. 

Position  of  drains,  150. 

Power  for  centrifuge  cream-separator,  369-375. 

Prayer  for  Peace,  15. 

Prepotency,  74,  496,  532,  539,  687,  700. 

Prepotent  bull,  687,  700. 

Preserving  green  color  in  hay,  425. 

Pretty  Girl  of  Loch  Dan,  36. 

Prevention  of  bronchitis,  321. 

Prevention  of  indigestion  in  calves,  316. 

Prevention  of  tuberculosis,  323. 

Preventive  treatment  for  abortion,  299. 

Prices  of  Camembert  cheese,  391. 

Pride  of  Windsor  483,  536. 

Prince  55,  498. 

Prince  of  Warren  1512,  569. 

Princess  836,  503. 

Princess  3d  8046,  486,  581. 

Principles  of  breeding,  39,  72,  94. 

Prints  for  butter,  120,  406. 

Prizes,  45. 

Professor  Fjord's  experiments  in  raising  cream, 

376. 
Professor  Thury's  theory  of  sex,  91. 
Prognostication  of  freshets,  471. 
Prognostication  of  weather,  459. 
Progress  of  storms,  470. 
Prolapsus  uteri,  804. 
Propositions  defining  the  weather,  435. 
Propositions  upon  the  force  in  weather,  471. 
Prosperity,  35. 
Proverbs,  16, 
Psalms  of  Asaph,  11. 
Psalms  of  David,  14. 
Pulse,  Bovine,  292. 
Pulse,  Character  of,  393. 
Punctual  performance  of  work,  193. 
Pure  Jer.sey  breeding,  485,  488. 
Purity  of  air  in  stables,  112,  114,  333. 
Purity  of  Jersey  cattle,  43. 
Purity  of  Jersey  breed.  Island  Law.s,  43. 
Purposes  of  salting  butter,  404. 
Putrid  milk  from  too  much  manure,  411. 

Q- 

Quality  of  air  in  stables,  113,  114,  333. 
Quality  of  Alphea  171,  507. 
Quality  of  American  Jerseys,  490. 


Quality  of  Camembert  cheese,  388. 

Quality  of  cheese,  376. 

Quality  of  cream,  366. 

Quality  of  dairy  breeds,  350,  395, 423,487,  650-701. 

Quality  of  Ethleel  2d  32291,  360. 

Quality  of  farmyard  manure,  176. 

Quality  of  first  importation  of  Jerseys,  485. 

Quality  of  Jersey  cheese,  392. 

Quality  of  Jersey  butter,  398,  407,  411. 

Quality  of  Landseer's  Fancy  2876,  487,  496,  557, 
603,  699. 

Quality  of  medicines,  298. 

Quality  of  milk  for  cheese,  378. 

Quality  of  Pansy  blood,  496. 

Quality  of  salt  for  cheese,  380. 

Quality  of  Splendid  blood,  496,  557. 

Quantity  of  air  needed  for  coldest  weather  in  sta- 
bles, 333. 

Quantity  of  butter  in  milk,  339-354,  683. 

Quantity  of  butter,  casein,  fat  and  sugar  in  milk, 


Quantity  of  cream  in  Crystal  Spring  Herd,  433. 
Quantity  of  dung  from  feed,  163. 
Quantity  of  water  in  milk,  339-354. 
Quantity  and  quality  of  excrements  voided,  177 
Quick  milking,  360. 

R. 
Rain,  133,  464,  468,  471. 
Rainband  spectroscope,  474. 
Rainfall  in  United  States,  477. 
Rain  in  Summer,  34. 
Rajah  340,  533. 
Ralph  957,  486,  549. 
Rambler  of  St.  Lambert  5285,  582. 
Rancid  butter,  414. 
Rankin  theory  of  controlling  sex,  91. 
Ration  267. 

Ration  at  Echo  Farm,  275. 
Ration  at  dairy  of  Messrs.  Darlington,  276. 
Ration,  Cheap,  for  winter,  373. 
Ration  for  buU,  277. 
Ration  for  butter  cows,  370. 
Ration  for  calves,  377. 
Ration  for  cows  before  calving,  375. 
Ration  for  life  and  production,  270. 
Ration  for  winter  milk,  274. 
Ration  for  yellow  butter,  274. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN^  AMERICA. 


Ration,  Hay-tea,  379. 

Ration,  Lacto-reunetine  or  rennet,  278. 

Ration,  Whey.  378. 

Ration  of  Bomba  10330,  590,  591. 

Ration  of  Carrie  Lena  3d  20077,  621. 

Ration  of  Cocotte  11958,  649. 

Ration  of  Cottage  Lass  5332,  594. 

Ration  of  Edessa  21844,  631,  638. 

Ration  of  Burotus  2454,  543. 

Ration  of  Euphonia  6783,  620. 

Ration  of  Ethleel  2d  32291,  644. 

Ration  of  Evelina  of  Verna  10971,  631,  637. 

Ration  of  Fair  Lady  6723,  595. 

Ration  of  Gilt  Edge  C.  12223,  609. 

Ration  of  Hilda  D.  6683,  681,  636. 

Ration  of  Ida  of  St.  Lambert  34990,  612. 

Ration  of  Jersey  Belle  of  Scituatc  7838,  587. 

Ration  of  Khelula  17970,  649. 

Ration  of  Landseer's  Fancy  2876,  558,  559,  565, 

603. 
Riition  of  Lydia  Darrach  4903,  592. 
Ration  of  Mamelle  20804,  627. 
Ration  of  Mary  Anne  of  St.  Lambert  9770,  615. 
Ration  of  Mary  Jane  of  Bellevue  6956,  626. 
Ration  of  Matilda  4th  12816,  644,  645,  646,  648. 
Ration  of  Mermaid  of  St.  Lambert  9771,  607. 
Ration  of  Naiad  of  St.  Lambert  12965,  604,  005. 
Ration  of  Niobe  of  St.  Lambert  12969,  608. 
Ration  of  O.xford  Kate  13646,  622. 
Ration  of  Pansy  1019,  489. 
Ration  of  Percie  14937,  606. 
Ration  of  Pet  of  Rose  Lawn  11326,  641. 
Ration  of  Princess  2d  8046,  618. 
Ration  of  Prof.  Horsfall  in  experiments,  269. 
Ration  of  Rioter  Pink  of  Berlin  23665,  609. 
Ration  of  Su  Lu  4705,  596. 
Ration,  Standard,  374. 
Ration  of  Telle  20802,  630. 
Ration  of  Value  3d  6844,  601,  603. 
Ratio  of  milk  to  butler,  683. 
Rats  and  flies  in  buildings,  429. 
Records  of  drouths,  456. 
Rector  1458,  567. 
Red-water,  305. 
Regina,  P.  33,  507. 
Relative  merits  of  dairy  breeds,  351. 
Relative  value  of  feeding-stuffs,  242. 
Remarkable,  P.  2295,  555. 


Rennet,  196. 

Rennet  for  Camembert  cheese,  389. 

Rennet  for  Gloucestershire  cheese,  388. 

Rennet  for  Gruyere  cheese,  387. 

Rennet  for  indigestion,  316. 

Rennet,  Harris's  method  with  cheese,  378,  380. 

Rennet,  Pure,  392. 

Rennet  for  Stilton  cheese,  387. 

Rennet  stomach,  348. 

Requisites  to  sustain  life  and  liealth,  239. 

Respiration,  Bovine,  293. 

Respiratory  food,  239. 

Rest  and  recreation,  430. 

Rest  in  the  Furrow,  34. 

Restoration  of  soils,  167. 

Results  of  methods  in  cream  separation,  875. 

Results  required  in  drains,  145. 

Resume  of  weather  prognostications,  466. 

Retention  of  after-birth,  301. 

Retention  of  water  in  soils,  141. 

Reticulum,  or  reticule  stomach,  243. 

Rex  1330,  487,  569. 

Rheumatism,  312. 

Richest  cow  in  the  world,  557,  559,  565,  603. 

Richest  heifer  in  the  world,  360. 

Richness  of  Jerseys  unrivalled  342-354,  360,  557, 

559,  565,  603,  650,  683. 
Riglit  animals,  plants,  and  seeds,  106. 
Riley,  J.  W.,  480. 
Rinsing  butter  granules,  404. 
Rio  Grande  Valley  rainfall,  477. 
Rioter  746,  E.  H.  B.,  509. 
Rioter  3d  469,  529. 
Rioter  670,  530. 

Ripening  cheese,  382,  384,  388,  390. 
Ripening  cream,  400,  401,  403,  409, 
Ripening  milk  for  cheese,  377. 
Roberts,  Sarah,  35. 
Rob  Roy  17,  486,  520,  586. 
Rogers,  J.  S.,  87. 
Rollers,  189. 

Rose  of  Eden  13437,  352,  396. 
Rotation  of  crops,  190. 
Rotation  of  crops.  Planning  for,  192. 
Rotation  for  soiling  crops,  192. 
Roots  and  tubers.  Analysis  of,  234. 
Royal  Jersey  Agricultural  Society,  42. 
Roxbury  247,  505. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IIST  AMERICA. 


719 


Rules  for  official  tests  of  cows  A.  J.  C.  C,  i 

639. 
Rules  for  pasturing,  286. 
Rules  for  setting  lightning-rods,  290. 
Rumen,  243. 
Rumination,  244. 
Rutabagas,  Analysis  of,  234,  240. 
Rutabagas,  Cultivation  of,  256. 
Rye,  Analysis  of,  231,  233,  236,  238,  240,  241. 
Rye,  cultivation  of,  for  soiling,  251. 


Sacred  psalms,  13-16. 

Saline  substances  in  food,  242. 

Salt  dissolved  in  butter,  407. 

Salt  for  butter,  404. 

Salt  for  cheese,  380. 

Salting  butter,  404-408. 

Salting  cheese,  379,  381,  382,  384,  385. 

Salt  undissolved  in  butter,  408. 

Sam  980,  486. 

Sam  Weller  271,  507,  547. 

Samson  Jr.  2723,  580. 

Sandy  soils,  103. 

Sanitary  apparatus,  299. 

Sanitary  treatment  of  colic,  319. 

Sanitary  treatment  of  colostrum  disease,  395,  296, 

307,  308. 
Sanitary  uses  of  hot  water,  307,  309,  315,  319,  339. 
Sans  Peur,  F.  201,  565. 
Saugatuck  1144,  557. 
Saving  of  fences  by  soiling,  247. 
Saving  of  food  by  soiling,  247. 
Saving  of  health  by  soiling,  248. 
Saving  of  labor  by  soiling,  248. 
Saving  of  land  by  soiling,  246. 
Saving  of  manure  by  soiling,  247. 
Saving  of  manures,  156,  176,  223. 
Saving  of  productiveness  by  soiling,  248. 
Saving  waste  manures,  223. 
Scale  of  points,  44. 
Scrub  animal,  74. 
Scud,  436. 

Scud  clouds,  436-438. 
Second-class  escutcheon,  61. 
Secondary  electric  currents,  472. 
Second  secondary  electric  currents,  473. 
Seeds,  106. 


Seeds  per  acre,  106. 

Self-abuse,  319. 

Self-sucking,  363. 

Selvedge  escutcheon,  61. 

Separation  of  cream,  368. 

Separator  contest,  371. 

September  ration  for  cows,  271. 

Seven  points  of  soiling,  246. 

Seven  states  of  the  weather,  460. 

Seventeen-pound  cows,  659. 

Seven  to  eight  pounds  of  milk  to  one  pound  of 

butter,  684. 
Seventh-class  escutcheon,  63. 
Sewage  manure,  178. 
Sewage  manure,  Cost  of,  185. 
Sex,  90. 

Sex,  Influence  of,  upon  offspring,  93. 
Sexton,  whole-milk  prize  cheese,  382. 
Shakespeare,  18,  19. 
Sharpless,  Samuel  J.,  46. 
Sheep,  Inbreeding  of,  77. 
Shield  of  Achilles,  17. 
Ship  Splendid,  485. 
Shorthorn,  93. 
Shorthorn  milk,  393,  394. 
Shower-belt  peculiarities,  440. 
Signal  1170,  96,  556. 
Significance  of  points,  69. 
Signs  of  rain,  468-471. 
Silver  Mine  1658,  573. 
Simpson,  William,  73,  89. 
Sir  Charles  131,  503. 
Sixteen-pound  cows,  663. 
Sixth-class  escutcheon,  63. 
Six  to  seven  pounds  of  milk  to  one  pound  of 

butter. 
Size  of  Jersey  Belle  of  Scituate  7838,  547. 
Size  of  Landseer's  Fancy  3876,  699. 
Skill  in  breeding,  490. 
Skill  in  milking,  360. 
Skill  in  treating  milk,  365. 
Slaughterhouse  fetor  of  oleomargarine,  414. 
Slinking,  394-300. 
Slope  of  drains,  149. 
Slovenly  farming,  439. 
Smokers,  360,  431. 
Smut  362,  294. 
Smut,  Prevention  of,  264. 


720 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


Snow,  463,  468. 

Soft  cream  cheese,  388. 

Soiling,  250. 

Soiling  cattle,  346. 

Soiling  crops,  349. 

Soiling,  Southern,  350. 

Soils,  98. 

Soils,  Characteristics  of,  103. 

Soils,  Restoration  of,  167. 

Solids  in  milk,  339-354,  393,  394. 

Solomon,  16. 

Son  of  Alphea  1683,  538. 

Song  of  Praise,  16. 

Sore  teats,  315. 

Sources  of  manures,  161. 

South  Atlantic  States  rainfall,  477. 

Southeast  scud,  436. 

Southeaster  and  Showerbelt,  438-441. 

Southern  Plateau  rainfall,  479. 

Southern  Slope  rainfall,  479. 

Special  rules  relating  to  abortion,  301. 

Specific  gravity  of  cream,  366. 

Specific  gravity  of  milk,  340,  354. 

Spectroscope,  475,  476. 

Spermatorrhoea  in  bull,  319. 

Splendens  16,  485,  486,  487,  492. 

Splendid  2,  486,  487,  496,  584. 

Sponge  tent  for  dilating  womb,  303,  304. 

Spring  drouths,  455. 

Spring-house  for  butter,  401. 

Springs,  133. 

Springs,  Drainage  of.  !:«,  135. 

Square  escutcheon,  63. 

Stable,  111. 

Stable,  Calf,  118. 

Stable,  Cheap,  117. 

Stable,  Disinfection  of,  333. 

Stake  for  corn-stalks,  428. 

Stalls,  116. 

Stanchions,  117. 

Standard  butter  tests,  587. 

Standards  for  feeding,  268. 

States  of  the  weather,  434,  460. 

Sterility  in  bulls,  319. 

St.  Helicr  45,  48,  89,  96,  486,  490,  522. 

Stilton  cheese,  387. 

Stoddard  Churn,  137,  599. 

Stoddard  Creamery,  125. 


Stoke  Pogis  1259,  550. 

Stoke  Pogis  3d  3238,  96,  573. 

Stories  of  the  atmosphere,  435. 

Storm  conditions,  438. 

Storm-stratus  clouds,  437,  438. 

Storms,  Duration  of,  464,  470,  471. 

Storms  generated  and  controlled  by  electric  force, 

473,  474. 
Story  of  the  model  cow,  545. 
Strange  accidents  to  animals,  287. 
Stratus  clouds,  437. 
Straw,  Analysis  of,  233. 
Study  of  the  tables,  700. 
Stuyvesant  theory  of  sex,  91. 
Stylet  for  dilating  womb,  303,  304. 
Styptic,  329. 

Sucking  feeder  for  calves,  278. 
Sudden  changes  in  weather,  464. 
Sugar  beets,  255. 
Sugar  beets.  Analysis  of,  234. 
Sugar  in  butter  for  flavoring,  407. 
Sugar  in  milk,  339-354. 
Sugar  in  woman's  milk,  3.54. 
Sultau,  F.  58,  515. 
Summary  on  breeding,  93. 
Summary  of  causes  of  disease,  297. 
Summarj'  of  food  elements,  242. 
Summary  of  uses  of  disinfectants,  332. 
Summary  of  weather  prognostication,  466. 
Summer  drouths,  455. 
Summer  feeding,  376. 
Summer  Ramble,  33. 
Summer  rations,  272. 
Sunlight  in  stables,  112. 
Sunspots  and  weather,  457-460. 
Sunstroke,  315. 
Superb  1956,  487,  574. 
Surface  story  clouds,  436. 
Surface  story  of  the  atmosphere.  435. 
Swain,  James  P., 41. 
Swearers,  431. 
Swedish  hybrid  clover,  252. 
Sweepstakes  Duke  1905,  570. 
Sweet  corn.  Analysis  of,  235. 
Sweet  corn  for  soiling,  254. 
Sweet  cream  as  a  luxury,  366. 
Swine,  Inbreeding  of,  84. 
System  in  dairy,  335. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  A3IERICA. 


721 


Table  of  American  feeding-stuffs,  240. 

Table  of  breeding  formulas,  687. 

Table  of  average  annual  rainfall  in  United  States, 

478. 
Table  of  average  composition  of  feeding-stuffs, 

331. 
Table  of  butter  breeds,  422. 
Table  of  clouds,  438. 
Table  of  comparative  chemical  tests  of  milk,  350- 

351. 
Table  of  competitive  tests  in  breeds,  352,  396. 
Table  of  crops.  United  States,  1881,  483. 
Table  of  density  of  cream,  367. 
Table  of  digestive  juices  and  ferments,  245. 
Table  of  dung  from  feed,  163. 
Table  of  ensilage  analysis,  238. 
Table  of  feeding  for  butter,  417,  430. 
Table  of  fodder  values,  268. 
Table  of  germination  of  grass-seed,  258. 
Table  of  inbred  Jersey  cattle,  687. 
Table  of  Jersey  Fountains,  491. 
Table  of  manure  values,  157,  161,  216,  323. 
Table  of  measurements,  303. 
Table  of  mineral  constituents  of  plants,  338. 
Table  of  official  butter  tests,  A.  J.  C.  C,  590. 
Table  of  plants  upon  an  acre,  205. 
Table  of  ratio  of  milk  to  pound  of  butter,  683. 
Table  of  seven-day  butter  tests,  653. 
Table  of  sewage  irrigation  cost,  185. 
Table  of  soiling  crops,  349. 
Table  of  standard  butter  tests,  587. 
Table  of  seed  for  meadows,  357. 
Table  of  seed  for  pastures,  363. 
Table  of  temperature  in  United  States,  476. 
Table  of  tests  for  less  than  a  year,  650. 
Table  of  yearly  butter  tests,  650. 
Tables,  Study  of,  699. 
Taintor,  John  A.,  44,  485,  493,  494,  496. 
Telegraph  in  storms,  470,  471,  473,  474. 
Temperature  in  United  States,  476. 
Temperature  of  blood  in  cattle,  393. 
Temperature  of  separator  cream,  373. 
Temperature  of  the  weather,  463. 
Temperature  of  undrained  soils,  153. 
Tennessee  rainfall,  478. 
Ten  to  eleven  pounds  of  milk  to  yield  a  potmd  of 

butter,  684. 


Tennyson,  36,  37. 

Tenth-class  escutcheon,  84. 

Terms  relating  to  purity  of  blood,  74. 

Test  of  density  of  cream,  367. 

Test  of  breeds,  341-360,  393-397. 

Test  of  Landseer's  Fancy  3876,  558. 

Test  of  quality  of  milk,  339,  S 

Test  of  separators,  371. 

Tests  for  butter,  46,  47,  489,  587,  590. 

Tested  descendants  of  noted  Jersey  cattle,  491, 

584. 
Tetanus,  328. 
Tethermg,  45,  46,  265. 
Thaxter,  Celia,  35. 
The  Art  of  Milking,  360. 
The  Atlantic  System,  445. 
The  Atmospheric  System,  434. 
The  Barefoot  Boy,  35. 
The  barn,  107. 
The  Bridal  Procession,  34. 
The  Cattle  Belong  to  God,  14. 
The  Central  System,  446. 
The  Champion  Drill,  121. 
The  Dairy,  335. 

The  Parmer  of  Tilsbury  Vale,  25. 
The  Farmer's  Boy,  23. 
The  future  of  American  Jerseys,  700. 
The  Gardener's  Daughter,  26. 
The  hajonow,  425. 

The  High  Tide  on  the  Coast  of  Lincolnshire,  29. 
The  Hub  1009,  554. 
The  Jersey  in  America,  483-701. 
The  King  would  be  a  Farmer,  19. 
The  Maiden  with  the  Milking-Pail,  38. 
The  Merrimac  River,  36. 
The  Milkmaid's  Song,  27. 
The  Model  Cow,  545. 
Theory  of  cultivation,  186. 
Theory  of  drainage,  152. 
Theory  of  sex,  Thury  and  others,  90,  91. 
The  Pacific  System,  446. 
The  Palace  of  Art.  27. 
The  Perfect  Jlilk-Pail,  124. 
The  plan  of  dairy,  336. 
Thermometer  462. 
Thermometer  in  the  dairy,  417. 
The  seven  states  of  the  weather,  460. 
The  soil,  98. 


722 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IJV  AMERICA. 


The  udder,  338. 

The  Voice  of  the  Grass,  36. 

The  weather,  433. 

Thigh  feather,  60. 

Thigh  ovals,  68. 

Thirteen  to  fourteen  jiounds  of  milk  yield  a  pound 

of  butter,  686. 
Third-class  escutcheon,  61. 
Thirty-nine-pound  cows,  653. 
Thirty-one-pound  cows,  653. 
Thirty-pound  cows,  653. 
Thomas  Quayle,  41. 
Thompson,  James,  20. 
Thorndale  2.582,  570. 
Thi-ee  to  four  pounds  of  milk  to  a  pound  of 

butter,  558,  683. 
Three  systems  of  conditions,  445. 
Thurber  on  cheese,  386. 
Tickell,  Thomas,  20. 
Tile  drains,  137. 
Tillage,  188-190. 

Tillage  checking  evaporation,  189,  476. 
Time  in  making  cheese,  377,  381,  388,  390. 
Time  in  operating  centrifuge,  374. 
Timothy,  Analysis  of,  231,  241. 
Timothy  as  a  soiling  crop,  252. 
Timothy  with  alsike,  252. 
Timothy  with  clover,  252. 
To  bear  in  mind,  399. 
Tom  Dasher  420,  486,  531,  586. 
Top  SaxN-yer  1404,  96,  570,  699. 
Tormentor  3533,  579. 
Tornado,  443,  445. 
Trade  story,  435. 
Trade  story  clouds,  437. 
Trade  winds,  449. 
Training  horns,  281. 
Transit  of  electric  currents,  472. 
Treatment  for  abortion,  300. 
Treatment  for  acclimation  fever,  315. 
Treatment  for  apoplexy,  308. 
Treatment  for  barrenness,  304. 
Treatment  for  bloody  urine,  305. 
Treatment  for  broken  horn,  309. 
Treatment  for  bronchitis,  321. 
Treatment  for  colic,  314,  318. 
Treatment  for  colostrum  disease,  808. 
Treatment  for  constipation,  311. 


Treatment  for  consumption,  324. 

Treatment  for  coughs,  321. 

Treatment  for  diarrhcBa,  317. 

Treatment  for  difficult  calving,  306. 

Treatment  for  extrusion  of  the  womb,  304. 

Treatment  for  garget,  315. 

Treatment  for  hoove,  314. 

Treatment  for  lockjaw,  328. 

Treatment  for  raeteorism,  289,  314 

Treatment  for  milk  diseases,  310. 

Treatment  for  pleuro-pneumonia,  327. 

Treatment  for  pneumonia,  323. 

Treatment  for  red  milk,  310. 

Treatment  for  red-water,  306. 

Treatment  for  rheumatism,  313. 

Treatment  for  spermatorrhoea,  320. 

Treatment  for  sterility,  320. 

Treatment  for  sunstroke,  315. 

Treatment  for  warts,  315. 

Treatment  of  milk  in  cooling,  365. 

Treatment  with  drj'  heat,  308. 

Treatment  with  hot  water,  307,  309,  314,  315. 

Trocar  and  canula,  283,  314. 

Tropical  currents,  435. 

Trowbridge,  John  Townsend,  37. 

True  art  of  breeding,  94. 

Tubers,  Analysis  of,  234. 

Twelve  to  thirteen  pounds  of  milk  jield  a  pound 

of  butter,  685. 
Twenty-flve-pound  cows,  653. 
Twenty-four-pound  cows,  653. 
Twenty-nine-pound  cows,  653. 
Twenty-onc-pound  cows,  654. 
Twenty-pound  cows,  655. 
Twenty-seven-pound  cows,  6.53. 
Twenty-six-pound  cows,  653. 
Twenty-three-pound  cows,  654. 
Twenty-two-pound  cows,  654. 
Twins,  89,  90.  » 

Tympanitis,  289. 
Tympanitis,  Treatment  of,  314. 


U. 


Udder,  338. 

Udder,  Diseases  of,  309,  315. 
Udder,  outline  of  types,  54,  55,  56. 
Udder,  structure  and  physiology,  3J 
Unguents,  329. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


Unrivalled  richness  of  Jerseys,  343-354,  360,  487, 

496,  557,  603. 
Upper  Lakes  region  rainfall,  488. 
Upper  story  of  atmosphere,  435. 
Uses  of  Disinfectants,  333. 
Utensils  for  dairy,  120,  131,  385. 
Utensils  for  farm,  189,  121. 
Utensils  of  special  merit,  131. 
Uterus,  Displacement  of,  304. 
Uterus,  Treatment  of,  805. 


Value  of  breeds  for  dairy,  346-354,  393-397,  485, 

650-701. 
Value  of  feed  tables,  239. 
Value  of  manures,  156-161,  216,  223. 
Value  2d  6884,  487,  598. 
Vaporimeter,  467. 

Variability  of  electric  currents,  472. 
Variation,  in  a  fair  day,  of  barometer,  cumula- 

stratus  clouds,  electric  tension,  fog,  force  of 

wind,  magnetic  needle,  motion  of  wind  and 

thermometer,  475. 
Variation  in  milk  of  breeds  of  cattle,  341,  346- 

354,  393-396,  557. 
Variations  in  milk  of  different  teats  of  one  cow, 

348. 
Vegetable  tints  in  Jersey  colors,  48. 
Vegetable  moulds.  Humus,  103. 
Velocity  in  drains,  135. 
Ventilation,  112,  114,  323. 
Ventilation  of  butter  dairy,  402. 
Vertumnus,  P.  161,  575. 
Vetch,  Analysis  of,  331,  233,  334. 
Vetch  for  soiling,  354. 
Victor  3550,  96,  487,  530. 
Victor  Hugo  197,  535. 
Victor,  P.  148,  576. 
Vinegar  in  ensilage,  238,  280,  381,  429. 
Voelcker,  Prof.  A.,  98. 
Voice  of  the  Grass,  36. 
Volcanoes  affect  weather,  458. 
Vulvous  feather  on  escutcheon,  60. 


"Walls,  Disinfection  of,  333. 
Wanderer  3014,  580. 


Waring,  Jr.,  Col.  George  j;.,  46. 

Warts,  Treatment  of,  315. 

Washington,  George,  13. 

Waste  manures.  Saving  of,  223. 

Water,  306. 

Water,  Essay  by  Prof.  Voelcker,  206. 

Water  as  manure,  208. 

Water  in  milk,  339-354,  363. 

Water,  irrigation,  210. 

Water,  Lead  pipes  for,  209. 

Watermeadows,  211. 

Watermeadows,  England,  313. 

Watermeadows,  Lombardy,  230. 

Water,  Purity  of,  309. 

Water,  Quality  of,  306,  208,  209,  213,  220. 

Water,  Rain,  207. 

Water,  River,  208. 

Water,  Spring,  208. 

Water-supply,  155. 

Water-tanks,  Capacity  of,  115. 

Water,  Well,  208. 

Weather,  433,  482. 

Weather  apparatus,  474. 

Weather  Bureau,  474. 

Weather  prognostications,  459,  470,  471. 

Weather  propositions,  433,  471. 

Webster,  Daniel,  12. 

Webster,  Noah,  484. 

Webster,  W.  J.,  557,  602. 

Weight  of  atmosphere,  460. 

Weight  of  milk,  205,  341. 

Weight  of  milk  in  scale  of  points,  54,  352,  395. 

Welcome,  F.  166,  534. 

Welcome  Oat,  252. 

Wethersfield  966,  486,  541. 

Wet- Weather  Talk,  480. 

When  the  Kye  come  Hame,  25. 

Whey  butter,  385,  392. 

Whey  in  cheese-making,  377-394. 

Whey  ration  for  calves,  278. 

Whiskey-drinker,  431. 

Whittier,  John  G.,  35. 

Whole-milk  butter,  400. 

Whole-milk  cheese,  383,  388,  392. 

Width  of  storm  and  shower  conditions,  441,  443, 

471. 
Winds,  465,  471,  475. 
Winter  bariey,  351-355. 


724 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


Winter  rj-e,  251-255. 

Winter  wheat,  253. 

Wolfl  and  Collier's  tables  of  feeding  stuffs,  231- 

238. 
Woman's  milk,  353. 
Woman's  milk.  Analysis  of,  8.'>4. 
Womb,  Falling  of,  304,  305. 
Womb,  stricture  of  sphincters,  308. 
Wordsworth,  William,  24. 
Working  butter,  404-408. 
Worry,  Effect  of,  on  cow's  milk,  349. 

Y. 

Yankee  1003,  536. 

Yelk,  424. 

Yellow  butter,  26,  434,  546. 

Yellow  skin,  44,  487,  496,  545. 

Yield  of  Alphea  171,  508. 

Yield  of  butter  in  herds,  415. 


Yield  of  crops  diminished  by  late  spring,  434. 
Yield  of  descendants  of  noted  Jerseys,  492,  584. 
Yield  of  Ethleel  2d  32291,  360. 
Yield  of  Eurotas  2454,  356. 
Yield  of  famous  cows,  3.56. 
Yield  of  Jersey  Belle  of  Scituate  7828,  545,  587. 
Yield  of  Liindseer's  Fancy  2876,  557,  602. 
Yield  of  milk  at  Deerfoot  Farm,  355. 
Yield  of  milk  at  Echo  Farm,  355. 
Yield  of  milk  at  Houghton  Farm,  357. 
Yield  of  milk  at  Loeser  Farm,  358. 
Yield  of  milk  at  Maplehurst  Farm,  357. 
Yield  of  milk  at  Oaklands  Herd,  394. 
Yield  of  milk  at  Prospect  Hill  Farm,  358. 
Yield  of  milk  at  Saltonstall  Farm,  358. 
Young  Baron  702,  533. 


Zebu  and  Jersey,  40. 


INDEX  TO  JERSEY  FOUNTAINS. 


Albert  44,  511,  584, 
Aldine  1136,  554. 


Baronet  2340,  572. 

Bismarck  293,  519. 

Blucher48,  511. 

Brown  Prince,  F.  85,  J.  H.  B.,  516. 

Browny,  P.  158,  576. 

Buffer  2055,  553. 


Casli  Boy  3348,  575 

Catono  3761,  583. 

Cecco  1673,  566. 

Champion  of  America  1567,  555 

Champion  Magnet  6480,  584. 

Charleston  1,  503. 

Chief  Justice  3d  1643,  543. 

Claimant,  P.  84,  566. 

Clement  115,  513,  699. 

Cliff  176,  516. 

Clive  Duke  1901,  571. 

Coeur  de  Lion  318,  517. 

Colonel  76,  492. 

Columbiad  534,  531. 

Columbiad  3d  1515,  566. 

Comus  54,  501,  699. 

Czar  373,  493. 


Deerfoot  Boy  1936,  565. 
Dick  Swiveller  Jr.  376,  501. 
Doctor  H.  3133,  551. 
Dolphin  3d  468,  525. 


Duke  of  Brandywine  3313,  576. 
Duke  of  Darlington  2460,  571. 
Duke  of  Grayholdt  1035,  535. 


Farmer's  Glory  5196,  581. 

G. 

Gilderoy  3107,  577. 
Grand  Duke  Alexis  1040,  540. 
Grey  King,  P.  169,  575. 
Grey  Prince,  F.  168,  548. 
Guy  Fawkes,  F.  251,  573. 
Guy  Mannering  698,  541. 


H. 


Hamilton  1074,  553. 
Hero,  P.  90,  566. 
Homer  H.  3683,  743. 
Hurrah  2814,  567. 

Ike  Felch  1392,  555. 
Iron  Bank  1120,  543. 


Jacquot,  P.  63,  548. 
Jersey  Boy,  P.  92,  567. 


Khedive,  P.  103,  573. 
King,  P.  338,  582. 


Landseer  331,  523,  585. 
Lawrence  61,  519,  699. 
Le  Brocq's  Prize  3350, 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


Lemon,  F.  170,  542. 
Living  Stonn  173,  510. 
Lopez  313,  531. 
Lord  Bronx  2d  1730,  568. 
Lord  Lawrence  1414,  568,  ft 
Lord  Lisgar  1066,  550,  699. 


Mariu8  760,  539,  585,  699. 

McClellan  25,  504,  585. 

Mercury  432,   532. 

MUo  590,  539. 

Mogul  532,  536. 

Monarch  of  Roxbury  499,  530. 

Monitor  878,  538. 

Mr.  Micawber  556,  524. 


Nelu8ko479,  537. 
Niobe  Duke  2364,  574. 
Noble  901,  549. 
Norajah  812,  548. 


Omaha  482.  537. 
Orange  Peel  502,  529. 
Orange  Peel  864,  537. 
Oxoli  1922,  568. 


Paddy  899,  542. 
Paterson  11,   499. 
Pertinatti  713,  543. 
Pierrot  636,  533.  .585. 
Pierrot  2d  1669,  549,  586. 
Pierrot  7th  1667,  567. 
Pilot  3,  498. 
Prince  55,  498. 
Prince  of  Warren  1512,  569. 


Rajah  340,  523. 
Ralph  957,  .549. 
Rambler  of  St.  Lambert  52 
Rector  14.58,  567. 
Remarkable,  F.  229,  655. 
Rex  1330,  569,  699. 


Rioter  746  E.  H.  B.,  509,  699. 
Rioter  670,  530,  699. 
Rioter  2d  469,  529,  699. 
Rob  Roy  17,  520,  586. 
Roxbury  247,  505. 


Jr.  2723.  580. 
Sam  Weller,  271,  507. 
Sans  Peur,  F.  201,  565. 
Saugatuck  1144,  557. 
Signal  1170,  556. 
Silver  Mine  1658,  572. 
Sir  Charles  131,  502. 
Son  of  Alphea  562,  538. 
Splendens  16,  492. 
Splendid  2,  496,  .584. 
St.  Helier  45,  522. 
Stoke  Pogis  1259,  550. 
Stoke  Pogis  3d  2238,  573. 
Sultan,  F.   58,  J.  H.  B.,  515. 
Superb  1956,  574. 
Sweepstakes  Duke  1905,  570. 


T. 


The  Hub  1009,  5.54. 
Tborndale  2582,  576. 
Tom  Dasher  420,  531,  5 
Top  Sawyer  1404,  570, 
Tormentor  3533,  579. 


Vertumnus,  P.  161,  575. 
Victor  3550,  520. 
Victor  Hugo  197,  525,  69 
Victor,  P.,  148,576. 


Wanderer  3014,  580. 
Welcome,  F.  166,  534. 
Wethersfield  966,  541. 


Yankee  1003,  536. 
Young  Baron  702, 


Total,  124  bvlU. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IIST  AMERICA. 


Alphea  171,  507,  ( 
Angela  1682,  538 
Azelda  3873,  571. 


Coomassie  11874,  544. 
Couch's  Lily  3337,  534 
Countess  114,  493. 


Dandelion  3531,  538. 
Dazzle  379,  518. 


Emblem  90,  528,  5i 
Eurotas2454,  543. 


Jersey  Belle  of  Scituate  7838,  545. 


Lady  Mary  1148,  531,  585,  699. 
Lady  of  the  Isles,  F.  993,  538. 
Landseer's  Fancy  3876,  557. 
Lucky  BeUe  3314,  552. 


M. 
Marjoram  3239,  552. 
Mary  Anne  of  St.  Lambert  9770, 
Mary  Lowndes  373,  503. 
Masena  25732,  578. 
Mink  2548,  553. 
MoUie  Garfield  12172,  589. 
Mostar  6971,  574. 


N. 


Nancy  Lee  7618,  579. 
Nelly  55,  517. 


Oonan  1485,  543,  58( 
Oxford  Kate  13646. 


Pandora  of  Staatsburg  3d  6497, 
Pansy  8,  494,  584. 
Pansy  6lh  38,  506,  585. 
Pansy  1019,  517. 
Pauline  494,  527,  699. 
Pride  of  Windsor  483,  626. 


Princess  2d  8046,  581. 


Regina,  P.  33,  J.  H.  B.,  507. 

Total,  36  C0W8. 


INDEX  TO  TABLE  OF  STANDARD  TESTS. 


Aldarine  5301,  588. 
Alluring  5541,  587. 
Angela  1682,  589. 
Attractive  Maid  16925,  587. 

Belle  of  Ingleside ,  587. 

Belle  of  Patterson  5664,  588. 

Bounty  1606,  589. 

Brighteyes  2d  2290,  587. 

Brown  Princess  30941,  589. 

Brunette  of  Scarsdale  13276,  587. 

Christmas  Nannie  4075,  587. 

Corinna  2d  6594,  588. 

Corn  10504,  588. 

Couch's  Lily  3237,  588. 

Countess  114,  588. 

Cream  of  Java  23507,  588. 

Daisy  of  Clermont  3492,  589. 

Del  of  Willow  Farm  22461,  589. 

Deletta  21305,  589. 

Dora  Bell  of  Shelly's  Island  9394,  I 

Dorothy  of  Bovina  9373,  588. 

Dove  Dee  18059,  588. 

Di'sky  2525,  588. 

Elinor  Wells  12608,  590. 

Energy  22016,  589. 

Erith  4564,  589. 

Estrella  2831,  589. 

Eupidee's  Perfection  20175,  588. 

Fidelia  5817,  589. 

Fides  2d  1576,  589. 

Flora  of  St.  Peter's  8622,  588. 

Florie  May  Baker  10728,  589. 

Gala  1375,  588. 

Gilda  2779,  589. 

Gold  Ear  2d  3592,  587. 

Gold  Lace  10726,  588. 

Golden  Skin  10861,  588. 

Grace's  Nightingale  19855,  589. 

Hennie  3335,  589. 

Jeannie  Piatt  6005,  589. 


Jennie  Dodo  H.  14448,  587. 

Jersey  Belle  of  Scituate  7828,  587. 

Kalmia  4.561,  588. 

Kosi  3431,  .589. 

Lady  Adams  2d  6529,  588. 

Lady  Alice  of  the  Wilderness  12207, 

Lady  Caroline  of  St.  Aubins  11372,  5 

Lady  Palestine  2769,  589. 

Lady  Young  16668,  589. 

Lassie  1134,  588. 

Leonice  2d  8342,  588. 

Le  Rosa  10078,  589. 

Lillie  Pope  8589,  589. 

Lobelia  2d  6650,  589. 

Lucy  Gray  2746,  588. 

Lustre  2062,  588. 

Lydia  Darrach  2d  8056,  588. 

Lydia  Darrach  3d  10662,  588. 

Lydia  Darrach  5th  16577,  589. 

Ma  Belle  4942,  588. 

Maid  of  the  Elms  6960,  588. 

Mamie  Coburn  3798,  587. 

Matilda  5th  18068,  588. 

Maud  Lee  2416,  587. 

Melia  Ann  5444,  587. 

Miss  Baden  Baden  14760,  589. 

Moth  of  St.  Lambert  9775,  588. 

Niobe  99,  589. 

Olie's  Lady  Teazle  12307,  588. 

Olymph  17957,  589. 

0.xalis  2d  15631,  589. 

Palestine  3d  1104,  588. 

Patterson's  Beauty  4760,  587. 

Peggy  Ford  21713,  588. 

Pet  Anna  1608,  589. 

Phyllis  of  Hillcrcst  9067,  589. 

Pinafore  2d  1.5072,  588. 

Putnam  Belle  12116.  589. 

Pyrola  4566,  587. 

Queen  of  Delaware  17029,  587. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IJV  AMERICA. 


Queen  of  Prospect  11997,  589. 
Reception  8557,  587. 
Eeferette  15209,  588. 
Renalba  4117,  587. 
St.  Perpetua  2d  5557,  590. 
Sultan's  Lily  18099,  589. 
Sylvia  687,  587. 
Taglioni  9182,  589. 
Tlialey  14399,  588. 


Tidy  of  Si.  Lambert  31114, 
Tilda  3720,  588. 
Velveteen  7703,  589. 
Volie  19465,  587. 
Webster  Pet  4103,  589. 
Winsome  of  Ipswich  9313,  I 
Wybie  595,  587. 
Zithey  9184,  588. 


INDEX   TO    OFFICIAL   TESTS   OF  A.  J.  C.  C. 


Carrie  Lena  3d  20077,  623. 

Cocotte  11958,  649. 

Cottage  Lass  5332,  594. 

Edessa  31844,  634-638. 

Ethleel  2d  32291,  643. 

Euphonia  6783,  620. 

Evelina  of  Verna  10971,  633-637. 

Fair  Lady  6723,  594. 

Gilt  Edge  C.  12323,  609. 

Hilda  D.  6683,  631,  636. 

Ida  of  St.  Lambert  24990,  613. 

Khelula  17970,  649. 

Landseer's  Fancy  2876,  603. 

Lydia  Darrach  4903,  592. 


Mamelle  30804,  627. 

Mary  Anne  of  St.  Lambert  9770,  614. 

Mary  Jane  of  Bellevue  6956,  625. 

Matilda  4th  12816,  644. 

Mermaid  of  St.  Lambert  9771,  607. 

Naiad  of  St.  Lambert  12965,  603. 

Niobe  of  St.  Lambert  12969,  608. 

Oxford  Kate  13646,  633. 

Percie  14937,  606. 

Pet  of  Rose  Lawn  11326,  640. 

Princess  3d  8046,  617. 

Rioter  Pink  of  Berlin  33665,  609. 

Su  Lu  4705,  596. 

Tette  30803,  639. 

Value  3d  6844,  598. 


INDEX  TO   SEVEN-DAY  TESTS. 


Abbie ,681. 

Abbie  Clay  15703,  658. 
Abbie  Z.  14003,  674. 
Abbie  Z.  3d  14743,  661. 
Actress  3311,  681. 
Ada  Minka  15563,  681. 
Ada  S.  18366,  668. 
Adina  1942,  678. 
Adora  18569,  679. 
Alberta  Signal  18611,  655. 
Alcmena  6193,  665. 
Aldarine  5301,  671. 
AlephJudea  11889,  671. 
Alfleda  6744,  664. 
Alfritha  13673,  670. 
Alhena  15995,  665. 

Alice  Donald ,  681. 

Alice  Herrick  8787,  673. 
Alice  Jones  8235,  653. 
Alice  of  Salem  5053,  675. 
Alice  of  the  Meadows  20748,  673. 
Allie  Minka  2982,  677. 
Alluring  5541,  657. 
Almah  of  Oakland  11103,  663. 
Almeda  3842,  669. 
Alphea  Jewell  22831,  680. 
Alpbea  Star  16533,  678. 
Alphetta  16531,  679. 
Amethyst  3699,  659. 
Ampelis  5th  17.548,  672. 
Amy  395,  6.58. 
Angela  1682.  680,  699. 
Anna  Smith  10324,  669 
Annie  Gray  14713,  672. 
.iVrawana  Belle  3277,  666. 
Arawana  Buttercup  6053,  670. 
iVrawana  Poppy  6058.  671. 
Arawana  Queen  5868,  663. 
Archie  1112.  673. 


Ariene  1071,  665. 
Arietta  5115,  673. 
Arietta  3d  14374,  673. 
Armon  10868,  662. 
Arnold's  Lulu  7338,  671. 
Arthur's  Frolic  4488,  673. 
Arthur's  Mistletoe  11968,  65S 
Aspirante  9373,  676. 
Atlanta's  Beauty  12949,  655. 
Attractive  Maid  16925,  654 
Attricia  6029,  670. 
Audrey  1447,  676. 
Augcrez  Girl  17015,  677. 
Auntybel  12582,  675. 
Avis  E.  9714,  667. 
Azclda  2d  7023,  671. 


Baby  Buttercup  10888,  681. 
Ballet  Girl  18750,  680. 
Baronetti  8425,  662. 
Baron's  Rosette  25988,  670. 
Bathsheba  2556,  680. 
Beauty  2076,  669. 

Beauty ,  655. 

Beauty  17414,  672. 
Beauty  Bismarck  4967,  680. 
Beauty  of  Jersey  7850,  657. 
Beauty  of  the  Grange  7502,  654. 
Beauty  Romeril  26090,  658. 
Beeswax  9807,  661. 
Bella  Delaine  10356,  679. 
Belle  Atwood  5907,  682. 
Belle  Dame  2d  22048,  670. 
Belle  Dawson  8370,  658. 
Belle  Garner  23682,  671. 
Belle  Grinnell  4073,  568. 
Belle  Grinnell  8d  16508,  680. 
Belle  Hartford  2718,  672. 
Belle  Mardi  18363,  658. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IJST  AMERICA. 


BeUe  of  Ingleside ,  657. 

Belle  of  Middlefield  1516,  669. 

Belle  of  Ogden  Farm  1570,  682. 

Belle  of  Patterson  5664,  664. 

Belle  of  Prospect  2d  14326,  657. 

Belle  of  Scituate  7977,  659. 

Belle  of  Uwchland  8468,  676. 

Belle  of  Vermilion  8798,  667. 

Belle  Steuben  30115,  683. 

Belle  Thorne  13369,  674. 

Bellini  La  Biche  15091,  673. 

Bellini's  Maid  15170,  671. 

Bellita  4553,  661. 

Bell  of  Lynwood  18364,  659. 

Bell  Rex  11700,  675. 

Belmeda  6339,  657. 

Bennie  Hinman  7166,  683. 

Bergerelia  15546,  679. 

Bertha  Black  ,26275,  661. 

Bertha  Morgan  4770,  657. 

Bertie  Briggs  5213,  678. 

Bessie  Bradford  7369,  680. 

Bessie  Bradford  2d  7271,  671. 

Bessie  Bradford  3d  11544,  680. 

Bessie  R.  13503,  665. 

Bessie  Ridgeley  8293,  674. 

Bessie  S.  5003,  666. 

Bet  Arlington  8970,  657. 

Betsona  16776,  678. 

Bettie  Dixon  4527,  672. 

Beulah  de  Gruchy  13480,  654. 

Beulah  of  Baltimore  3270,  677. 

Bintana  9837,  678. 

Birdie  3611,  682. 

Birdie  Le  Brocq  17363,  681. 

Black  Diamond's  Queen  11865,  668. 

Blanche  594,  665. 

Bloomfleld  Lady  6913,  674. 

Blonde  2d  9268,  678. 

Blossie  Reynolds  6083,  664. 

Blue  Belle  of  Maple  Grove  10687,  658. 

Bohemian  Gipsy  17453,  674. 

Bomba  10330,  654. 

Bonfanti  388,  683. 

Bonnie  Fawn  6190,  681. 

Bonnie  Tost  7943,  658. 

Bonnie  3d  5742,  674. 

Bounty  1606,  681. 


10451,  664. 
Brenda  of  Elmhurst  10763,  61 
Brighteyes  3d  2290,  656. 
Bright  Lady  5938,  673. 
Bronx  306,  680. 
Bronze  Leaf  14903,  671. 
Brunette  Lass  1780,  664. 
Brunette  Le  Gros  9755,  666. 
Brunette  of  Scarsdale  13276, 
Bryant  4193,  676. 
Buckeye  Lass  10355,  678. 
Busy  Bee  6336,  664. 

Butter  Prize ,  661. 

Butter  Star  7799, 568. 
Buttery  3503,  680. 


Calendine  9415,  655. 
Calington  22021.  668. 
Calista  of  Newark  13296,  668. 
Callie  Nan  7959,  665. 
Calpurnia  13267,  670. 
Calypris  5943,  670. 
Camelia  3d  11188,  655. 
Carlo's  Fanny  14951,  681. 
Caroline  12019.  676- 
Carrie  3894,  663. 
Carrie  Lena  3d  20077,  664 
Carrie  Pogis  23568,  668. 
CascadUla  3103,  668. 
Cassia  2d  31370,  655. 
Ceccola  13608,  663. 
Celeste  Cox  13948,  655. 
Celia  Belle  5865,  679. 
Cenie  Wallace  3d  6557,  670. 
Cerita  of  Meadowbrook  5056, 
Cetewayo's  Dorcas  30387,  665. 
Cetewayo's  Silver  Bell  18953, 
Chamomilla  7553,  662. 
Champion's  Chloe  12255,  669. 
Charmer  4771,  674. 
Chenda  4599,  668. 
Cherokee  Rose  30921,  654. 

Cherry  3d  ,  657. 

Chloe  B.  8935,  679. 
Chloe  Beach  3931,  676. 
Chloe  4th  4613,  661. 
Chrissy  1448,  663. 


732 


JERSEY  CATTLE  LY  AMERICA. 


Cbrissy  2d  7730,  662. 

Christmas  Nannie  4075,  656. 

Chroma  4572,  655. 

Chrome  Sldn  7881,  655. 

Cicero's  Mabel  18238,  671. 

Cigarette  2849,  678. 

Cill  of  Glen  Rouge  13818,  664. 

Clara  C.  Magnet  31563,  674. 

Clara  of  Lakeside  10837,  671. 

Clematis  of  St.  Lambert  5478,  679. 

Clematis  3d  6653,  680. 

Clover  Mel  16159,  675. 

Clover  Top  9910,  681. 

Clytemnestra  3455,  670. 

Cocotte  11958,  674. 

Colie  8309,  658. 

Colt's  La  Biche  6399,  661. 

Como  Lass  24369,  675. 

Comtesse  D'Espagna  10308,  680. 

Conover's  Beauty  12650,  659. 

Content  of  Linwood  6950,  674. 

Coomassic  11874,  662. 

Copper  1979,  669. 

Coquette  of  Glen  Rouge  17559,  671. 

Cora ,  670. 

Cora  of  Linwood  12915,  6.54. 
Cordelia  Baker  8814,  659. 
Corinna  2d  6594,  664. 
Corinne  707,  676. 
Corn  10504,  665. 
Corolla  4392,  678. 
Coronilla  8367,  675. 
Cornucopia  3414,  667. 
Cosetta  15991,  674. 
Cosette  3874,  675. 
Cottage  Lass  5332,  660. 
Couch's  Lily  3237,  663. 
Countess  114,  666. 
Countess  Coomassie  19339,  662. 
Countess  Gasela  9571,  668. 
Countess  Lowndes  26874,  660. 
Countess  Micawber  1759,  661. 
Countess  of  Croton  5307,  668. 
Countess  of  Lakeside  12135,  656. 
Countess  of  Lome  20832,  673. 
Countess  of  Scarsdale  18633,  677. 
Countess  of  "Warren  3896,  682. 
Countess  Potoka  7496,  657. 


Countess  Queen  13519,  658. 
Cowles'  Nonsuch  6199,  674. 
Cowslip  of  St.  Lambert  8349,  65 
Cowslip  5th  849,  670. 
Cream  of  Java  23507,  666. 
Cream  of  Sidney  17028,  661. 
Creamer  2467,  680. 
Creole  Maid  11017,  662. 
Cressy  of  Deerfoot  15324,  681. 
Crocus  of  St.  Lambert  8351,  658 
Croton  Maid  5305,  654. 
Crust  4775,  669. 
Cyrene  4th  480,  661. 
Czaretta  17358,  677. 

D. 

Dahlia ,  666. 

Dairy  C.  12227,  671. 
Dairy  Pride  4th  21681,  666. 
Dairy  2d  3891,  669. 
Daisy  Brown  12213,  660. 
Daisy  Dixie  9469,  671. 
Daisy  Grant  1445,  672. 
Daisy  Morrison  14305,  653. 
Daisy  of  Belhurst  3114,  663. 
Daisy  of  Chenango  18583,  676. 
Daisy  of  Clermont  3493,  682. 
Daisy  of  St.  Peter's  18175,  655. 
Daisy  Queen  9619,  664. 
Daisy  2d  15761,  669. 

Daisy's  Daughter  ,  671. 

Dandelion  3531,  663. 
Dark  Cloud  9364,  670. 
Darling  of  Neatham  20086,  670. 

Darling  4th ,  681. 

Deborana  4718,  675. 

Deerfoot  Girl  15329,  672. 

Del  of  Willow  Farm  22461,  676. 

Dena  of  Deerfoot  15335,  675. 

Denise8381,  668. 

Dcoine  6343,  678. 

Desire  24360,  664. 

Dia  13658,  667. 

Diana  of  St.  Lambert  6636,  663. 

Dimple  3248,  662. 

Dolly  ,  657. 

Dolly  of  Lakeside  10824,  676. 
Dom  Pedro's  Julian  8631.  666. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


Dora  Bell  of  Shelly's  Island  9394,  651 
Dora  Doon  13909,  673. 
Dora  Neptune  30318,  656. 
Dorothy  of  Bovina  9373,  670. 
Dot  of  Bear  Lake  6170,  657. 
Dove  Dee  18059,  670. 
Duchess  Caroline  3d  6039,  669. 
Duchess  of  Argyle  3758,  673. 
Duchess  of  Argyle  4th  7571,  680. 
Duchess  of  Bloomfield  3653,  656. 
Duchess  of  Bloomfield  3d  15580,  671. 
Duchess  of  Dudley  8670,  673. 
Duchess  of  Manchester  30838,  682. 
Duchess  of  St.  Lambert  5111,  667. 
Dudu  of  Lin  wood  8336,  663. 
Duenna's  Duchess  5508,  662. 
Dusky  2525,  662. 


Earl  Cow ,  678. 

Eclipse  14437,  666. 
Edith  4th  817,  681. 
Edwina  6713,  667. 

Effie ,  564. 

Effie  of  Hillside  1521,  662. 
Effie  of  Verna  8938,  677. 
Elinor  Wells  13068,  681. 
Elite  4399,  681. 
Ella  of  Sidney  4532,  680. 
El  Mora  Mostar  15955,  681. 
Elsie  Brown  4026,  677. 
Elsie  Lane  13302,  670. 
Embla  4799,  660. 
Embla  Brick  15690,  678. 
Emma  Hudson  12469,  663. 
Empress  of  Ely  2d  6771,  66 
Empress  6th  3203,  659. 
Energy  32016,  677. 
Enfield  Rose  3355,  666. 
Enid  2d  10783,  676. 
Enigma  5360,  669. 
Epigsea  4631,  676. 
Erith  4564,  681. 
Estrella  2831,  674. 
Ethelka  3d  14138,  672. 
Ethleel  18731,  656. 
Ethleel  3d  33291,  653. 
Etiquette  4300,  669. 


Eudora  1863,  665.  ; 
Eugenie  2d  12733,  679. 
Eugenie  Chouteau  6186,  653. 
Eugenie  Tourneur  24533,  671. 
Euphonia  6783,  665. 
Euphorbia  11229,  675. 
Eureka  McHenry  8341,  681. 
Eurotas  2454,  564. 
Eva  of  Snipsic  17650,  680. 
Evelina  of  Verna  10971,  656. 
Eveline  of  Jersey  6781,  658. 
Evri  5383,  670. 


Fadette  of  Verna  3d  11132,  654. 

Fair  Lady  6723,  657. 

Fair  Starlight  7745,  660. 

Fairy  10,  661. 

Fairy  of  Verna  2d  10973,  655. 

Fairy  Queen  of  St.  Brelades  7464,  656. 

Fairy  Queen  of  Verna  6817,  679. 

Faith  of  Oaklands  19696,  661. 

Fall  Leaf  8587,  676. 

Fame  17434,  654. 

Fancy  Fan  13675,  673. 

Fancy  Juno  6086,  668. 

Fandango  12908,  678. 

Fannie  Bugkr  19963,  671. 

Fanny  Taylor  6714,  667. 

Fan  of  Grouville  7458,  671. 

Fan's  Grouville  Beauty  10079,  657. 

Fantine  1371,  669. 

Farmer's  Floss  17773,  668. 

Faultless  13018,  660. 

Faustine  10354,  673. 

Favorite  Rajah  Rex  16153,  672. 

Fayette  Lady  14473,  666. 

Fear  Not  6059,  659. 

Fear  Not  2d  6061,  665. 

Fidelia  5817,  683. 

Fides  2d  1576,  677. 

Fille  de  I'Air  2474,  681. 

Fillpail  16530,  668. 

Fillpail  2d  24388,  653. 

Flamant  11370,  679. 

Fleurette  of  Linwood  13918,  666. 

Flora  113,  675. 

Flora  Lee  13394,  680. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


Flora  Lee  of  Tennessee  7694,  664. 
Flora  of  St.  Peter's  8622,  664. 
Florence  Billot  7849,  673. 
Floret  9959,  660. 
Floribundus  2d  14949,  658. 
Florie  Uay  Baker  10728,  675. 
Florinanna  24354,  660. 
Florry  Keep  6556,  673. 
Florry  of  the  Oaks  8141,  676. 
Flower  of  Glen  Rouge  17560,  564. 
Forget-Me-Not  5809,  669. 
Forgct-Me-Not-O  10564,  670. 
Forsaken  7520,  672. 
Fragrance  4059,  671. 
Frances  C.  Magnet  22904,  673. 
Frugal  14925,  661. 

G. 

Gabrlelle  Champion  14102,  660. 

Gala  1375,  663. 

Gardiner's  Ripple  11693,  656. 

Gazella  3d  9355,  665. 

Gazelle  15961,  682. 

Gazelle  of  Mobile  1735,  682. 

Gem  of  Hope  17012,  655. 

Gem  of  Sassafras  8434,  678. 

Gem  of  St.  Cloud  7342,  675. 

Geneva  13220,  668. 

Gentle  of  Glastonbury  4651,  682. 

Geranium  3963,  681. 

Geranium  2d  7838,  653. 

Gilda  3779,  677. 

Gilt  Edge  C.  12233,  678. 

Gilt  Edge  3d  4420,  682. 

Gilt  4th  4208,  683. 

Gipsy  May  6259,  660. 

Gipsy  5lh  2252,  661. 

Gladys  of  Bcllevue  9569,  664. 

Gledelia  10524,  672. 

Glory  of  Elmarch  21521,  667. 

Goddess  of  Staatsburg  5252,  676. 

Gold  Ear  3d  3592,  658. 

Gold  Mark  10727,  673. 

Gold  Lace  10726,  655. 

Gold  Princess  8809,  674. 

Gold  Thread  4945,  663. 

Gold  Trinket  9518,  661. 

Golden  Princess  4557,  667. 


Golden  Skin  10861,  663. 
Golden  Zoe  3975,  665. 
Goldstraw  3d  14724,  674. 
Good  Friday  30081,  674. 
Grace  Davy  8293,  654. 
Grace  Felch  8291,  672. 
Grace's  Nightingale  19855,  662. 
Grandiflora  9953,  669. 
Granny's  Gem  30406,  664. 
Gray  Therese  5322,  666. 
Grinnell  Lass  11859,  662. 
Guinevere  Sinclair  11167,  675. 

H. 

Haddie  921,  666. 

Handsome  Myra  14244,  655. 

Happy  Blossom  18218,  669. 

Harmony  3d  7118,  658. 

Hartwick  Belle  7723,  676. 

Hattie  739,  675. 

Hattie  Douglass  14960,  664. 

Hazalena's  Butterfly  10133,  683. 

Hazen's  Bess  7329,  653. 

Hazen's  Nora  4791,  655. 

Heartsease  503,  672. 

Hebe  3d  3613,  672. 

Helen  3556,  608. 

Hennie  3335,  673. 

Hepsy  3d  12008,  660. 

Herberta  8811,  663. 

Hilda  A.  2d  11120,  656. 

HUda  D.  6683,  655. 

Hilda  2d  5447,  654. 

Hillside  Gem  16640,  656. 

Home  Matron  6707,  681. 

Honeydrop  10033,  080 

Honeymoon  of  St.  Lambert  11231,  655. 

Honeysuckle  of  St.  Anne's  18674,  673. 

Hulla  7898,  656. 

Hurrah  Pansy  12153,  680. 

Hypathia  2d  14774,  656. 


lanthc  4562,  65(i, 
Ibe.\  3724,  606. 
Ida  Bashan  4735, 
Ida  8th  5409,  679. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


Idalene  11841,  668. 

Idaletta  11843,  667. 

Ida  of  Bear  Lake  6169,  666. 

Ida  of  Coal  Hill  13543,  673. 

Ida  of  St.  Lambert  34990,  65S 

Ideal  11843,  673. 

Ideal  Alphea  18755,  677. 

Inez  of  Ingleside  28976,  674. 

lo  5th  380,  660. 

lola  4637,  671. 

Irene  of  Short  Hills  5137,  677 

Island  Chrissie  12007,  673. 

Island  Dots  17003,  675. 

Island  Star  11876,  655. 


Jacquenetta  10958,  677. 
Jazel's  Maid  11011,  677. 
Jeanne  Les  Bas  3476,  669. 
Jeannie  Piatt  6005,  678. 
Jefferson  Albma  13196,  673. 
Jennette  Montgomery  5177,  656. 
Jennie  Johnson  3d  6783,  683. 

Jennie ,  658. 

Jennie  766,  675. 

Jennie  of  the  Vale  9553,  660. 

Jennie  WiUiams  39058,  672. 

Jenny  287,  661. 

Jenny  Dodo  H.  14448,  655. 

Jenny  Le  Brocq  9757,  673. 

Jersey  3260,  669. 

Jersey  Belle  of  Scituate  7828,  653. 

Jersey  Cream  8151,  661. 

Jersey  Cream  3d  8519,  674. 

Jersey  Cream  3d  8521,  664. 

Jersey  Queen  of  Barnet ,  657 

Jersey  Rosalie ,  659. 

Jessie  Leavenworth  8248,  682. 
Jessie  Lee  of  LabjTinth  5390,  676. 

Jewel  8d ,  670. 

Joan  d'Arc  2163,  663. 
Jolie  of  St.  Lambert  5136,  666. 
Josephine  2d  3296,  663. 
Judith  Coleman  13191,  660. 
Jule  3640,  682. 
Julia  Anna  16463,  661. 
Julia  Evelyn  6007,  666. 
Julia  Walker  10133,  668. 


Kaoli  18980,  660. 
Kate  Daisy  8264,  678. 
Kate  Gordon  8387,  666. 
Kate  Pansy  15177,  671. 
Katie  Bashford  15983,  661. 
Katie  Kohlman  7270,  663. 
Katy  Didn't  2734,  674. 
Kerni  Rex  13671,  682. 
Khelula  17970,  656. 
King's  Trust  18946,  658. 
Kitty  Clover  1113,  682. 
Kitty  Colt  3313,  668. 
Kitty  Potter  9893,  658. 
Kitty  5th  3849,  663. 
Kosi  3431,  663. 


La  Belle  Petite  5472,  668. 

Lactine  10680,  661. 

Lady  Adams  2d  6529,  670. 

Lady  Alice  of  Hillcrest  7450,  664. 

Lady  Alice  of  the  Wilderness  13307,  666. 

Lady  Appel  8613,  658. 

LadyBidwell  10303,  667. 

Lady  Bloomfield  4704,  673. 

Lady  Bountiful  17946,  673. 

Lady  Bowen  354,  663. 

Lady  Brown  433,  683. 

Lady  Brown  2d  3348,  679. 

Lady  Brown  4th  6911,  674. 

Lady  Caroline  of  St.  Aubins  11372,  683. 

Lady  Cecilia  34831,  665. 

Lady  Clarendon  3d  17578,  677. 

Lady  Cloud  19358,  663. 

Lady  Conovcr  2d  17589,  656. 

Lady  Essex  4749,  658. 

Lady  Fair,  22103,  674. 

Lady  Fanning  11169,  677. 

Lady  Fawn  of  St.  Anne's  10930,  663. 

Lady  Gray  of  Hilltop  6850,  657. 

Lady  Gray  of  Hilltop  3d  14641,  674. 

Lady  Gray  of  Hilltop  3d  14642,  680. 

Lady  Greville  12930,  677. 

Lady  Hayes  10136,  667. 

Lady  Ives  1708,  659. 

Lady  Ives  3d  6740,  676. 

Lady  Jane  of  St.  Peter's  7475,  672. 


736 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


Lady  Josephine  11560,  6«2. 

Lady  Kingscote  26085,  668. 

Lady  Louise  4339,  673. 

Lady  Love  2d  2212,  668. 

Lady  Mary  Hampton  4861,  678 

Lady  Mel  2d  1795.  655. 

Lady  Oaks  2d  5246,  671. 

Lady  of  Bellevue  7705,  668. 

Lady  of  the  Isles  2d  16653,  656. 

Lady  of  Otsego  26671,  683. 

Lady  O.xford  4860,  668. 

Lady  Palestine  2769,  677. 

Lady  Panalphrex  17400,  654. 

Lady  Penn  5314,  666. 

Lady  Superior  22865,  664. 

Lady  Thurlow  12410,  659. 

Lady  Velvetiue  15771,  661. 

Lady  Vertumnus  13217,  675. 

Lady  Warren  12168,  664. 

Lady  Young  16668,  681. 

La  Fantine  34489,  670. 

La  Finaneiere  11970,  669. 

Lalla  Rookh  of  Sugar  Grove  15882,  656. 

Landseer's  Fancy  2876,  653. 

La  Pcra  2d  13404,  676. 

La  Petite  M6re  2d  12810,  663. 

La  Petite  Mire  3d  12814,  663. 

Lara  4306,  660. 

La  Rouge  12405,  678. 

Lass  of  Scituate  9555,  667. 

Lass  Rex  Alphea  16965,  662. 

Lassie  1134,  671. 

La  Vivienne  2d  1324,  665. 

Leah  Darlington  13836,  669. 

Lebanon  Daughter  6106,  678. 

Lebanon  Lass  6108,  680. 

Le  Brocq's  Curfew  30697,  659. 

Lena  Lowndes  23202,  676. 

Leoline  2<1  18315,  678. 

Leoni  11868,  658. 

Leonice  2d  8342,  688. 

Lerna  3634,  667. 

Lcrnella  22822,  680. 

Le  Rosa  1078,  680. 

Lesbie  9179,  665. 

Les  Cateaux  3d  15538,  665. 

Les  Marais  Dell  20814,  668. 


Letitia  3977,  669. 

L'Etoilc  Du  Nord  16419,  675. 

Liberty  2d  16717,  677. 

Lida  Mullin  9198,  663. 

LUian  Mostar  10364,  679. 

Lille  Bonne  8108,  656. 

Lillie  Pope  8589,  677. 

Lilly  Cross  13796,  679. 

Lily  Darling  11713,  661. 

Lily  of  Burr  Oaks  11001,  667. 

Lily  of  Maple  Grove  5079,  665. 

Lily  of  Staatsburg  5427,  679. 

Lily  of  St.  Lambert  5120,  681. 

Lily  of  the  Valley  7489,  681. 

Lily  Scituate  12665,  658. 

Linda  3d  3219,  663. 

Lissetta  Johnson  5321,  668. 

Little  Han  8004,  682. 

Little  Torment  15581,  6.54. 

Litty  807,  680. 

Litza  6838. 

Lizzette's  Mary  12723,  674. 

Lizzie  C.  7713,  681. 

Lizzie  D.  10408,  662. 

Lobelia  2d  6650,  677. 

Lorella  13918,  676. 

Lorraine  1435,  676. 

Lotchen  19823,  663. 

Lottie  Rex  18757,  678. 

Louvie  3d  6159,  673. 

Lucetta  6856,  679. 

Lucilla  2735,  682. 

Lucilla  Kent  8892,  668. 

Lucilla  3d  9786,  661. 

Lucky  Belle  2d  6037,  662. 

Lucy  4877,  663. 

Lucy  Dale  5129.  GG7. 

Lucy  Gaines'  Buttercup  5058,  6 

Lucy  Gray  2746,  667. 

Lucy  Lanier  13053,  658. 

Lulu  2d ,  662. 

Lustre  2062,  668. 
Lydia  Darrach  4903,  659. 
Lydia  Darrach  2d  8056,  666. 
Lydia  Darrach  3d  10662,  666. 
Lydia  Darrach  5th  16577,  678. 
Lydia  Libby  11698.  670. 


JERSEY   CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


Ma  Belle  4942,  672. 
Mabel  of  St.  Mary's  8627,  662. 
Maculae  24277,  671. 
Madame  Argyle  19476,  680. 
Maggie  C.  12216,  677. 
Maggie  May  3255,  679. 
Maggie  May  2d  12926,  677. 
Maggie  McM.  14073,  656. 

Maggie  Mitchell ,  657. 

Maggie  of  St.  Lambert  9776,  665. 

Maggie  Rex  28623,  661. 

Maggie  Sheldon  23583,  670. 

Maggie  3d  3221,  660. 

Magna  2238,  657. 

Magna  5th  3541,  667. 

Magnibel  7976,  674. 

Maid  of  Amboy  2929,  665. 

Maid  of  Avranches  6559,  672. 

Maid  of  Five  Oaks  7178,  670. 

Maid  of  the  Elms  18932,  662. 

Maiden  of  Jersey  2736,  674. 

Malope  2d  11923,  668. 

Mamelle  20804,  655. 

Mamie  Coburn  3798,  660. 

Maple  Dale  2907,  666. 

Maple  Leaf  4768,  674. 

Maquilla  24043,  656. 

Marea  10167,  659. 

Margery  Lee  5425,  666. 

Marie  C.  Magnet  22903,  668. 

Marie  S.  12043,  669. 

Maritana  12039,  664. 

Marjoram  3239,  665. 

Marjoram  2d  12805,  672. 

Marpetra  10284,  677. 

Marvel  13734,  671. 

Mary  Anne  of  St.  Lambert  9770,  6' 

Mary  Clover  9998,  673. 

Mary  Hinman  17619,  668. 

Mary  M.  Allison  6308,  655. 

Mary  Norton  13052,  659. 

Mary  of  Bear  Lake  6171,  667. 

Mary  of  Gilderoy  11219,  678. 

Mary  of  Pleasant  View  13448,  677 

Mary's  Silver  Drop  14235,  670. 

Masena  25732,  655. 

Matilda  3238,661. 


Matilda  4th  12816,  655. 
Matilda  5th  18068,  664. 
Matin  7768,  659. 
Mattituck  1450,  682. 
Maudine  of  Elmwood  8718, 
Maud  Lee  2416,  654. 
Maud  Lee  2d  8839,  675. 
Maud  Melinda  12126,  660. 
May  Blossom  5657,  657. 
May  Day  Stoke  Pogis  28353 
May  Fair  5184,  663. 
May  Lankton  15872,  665. 
Medrena  3939,  658. 
Medrie  Le  Brocq  8888,  676. 


Meines3d7741,  656. 

Mei:a  Ann  5444,  658. 

Melita  of  Hillcrest  7054,  679. 

Mellie  Argyle  20609,  677. 

Melody  2689,  680. 

Memento  1913,  677. 

Mendota  3d  26326,  669. 

Merlette  4988,  666. 

Mermaid  of  St.  Lambert  9771,  653. 

Merry  Burlington  7600,  670. 

Metah's  Baby  9710,  678. 

Metah's  Queen  4886,  659. 

Mhoon  Lady  6560,  661. 

Miami  Prize  8100,  681. 

Milkmaid  Felch  12339,  663. 

Milkmaid  of  Burr  Oaks  9035,  677. 

Milkweed  16402,  676. 

Milky  Way  18865,  659. 

Mink  2d  3890,  656. 

Mink  3d  4868,  675. 

Minneola  of  Elmarch  8229,  666. 

Minnette  of  St.  Lambert  9774,  661. 

Minnie  2386,  668. 

Minnie  Lee  3d  12941,  678. 

Minnie  of  Oxford  12806,  666. 

Minnie  of  Scituate  17829,  678. 

Mintha  12812,  672. 

Mirtha  3437,  659. 

Mirth's  Blanche  19572,  659. 

Mischief  Le  Brocq  7680,  673. 

Miss  Alexandre  26041,  673. 

Miss  Baden  Baden  14760,  673. 

Jliss  Bell  5083,  673. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IN  AMERICA. 


Miss  Blanche  3515,  677. 

Miss  IJrowny  7288,  662. 

Miss  Uuelin  22296,  675. 

Miss  Vermont  7698,  664. 

Miss  WiUie  Jones  6918,  664. 

Mitten  13368,  668. 

Mobcrly  Creamer  23051,  678. 

]yi()ggie  Bright  25891,  664. 

3IoIlie  Garfield  12172,  654. 

Mollic  Garfield  2d  18663, 667. 

Mollie  Jlay  17202,  673. 

Molly  3554,  666. 

JloUy  Brown  7861,  665. 

Monmouth  Duchess  3895,  676. 

Monmouth  Duchess  3d  4620,  676. 

Monmouth  Duchess  4th  7129,  659. 

Monocacy  Dimple  9680,  679. 

Moonah's  Pet  7484,  669. 

Morlacchi  2725,  682. 

Moss  Rose  of  St.  Lambert  5114,  668. 

Moss  Rose  of  Willow  Farm  5194,  654 

Mother  Cary  11746,  653. 

Mother  Hubbard  10331,  653. 

Moth  of  St.  Lambert  9775, 665. 

Mountain  Lass  12921,  675. 

Mousy  2d  14962,  601. 

Mrs.  Knickerbocker  19367,  669. 

Muezzin  3670,  680. 

My  Queen  12615,  669. 

Myrtle  of  Ridgewood  7858,  680. 

MjTtle  2d  211,  608. 

Myth  2837,  677. 

N. 

Naiad  of  St.  Lambert  12965,  654. 
Nameless  Girl  11623.  677. 
Nancy  Lee  7618,  653. 
Nancy  Lovelock  15511,  659. 
Nancy  of  St.  Lambert  12964,  678. 
Nancy  Rex  11743,  664. 
Nan  Day  17192,  655. 
Nannie  Fitch  9143,  678. 
Naomi  Cramer  8628,  681. 

Naomie ,  564. 

Naomi's  Pride  16745, 671. 
Nazli  10327,  670. 
Negress  7651, 681. 
Nelida  3d  8227,  671. 


Nell  Gwynn  9654,  681. 

Nellie  Darlington  5956,  671. 

Nellie  1507,  680. 

Nellie  Gray  of  Clermont  10905,  &i 

Nellie  Maitland  4450,  666. 

Nelly  2402,  667. 

Nelly  6546,  655. 

Nerissa  of  Nyack  9692,  671. 

Nervine  25322,  680. 

New  London  Gipsey  11667,  676. 

Nibbette  11625,  676. 

Nightingale  K.  2d  19841,  663. 

Nightingale  of  Elmarch  8313,  680. 

Nimble  22335,  675. 

Niobe  99,  683. 

Niobe  of  St.  Lambert  12969,  655. 

Niobe's  Alpheanette  33336,  654. 

Niva  7523,  669. 

Nora  of  St.  Lambert  12962,  654. 

Nordheim  Creamer  9758,  682. 

Nutley's  Alma  13581,  681. 

Nutley  Silverette  22410,  667. 

Nympha;a  5141,  658. 

(). 
Oakland  Girl  11103,  673. 
Oakland's  Cora  18853,  656. 
Oakland's  Nora  14880,  654. 
Oakleaf  4769,  659. 
Obella  B.  10575,  661. 
Ochra  2d  11516,  664 
CEnone  8614,  657. 
Oitz  8649,  667. 

Oktibbeha  Duchess  4422,  661. 
Olio  4133,  671. 

die's  Lady  Teazle  12307,  664. 
Olymph  17957,  660. 
Oua  7840,  654. 
Oouan  1485,  654. 
Opaline  7590,  675. 
Optima  6715,  055. 
Orphean  4036,  669. 
Oxalis  2d  15631,  672. 
Oxford  Kate  13646,  053. 


Palestina  4644,  669. 
Palestine  26,  677. 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IIST  AMERICA. 


Palestine  Pierrot  2d  24099,  677. 
Palestine  3cl  1104,  663. 
Palestine's  Last  Daughter  12602,  677. 
Panatilla  4778,  658. 
Pandothro  22383,  660. 
Pansy  602,  682. 
Pansy  1019,  656. 
Pansy  K.  23889,  675. 
Pansy  of  Bellewood  2d  8904,  659. 
Pansy  Patterson  18621,  666. 
Patterson's  Beauty  4760,  659. 
Patty  Mc  33  4754,  663. 
Patty  of  Deerfoot  15821,  664. 
Pauline's  Vivienne  11305,  663 
Pavon  12485,  675. 
Pawtucket  Belle  12406,  664. 
Pearl  Armstrong  2670,  654. 
Pearl  of  St.  Lambert  5527,  679. 
Peggy  Ford  31713,  675. 
Peggy  Leah  8097,  657. 
Peggy  of  Staatsburg  3342,  680. 
Pendule  2d  16709,  677. 
Percie  14937,  657. 
Pet  Anna  1608,  681. 
Pet  Clover  14624,  663. 
Petite  M6re  8516,  667. 
Pet  Lee  7993,  674. 
Pet  of  Maplewood  Farm  4854,  671. 
Pet  of  Rose  Lawn  11326,  658. 
Pet  Rex  20166,  679. 
PhaBdra  3561,  656. 
Phlox  16399,  654. 
Phcebe  N.  35401,  670. 
Phyllis  of  HiUcrest  9067,  674. 
Picture  1533,  673. 
Pierrot's  Countess  12480,  681. 
Pierrot's  Lady  Bacon  12483.  663. 
Pierrot's  Lady  Hayes  11672,  667. 
Pierrot's  Picture  13481,  665. 
Pilot's  "Veronica  18917,  655. 
Pinafore  2d  15072,  669. 
Pixie  4115,  681. 
Plenty  950,  676. 
Plum  13328,  661. 
Polly  Clover  7053,  662. 
Polly  of  Deerfoot  15338,  672. 
'Polynia  10753,  664. 
Pride  of  Bovina  8050,  663. 


Pride  of  Corisande  5333,  666. 

Pride  of  Eastwood ,  655. 

Pride  of  the  Hill  4877,  676. 

Pride  of  Winslow  3613,  678. 

Primrose  11956,  654. 

Prince's  Bloom  9729,  679. 

Princess  836,  674. 

Princess  1154,  663. 

Princess  2d  8046,  653. 

Princess  Bellworth  6801,  668. 

Princess  Bowen  9699,  674, 

Princess  Imperial  11620,  657. 

Princess  Mary  of  Woodlawn  11663,  678. 

Princess  Mostar  9700,  661. 

Princess  of  Ashantee  13467,  662. 

Princess  of  Mansfield  8070,  671. 

Princess  of  Trinity  23641,  666. 

Princess  Rose  6349,  675. 

Princess  Sheila  7397,  664. 

Prize  Rose  16309,  671. 

Prudence  of  Bovina  3d  10749,  679. 

Purest  13730,  670. 

Pussie  3035,  657. 

Putnam  Belle  13116,  681. 

Pyrola  4566,  658. 

Pyrrha  6100,  663. 


Quachette  17091,  656. 
Queen  Fannie  10375,  679. 
Queen  Mary  of  "Woodlawn  11639,  654. 
Queen  Neptune  15501,  657. 
Queen  of  Ashantee  14554,  671. 
Queen  of  Delaware  17029,  657. 
Queen  of  De  Soto  13318,  673. 
Queen  of  Nubbin  Ridge  14528,  660. 
Queen  of  Prospect  11997,  679, 
Queen  of  the  North  17973,  682. 

Queen  Victoria ,  657. 

Queensborough  24345,  660. 

R. 

Rarity  3d  7734,  679. 
Reality  16537,  670. 
Reception  8557,  655. 
Reception  3d  11035,  675. 
Reckless  3569,  660. 
Referette  15309,  668. 


740 


JERSEY  CATTLE  IX  AMERICA. 


Regina  2d  2475,  675. 
Rcgina's  Guide  16862,  674. 
Rcnalba  4117.  660. 
Rine  Noble 61&1,  678. 
Rene  Ogden  1568,  672. 
Rinini  9181,  674. 
Renown  13729,  678. 
Richness  16536,  600. 
Rioter  2d'.s  Venus  3658,  682. 
Rioter  Alphea  10091,  664. 
Rioter's  Beauty  14894,  681. 
Rioter's  Maggie  22530,  658. 
Rioter's  Nora  21778,  668. 
Ris-sa  16014,  657. 
Robinettc  7114,  680. 
Rochelle  15574,  668. 
Roland's  Bonnie  2d  18054,  657. 
Roll  of  Honor  13010,  674. 
Romping  Lass  11021,  672. 
Romp  Ogden  2d  4764,  669. 
Romp  Ogden  3d  5458,  667. 
Roonan  5133,  655. 
Rosabel  Hudson  5704,  667. 
Rosalia  of  Sidney  4521,  679. 
Rosaline  of  Glenmore  3179,  659. 
Rosa  Miller  4333,  660. 
Rosa  of  Bcllevue  6954,  658. 
Rose  240,  661. 
Rose  2d  239,  666. 
Rose  3d  913,  665. 
Rose  of  Eden  13437,  656. 
Rose  of  Hillside  3866,  678. 
Rose  of  Oxford  13469,  667. 
Rose  of  St.  Lambert  20426,  655. 
Rosebud  of  AUerton  6352,  656. 
Roselaine  3167,  669. 
Ro.setta  of  Sidney  4520,  679. 
Rosona  12956,  663. 
Rosy  Dream  9818,  657. 
Rosy  Kate  10726,  657. 
Ro.sy  Kate's  Rex  13192,  658. 
Royal  Beauty  18908,  671. 
Royal  Princess  2370,  659. 
Royal  Princess  22013,  670. 
Royal  Princess  2d  12346,  659. 
Royal  Sister  12457,  674. 
Rozel  La.ss  20268.  656. 
Ruby  Love  16915,  673 


Ruby  Wray ,  666. 

Rupertina  10409,  661. 


Sadie's  Choice  7979,  682. 

Safety  13463,  669. 

Safrano  4568,  679. 

Sal  Soda  3721,  676. 

Saragossji  22019,  671. 

Sasco  Bell  13601,  682. 

Satin  Bird  16380,  673. 

Scipio's  Lively  19868,  676. 

Scituate  of  Woronoco  18040,  653. 

Shiloh  Daughter  20378,  676. 

Signalana  7719,  670. 

Signaldella  24,107,  658.. 

Signal  Maid  19361,  672. 

Signetilia  16333,  658. 

Silenta  17685,  668. 

Siloam  17623,  658. 

Silver  Bell  4313,  682. 

Silveretta  6852,  663. 

Silver  Rose  4753,  662. 

Silversides  3857,  679. 

Sih-ia  Baker  8793,  664. 

Sister  Cash  33987,  675. 

Sister  Dorothy  2607,  672. 

Sister  Re.\  13194,  663. 

Smoky  13733,  675. 

Snowdrop  F.  W.  16948,  676. 

Spirea  3915,  682. 

Stanstcad  Belle  4709,  674. 

Starkville  Beauty  4897,  681. 

St.  Clementaisc  18163.  667. 

St.  Nick's  Flora  16195,  681. 

St.  Jeannaise  15789,  660. 

Sue  Gallagher  15945,  654. 

Sultana  2d  11798,  670. 

Sultane2d  11373,  663. 

Su  Lu  4705,  659. 

Summerline  8001,  656. 

Sunny  Lass  6033,  676. 

Sunset  15130,  665. 

Sunset  of  Pleasant  View  13071,  67 

Susan ,  679. 

Susette  4068,  678. 

Susie  Marshall  5782,  665. 

Sweet  Brier  of  St.  Lambert  5481,  ( 


JERSEY    CATTLE  IJST  A3IERIVA. 


741 


Sweetrock  3d  18256,  674. 
Sweet  Sixteen  10683,  673. 


Taglioni  9183,  680. 

Tale-Bearer  34535,  676. 

Tamy  Lownde.s  25316,  665. 

Tamy  3d  7135,  664. 

Tamy  3d  7127,  665. 

Telka  8037,  679 

Tenella  6713,  654. 

Tenella  2d  19531,  657. 

Tette  20803,  660. 

Thaley  14399,  666. 

Therese  M.  8364,  680. 

The  "Widow's  Daughter  11507,  6J 

Thisbe  607,  667. 

Thisbe2d2301,  657. 

Thorudale  Belle  5265,  676. 

Thorndale  Belle  3d  10459,  667. 

Tidy  of  St.  Lambert  31114,  679. 

Tilda  3720,  665. 

Tobira  8400,  667. 

Toltec's  Fancy  37173,  660. 

Topaz  of  "Woodlawn  11661,  664. 

Topsey  K.  23769,  681. 

Topsy  Roxbury  7796,  669. 

Torf  rida  3596,  660. 

Trenie  17770,  675. 

Troth  6139,  664. 

Troth  Plight  10358,  666. 

Turquoise  1139,  679. 

Typha  5870,  663. 


Uinta  5743,  675. 
Ultima  14456,  667. 
Undine  of  South  East  4548,  i 
Urbana  5597,  665. 
Usilda  2d  6157,  671. 


Valentine  of  Trinity  7460,  657. 
"Valerie  6044,  667. 
Valhalla  5300,  661. 
Valma  Hoffman  4500,  655. 


Value  3d  6844,  653. 

Vaniah  6597,  668. 

Variella  of  Linwood  10954,  680. 

Velveteen  7703,  673. 

Venus  113,  675. 

Verbena  of  Fernwood  9088,  673. 

Verora  10766,  671. 

Vesper  1395,  683. 

Vestina  3458,  679. 

Victoria  3175,  665. 

Victorine  La  Chaise  3740,  666. 

Victory  16379,  670. 

Vieva  3d  7642,  664. 

Village  Maid  7069,  683. 

Violet  372,  660. 

Violet  of  Glencairn  10231,  678. 

Violet  3d  3340,  669. 

Viva  Le  Brocq  13703,  658. 

Vixen  7591,  660. 

Volie  19465,  658. 


"Wakena  19731,  665. 
"Walkyrie  5708,  680. 
"Warren's  Duchess  4633,  665. 
"Webster  Pet  4103,  679. 
"Well  Done  35987,  657. 
"Welma  5943,  660. 
AVestphalia  34384,  653. 
White  Clover  Leaf  4513,  659. 
"White  Frost  17431,  665. 
"Willis  2d  4461,  665. 
"Winsome  of  Ipswich  9313,  673. 
Witch  Hazel  4th  6131,  669. 
"VVybie  595,  661. 

T. 

Yellow  Locust  10679,  675. 
Young  Duchess  497,  669. 
Young  Fanny  9033,  661. 
Young  Garenne  3d  13648,  665, 


Zalma  8788,  670. 
Zitella  3d  11922,  660. 
Zithey  9184,  6631. 
Zoe  Henry  6693,  667. 


1874. 

HOMER  H.  3683.* 

Color,  fawn  and  white ;  star ;  white  on  hind  legs  and  fore  feet ;  scrotnm  tipped 
black.  Dropped  May  10th,  1874.  Bred  by  G.  "W.  Homer,  Framingham,  Mass. 
Sire,  The  Squire  1298.     Dam,  Gilda  2779. 

TESTKn    I)?:SCENDA1ITS 


Jenny  Dodo  H.  14,448 

Blood. 

PiR  CE.tl 

.   50 

BbTTE«   y«LD   IS 

Sevim  Datd. 

21  lbs.    8     oz. 

Nai«. 
Mercedes  H.  12,326 

Blood.       Butteh  Yuld 
Feb  Cist.        Sevex  Dam 
.     50        17  lbs.  12      0 

Zoplmr  H.  12,329      . 

.  50 

21    •'      8      '• 

Anita  H.  12,324  .     . 

.     50       17    "     4 

Willimenm  11.  12,325    . 

.  50 

20    "14      " 

Theresa  H.  14,447  . 

.     50       15    "     3 

Madolina  H.  12,327       . 

.  50 

19    ••      4      " 

Total,  7  com. 

'Addenda  to  Jersey  Fountains,  page  f 


Last  six  names  not  in  Index. 


OMISSION.   PAGE  664. 
Favorite  of  the  Elms  1658 Yield  of  B\ifter  in  Seven  Dnvs,  16  lbs.  4  ^ 


Business  Established  in   1835. 
^Che  illlbest  Homceopathic  3¥le6icine  House  in  the  "Uniteb  States.^- 


BOERICKE&TAFEL, 


OMffiOPATHIC' PHARMACY, 


NEW  YORK,  145  Grand  St.  and  7  West  42d  St 
PHILADELPHIA,  1011  Arch  St.  and  1035  Walnut  St. 
WASHINGTON,  938  F  St. 

BALTIMORE,  135  West  Fayette  St. 
PITTSBURGH,  51  Sixth  Ave. 

CHICAGO,  234  Wabash  Ave. 


K^eep  constantly  'on  hand  a  full  assortment  of  UomceopatMo 
WorTcs  in  English,  German  and  French,  including  Works  on 
Qomestic  (Practice  and  on  VETERINARY  MEDICINE.  Also  a 
complete  stocTc  of  all  Somceopathic  (Remedies,  "cy  the  single  vial  or 
in  complete  stocks  or  outfits. 

(Price  Current  and  Catalogue  furnished  free  on  application. 
Address  as  above. 


PHILADELPHIA  MEDALS. 


KEW  ORLEANS  MEDALS. 


Boericke  &  Tafel  received  THE  ONLY  Prize  Medals  awarded  for  Homoeopathic 
Medicinal  Preparations  at  the  World's  Expositions  in  Philadelphia  in  1876,  and  in  New 
Orleans  in   1884-5. 


R.  H.  ALLEN  COMPANY, 

Agricultural  and  Horticultural  Implements 
and  Machines, 

HARDWARE,  *  FERTILIZERS  t  AND  *  SEEDS, 

189  and    191    Water  Street,  New  York. 


Dairy  Farmers,  who  desire — as  all  do — to  realize  the  highest  price  for 
their  products,  must  use  the  BEST  tools,  and  such  as  are  proved  to  be  the 
BEST  after  practical  use.  To  these  we  offer  the  most  extensive,  as  well  as 
the  best  selected  assortment  of 

MILKING   TUBES,   PAILS,  CREAMERS,  CHURNS,  BUTTER 

WORKERS,   PRESSES  AND  BOXES. 

These  same   Farmers  need 

Galtle  T-ies,  Chains,  Leading  Staffs,  Calf  cBeaners  and  Feeders,  Ball  Rings, 
and  all  Stable  Fixtares, 

and   for  the   proper    seeding  of  their  crops  the     BEST    FERTILIZERS   and 
the  BEST  GRASS,  GRAIN  and   ROOT  SEEDS,  as  well  as  the  best 

^::- CULTIVATING   AND    HARVESTING   TOOLS. -^C-^ 

All  these  we  manufacture  and  l<eep  in  stocl<,  and  of  many  of  these  we 
publish  descriptions  and  illustrations  in  our  LARGE  CATALOGUE  just  issued 
— a  book  of  320  pages.  This  bool<,  of  interest  and  value  to  all,  but  especially 
so  to  Dairy  Farmers,  we  will  be  happy  to  send  to  any  one  wishing  to  select 
from  it  articles  for  his  use.  We  shall  also  be  glad  to  show  to  all  interested 
our  assortment  of  AGRICULTURAL  GOODS  in  our  EXTENSIVE  WARE- 
HOUSES, at  189  &  191  WATER  ST.,  NEW  YORK,  and  to  correspond 
with  any  desiring  information   in   our  line. 

R.   H.   ALLEN    COMPANY, 

<P.    O.    Bos:    S76.  JVEW     YORl^    CITY. 


^VechnMommi^ 


